Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan

Western Caspian University

FREELANCE WORK

FACULTY: High Technologies and Nature Sciences

DEPARTMENT: Natural sciences
SPECIALTY: Biology
GROUP: 234 BIO ing
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024/2025
SUBJECT: Plant morphology and anatomy
TOPIC: Classification of tissues
TEACHER: Narmin Mirzamammadli
STUDENT: Rahila Mammadova

Baku-2025
 Contents

1. Introduction……………………………………………………………..3
2. Types of plant issues……………………………………………………3
3. Conclusion………………………………………………………………6
4. References………………………………………………………………7

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 Introduction
Tissues and tissue systems are grouped to form plant organs that can be
classified as vegetative, such as the root (organ responsible for water and salt
uptake), the stem (organ for the transport of substances, to sustain the aerial
plant body, and sometimes to carry out photosynthesis), and the leaf (organ that
captures solar energy to perform photosynthesis and is responsible for gas and
water regulation). Others are classified as reproductive organs, such as the
flower, seed, and fruit. Tissue systems are distributed in characteristic patterns,
depending on the organ. Plant tissues may be classified in other ways. For
instance, according to the cell diversity found in the different tissues, there are
simple tissues with only one type of cell, such as parenchyma, and complex
tissues with several cell types, like protection and vascular tissues The
protection system allows plants to survive in dry and variable environments. It
includes the outer tissues of the plant: the epidermis and periderm. Cells of
these tissues are covered by cutin, suberin, and waxes that prevent the water
loss. Furthermore, in the epidermis, plants develop stomata, which are
associations of specialized cells for regulating transpiration and gas interchange
between the plant and the environment.

Types of Plant Tissues

In plant anatomy, tissues are categorized broadly into three tissue
systems: the epidermis, the ground tissue, and the vascular tissue.
1. Epidermis – Cells forming the outer surface of the leaves and of the
young plant body.
2. Vascular tissue – The primary components of vascular tissue are the
xylem and phloem. These transport fluids and nutrients internally.
3. Ground tissue – Ground tissue is less differentiated than other tissues.
Ground tissue manufactures nutrients by photosynthesis and stores
reserve nutrients.
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 Plant tissues can also be divided differently into two types: Meristematic
tissues Permanent tissues.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)#Plant_tissue
Meristematic tissue consists of actively dividing cells and leads to
increase in length and thickness of the plant.
1. Primary meristem.
Apical meristem : Present at the growing tips of stems and roots, they increase
the length of the stem and root.
2. Secondary meristem.
Lateral meristem: Cells which mainly divide in one plane and cause the organ to
increase in diameter and girth..
Intercalary meristem: Located between permanent tissues, it is usually present
at the base of the node, internode, and on leaf base.
Permanent tissues may be defined as a group of living or dead cells
formed by meristematic tissue and have lost their ability to divide and have
permanently placed at fixed positions in the plant body. There are 2 types of
permanent tissues: simple permanent tissues, complex permanent tissues
Simple permanent tissue is a group of cells which are similar in origin,
structure, and function. They are of three types: Parenchyma Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Parenchyma (Greek, para – 'beside'; enchyma– infusion – 'tissue') is the
bulk of a substance. In plants, it consists of relatively unspecialized living cells
with thin cell walls that are usually loosely packed so that intercellular spaces
are found between cells of this tissue.
Collenchyma (Greek, 'Colla' means gum and 'enchyma' means infusion)
is a living tissue of primary body like Parenchyma. Cells are thin-walled but
possess thickening of cellulose, water and pectin substances (pectocellulose) at
the corners where a number of cells join.

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 Sclerenchyma (Greek, Sclerous means hard and enchyma means
infusion) consists of thick-walled, dead cells and protoplasm is negligible.
The entire surface of the plant consists of a single layer of cells called
epidermis or surface tissue. The entire surface of the plant has this outer layer
of the epidermis. Hence it is also called surface tissue.
The complex permanent tissue consists of more than one type of cells
having a common origin which work together as a unit. Complex tissues are
mainly concerned with the transportation of mineral nutrients, organic solutes
(food materials), and water. The common types of complex permanent tissue
are: https://byjus.com/biology/plant-tissue-system/
Xylem (Greek, xylos - wood) serves as a chief conducting tissue of
vascular plants. It is responsible for the conduction of water and inorganic
solutes. Xylem consists of four kinds of cells: Phloem
Phloem consists of:
 Sieve tube
 Companion cell
 Phloem fiber
Phloem is an equally important plant tissue as it also is part of the
'plumbing system' of a plant. Primarily, phloem carries dissolved food
substances throughout the plant. https://mmegias.webs.uvigo.es/02-english/1-
vegetal/guiada_v_inicio.php

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 Conclusion

Plant tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a specific
function in the plant. There are two main types of plant tissues: meristematic
tissues and permanent tissues. Permanent tissues are further classified into
simple tissues and complex tissues.
1. Meristematic Tissues
These tissues are responsible for the growth of plants. They consist of actively
dividing cells. There are two types of meristematic tissues:
Apical meristem: Found at the tips of roots and shoots, responsible for the
increase in length (primary growth).
Lateral meristem: Found in the sides of stems and roots, responsible for the
increase in thickness (secondary growth).
2. Permanent Tissues
These tissues are formed when meristematic tissues stop dividing and
differentiate into specialized cells. Permanent tissues are classified into two
categories:
Simple Tissues: These tissues are made up of only one type of cell. They
include:
Parenchyma: These are the most common and basic plant cells. They are
involved in functions such as storage, photosynthesis, and secretion.
Collenchyma: These cells provide support and flexibility, especially in young
stems and petioles.
Sclerenchyma: These cells have thick, lignified cell walls and provide strength
and support to the plant. Sclerenchyma cells are often dead at maturity.
Complex Tissues: These are composed of more than one type of cell working
together to perform a specific function. They include:
Xylem: This tissue conducts water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the
plant. It contains vessels, tracheids, fibers, and parenchyma cells.

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 References

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)#Plant_tissue
2. https://byjus.com/biology/plant-tissue-system/
3. https://mmegias.webs.uvigo.es/02-english/1-vegetal/guiada_v_inicio.php