HIGHER EDUCATION PROGRAMMES

MEMORANDUM

Academic Year 2025: January - June

Formative Assessment 2: Psychology 3A (HPSY331-1)
NQF Level, Credits: 7, 24
Weighting: 20%
Assessment Type: Multiple Choice Questions
Educator: Candice Briesies
Examiner: Candice Briesies
Due Date: 2 May 2025
Total: 50 Marks

Instructions:
• This paper consists of fifty (50) questions, all questions are compulsory.
• It is based on Units 5 - 8: Chapters 10 - 14 of your Understanding Psychopathology:
South African Perspectives textbook.

1 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
The following Learning Outcomes (LO’s) are assessed in this paper:

Unit 5 - Chapter 10:

• Provide an overview of the psychological processes of compartmentalisation and
detachment.
• Provide an overview of current nosological approaches to dissociative and somatoform
disorders.
• Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical features, and differential
diagnoses of dissociative and somatic symptoms related disorders, as classified by DSM-5.
• Describe culture-specific conditions with strong dissociative phenomena.
• Discuss amafufunyana and ukuthwasa in relation to dissociation.
• Describe Ganser’s syndrome.
• Describe factitious disorder.
• Define malingering and give an approach to the detection of deceit in clinical practice.

Unit 6 - Chapter 11:

• Understand the problems relating to the nosology of conditions related to sexual health and
paraphilic disorders.
• Describe, and distinguish between, sexual dysfunctions, gender dysphoria, paraphillias, and
paraphilic disorders.
• Identify cross-cultural and, more specifically, South African, variations in the presentation of
sexual dysfunctions and gender dysphoria.
• Formulate an etiological model of conditions related to sexual health (i.e. sexual dysfunctions
and gender dysphoria).
• Describe the history of the medicalisation of sexuality and gender.

Unit 7 - Chapter 12:

• Identify the difference between use, dependence, withdrawal, intoxication, and addiction.
• Identify groups of substances by type.
• Explain the aetiology of substance abuse and the potential for addiction.
• Explain substance use in the South African context.

Unit 7 - Chapter 13:

• Show a general understanding of feeding and eating disorders and distinguish the disorders
from each other.
• Distinguish between anorexia nervosa subtypes.
• Describe the role of cultural and gender features in the aetiology of the eating disorders.
• Identify the cross-cultural and, more specifically, South African, aspects that are relevant to
the prevalence of eating disorders.

Unit 8 - Chapter 14:

2 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
• Describe the personality disorders according to the Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10 and ICD-
11).
• Demonstrate an understanding of the problems with regard to diagnosing personality
disorders.
• Describe the clinical pictures of the different personality disorders.
• Identify the main aetiological factors for the different personality disorders.

3 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
Question 1: (1 mark)
Jason was the victim of a robbery at his home where he was repeatedly beaten and violated by
the perpetrators. Following the traumatic incident, Jason experiences an inability to recall any
details of the event, including the fact that his wife was assaulted in front of him. Jason’s doctor
is satisfied that his memory problems are not the result of a medical condition or the physiological
effects of a substance.

According to the DSM-5 classification system, identify which one of the following disorders Jason
is most likely to be diagnosed with.

A Acute Stress Disorder

B Dissociative amnesia
C Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
D Mild Neurocognitive Disorder due to Traumatic brain injury

Answer: B. Dissociative amnesia (U5 – Ch 10 - Pg 331).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 5, Chapter 10
• Provide an overview of current nosological approaches to dissociative and somatoform
disorders.
• Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical features, and differential
diagnoses of dissociative and somatic symptoms related disorders, as classified by DSM-5.

Question 2: (1 mark)
Peter is a 35-year-old construction worker who was recently involved in a serious legal case
where he was accused of theft. During his trial, Peter began displaying strange behaviour. He
started giving nonsensical answers to basic questions. When asked how many legs a cat has,
he replied, “three.” When asked about simple math problems, such as "What is 2 + 2?" he
responded with "five." These errors were obviously wrong, but Peter appeared confused and
distressed when corrected. He also reported experiencing hallucinations and memory problems.
His behaviour worsened as the trial continued, and his lawyer requested a psychological
evaluation to understand his mental state.

The psychologist's principal diagnosis, in Peter's case, is likely to be:

4 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
A Schizophrenia
B Malingering
C Dissociative Amnesia with Dissociative Fugue
D Ganser's syndrome

Answer: D. Ganser's syndrome (U5 – Ch 10 - Pg 345 - 346).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 5, Chapter 10
• Describe Ganser’s syndrome.

Question 3: (1 mark)
Tumi has intense and terrifying feelings that she is no longer real and that she is looking at
herself from a distance. She told the psychologist, "I know I have feelings, but I don't feel them",
and "My thoughts also don't feel like my own". These feelings have caused major impairments
in her work and personal life.

Identify which of the following DSM-5 diagnoses is the most appropriate in Tumi's case.

A Delusional Disorder
B Dissociative Identity Disorder
C Depersonalisation/Derealisation Disorder
D Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Answer: C. Depersonalisation/Derealisation Disorder (U5 – Ch 10 - Pg 339 - 340).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 5, Chapter 10
• Provide an overview of current nosological approaches to dissociative and somatoform
disorders.
• Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical features, and differential
diagnoses of dissociative and somatic symptoms related disorders, as classified by DSM-5.

Question 4: (1 mark)
Tracey, a 25-year-old successful model, has been experiencing a persistent sensation of a lump
in her throat and difficulty swallowing, which started after her long-term boyfriend left her for a

5 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
younger model. Her distress has been compounded by concerns over losing her modelling
contract, leading to a weight loss of 16kg over three months. Despite thorough medical
evaluations, no physical cause has been found for her symptoms. Tracey’s situation is causing
significant emotional turmoil, and her family and friends are offering considerable support.

According to the DSM-5 classification system, Tracey’s abnormal behaviour can be diagnosed
as a (an) ...

A Adjustment Disorder
B Factitious Disorder
C Illness Anxiety Disorder
D Conversion Disorder

Answer: D. Conversion Disorder (U5 – Ch 10 - Pg 356).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 5, Chapter 10
• Provide an overview of current nosological approaches to dissociative and somatoform
disorders.
• Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical features, and differential
diagnoses of dissociative and somatic symptoms related disorders, as classified by DSM-5.

Question 5: (1 mark)
Kyle is a 38-year-old accountant who has been experiencing intense lower back pain for over a
year. The pain began shortly after he was passed over for a promotion at work. Despite
numerous medical tests, including X-rays and MRI scans, no physical cause has been identified.
His pain worsens during stressful periods, particularly when reminded of the missed promotion.
Kyle has become increasingly frustrated and isolated, as the pain disrupts his daily life, affecting
his ability to work and participate in social activities. Though friends and family offer support, he
feels misunderstood because the pain is constant, yet no medical explanation has been found.

Identify the most likely diagnosis for Kyle's condition.

6 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
A Generalized anxiety disorder
B Major depressive disorder
C Persistent somatoform pain disorder
D Chronic fatigue syndrome

Answer: C. Persistent somatoform pain disorder (U5 – Ch 10 - Pg 365 - 366).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 5, Chapter 10
• Provide an overview of current nosological approaches to dissociative and somatoform
disorders.
• Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical features, and differential
diagnoses of dissociative and somatic symptoms related disorders, as classified by DSM-5.

Question 6: (1 mark)
Sarah, a 29-year-old marketing executive, frequently visits her doctor, convinced that she is
suffering from a serious illness despite repeated assurances that her tests are normal. Over the
past year, she has become increasingly worried about her health, often obsessing over minor
physical sensations, such as headaches or slight stomach discomfort. Sarah spends hours
online researching diseases and regularly seeks second opinions, convinced that the doctors
are missing something. Although no medical condition has been found, her anxiety persists. This
worry about her health is significantly impacting her work and social life, as she avoids certain
activities for fear of aggravating a potential illness.

Determine which of the following disorders best describes Sarah’s condition.

A Delusional Disorder
B Panic disorder
C Generalized anxiety disorder
D Illness anxiety disorder

Answer: D. Illness anxiety disorder (U5 – Ch 10 - Pg 369).

7 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:
Unit 5, Chapter 10
• Provide an overview of current nosological approaches to dissociative and somatoform
disorders.
• Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical features, and differential
diagnoses of dissociative and somatic symptoms related disorders, as classified by DSM-5.

Question 7: (1 mark)
Tendai, a 35-year-old man, works as a high-ranking executive in a large corporation. At work,
he is known for his confident and assertive demeanour, often making tough decisions without
hesitation. However, outside of work, Tendai exhibits a completely different personality. He
becomes withdrawn and timid, struggling to assert himself even in social situations with close
friends and family. Despite his professional success, Tendai feels inadequate and insecure in
his personal life.

Complete the following sentence:

Tendai is most likely employing ____________ as a psychological defence mechanism to
manage the conflict between his different social roles.

A Repression
B Compartmentalisation
C Sublimation
D Rationalisation

Answer: B. Compartmentalisation (U5 – Ch 10 - Pg 324).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 5, Chapter 10
• Provide an overview of the psychological processes of compartmentalisation and
detachment.

Question 8: (1 mark)
Complete the following sentence:
According to the DSM-5 Classification system, individuals diagnosed with Somatic Symptom
Disorder show a pattern of _________ which occurs for a period of ____________.

8 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
A preoccupation with health and excessive worry about serious illness; at least 6 months
B reporting and reacting to pain or other distressing physical or bodily symptoms; at least
6months
C preoccupation with health and excessive worry about serious illness; at least 12 months
D reporting and reacting to pain or other distressing physical or bodily symptoms; at least 12
months

Answer: B. reporting and reacting to pain or other distressing physical or bodily symptoms; at
least 6 months (U5 – Ch 10 - Pg 362-363).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 5, Chapter 10
• Provide an overview of current nosological approaches to dissociative and somatoform
disorders.
• Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical features, and differential
diagnoses of dissociative and somatic symptoms related disorders, as classified by DSM-5.

Question 9: (1 mark)
Mr Smith is a 42-year-old father of two-year-old, David. His ex-wife, Mrs Smith, expressed
serious concern regarding the frequency with which he takes their son, without good reason, to
various specialists. She is particularly concerned that David has been subjected to numerous
invasive tests and medical procedures, on Mr Smith's insistence. Despite the reassurances of
these medical specialists that David is healthy, Mr Smith continues to fabricate symptoms and
complaints of gastro-intestinal issues. Mr Smith even went so far as to induce a nappy rash on
David's bottom using abrasive chemicals in order to prove the severity of David's alleged medical
symptoms. Mr Smith has previously admitted to his psychologist that he always had dreams of
being a medical doctor and that he gains a sense of vindication from discussing David's alleged
medical problems with those medical professionals who are willing to listen to his concerns.

From the information provided in the case study, Mr Smith can be diagnosed with _________
according to the DSM-5 classification system. This disorder is characterised by _____________.

9 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
A Factitious Disorder; inducing or simulating illness on oneself or another for the purpose of
gaining the attention of medical professionals.
B Malingering; feigning illness for an external purpose or incentive.
C Illness Anxiety Disorder; the preoccupation of having or contracting a serious illness.
D Somatic Symptom Disorder; excessive attention and treatment seeking for alleged medical
concerns.

Answer: A. Factitious Disorder, inducing or simulating illness on oneself or another for the
purpose of gaining the attention of medical professionals (U5 – Ch 10 - Pg 373 - 375).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 5, Chapter 10
• Describe factitious disorder.

Question 10: (1 mark)

Zodwa, a 28-year-old woman from a rural area in South Africa, has been exhibiting unusual
behaviour for the past few weeks. She has frequent episodes where she begins to speak in a
strange, incoherent language and claims to see shadowy figures following her. During these
episodes, she becomes agitated, tearing at her clothes and accusing her family members of
plotting against her. Despite taking her to various medical doctors, no clear physical cause has
been identified for her symptoms. Her family believes she may be suffering from a form of
spiritual possession and consults a traditional healer.

Determine which cultural explanation might best account for Zodwa's condition.

A Amafufunyana
B Dissociative identity disorder
C Conversion Disorder
D Go latlha Maseko”/ukulatlha amasiko

Answer: A. Amafufunyana (U5 – Ch 10 - Pg 347).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 5, Chapter 10
• Discuss amafufunyana and ukuthwasa in relation to dissociation.

10 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
Question 11: (1 mark)
In a remote Inuit village in northern Canada, 29-year-old Nukka has begun to exhibit sudden
and extreme episodes of unusual behaviour. Without warning, she sometimes runs outside into
the freezing cold, strips off her clothing, and starts shouting or mimicking animal sounds. These
episodes last for about 30 minutes to an hour, after which she seems to have no memory of her
actions and returns to her normal behaviour, though fatigued. Her community believes these
episodes may be linked to environmental stressors and cultural factors that are unique to their
harsh living conditions.

Identify which cultural syndrome best describes the phenomenon experienced by Maria.
A Ataque de nervios
B Piblotoq
C Amok
D Latah

Answer: B. Piblotoq (U5 – Ch 10 - Pg 349).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 5, Chapter 10
• Describe culture-specific conditions with strong dissociative phenomena.

Question 12: (1 mark)

Jill has been recently dismissed from her second job in a row after routinely calling in ill with
headaches. She has also refused to participate in canvasing for clients outside her work
premises, which was a requirement for attracting new business in her last job, citing a sudden
onset of headaches that prevented her from becoming involved in such activity. There is no
evidence to suggest that Jill has these headaches since she never handed in a sick note from a
doctor to verify these headaches, reporting that she feels better after just resting at home.

The psychologist who Jill consulted concluded that according to the ICD-11 Jill presents with:

A Ganser’s syndrome
B Factitious disorder
C Conversion disorder
D Malingering

11 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
Answer: D. Malingering (U5 – Ch 10 - Pg 376-377).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 5, Chapter 10
• Define malingering and give an approach to the detection of deceit in clinical practice.

Question 13: (1 mark)

Dissociative identity disorder is conceptualized as:

A A disorder characterized by temporary episodes of memory loss or identity confusion, often

triggered by stressful events.
B A disorder characterized by the presence of multiple personalities or identities within a
single individual, each with its own distinct memories, behaviours, and sense of self.
C A disorder characterized by exaggerated or feigned physical symptoms for secondary gain.
D A disorder characterized by persistent and excessive worry or fear about having a serious
illness despite medical reassurance.

Answer: B. A disorder characterized by the presence of multiple personalities or identities within

a single individual, each with its own distinct memories, behaviours, and sense of self (U5
– Ch 10 - Pg 336).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 5, Chapter 10
• Provide an overview of current nosological approaches to dissociative and somatoform
disorders.

Question 14: (1 mark)

Kylie, a 32-year-old woman, has been experiencing significant distress in her intimate
relationship with her partner, Tom. Despite having a history of healthy sexual experiences, she
now feels a strong sense of anxiety and disgust at the thought of engaging in sexual activity.
When Tom tries to initiate intimacy, Kylie becomes tense and often avoids physical contact
altogether. She reports that even the idea of sexual encounters causes her considerable
discomfort and fear. Kylie and Tom have sought therapy to address these issues, as they are
affecting their emotional bond and overall relationship satisfaction.

Based on the described symptoms above, the condition Kylie might be experiencing is:

12 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
A Sexual Aversion Disorder
B Female Sexual Arousal Disorder
C Vaginismus
D Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

Answer: A. Sexual Aversion Disorder (U6 – Ch 11 - Pg 409).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 6, Chapter 11
• Understand the problems relating to the nosology of conditions related to sexual health and
paraphilic disorders.

Question 15: (1 mark)

Tshepo, a 38-year-old man, has been experiencing difficulties during sexual activity with his
partner for the past year. While he is able to achieve and maintain an erection, he finds it
extremely difficult to reach orgasm. Even after prolonged sexual activity, Tshepo often cannot
ejaculate, which has led to frustration for both him and his partner. He does not experience any
physical pain during intercourse, and his sexual desire remains normal. However, the inability
to climax has caused distress and anxiety in their relationship, and he is unsure why this problem
has developed.

Based on the described symptoms above, the condition Tshepo might be experiencing is:

A Erectile Dysfunction
B Premature Ejaculation
C Low Libido
D Delayed Ejaculation

Answer: D. Delayed Ejaculation (U6 – Ch 11 - Pg 413 - 414).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 6, Chapter 11
• Understand the problems relating to the nosology of conditions related to sexual health and
paraphilic disorders.

13 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
Read the following short case study and then answer questions 16 and 17
Grant a 50-year-old sought psychological help because he is on the verge of losing his wife as
she caught him wearing her lingerie. He tearfully disclosed to her that he has been secretly
stealing women’s underwear since he was an adolescent. Furthermore, he explained that when
wearing female lingerie he becomes sexually aroused and then proceeds to masturbate.

Question 16: (1 mark)

In considering a differential diagnosis, the clinical psychologist immediately ruled out ___
because Grant did not report incongruence between his experienced gender and his assigned
gender.

A Voyeuristic Disorder
B Fetishistic Disorder
C Gender Dysphoria Disorder in Adolescents and Adults
D Transvestic Disorder

Answer: C. Gender Dysphoria Disorder in Adolescents and Adults (U6 – Ch 11 - Pg 417).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 6, Chapter 11
• Describe, and distinguish between, sexual dysfunctions, gender dysphoria, paraphillias, and
paraphilic disorders.

Question 17: (1 mark)

Identify which one of the following diagnoses would be considered the most appropriate principal
diagnosis in Grant’s case.

A Fetishistic Disorder
B Gender Dysphoria Disorder in Adolescents and Adults
C Transvestic Disorder
D Frotteuristic Disorder

Answer: C. Transvestic Disorder (U6 – Ch 11 - Pg 425).

14 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:
Unit 6, Chapter 11
• Describe, and distinguish between, sexual dysfunctions, gender dysphoria, paraphillias, and
paraphilic disorders.

Question 18: (1 mark)

There are many popular sexual myths regarding heterosexual relationships. Identify the correct
myth .
A Men do not know everything about sex.
B Men are always in the mood.
C Women should ask for what they want.
D The woman will know best how to please the man.

Answer: B. Men are always in the mood (U6 – Ch 11 - Pg 436).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 6, Chapter 11
• Formulate an etiological model of conditions related to sexual health (i.e. sexual dysfunctions
and gender dysphoria.

Question 19: (1 mark)

Caeli and Ronnie have been married for 8 years. Recently, both have noticed a decline in their
sexual desire. During a consultation with a sex therapist, several negative factors that could
impact their sexual desire were discussed. Caeli mentioned that her chronic pain has made
intimacy difficult, while Ronnie admitted that stress from work leaves him feeling too fatigued.
Both also acknowledged that their busy schedules often leave them with little time alone,
affecting their privacy. The therapist explained that these factors, along with other psychological
or emotional issues such as anxiety and inhibitions, can negatively impact sexual desire.

Positive factors tend to increase sexual desire. Identify which of the following is considered a
positive factor affecting sexual desire.

A Fatigue.
B Privacy
C Dyspareunia.
D Inhibitions.

15 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
Answer: B. Privacy (U6 – Ch 11 - Pg 407).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 6, Chapter 11
• Understand the problems relating to the nosology of conditions related to sexual health and
paraphilic disorders.

Question 20: (1 mark)

The first organization specifically dedicated to transgender issues on the African continent,
Gender DynamiX, based in Cape Town, South Africa, was only established in:

A 2005
B 2000
C 2006
D 2015

Answer: A. 2005 (U6 – Ch 11 - Pg 433).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 6, Chapter 11
• Identify cross-cultural and, more specifically, South African, variations in the presentation of
sexual dysfunctions and gender dysphoria.

Question 21: (1 mark)

In relation to the history of scientific study of sexuality and gender, complete the
following sentence:
In 1998 __________made available the first oral treatments of male sexual dysfunction,
contributing to a significant increase in related scientific research.

A The New Definitions Committee

B Psychological Society of South Africa
C Pfizer
D ICD-11

Answer: C. Pfizer (U6 – Ch 11 - Pg 399).

16 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:
Unit 6, Chapter 11
• Describe the history of the medicalisation of sexuality and gender.

Question 22: (1 mark)

Point out which of the following statements best describes orgasmic disorders.

A Persistent or recurrent difficulty or pain during intercourse, leading to distress or

interpersonal difficulty.
B Lack of interest or desire for sexual activity, leading to personal distress.
C Involuntary ejaculation occurring shortly after or before sexual penetration, causing
distress or interpersonal difficulty.
D Inability to achieve or delay in achieving orgasm despite adequate sexual stimulation and
desire.

Answer: D. Inability to achieve or delay in achieving orgasm despite adequate sexual

stimulation and desire (U6 – Ch 11 - Pg 411).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 6, Chapter 11
• Understand the problems relating to the nosology of conditions related to sexual health and
paraphilic disorders.

Question 23: (1 mark)

Mark, a 35-year-old male, has been experiencing intense urges and fantasies over the past year.
These urges involve seeking out crowded public places, such as buses and subway trains,
where he intentionally brushes up against strangers without their consent to achieve sexual
arousal. He has never attempted to engage in further interaction with these individuals, but the
act of physical contact itself gives him a sense of gratification. After several incidents, he feels
ashamed but finds himself unable to resist the urges. Mark eventually seeks therapy to address
his behaviour, which is causing him increasing distress. During his sessions, his therapist
explains that his behaviour fits the pattern of a specific paraphilic disorder characterized by
deriving sexual pleasure from non-consensual physical contact with others in public spaces.

Identify the paraphilic disorder Mark's behaviour is most consistent with.

17 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
A Voyeurism
B Exhibitionism
C Sexual Sadism
D Frotteurism

Answer: D. Frotteurism (U6 – Ch 11 - Pg 426).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 6, Chapter 11
• Describe, and distinguish between, sexual dysfunctions, gender dysphoria, paraphillias, and
paraphilic disorders.

Question 24: (1 mark)

Josh is a 40-year-old man who has been a heavy drinker for over a decade. Recently, he decided
to quit drinking after realizing its negative impact on his health and relationships. Two days after
his last drink, Josh began experiencing severe symptoms, including tremors, sweating, nausea,
anxiety, and irritability. He also had trouble sleeping and reported that his heart felt like it was
racing. Concerned about these symptoms, he went to the emergency room, where the doctor
explained that his body was reacting to the sudden cessation of alcohol after prolonged use,
which can lead to significant physical and psychological symptoms. The doctor informed Josh
that these symptoms are common when someone who has been using a substance heavily for
a long time stops abruptly, and that medical supervision is often needed to manage the condition
safely.

According to the ICD-10 classification system, Josh’s condition can be diagnosed as:

A Substance dependence
B Substance Withdrawal
C Substance use disorder
D Substance Intoxication

Answer: B. Substance Withdrawal (U7 – Ch 12 - Pg 452-453).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 7, Chapter 12
• Identify the difference between use, dependence, withdrawal, intoxication, and addiction.

18 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
Question 25: (1 mark)
Highlight which one of the following commonly used substances in South Africa is correctly
paired with its general category of type of substance.

A Cocaine - depressant
B Alcohol – stimulant
C Tik – stimulant
D Ritalin - hallucinogen

Answer: C. Tik - stimulant (U7 – Ch 12 - Pg 463).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 7, Chapter 12
• Explain substance use in the South African context.

Question 26: (1 mark)

There are various theories of addiction.
Complete the following sentence:
According to the ___________addictions can be seen as persistent repetitive behaviours in the
face of negative consequences.

A Moral Theory
B Behavioural Theories
C Disease Model
D Psychoanalytic Theories

Answer: B. Behavioural Theories (U7 – Ch 12 - Pg 449).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 7, Chapter 12
• Identify the difference between use, dependence, withdrawal, intoxication, and addiction.

Question 27: (1 mark)

Complete the following sentence in relation to substance use:

19 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
_______________ and ___________ are two substances that trigger neurons to release
excessive quantities of naturally produced neurotransmitters, or which alter the reuptake
process that manages these chemicals.

A Methamphetamine; cocaine
B Heroin; cocaine
C Methamphetamine; heroin
D Heroin; nyaope

Answer: A. Methamphetamine; cocaine (U7 – Ch 12 - Pg 469).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 7, Chapter 12
• Explain the aetiology of substance abuse and the potential for addiction.

Question 28: (1 mark)

Emily is a 28-year-old woman who has been struggling with substance abuse for several years.
Initially, she started using alcohol in her late teens, but over time, she began to experiment with
various drugs. Recently, Emily developed a pattern of using a stimulant known for its euphoric
effects and potential for addiction. During a counselling session, Emily describes her
experiences with the drug. She mentions feeling an intense rush of energy and heightened
confidence immediately after using it, followed by a crash that leaves her feeling anxious and
fatigued. She also discusses the toll her drug use has taken on her relationships and overall
health. Her therapist explains that the substance she is describing is a powerful stimulant that
increases levels of dopamine in the brain, leading to feelings of pleasure. However, the therapist
warns that repeated use can lead to significant physical and psychological dependence, as well
as various health complications.

Determine which of the following substances Emily is most likely referring to in her counselling
session.

A Cocaine
B Heroin
C Alcohol
D Cannabis

20 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
Answer: A. Cocaine (U7 – Ch 12 - Pg 465).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 7, Chapter 12
• Explain substance use in the South African context.

Question 29: (1 mark)

Sandile is a 22-year-old college student who frequently experiences nausea and discomfort after
meals. After medical evaluations reveal no physical issues, a psychological assessment
uncovers that he often regurgitates food, chews it again, and swallows it without any effort to
vomit. He does this automatically, especially when feeling anxious or stressed, without concerns
about body image or weight. His therapist explains that Sandile‘s behaviour is indicative of a
specific feeding and eating disorder characterized by the repeated regurgitation of food.

The psychologist will most likely diagnose Sandile with:

A Pica
B Rumination Disorder
C Anorexia Nervosa
D Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder

Answer: B. Rumination Disorder (U7 – Ch 13 - Pg 482).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 7, Chapter 13
• Show a general understanding of feeding and eating disorders and distinguish the disorders
from each other.

Question 30: (1 mark)

Lily is an 8-year-old girl who has always been a picky eater, consuming a limited diet primarily
consisting of plain pasta, cheese, and apples. She shows strong aversions to various textures
and colours of foods, leading to significant anxiety when faced with new items, particularly in
social situations like birthday parties. Concerned about her growth, Lily's parents took her to a
paediatrician, who found her below the recommended weight for her age and referred her to a
child psychologist. During therapy, Lily expressed her fear of trying new foods, stating they might

21 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
taste bad. With the support of her therapist, she began to explore new foods gradually, working
towards expanding her diet in a safe environment.

The paediatrician would most likely have diagnosed Lily with:

A Rumination Disorder
B Pica
C Anorexia Nervosa
D Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder

Answer: D. Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (U7 – Ch 13 - Pg 482-483).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 7, Chapter 13
• Show a general understanding of feeding and eating disorders and distinguish the disorders
from each other.

Question 31: (1 mark)

Tarryn is a 17-year-old high school student who seems to be thriving academically and socially,
but her friends and family have grown concerned about her increasing preoccupation with weight
and body image. Despite her efforts to diet and exercise excessively, Tarryn often experiences
binge eating episodes, consuming large amounts of food in a short time. Following these
episodes, she feels intense guilt and shame, which leads her to induce vomiting in an attempt
to prevent weight gain. Her friends notice her frequent trips to the bathroom after meals and
encourage her to seek help. Eventually, Tarryn agrees to meet with a therapist specializing in
eating disorders. During therapy, she reveals her struggles with self-esteem and the pressure
to maintain a certain appearance.

According to the DSM-5, Tarryn will most likely be diagnosed with:

A Bulimia Nervosa
B Binge Eating
C Anorexia Nervosa
D Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder

Answer: A. Bulimia Nervosa (U7 – Ch 13 - Pg 491).

22 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:
Unit 7, Chapter 13
• Show a general understanding of feeding and eating disorders and distinguish the disorders
from each other.

Question 32: (1 mark)

Samantha is a 16-year-old high school student who has recently developed an intense
preoccupation with her weight and body image. Initially focused on healthy eating, she has now
adopted restrictive eating habits, often skipping meals and consuming very few calories. Her
friends notice that she brings her own food to social gatherings and refuses to eat anything
outside her strict diet. Samantha’s mother becomes alarmed when she sees her daughter’s
significant weight loss and gaunt appearance. Despite concerns from her family and friends,
Samantha insists she feels fine and continues to strive for a lower weight. After collapsing during
gym class, her parents seek help from a mental health professional.

According to the DSM-5, Samantha will most likely be diagnosed with:

A Bulimia Nervosa
B Pica
C Anorexia Nervosa
D Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder

Answer: C. Anorexia Nervosa (U7 – Ch 13 - Pg 483-484).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 7, Chapter 13
• Show a general understanding of feeding and eating disorders and distinguish the disorders
from each other.

Question 33: (1 mark)

The defining characteristic of a 'binge' in binge-eating disorder is …

A Eating only foods that are high in nutrients.

B Experiencing a loss of control overeating during the episode.
C Eating smaller amounts of food than most people would under similar circumstances.
D Experiencing guilt, shame, or disgust after eating.

23 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
Answer: B. Experiencing a loss of control overeating during the episode (U7 – Ch 13 - Pg 495).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 7, Chapter 13
• Show a general understanding of feeding and eating disorders and distinguish the disorders
from each other.

Question 34: (1 mark)

Complete the following sentence:
The age of onset for Anorexia Nervosa is ________ and __________for Binge Eating Disorder.

A 14; 20
B 14; 18
C 18; 20
D 20; 25

Answer: A. 14; 20 (U7 – Ch 13 - Pg 493).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 7, Chapter 13
• Show a general understanding of feeding and eating disorders and distinguish the disorders
from each other.

Question 35: (1 mark)

In the context of family dynamics associated with eating disorders, highlight the characteristic
which is defined by an unwillingness to adapt to change or to new ideas.

A Lack of conflict resolution

B Overprotectiveness
C Enmeshment
D Rigidity

Answer: D. Rigidity (U7 – Ch 13 - Pg 510).

24 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:
Unit 7, Chapter 13
• Describe the role of cultural and gender features in the aetiology of the eating disorders.

Question 36: (1 mark)

Mia is a 15-year-old high school student who has become increasingly preoccupied with her
weight and body image. She has adopted restrictive eating habits, eliminating entire food groups
and frequently skipping meals, claiming she isn’t hungry. Her friends notice her refusal to eat in
social situations and her insistence on bringing her own food. As she loses significant weight,
Mia isolates herself and spends excessive hours exercising, engaging in negative self-talk about
her appearance. Concerned for her health, her mother takes her to a doctor, who refers Mia to
a mental health professional specializing in eating disorders. In therapy, Mia reveals her intense
fear of gaining weight and her distorted body image.

Identify which subtype of anorexia nervosa Mia's case best illustrate.

A Restricting Type
B Bulimia Nervosa
C Binge-Eating
D Rumination Disorder

Answer: A. Restricting Type (U7 – Ch 13 - Pg 488).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 7, Chapter 13
• Distinguish between anorexia nervosa subtypes.

Question 37: (1 mark)

Consider the South African perspective on eating disorders, and complete the following
sentence:
International research places the prevalence for binge eating disorders at
approximately_________ among affected young women.

25 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
A 2.8%
B 1.8%
C 4.8%
D 3.8%

Answer: B. 1.8% (U7 – Ch 13 - Pg 520).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 7, Chapter 13
• Identify the cross-cultural and, more specifically, South African, aspects that are relevant to
the prevalence of eating disorders.

Question 38: (1 mark)

Point out the statement that best describes diabulimia.

A Category proposed to include night-eating syndrome, as described in DSM-5, and sleep-

related eating disorder (repeated episodes of eating at the transition from night-time sleep
to waking, particularly high caloric foods).
B Restricting food intake before consumption, or planned consumption of alcohol to avoid
calorie intake and weight gain.
C A severe preoccupation with a muscular body appearance, an associated fear of being
‘puny’, excessive exercise, and increased body size.
D The purposeful reduction of insulin use in patients with type 1 diabetes for the specific
reason of controlling or losing weight.

Answer: D. The purposeful reduction of insulin use in patients with type 1 diabetes for the
specific reason of controlling or losing weight (U7 – Ch 13 - Pg 523).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 7, Chapter 13
• Identify the cross-cultural and, more specifically, South African, aspects that are relevant to
the prevalence of eating disorders.

Question 39: (1 mark)

Daniel is a 33-year-old man who exhibits a pervasive pattern of distrust and suspicion towards
others. He believes that his coworkers are plotting against him, interpreting their neutral

26 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
behaviours as hostile. For example, if a colleague does not greet him in the morning, Daniel
assumes they are upset with him and are speaking negatively about him behind his back. He
often keeps personal information to himself, convinced that others will use it against him. This
constant suspicion has strained his relationships with friends and family, leading to significant
social isolation. Despite being reassured that his thoughts are unfounded, Daniel remains
convinced that he must be cautious around everyone, even those closest to him. Eventually, he
seeks help from a therapist after realising that his paranoia is affecting his overall well-being and
daily functioning.

Identify which one of the following DSM-5 diagnosis would a psychologist consider in Daniel’s
case.

A Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

B Delusional Disorder, Jealous Type
C Borderline Personality Disorder
D Paranoid Personality Disorder

Answer: D. Paranoid Personality Disorder (U8 – Ch 14 - Pg 543).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 8, Chapter 14
• Describe the personality disorders according to the Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10 and ICD-
11).

Question 40: (1 mark)

Jason and Evan both have problems with self-confidence, especially in close relationships.
Jason is fearful of criticism, so he keeps away from others even though he longs to be part of a
group of his peers. Evan has acute discomfort in close relationships as well as displays cognitive
distortions and eccentric behaviour.

According to the DSM-5 classification system, Jason shows symptoms of ________ Personality
Disorder, while Evan shows features of _______ Personality Disorder.

27 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
A Avoidant; Schizotypal
B Antisocial; Histrionic
C Schizotypal; Schizoid
D Schizoid; Schizotypal

Answer: A. Avoidant; Schizotypal (U8 – Ch 14 - Pg 547 & 555).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 8, Chapter 14
• Describe the personality disorders according to the Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10 and ICD-
11).

Question 41: (1 mark)

Fatima is a 28-year-old woman who thrives on being the center of attention. She often dresses
flamboyantly and uses exaggerated gestures when speaking, drawing attention to herself in
social situations. Fatima frequently engages in dramatic storytelling, often embellishing her
experiences to elicit sympathy or admiration from others. In her relationships, she tends to be
overly concerned with her appearance and often seeks reassurance from friends and family
about how she looks. Fatima easily becomes upset if she feels ignored or if someone else
receives attention instead of her. Despite her charm, her relationships are often superficial, as
her need for approval can overwhelm her connections with others. After struggling with
interpersonal relationships and feeling unfulfilled, she decides to seek therapy to explore her
emotions and behaviours.

Fatima is likely to meet the DSM-5 criteria for:

A Narcissistic Personality Disorder

B Avoidant Personality Disorder
C Borderline personality Disorder
D Histrionic Personality Disorder

Answer: D. Histrionic Personality Disorder (U8 – Ch 14 - Pg 551).

28 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:
Unit 8, Chapter 14
• Describe the personality disorders according to the Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10 and ICD-
11).

Question 42: (1 mark)

Point out which of the following clinical features is characteristic of Histrionic Personality
Disorder.
A Persistent fear of abandonment and intense, unstable relationships.
B Attention-seeking behaviour, including exaggerated emotional expression and seductive
behaviour.
C Excessive need for admiration and lack of empathy.
D Preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control.

Answer: B. Attention-seeking behaviour, including exaggerated emotional expression and

seductive behaviour (U8 – Ch 14 - Pg 551).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 8, Chapter 14
• Describe the clinical pictures of the different personality disorders.

Question 43: (1 mark)

Matteus is a 35-year-old man who is known for his charismatic and charming personality. He
often boasts about his accomplishments and believes he is superior to others. Matteus
frequently seeks admiration from his peers and tends to manipulate situations to ensure that he
is the center of attention.

Despite his confidence, Matteus struggles to maintain long-term relationships, as he often

disregards the feelings and needs of others. When criticized or confronted, he reacts with anger
or disdain, often blaming others for any shortcomings. His self-importance leads him to expect
special treatment and to have difficulty empathizing with others' perspectives.

Matteus is likely to meet the DSM-5 criteria for:

29 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
A Bipolar Disorder
B Narcissistic Personality Disorder
C Schizotypal Personality Disorder
D Antisocial Personality Disorder

Answer: B. Narcissistic Personality Disorder (U8 – Ch 14 - Pg 552).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 8, Chapter 14
• Describe the personality disorders according to the Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10 and ICD-
11).

Question 44: (1 mark)

Liz is a 40-year-old woman who is known for her meticulous attention to detail and strong need
for order in her personal and professional life. At work, she insists that all tasks be completed
according to her specific guidelines, often causing frustration among her colleagues. Liz
frequently spends excessive amounts of time organising her workspace and creating detailed
schedules, which she feels compelled to follow. In her personal life, Liz adheres to strict routines
and becomes anxious when unexpected changes occur. She is often preoccupied with rules,
lists, and perfection, leading her to have difficulty relaxing or enjoying leisure activities. Although
Liz values hard work and productivity, her rigidity and insistence on doing things her way create
tension in her relationships with family and friends.

Identify which of the following best describes Liz’s condition.

A Bipolar Disorder
B Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
C Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
D Histrionic Personality Disorder

Answer: C. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (U8 – Ch 14 - Pg 557-558).

30 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:
Unit 8, Chapter 14
• Describe the personality disorders according to the Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10 and ICD-
11).

Question 45: (1 mark)

Highlight which defence mechanism involves the use of health complaints to gain attention.

A Projection
B Splitting
C Fantasising
D Hypochondriasis

Answer: D. Hypochondriasis (U8 – Ch 14 - Pg 567).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 8, Chapter 14
• Identify the main aetiological factors for the different personality disorders.

Question 46: (1 mark)

According to the diathesis-stress model in personality disorders, identify which of the following
statements best describes the interaction between predisposing factors and environmental
stressors.

A Predisposing factors alone determine the onset and severity of personality disorders.
B Environmental stressors alone determine the onset and severity of personality disorders.
C Environmental stressors only play a role in the maintenance of personality disorders once
they have developed.
D Predisposing factors interact with environmental stressors to increase the risk of
developing personality disorders.

Answer: D. Predisposing factors interact with environmental stressors to increase the risk of
developing personality disorders (U8 – Ch 14 - Pg 571-572).

31 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:
Unit 8, Chapter 14
• Identify the main aetiological factors for the different personality disorders.

Question 47: (1 mark)

Alex is a 29-year-old man who prefers solitude and has little interest in forming close
relationships. He works as a software developer, enjoying the independence it offers. Alex often
avoids social gatherings and finds them uncomfortable. He appears distant and unemotional in
interactions, rarely engaging in small talk or showing much reaction to praise or criticism. Despite
concerns from friends and family about his lack of relationships, Alex feels content with his
solitary lifestyle. After some encouragement, he reluctantly decides to seek therapy to explore
his feelings about social connections.

Alex would most likely be diagnosed with:

A Histrionic Personality Disorder

B Avoidant Personality Disorder
C Schizoid Personality Disorder
D Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Answer: C. Schizoid Personality Disorder (U8 – Ch 14 - Pg 545-546).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 8, Chapter 14
• Describe the clinical pictures of the different personality disorders.

Question 48: (1 mark)

Complete the following sentence:
When considering neurobiological factors in personality disorders, research indicates that there
is limited evidence of biological causes associated with ________ personality disorder.

A Borderline
B Dependent
C Histrionic.
D Paranoid

32 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
Answer: D. Paranoid (U8 – Ch 14 - Pg 564).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 8, Chapter 14
• Identify the main aetiological factors for the different personality disorders.

Question 49: (1 mark)

Lola is a 27-year-old woman known for her eccentric behavior and unusual beliefs. She often
dresses in a unique style, combining vintage and unconventional clothing, which attracts
attention from her peers. Lola believes she has special abilities, such as being able to predict
future events or read people's thoughts. Despite her strong convictions, she struggles to
maintain close relationships, often feeling misunderstood by others. In social situations, Lola
appears anxious and awkward, frequently making strange comments that others find confusing.
Her conversations often include references to her interests in astrology, magic, and alternative
realities, leading her friends to perceive her as odd. Although she desires connection, her
peculiar behaviour and beliefs create barriers to forming meaningful relationships.

Lola is likely to meet the DSM-5 criteria for:

A Bipolar Disorder
B Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
C Schizotypal Personality Disorder
D Histrionic Personality Disorder

Answer: C. Schizotypal Personality Disorder (U8 – Ch 14 - Pg 547).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 8, Chapter 14
• Describe the personality disorders according to the Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10 and ICD-
11).

Question 50: (1 mark)

Kevin is a 45-year-old man who has a history of manipulative and deceitful behavior. He often
engages in risky activities and shows little regard for the safety and feelings of others. Kevin has
been in trouble with the law multiple times for theft and fraud, yet he appears unfazed by the

33 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024
consequences of his actions. In social situations, Kevin is charming and charismatic, often using
his charm to exploit others for personal gain. He has difficulty maintaining long-term
relationships, frequently abandoning friendships when they no longer serve his interests. Friends
and family describe him as self-centred and lacking empathy, as he shows little remorse for the
harm he causes.

Kevin is likely to meet the DSM-5 criteria for:

A Bipolar Disorder
B Narcissistic Personality Disorder
C Schizotypal Personality Disorder
D Antisocial Personality Disorder

Answer: D. Antisocial Personality Disorder (U8 – Ch 14 - Pg 553).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 8, Chapter 14
• Describe the personality disorders according to the Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10 and ICD-
11).

TOTAL: 50 MARKS

34 HPSY331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-CB-V.3-09122024