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Class 12 Physical Science
Chemical Change Test
Name: …………………………………………………… Date: ……………………… Marks: ………/70
Question 1 [11 Marks]
Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, and dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4, take part in the following equilibrium reaction.
2NO2(g) ⇌ N2O4(g) ΔH = –58 kJ mol–1
1.1 State le Chatelier’s principle. .
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1.2 Describe, and explain, what would happen to the concentration of N2O4 if:
1.2.1 The temperature is increased.
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1.2.2 The pressure is increased.
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1.2.3 A catalyst is added.
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Question 2 [15 Marks]
Methanol (CH3OH) is an important chemical that is used in fuel mixtures. It is produced on an industrial
scale by the catalytic conversion of a mixture of hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO) gases at a
temperature of 520 K and a pressure of 5000 to 10 000 kPa.
The chemical equation for the reversible reaction that occurs is represented below.
CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g)
2.1 Explain what is meant by a reversible reaction.
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CO and H2 gases are mixed in a closed system.
The graph below shows how the concentration of methanol changes with time at three different
temperatures. The pressure is the same at each temperature.
2.2 Define a closed system.
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2.3 Refer only to the 600 K curve. Use collision theory to explain how the rate of the forward reaction
changes as the reaction proceeds, and how this affects the concentration of methanol.
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2.4 Give one piece of evidence from the graph that indicates that the initial average rate of production of
ethanol is higher at 600 K than at 400 K.
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2.5 Describe one effect, other than rate of reaction, of an increase in temperature on the production of
methanol.
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2.6 Is the forward reaction exothermic or endothermic? Explain your answer.
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2.7 Why is the industrial production of methanol carried out at 520 K rather than at 400 K or 600 K?
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Question 3 [16 Marks]
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 ) is a versatile compound with diverse applications and an interesting
decomposition reaction. Hydrogen peroxide is a common reactant in many chemical reactions because it can
decompose to release oxygen and water, which can then participate in further reactions.
The reaction for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is:
2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
The diagram below shows the energy distribution of the reactant molecules (H2O2) at a constant
temperature. Ea represents the activation energy of the decomposition reaction.
3.1 State the name given to this energy distribution curve:
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3.2 What does the area under the curve represent?
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3.3 In order for two particles to react, they must first collide.
In terms of activation energy, explain why most collisions between hydrogen peroxide molecules do not
result in them decomposing into water and oxygen?
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3.4 The reaction can be catalysed by using 0,1 g of solid manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2.
Mark on the graph above a suitable value for the activation energy, Ea(cat), when the decomposition
reaction is catalysed by solid MnO2. (1)
3.5 What mass of MnO2 will remain at the end of the reaction?
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3.6 The rate at which two H2O2 molecules react with each other can be increased with the addition of a
MnO2 catalyst. With reference to the graph and the kinetic energy of the hydrogen peroxide molecules,
explain how the catalyst is able to speed up the reaction.
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3.7 The temperature of the reaction mixture is now increased.
3.7.1 Draw a second curve for the energy distribution of hydrogen peroxide molecules.
Name this temperature T2.
3.7.2 Do you think hydrogen peroxide is stable at very high temperatures?
Explain your answer with reference to your graph above as well as: collision theory, kinetic
energy, activation energy and the reaction rate.
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3.8 Consider the potential energy profile for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide without a catalyst.
3.8.1. Potential energy can be thought of as “stored energy”.
Is there more energy stored in the reactants (hydrogen peroxide) or in the products (water and
oxygen)?
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3.8.2 Hence, is the decomposition reaction EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC?
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3.8.3 The same reaction takes place in the presence of the catalyst, MnO2.
On the potential energy profile above, show how the graph would change in the presence of a
catalyst. (1)
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Question 4 [28 Marks]
The Haber process is a reversible chemical reaction used in the production of ammonia, NH3, from
nitrogen, N2, and hydrogen, H2, gases. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) ∆H = -92,4 kJ·mol-1
4.1 Explain what is meant by heat of a reaction.
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4.2 What is the heat of reaction for the reverse reaction?
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The reaction graph below represents the changes in the concentrations of the gases in a closed
reaction vessel over time.
4.3 Compare the rates of the forward and reverse reactions at:
4.3.1 Time = 0 minutes
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4.3.2 A time just after t1.
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4.4 What change occurred at t2?
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4.5 How does the change at t2 affect the yield of ammonia at equilibrium?
Explain your answer with reference to the graph.
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A group of investigators place X moles of nitrogen gas and 20 g of hydrogen gas into an empty 10 dm3
container at 400 K.
At equilibrium the concentration of ammonia is 0,2 mol·dm-3.
4.6 Write an expression for the equilibrium constant for the Haber process.
(4)
4.7 The equilibrium constant for the Haber process at 400 K is 6,04. Determine the value of X.
(8)
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4.8 If the temperature of the equilibrium mixture is increased from 600 K to 800 K, how would this affect
the value of Kc? Write only INCREASES, DECREASES or STAYS THE SAME.
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Hydrogen and nitrogen react to form ammonia. Ammonia is placed in a vessel and sealed.
3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g)
A graph of reaction rate vs time of the reaction is shown below.
3.2.1 Draw lines on the graph to show how the forward and reverse reaction rates would change, if the
amount of N2 is decreased at t2, and reaches equilibrium at t3 and continues at equilibrium until t4. (2)
3.2.2 A Cu-Zn catalyst is added at t4, draw lines to show the effect of this change on both reaction rates
between t4 and t6. (2)
