UNIT 1

INTRODUCTION TO IOT:

IoT stands for Internet of Things. It refers to the interconnectedness of physical devices,
such as appliances and vehicles, that are embedded with software, sensors, and connectivity
which enables these objects to connect and exchange data. This technology allows for the
collection and sharing of data from a vast network of devices, creating opportunities for more
efficient and automated systems.

Internet of Things (IoT) is the networking of physical objects that contain electronics embedded
within their architecture in order to communicate and sense interactions amongst each other or
with respect to the external environment. In the upcoming years, IoT-based technology will offer
advanced levels of services and practically change the way people lead their daily lives.
Advancements in medicine, power, gene therapies, agriculture, smart cities, and smart homes are
just a few of the categorical examples where IoT is strongly established.

IOT is a system of interrelated things, computing devices, mechanical and digital machines,
objects, animals, or people that are provided with unique identifiers. And the ability to transfer
the data over a network requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

Characteristics of the Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is characterized by the following key features that are mentioned
below.

1. Connectivity

Connectivity is an important requirement of the IoT infrastructure. Things of IoT should be

connected to the IoT infrastructure. Anyone, anywhere, anytime can connect, this should be
guaranteed at all times. For example, the connection between people through Internet devices like
mobile phones, and other gadgets, also a connection between Internet devices such as routers,
gateways, sensors, etc.

2.Intelligence and Identity

The extraction of knowledge from the generated data is very important. For example, a sensor
generates data, but that data will only be useful if it is interpreted properly. Each IoT device has a
unique identity. This identification is helpful in tracking the equipment and at times for querying
its status.

3. Scalability

The number of elements connected to the IoT zone is increasing day by day. Hence, an IoT setup
should be capable of handling the massive expansion. The data generated as an outcome is
enormous, and it should be handled appropriately.
4. Dynamic and Self-Adapting (Complexity)

IoT devices should dynamically adapt themselves to changing contexts and scenarios. Assume a
camera meant for surveillance. It should be adaptable to work in different conditions and different
light situations (morning, afternoon, and night).

5. Architecture

IoT Architecture cannot be homogeneous in nature. It should be hybrid, supporting different

manufacturers ‘ products to function in the IoT network. IoT is not owned by anyone engineering
branch. IoT is a reality when multiple domains come together.

6. Safety

There is a danger of the sensitive personal details of the users getting compromised when all
his/her devices are connected to the internet. This can cause a loss to the user. Hence, data
security is the major challenge. Besides, the equipment involved is huge. IoT networks may also
be at risk. Therefore, equipment safety is also critical.

For more, refer to Challenges to IoT.

7. Security

Security is a critical concern for the Internet of Things (IoT), as IoT devices and systems handle
sensitive data and are connected to critical infrastructure. The increasing number of connected
devices and the amount of data being transmitted over the Internet make IoT systems a prime
target for cyberattacks.

To secure IoT systems, multiple layers of security are necessary, including physical security,
network security, and data security.

Physical security involves protecting the physical devices from unauthorized access or tampering.
This can be achieved through measures such as secure enclosures, access controls, and tamper-
proofing.

Network security involves protecting the communication networks that connect IoT devices,
including Wi-Fi networks, cellular networks, and wired networks. This can be achieved through
encryption, secure authentication, and firewalls.

Data security involves protecting the data collected and transmitted by IoT devices and systems.
This can be achieved through encryption, secure storage, and access controls.

In addition to these technical measures, it is also important to have robust policies and procedures
in place to ensure the security of IoT systems, such as incident response plans and regular
security audits.
Overall, security is a critical concern for IoT systems, and it is essential to implement multiple
layers of security to protect against cyberattacks and ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and
availability of sensitive data. IoT systems are designed to be secure, protecting against
unauthorized access, hacking, and other security threats.

3) Physical Design Of IoT

Physical Devices
Devices are physical electronic components that are used to build a connection to process data,
provide interfaces that offer storage, graphics and storage and also power source sometimes in the
IoT system. Most of these physical components collect data from the environment and send raw
data to be processed and analyzed. After analyzing it sends the information to the actuators to act
accordingly. Instead of collecting data from the environment some IoT also collects user data to
provide more refined performance to the users.

For example, a small propeller sensor inside the tap of a wine barrel spins whenever the wine is
poured from the tap. After that, the data of the number of times it spun gets sent to the analyzer
and tells how much whine is spent and when to shut off the flow. The analyzing part gets done by
the algorithms that were put into it. Here are some examples of physical components.

The Connectivity
Whatever physical device provides connectivity and either transmits or receives data come in the
connectivity part or physical devices of IoT. Here it can be USB ports, Ethernet cables etc.

Processor
The second, essential component of the physical design of IoT will be the CPU or the processor.
All the data processing happens here and it improves the decision-making quality in the IoT
system.

Sound & Visual

The third element is the visual component of IoT. It shows all the information that the processor
sends to the screen. It uses things like HDMI and RCA. The video player is the audio and visual
part of the physical design of IoT.

Storage Component
Not only a hard disc every component that stores data is the storage component of IoT. Things
like SD, MMC and SDIO. It’s different from the DDR and GPU is used to control the activity of
an IoT system.
 4) Logical Design Of IoT
The “Logical Design” of IoT is the framework or the imaginary ideal design in which the components
including software and the hardware components will be laid out. It doesn’t go into the depth of
describing how each component will be built with low-level programming specifics.

Logical Design of IoT

we discuss Logical design of Internet of things. Logical design of IoT system refers to an abstract
representation of the entities & processes without going into the low-level specifies of the
implementation. For understanding Logical Design of IoT, we describes given below terms.

 IoT Functional Blocks

 IoT Communication Models
 IoT Communication APIs

IoT Functional Blocks

An IoT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that provide the system the
capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation, communication and management.

functional blocks are:

Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that provide sensing, actuation, monitoring and
control functions.
Communication: Handles the communication for the IoT system.
Services: services for device monitoring, device control service, data publishing services and
services for device discovery.
Management: this blocks provides various functions to govern the IoT system.
Security: this block secures the IoT system and by providing functions such as authentication ,
authorization, message and content integrity, and data security.
Application: This is an interface that the users can use to control and monitor various aspects of
the IoT system. Application also allow users to view the system status and view or analyze the
processed data.
IoT communications models
There are endless options of models available in an IoT
system. It connects the IoT system to the server. Here are
some examples
Request-response model

Request-response model is communication model in which the client sends requests to the server
and the server responds to the requests. When the server receives a request, it decides how to
respond, fetches the data, retrieves resource representation, prepares the response, and then sends
the response to the client. Request-response is a stateless communication model and each request-
response pair is independent of others.

HTTP works as a request-response protocol between a client and server. A web browser may be
the client, and an application on a computer that hosts a web site may be the server.

Example: A client (browser) submits an HTTP request to the server; then the server returns a
response to the client. The response contains status information about the request and may also
contain the requested content.
IoT Enabling Technologies
Different technologies together enable development of IoT applications. The IoT
enabling technologies are:
 Wireless Sensor Networks
 Cloud Computing
 BigData Analytics
 Communication Protocols
 Embedded Systems

Wireless Sensor Networks

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a collection of devices which communicate through
wireless channels. A WSN consists of distributed devices with sensors which are used to
monitor the environmental and physical conditions.

A WSN consists of a number of end nodes, routers and coordinators. End nodes can
also act as routers. A coordinator collects data from all the nodes and is connected to
Internet.

Examples of WSNs used in IoT systems:

 Weather monitoring systems
 Indoor air quality monitoring systems
  Soil moisture monitoring systems
 Surveillance systems
 Smart grids
 Structural health monitoring systems

Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is a computing model in which applications and services are delivered
over Internet. The resources provisioned by cloud can be compute, networking or
storage. Cloud allows the users to access resources based on utility model. The
characteristics of cloud computing are:

Cloud computing supports four basic deployment models. These models differ in the way
how the cloud is built and who are using the resources in the cloud. The four cloud
deployment models are:

 Public cloud
 Private cloud
 Community cloud
 Hybrid cloud

In a public cloud the resources are shared between several users. Public cloud is
generally maintained by the cloud service provider. The management of the resources is
taken care by the cloud service provider. In a private cloud all the resources are used by
a single organization. Such organization has the complete control on the cloud and can
follow all the necessary regulations. Private cloud offeres greater flexibility when
compared to the public cloud.

A community cloud is one whose resources are shared by two or more companies
having shared goals. Such clouds are generally used for conducting collaborated
research. A combination of the previous three clouds is a hybrid cloud. Big companies
generally use hybrid cloud. The companies generally store the sensitive data in the
private cloud and other non-sensitive data in the public cloud.

Communication Protocols
Communications protocols form the backbone for IoT systems. They allow devices to
communicate with each other. Protocols define the data exchange formats, data
encoding and addressing schemes for devices. Protocols also provide flow control, error
control, and other functions.

Embedded Systems
Embedded system can be imagined as computing hardware with software embedded in
it. An embedded system can be an independent system or it can be a part of another
larger system.

An embedded system is a microcontroller or microprocessor based system which is

designed to perform a specific task. The key components include
microcontroller/micrprocessor, memory, networking units, I/O, and storage. It runs Real-
Time Operating Systems (RTOS).

An embedded system has three components. They are:

 Hardware
 Software

 Real Time Operating system (RTOS) that supervises the application software and
provide mechanism to let the processor run a process as per schedule by following a
plan to control the latencies
 IoT Levels and Deployment Templates
We know that we can’t use same approach for every problem statement.
After a long search on internet, I found some IoT Deployment templates.
These are 6 IoT Deployment templates. It is based on Complexity.

An IoT system comprises of the following components:

 Device: Allows identification, remote sensing, actuating and remote

monitoring capabilities. IoT devices include wireless sensors, software, actuators,
and computer devices. They are attached to a particular object that operates
through the internet, enabling the transfer of data among objects or people
automatically without human intervention. Read more…
 Resource: These are Software components on the IoT device for accessing,
processing, and storing sensor information, or controlling
actuators connected to the device.
 Controller Service: A native service that runs on the device and work
between node device and web services. Controller service sends data from the
device to the web service and receives commands from the application (via web
services) for controlling the device.
 Database: A storage place for Collected or generated data. It can be local or
cloud based.
 Web Service: Web services serve as a link between the IoT device,
application, database and analysis components. Web service can be either
implemented using HTTP and REST principles (REST service) or using WebSocket
protocol (WebSocket service).
 Analysis Component: Responsible for analyzing the IoT data and generate
results in a form which are easy for the user to understand.
 Application: IoT applications provide an interface that the users can use to
control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system. It allow users to view the
system Monitor and processed data.
IoT Level-1

A level-1 IoT system has a single node/device that performs sensing and/or actuation, stores data,
performs analysis and hosts the application • TIt is suitable for modeling low- cost and low-
complexity solutions where the data involved is not big and the analysis requirements are not
computationally intensive.
IoT Level-2

• It has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuation and local analysis (IoT Device and
collected data).

• In this IoT Level Database and application establish in Cloud.

• It is useful for solutions where the data involved is big, however, the primary analysis
requirement is not computationally intensive and can be done locally itself.
IoT Level-3

• It has has a single node. Database and application establish in the cloud.

• It is suitable for solutions where the data involved is big and the analysis requirements are
computationally intensive.
IoT Level-4

• It has multiple nodes that perform local analysis. It has Cloud based application and database.
These IoT System contains local and cloud- based observer nodes which can subscribe to and
receive information collected in the cloud from IoT node devices.

• It is suitable for solutions where we are using multiple nodes, the data involved is big and the
analysis requirements are computationally intensive.
IoT Level-5

• It has multiple end nodes and one coordinator node. The end nodes use for sensing and/or
actuation.

• In this model Coordinator node collects data from the end nodes and transfer to the cloud. In
this model we used Cloud-based Database for store and Analyze data.

• It is suitable for solutions based on wireless sensor networks, in which the data involved is big
and the analysis requirements are computationally intensive.
DOMAIN SPECIFIC IoTs

The Internet of Things (IoT) applications span a wide range of domains Home Automation
Cities Environment, Energy, Retail, Logistics, Agriculture, Industry and Health & Lifestyle.
2.1 HOME AUTOMATION

2.1.1 Smart Lighting

It helps in saving energy by adapting the lighting to the ambient conditions and switching on/off or
diming the light when needed. Key enabling technologies for smart lighting include solid state
lighting(such as LEDs and IP enabled lights. Smart lightning solutions for home achieve energy savings by
sensing the human movements and their environments and controlling the lights accordingly. Wireless
enabled and Internet connected lights can be controlled remotely from IoT applications such as mobile
or web applications

2.1.2 Smart Appliances

Make the management easier and also provide status information to the users remotely.

2.1.3 Intrusion Detection

It use security cameras and sensors(PIR sensors and door sensors) to detect intrusion and raise alerts.
Alerts can be in the form of SMS or email sent to the user.

Home Network Routers:

All the Internet connected devices in homes these days, the network router continues to be by far the

most targeted in attacks . "Most Internet routers that are keystone to our home network are riddled
with security issues, which make them easy picking for hackers. Most routers worldwide had default or
basic username and password combinations, like "admin" and
“password” while others have they user address, birthday or name as password. Because of this, most
routers are vulnerable to simple password attacks, which is basically an open invitation to malicious
hackers.

2.1.4-Smoke/ Gas Detectors

Smoke detectors are installed in homes and buildings to detect smoke that is typically an early sign of
fire. Alerts raised by smoke detectors can be in the form of signals to a fire alarm system. Gas detectors
can detect the presence of harmful gases such as CO, LPG etc., Smoke detector detects the smoke in the
home and it sends signal to the control unit that displays the smoke unit in display section and
temperature sensor mentioned above gives the temperature of the room and signals are send through
IoT to main controller just to control some activities of room

2.2 CITIES
3.2.1 Smart Parking
To make the search for parking space easier and convenient for drivers. Smart parking are powered by
IoT systems that detect the no. of empty parking slots and send information over internet to smart
application backends. Smart parking management system can be used to find the vacant location for a
vehicle at different public places.

Smart Parking’s In-Ground Vehicle Detection Sensors are core technologies, playing a key part in the
Smart Parking solution that is revolutionizing how drivers in the malls and city centers can find an
available parking space. Wireless sensors are embedded into parking spaces, transmitting data on the
timing and duration of the space used via local signal processors into a central parking management
application. Smart Parking reduces congestion, decreases vehicle emissions, lowers enforcement costs
and cuts driver stress. For effective deployment of smart parking technologies, each device needs to
have a reliable connectivity with the cloud servers.
2.2.2 Smart Lighting
It is for roads, parks and buildings can help in saving energy. With smart lighting, city authorities
can keep real-time tracking of lighting to ensure optimized illumination and deliver demand-based
lighting in different zones. Smart lighting also helps in daylight harvesting and save energy by dimming
out sectors with no occupancies For e.g. parking lots can be dimmed during work hours and when a car
is entering, it will be detected and appropriate sectors can be illuminated, while others can be kept at
diffused setting.

2.2.3 Smart Roads:

Equipped with sensors can provide information on driving condition, travel time estimating and alert in
case of poor driving conditions, traffic condition and accidents. Such information can help in making the
roads safer and help in reducing traffic jams. Information sensed from the roads can be communicated
via Internet to cloud applications and social media and disseminated to the drivers who subscribe to
such applications.
2.2.4 Structural Health Monitoring:
It uses a network of sensors to monitor the vibration levels in the structures such as bridges and
buildings. The data collected from these sensors is analyzed to assess the health of the structures.

• By analyzing the data it is possible to detect cracks and mechanical breakdowns, locate the
damages to a structure and also calculate the remaining life of the structure.

• Using such systems, advance warnings can be given in the case of imminent failure of the
structure.

2.2.5 Surveillance
 The video feeds from surveillance cameras can be aggregated in cloud based scalable storage

solution. The video feeds from surveillance cameras can be aggregated in cloud-based scalable storage

solutions.

• Cloud-based video analytics applications can be developed to search for patterns of specific
events from the video feeds.

2.2.6 Emergency Response:

IoT systems for fire detection, gas and water leakage detection can help in generating alerts and
minimizing their effects on the critical infrastructures. IoT systems can be used for monitoring the critical
infrastructure cities such as buildings, gas, and water pipelines, public transport and power substations.
• IoT systems for critical infrastructure monitoring enable aggregation and sharing of information
collected from lager number of sensors.
Using cloud-based architectures, multi-modal information such as sensor data, audio, video feeds can
be analyzed in near real-time to detect adverse events.
• The alert can be in the form :
• Alerts sent to the public
• Re-rerouting of traffic

• Evacuations of the affected areas

2.3 ENVIRONMENT:
2.3.1 Weather Monitoring:
Systems collect data from a no. of sensors attached and send the data to cloud based applications and
storage back ends. The data collected in cloud can then be analyzed and visualized by cloud based
applications.

Weather alert can be sent to the subscribed users from such applications.
• AirPi is a weather and air quality monitoring kit capable of recording and uploading information
about temperature, humidity, air pressure, light levels, UV levels, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide
and smoke level to the Internet.
2.3.2 Air Pollution Monitoring:
System can monitor emission of harmful gases(CO2, CO, NO, NO2 etc.,) by factories and automobiles
using gaseous and meteorological sensors. The collected data can be analyzed to make informed
decisions on pollutions control approaches.

2.3.3 Noise Pollution Monitoring:

Due to growing urban development, noise levels in cities have increased and even become alarmingly
high in some cities. IoT based noise pollution monitoring systems use a no. of noise monitoring systems
that are deployed at different places in a city. The data on noise levels from the station is collected on
servers or in the cloud. The collected data is then aggregated to generate noise maps. It uses a number
of noise monitoring stations that are deployed at different places in a city.• The data on noise levels
from the stations is collected on servers or in the cloud and then the collected data is aggregate to
generate noise maps.

2.3.4 Forest Fire Detection:

Forest fire can cause damage to natural resources, property and human life. Early detection of
forest fire can help in minimizing damage. IoT based forest fire detection system use a number of
monitoring nodes deployed at different location in a forest.
• Each monitoring node collects measurements on ambient condition including temperature,
humidity, light levels, etc.• Early detection of forest fires can help in minimizing the damage.
2.3.5 River Flood Detection:
River floods can cause damage to natural and human resources and human life. Early warnings of floods
can be given by monitoring the water level and flow rate. IoT based river flood monitoring system uses a
no. of sensor nodes that monitor the water level and flow rate sensors. IoT based river flood monitoring
system uses a number of sensor nodes that monitor the water level using ultrasonic sensors and flow
rate using velocity sensors.

• Data from these sensors is aggregated in a server or in the cloud, monitoring applications raise
alerts when rapid increase in water level and flow rate is detected.

2.4 ENERGY:

2.4.1 Smart Grids:

It is a data communication network integrated with the electrical grids that collects and analyze
data captured in near-real-time about power transmission, distribution and consumption. Smart grid
technology provides predictive information and recommendations to utilities, their suppliers, and their
customers on how best to manage power. By using IoT based sensing and measurement technologies,
the health of equipment and integrity of the grid can be evaluated. Smart grid technology provides
predictive information and recommendation s to utilize, their suppliers, and their customers on how
best to manage power.

• Smart grid collect the data regarding :

- Electricity generation
- Electricity consumption
- Storage
- Distribution and equipment health data
• By analyzing the data on power generation, transmission and consumption of smart grids can
improve efficiency throughout the electric system.
• Storage collection and analysis of smarts grids data in the cloud can help in dynamic
optimization of system operations, maintenance, and planning.
• Cloud-based monitoring of smart grids data can improve energy usage usage levels via energy
feedback to users coupled with real-time pricing information.
• Condition monitoring data collected from power generation and transmission systems can help
in detecting faults and predicting outages.

•
2.4.2Renewable Energy Systems:
IoT based systems integrated with the transformers at the point of interconnection measure the
electrical variables and how much power is fed into the grid. For wind energy systems, closed-loop
controls can be used to regulate the voltage at point of interconnection which coordinate wind turbine
outputs and provides power support. Due to the variability in the output from renewable energy sources
(such as solar and wind), integrating them into the grid can cause grid stability and reliability problems.

• IoT based systems integrated with the transformer at the point of interconnection measure the
electrical variables and how much power is fed into the grid

• To ensure the grid stability, one solution is to simply cut off the overproductions
 •
•
2.4.3 Prognostics:
In systems such as power grids, real-time information is collected using specialized electrical
sensors called Phasor Measurment Units(PMUs) at the substations. The information received from
PMUs must be monitored in real-time for estimating the state of the system and for predicting failures.
IoT based prognostic real-time health management systems can predict performance of machines of
energy systems by analyzing the extent of deviation of a system from its normal operating profiles.
• In the system such as power grids, real time information is collected using specialized electrical
sensors called Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)

• Analyzing massive amounts of maintenance data collected from sensors in energy systems and
equipment can provide predictions for impending failures.

• OpenPDC is a set of applications for processing of streaming time-series data collected from
Phasor Measurements Units (PMUs) in real-time.
2.5 RETAIL
2.5.1Inventory Management:
IoT systems enable remote monitoring of inventory using data collected by RFID readers. IoT
system using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags can help inventory management and
maintaining the right inventory levels.
• RFID tags attached to the products allow them to be tracked in the real-time so that the
inventory levels can be determined accurately and products which are low on stock can be replenished.
• Tracking can be done using RFID readers attached to the retail store shelves or in the
warehouse.
2.5.2Smart Payments:
Solutions such as contact-less payments powered by technologies such as Near Field
Communication(NFC) and Bluetooth.

• Smart payments solutions such as contact-less payments powered technologies such as Near
field communication (NFC) and Bluetooth.
• NFC is a set of standards for smart-phones and other devices to communicate with each other
by bringing them into proximity or by touching them
• Customer can store the credit card information in their NFC-enabled smart-phones and make
payments by bringing the smart-phone near the point of sale terminals.
• NFC maybe used in combination with Bluetooth, where NFC initiates initial pairing of devices to
establish a Bluetooth connection while the actual data transfer takes place over Bluetooth.
2.5.3Smart Vending Machines:
Sensors in a smart vending machines monitors its operations and send the data to cloud which can be
used for predictive maintenance.

Smart vending machines connected to the Internet allow remote monitoring of inventory levels, elastic
pricing of products, promotions, and contact-less payments using NFC.

• Smart-phone applications that communicate with smart vending machines allow user
preferences to be remembered and learned with time. E.g: when a user moves from one vending
machine to the other and pair the smart-phone, the user preference and favourite product will be
saved and then that data is used for predictive maintenance.
• Smart vending machines can communicated each others, so if a product out of stock in a
machine, the user can be routed to nearest machine

• For perishable items, the smart vending machines can reduce the price as the expiry date nears.
2.6 LOGISTICS
2.6.1Route generation & scheduling:
IoT based system backed by cloud can provide first response to the route generation queries and can be

scaled upto serve a large transportation network. Route generation and scheduling systems can
generate end to end routes using combination of route patterns and transportation modes and feasible
schedules based on the availability of vehicles IoT based system backed by cloud can provide first
response to the route generation queries and can be scaled upto serve a large transportation network

2.6.2 Fleet Tracking:

Use GPS to track locations of vehicles inreal-time.
Vehicle fleet tracking systems use GPS technology to track the locations of the vehicles in the real- time.

• Cloud-based fleet tracking systems can be scaled up on demand to handle large number of
vehicles,
• The vehicle locations and routers data can be aggregated and analyzed for detecting bottlenecks
in the supplychain such as traffic congestions on routes, assignments and generation of alternative
routes, and supply chain optimization
GPS to track locations of vehicles in real-time. Some of the main features that the modern Fleet
Manager in the fleet tracking system are: route optimization, increased productivity, driver & vehicle
safety and time management 3 types of fleet tracking systems.
i) Cellular
ii) wireless passive
iii) satellite.
2.6.3 Shipment Monitoring:
IoT based shipment monitoring systems use sensors such as temp, humidity, to monitor the conditions
and send data to cloud, where it can be analyzed to detect foodspoilage. Shipment monitoring solutions
for transportation systems allow monitoring the conditions inside containers.

• E.g : Containers carrying fresh food produce can be monitored to prevent spoilage of food. IoT
based shipment monitoring systems use sensors such as temperature, pressure, humidity, for instance,
to monitor the conditions inside the containers and send the data to the cloud, where it can be
analyzed to detect food spoilage.

2.6.4 Remote Vehicle Diagnostics:

Systems use on-board IoT devices for collecting data on Vehicle operaions(speed, RPMetc.,) and status
of various vehicle subsystems. It can detect faults in the vehicles or warn of impending faults.

• These diagnostic systems use on-board IoT devices for collecting data on vehicle operation such
as speed, engine RPM, coolent temperature, fault code number and status of various vehicle sub-
system.
• Modern commercial vehicles support on-board diagnostic (OBD) standard such as OBD-II • OBD
systems provide real-time data on the status of vehicle sub-systems and diagnostic trouble codes
which allow rapidly identifying the faults in the vehicle.
• IoT based vehicle diagnostic systems can send the vehicle data to centralized servers or the
cloud where it can be analyzed to generate alerts and suggest remedial actions.
2.7AGRICULTURE

2.7.1 Smart Irrigation

Smart irrigation system can improve crop yields while saving water.
• Smart irrigation systems use IoT devices with soil moisture sensors to determined the amount of
moisture on the soil and release the flow of the water through the irrigation pipes only when the
moisture levels go below a predefined threshold.
• It also collect moisture level measurements on the server on in the cloud where the collected
data can be analyzed to plan watering schedules.
• Cultivar’s Rain Could is a device for smart irrigation that uses water valves, soil sensors, and a
WiFi enabled programmable computer. To determine moisture amount in soil.

Cultivar’s Rain cloud is a device for smart irrigation that uses water valves, soil sensors and a
WiFi enabled programmable computer
2.7.2 Green House Control: to improve productivity.
 Green Houses are structure with glass or plastic roofs that provide conducive
environment for growth of plants.
 The climatological conditions inside a Green House can be monitored and controlled to
provide the best conditions for growth of plants.
 The temperature, humidity, soil moisture, lighten, Carbon-di Oxide levels are monitored
using sensors.
• It controls temperature, humidity, soil, moisture, light, and carbon dioxide level that are
monitored by sensors and climatological conditions that are controlled automatically using actuation
devices.

• IoT systems play an importance role in green house control and help in improving productivity.
• The data collected from various sensors is stored on centralized servers or in the cloud where
analysis is performed to optimize the control strategies and also correlate the productivity with
different control strategies.

Industry
Machine Diagnosis & Prognosis

The machines used in the industry can be fixed with sensors. The data from the sensors can be
used to diagnose the machines. We can know if the machine is working up to the expected
performance or not. The data analysis will also let the owner of the machine know when the life
of machine will be over.

Indoor Air Quality Monitoring

The quality of air for the working personnel inside the industry is also important. Often times
leakage of dangerous gases leads to the death of industry personnel. Sensors can be fixed at
different location to monitor the working environment for any leakage of hazardous gases and
notify the appropriate personnel to deal with it.
Health & Lifestyle
Health and Fitness Monitoring

With the advent of IoT remote healthcare has become an viable option for attending to patients.
There is no need for patient to visit hospital for every minor health problem.

The doctor can attend to such patients from a remote location. Different sensors can be fixed on
near the patient to monitor the health vitals of that patient. The data sent by the sensors is
monitored by the doctor and appropriate decisions are made.

Wearable Electronics

Now-a-days there are different types of wearables available in the market to monitor health and
lifestyles. Some examples of such wearables are smart watches, smart glasses, smart patches,
smart garments, etc., as shown in the below figure.
 Part A-Multiple Choice Questions

[ Separately discussed ]

Part B- 8 Marks

1. Discuss the application IoT in cities

2. Describe the application IoT in Retail
3. Explain the application IoT in Agriculture

Part C- 16 Marks

1. Discuss the application IoT in Home automation.

2. Elaborate the application IoT in Environment.
3. Discuss in detail about the application IoT in Energy.
4. Brief note on the application of IoT in Logistics.