HIGHER EDUCATION PROGRAMMES

MEMORANDUM

Academic Year 2025: January - June

Formative Assessment 2: Sociology 3A (HSOC331-1)
NQF Level, Credits: 7,24
Weighting: 20%
Assessment Type: Multiple Choice Questions
Educator: Nabeelah Fife
Examiner: Nabeelah Fife
Due Date: 2 May 2025
Total: 50 Marks

Instructions:
• This paper consists of fifty (50) questions, all questions are compulsory.
• It is based on Units 5-8: Chapters 5-8 of your Sociology 3A textbook.

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The following Learning Outcomes (LO’s) are assessed in this paper:

Unit 5 - Chapter 5:
• Examine the critical role that politics plays in the social institutions.
• Examine the critical role that politics plays in the social institutions of: Education.
• Examine the critical role that politics plays in the social institutions of: Family & Marriage.
• Examine the critical role that politics plays in the social institutions of: Healthcare.
• Examine the critical role that politics plays in the social institutions of: Civil Liberties and
National Security.
• Examine the critical role that politics plays in the social institutions of: Racial State.
• Examine the critical role that politics plays in the social institutions of: Immigration.

Unit 6 - Chapter 6:
• Describe political participation as power.
• Apply theoretical frameworks to the study of political participation.
• Understanding the various ways citizens participate in the processes of governance.
• Describe the useful typologies of political participation.
• Critically analyse the various acts associated with citizenship and political participation.

Unit 7 - Chapter 7:
• Examine how the various theoretical framework view voting and the electoral process.
• Evaluate the functions of elections and election turnout.
• Apply understanding of theoretical frameworks to the South African context.
• Discuss the current debates surrounding voting behaviour.
• Discuss the current debates surrounding the impact of social cleavages on voting and
issue-based voting.

Unit 8 - Chapter 8:
• Describe the study of social movements.
• Discuss social movements as a theoretically distinct concepts and connect it to other
forms of contentious policies.
• Describe old and new social movements.
• Apply other approaches to the study of social movements.
• Examine how the various theoretical frameworks view social movements.
• Provide a synthesis of the other approaches to the study of social movements .
• Describe and critically analyse the life cycle of social movements.

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Question 1: (1 mark)
In his book, The Sociological Imagination, Mills (1959: 135) pointed out, “In terms of power …
the most inclusive unit of social structure is the nation-state. The nation-state is now the
dominating form in world history and, as such, a major fact in the life of every man [sic human].”
Adapted from the prescribed textbook.

Brewer (2003:37) notes that Mills saw a fourfold interaction within a nation-state. Choose which
of the following is part of the fourfold interaction identified by Brewer.

A Contemporary events and constraints

B Decision-making
C Social process
D Individual biography and experience

Answer: D. Individual biography and experience (U5 – Ch 5 – Pg. 176).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 5, Chapter 5
• Examine the critical role that politics plays in the social institutions.

Question 2: (1 mark)
Name the theorist who argued that extra political venues like education and family are essential
places for the production and distribution of power.

A Karl Marx
B Michel Foucault
C C. Wright Mills
D Friedrich Engels

Answer: B. Michel Foucault (U5 – Ch 5 – Pg. 177).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 5, Chapter 5
• Examine the critical role that politics plays in the social institutions of: Education

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Question 3: (1 mark)
Bowles, Gintis, and Meyer (2004) offer a class analysis examining the relationship between
education and the economy. They refer to the hierarchical structural similarity between
education and economic life that helps explain how the educational system reproduces an
obedient “amenable labour force”. Adapted from the prescribed courseware.

Reflecting on the passage above, summarize Bowels, Gintis, and Meyer's (2004) views on the
influence of education and family on young children.

A It is the “lived experiences of daily life” learned in school and the family where the young
are taught “cooperation, competition, dominance, and subordination”.
B It is through formal instruction in schools that children are primarily taught the technical
skills needed for economic success.
C The educational system primarily fosters individual creativity and critical thinking, crucial
for economic innovation.
D The family environment is the only determinant in shaping a child’s work ethic and social
behaviour, with minimal influence from the educational system.

Answer: A. It is the “lived experiences of daily life” learned in school and the family where the
young are taught “cooperation, competition, dominance, and subordination” (U5 – Ch 5 –
Pg. 177).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 5, Chapter 5
• Examine the critical role that politics plays in the social institutions of: Education

Question 4: (1 mark)
Obama had increased support for the Charter Schools’ programs by $16.8 million in 2017, but
Trump increased the support for charter schools by $167 million. According to President Trump’s
2018 budget, expanding school choice would ensure that “more children have an equal
opportunity to receive a great education” (U.S. Department of Education 2017). Trump’s 2019
budget provided $1.5 billion to provide more choices for more families. This $500 million, an
increase of $160 million to assist state and local areas in starting charter schools or expanding
and improving charter school facilities. Adapted from the prescribed textbook.

Outline the characteristics of a Charter School.

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A Private school that charge tuition and are fully funded by private donations and student
fees.
B Specialized public schools that require entrance exams and cater exclusively to gifted
and talented students.
C Tuition-free, taxpayer-supported, independently run public schools that operate under a
charter, a kind of contract, often with a particular mission, such as fostering college
preparation or education for low-income students.
D Publicly funded institutions that operate under strict district control and follow the same
regulations and curriculum as traditional public schools.

Answer: C. Tuition-free, taxpayer-supported, independently run public schools that operate

under a charter, a kind of contract, often with a particular mission, such as fostering college
preparation or education for low-income students (U5 – Ch 5- Pg. 178).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 5, Chapter 5
• Examine the critical role that politics plays in the social institutions of: Education

Question 5: (1 mark)
Complete the sentence below:
The family, not the individual, is seen as a basic unit of class ____________.

A Ownership
B Membership
C Divergence
D Union

Answer: B. Membership (U5 – Ch 5 – Pg. 181).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 5, Chapter 5
• Examine the critical role that politics plays in the social institutions of: Family & Marriage

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Question 6: (1 mark)
Within the Roberts family, James, the father, holds a dominant position regarding authority and
decision-making. He controls the family's finances and dictates significant decisions, including
where they live and how the children are educated. He insists on maintaining traditional gender
roles; his wife is expected to manage the household and take care of their two children. James
also decides how the children spend their time and enforces strict rules about their behaviour
and future aspirations.

Imagine you are an elite theorist analysing the scenario above. Determine the statement below
that is true about the elitist perspective on family.

A Elite theorists believe that all family members share equal power, promoting a democratic
decision-making process.
B Elite theorists argue that families should operate as collective units where wealth and
power are equally distributed among all members.
C Elite theorists see families primarily as economic units unrelated to political authority or
power dynamics within the household.
D Elite theorists recognize the power arrangement in families, with men dominating both
women and children and thus representing “the basis of political authority” and “of
economic stratification in terms of age, sex, and social origins”.

Answer: D. Elite theorists recognize the power arrangement in families, with men dominating
both women and children and thus representing “the basis of political authority” and “of
economic stratification in terms of age, sex, and social origins” (U5 – Ch 5 – Pg. 181).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 5, Chapter 5
• Examine the critical role that politics plays in the social institutions of: Family & Marriage.

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Question 7: (1 mark)
For many citizens of the United States, everyday expressions of intimacy, love, and partnership
are highly valued aspects of freedom. The cultural debate about sexuality, intimacy, and
marriage is a good example of how political culture affects everyday life. A national survey was
conducted from 2004 to 2017 on the public’s opinion about same-sex marriages. Tracking
studies from various national surveys including the General Social Survey (GSS), Gallup polls,
and the Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life, the Pew Research Center
confirms major shifts in the acceptability of same-sex marriage.
Adapted from prescribed textbook.

Highlight the reported percentage of the population that supported same-sex marriages in 2010,
according to the Pew Research Center (PEW).

A 42%
B 48%
C 46%
D 40%

Answer: A. 42% (U5 – Ch 5 – Pg. 185).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 5, Chapter 5
• Examine the critical role that politics plays in the social institutions of: Family & Marriage.

Question 8: (1 mark)
Name the Healthcare Act that the Senate passed on Christmas Eve of 2009, aimed at people
who refuse to buy health insurance.

A The Medicare Modernization Act

B The Health Insurance Portability and Affordability Act
C The Patient Protection & Affordable Care Ac
D The Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act

Answer: C. The Patient Protection & Affordable Care Act (U5 – Ch 5 – Pg. 193).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

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Unit 5, Chapter 5
• Examine the critical role that politics plays in the social institutions of: Healthcare.

Question 9: (1 mark)
Read the scenario below and answer the question that follows:
In South Africa, a group of students at a major university organizes a protest demanding better
housing and increased financial support. Although the Constitution guarantees their right to
peaceful assembly, university administrators call in security forces, citing potential violence and
disruptions. Several students are arrested preemptively, and police use stun grenades to
disperse the crowd. Authorities defend their actions, claiming they are protecting public safety,
but activists argue that these measures infringe on their constitutional rights.

Reflecting on the scenario above and considering the relationship between civil liberties and
national security. Outline the statement below that best depicts the argument made by Dye and
Ziegeler (1972).

A Although people claim to value democratic principles, they often overlook violations of
those principles when faced with concerns about public order.
B Although, in the abstract, people give support to democratic values, they often may not
“translate abstract principles into democratic patterns of behaviour”.
C Although individuals generally affirm their commitment to civil liberties, they frequently
“justify restrictions on those liberties in times of crisis”.
D Although citizens advocate for democratic rights, they may accept limitations on those
rights when national security is prioritized over individual freedoms.

Answer: B. Although, in the abstract, people give support to democratic values, they often may
not “translate abstract principles into democratic patterns of behaviour” (U5 – Ch 5 – Pg.
196).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 5, Chapter 5
• Examine the critical role that politics plays in the social institutions of: Civil Liberties and
National Security.

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Question 10: (1 mark)
Shanice, a 35-year-old woman, visits a clinic for her persistent migraines. During the
appointment, Dr. Smith quickly examines her and prescribes medication with little explanation.
When Shanice asks about side effects or alternative treatments, Dr. Smith dismisses her
concerns, insisting she should trust his expertise and medical decisions. Feeling unheard and
disempowered, Shanice reluctantly accepts the prescription.

Identify the theoretical framework on health care that best describes the scenario.

A Class Theory
B Pluralist Theory
C Rational Choice Theory
D Post-Modern Theory

Answer: D. Post-Modern Theory (U5 – Ch 5 - Pg 192).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 5, Chapter 5
• Examine the critical role that politics plays in the social institutions of: Healthcare.

Question 11: (1 mark)

Considering the twenty-first century war on terror, fill in the missing word below:
Also, the ____________ system should prevent the government from becoming too extreme in
its tactics.

A Checks and Balances

B Social Security
C Welfare
D Civil

Answer: A. Checks and Balances (U5 – Ch 5 – Pg. 199-200).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 5, Chapter 5
• Examine the critical role that politics plays in the social institutions of: Civil Liberties and
National Security.

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Question 12: (1 mark)

In relation to Omi & Winant's (1994) account of explaining a racial state, highlight their argument
in explaining race as a concept.

A Race is purely a biological concept that does not influence social or cultural dynamics or
matters of the state.
B Race is primarily a matter of individual choice and personal identity, with minimal impact
on broader societal structures but greatly impacting one's political decisions.
C Race is not only a matter of politics, economics, or culture, but of all these ‘levels’ of lived
experiences simultaneously,” so it is a social phenomenon affecting a variety of aspects
including individual identity, family, community, and the state.
D Race is a concept that exists only within cultural contexts and significantly influences
economic and political structures. It affects aspects of self-identity, family, society, and the
state.

Answer: C. Race is not only a matter of politics, economics, or culture, but of all these ‘levels’
of lived experiences simultaneously,” so it is a social phenomenon affecting a variety of
aspects including individual identity, family, community, and the state (U5 – Ch 5 – Pg.
203).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 5, Chapter 5
• Examine the critical role that politics plays in the social institutions of: Racial State.

Question 13: (1 mark)

Select the term that matches the description below:
It is a policy that creates, maintains, or exacerbates racial inequalities because it ignores the
effects of past discrimination, thereby safeguarding white privilege.

A Equal Representation Policies

B Colour-Blind Policies
C Discrimination Policies
D Equal Opportunity Policies

Answer: B. Colour-Blind Policies (U5 – Ch 5 - Pg 204).

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The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:
Unit 5, Chapter 5
• Examine the critical role that politics plays in the social institutions of: Racial State.

Question 14: (1 mark)

John Davis, the head of a conservative political group, champions policies to boost the economy
through free-market principles. His primary focus is reducing agriculture, construction, and tech
labour shortages. At a recent rally, John emphasizes the need to increase immigration, not for
social or citizenship reasons, but to fill gaps in the labour market and drive economic growth. He
argues that easing immigration restrictions will provide businesses with the workforce they need
to thrive, highlighting that this approach aligns with the group's belief in minimal government
intervention and maximizing market efficiency for economic prosperity.

Gimpel and Edwards’ (1999) work that suggests that by 1982, political parties had become
intensely polarized on the issue of immigration policy. Analyse the excerpt above and classify
the type of political party on the issue of immigration policy.

A Democrat
B Liberal
C Feminist
D Republican

Answer: D. Republican (U5 – Ch 5 – Pg. 213).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 5, Chapter 5
• Examine the critical role that politics plays in the social institutions of: Immigration.

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Question 15: (1 mark)
The Mabuza family from South Africa sought asylum in the U.S. in 2018, fleeing economic
hardship and crime. Upon arrival, they were separated due to Trump’s administration of a
particular policy. The parents were detained while their children were placed in a shelter. The
family faced trauma and uncertainty as they fought to reunite. After public outcry led to the
policy’s halt, they were finally reunited, but the emotional scars remained. They later became
advocates for immigrant rights, sharing their stories to raise awareness about the challenges
faced by asylum seekers.

Analyse the scenario below and outline the policy that affected the Mabuza family.

A Zero Tolerance Policy

B Family Separation Policy
C Immigration Enforcement Policy
D Asylum Seekers Detention Policy

Answer: A. Zero-Tolerance Policy. (U5 – Ch 5 – Pg. 215).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 5, Chapter 5
• Examine the critical role that politics plays in the social institutions of: Immigration.

Question 16: (1 mark)

Considering political participation as power and the argument that power in society could be
checked by the presence of a political system alongside a system of commerce, identify from
below, Marshall’s views on why capitalism and democracy are incompatible.

A Capitalism focuses on individual success and market efficiency, while democracy is built
on collective decision-making and equal participation.
B Capitalism promotes economic freedom and market-driven growth, whereas democracy
seeks to ensure social justice and political rights for all citizens
C Capitalism required a “set of practices” we associate with competition and define primarily
in terms of profit, whereas democracy emphasized equality, cooperation, and free access.
D Capitalism operates on principles of private ownership and wealth accumulation, while
democracy requires equal access to resources and opportunities for every citizen.

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Answer: C. Capitalism required a “set of practices” we associate with competition and define
primarily in terms of profit, whereas democracy emphasized equality, cooperation, and free
access (U6 – Ch 6 – Pg. 244).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 6, Chapter 6
• Describe political participation as power.

Question 17: (1 mark)

Citizenship is both a political and a social artifact (Kivisto and Faist 2007; van Steenbergen
1994). It is a creation of the state and, at the same time, provides structure to individual roles in
society; it takes on different forms of action, expression, symbolism, and social organization.
Power, state, culture, and the everyday life merge in the social idea of what it means to be a
citizen. Citizenship traditionally refers to participation or membership in a community.
Adapted from the prescribed textbook

Conceptualize citizenship as depicted by Karl Marx (1992).

A A means for individuals to participate equally in the democratic process, regardless of their
economic class within capitalist society.
B It is primarily about granting legal rights and privileges to individuals to ensure social
cohesion and unity within a capitalist society.
C Allows all individuals to benefit from modern state resources equally, thus eliminating any
class-based distinctions and allowing everyone equality within a capitalist society.
D The creation of the modern state, a superstructure that emerges from the dynamics of a
class-based society.

Answer: D. The creation of the modern state, a superstructure that emerges from the dynamics
of a class-based society (U6 – Ch 6 – Pg. 244).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 6, Chapter 6
• Describe political participation as power.

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Question 18: (1 mark)
Analyze the image below and answer the question that follows:

Source: News24. Your quick, last-minute guide to voting: Where, how and until when can you vote? [Website].
Retrieved from https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/your-quick-last-minute-guide-to-voting-where-
how-and-until-when-can-you-vote-20211101 [Accessed, 26 September 2024].

Considering the image above and the various axes of citizenship. Highlight the type of
citizenship employed by the South African citizen above.

A Civil Citizenship
B Legal Citizenship
C Political Citizenship
D Social Citizenship

Answer: C. Political Citizenship (U6 – Ch 6 – Pg. 245).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 6, Chapter 6
• Describe political participation as power.

Question 19: (1 mark)

The Liberty Party, known for its strong ties to wealthy donors and corporate interests, holds
significant influence over state policies. During elections, they promote symbolic political
participation, encouraging the working and middle classes to vote or attend rallies. However,
these activities rarely lead to meaningful policy or power distribution changes. For instance, the
party pushes for tax cuts that primarily benefit the wealthy while framing them as necessary for

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economic growth and job creation. Doing so calms the masses, creating an illusion of inclusion
and democracy while ensuring that the state apparatus protects members' interests at the top
of the hierarchy.

Analyze the scenario above and classify the theoretical framework of the study of political
participation.

A Rational choice
B Class
C Elite-managerial
D Pluralist

Answer: B. Class (U6– Ch 6 – Pg. 251-252).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 6, Chapter 6
• Apply theoretical frameworks to the study of political participation

Question 20: (1 mark)

One of the more interesting statements of pluralist thinking in the modern era was that offered
by Theodore Lowi (1969). Lowi argues that, in the nineteenth century, the United States was
characterized by pure capitalism, a near laissez-faire philosophy about economic activity with
little government involvement. But, by the early twentieth century, four factors changed the
public’s ideological orientations toward capitalism. Adapted from the prescribed textbook.

Reflecting on the above excerpt, outline one of the four factors that changed the public’s
ideological orientations toward capitalism as identified by Lowi (1969).

A Specialization in the units of production and distribution systems

B Multiplication of units of social order
C Increased union of labour with a distribution of wealth
D Immigration and population shifts

Answer: A. Specialization in the units of production and distribution systems (U6 – Ch 6 - Pg

247).

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The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:
Unit 6, Chapter 6
• Apply theoretical frameworks to the study of political participation

Question 21: (1 mark)

Complete the sentence below:
__________ is not a process of popular participation and representation; rather, it is an
institutional method for selecting leaders. It is not an outcome (representation of popular
will) but a structure (elite competition).

A Procedural democracy
B Democracy
C Elite democracy
D Representative democracy

Answer: B. Democracy (U6 – Ch 6 – Pg. 249).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 6, Chapter 6
• Apply theoretical frameworks to the study of political participation.

Question 22: (1 mark)

Name the theorist who suggested that societies today are composed of individuals who move
from one social context to another and fail to commit to the long-standing traditions of using
politics or science to understand and act in the social world.

A Karl Marx
B Seymout Martin Lipset
C Jurgen Habermas
D Zygmunt Bauman

Answer: D. Zygmunt Bauman (U6 – Ch 6 - Pg 253).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 6, Chapter 6
• Apply theoretical frameworks to the study of political participation.

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Question 23: (1 mark)
Thandi, a 45-year-old teacher from Soweto, wakes up at dawn on election day. She believes
deeply in the party she’s supported for decades, despite its record of corruption and unmet
promises. Clutching her faded voter’s card, she joins a long queue outside the local voting
station. Around her, people share stories of power outages and struggling schools, but Thandi
remains resolute. “They’ll fix it,” she whispers, convincing herself. Hours later, she casts her
vote, convinced that loyalty means standing by her choice, no matter what. Leaving, she’s
hopeful that this time things will change—though history suggests otherwise.

Milbrath and Goel (1977) outlined contrasting typologies of political participation. Determine
which typology best describes Thandi.

A Gladiator
B Protestor
C Apathetic
D Spectator

Answer: A. Gladiator (U6 – Ch 6 – Pg. 225).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 6, Chapter 6
• Understanding the various ways citizens participate in the processes of governance.

Question 24: (1 mark)

At about the same time, Verba and Nie (1972), on the heels of the major voting studies in the
1960s and 1970s, suggested an alternative typology. They argued that political participation was
influenced mostly by individual goals for some political outcome.
Adapted from the prescribed textbook.

Conceptualize the term political participation as outlined by Verba and Nie (1972).

A Those activities by private citizens that are more or less directly aimed at influencing the
selection of government personnel and/or the actions they take.
B Activities by citizens that involve voting in elections to choose their representatives and
express their political preferences.

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C Actions taken by private citizens to support political parties and candidates in their
campaigns for public office.
D Efforts by individuals to engage in political discussions and debates in order to shape public
opinion and policy.

Answer: A. Those activities by private citizens that are more or less directly aimed at influencing
the selection of government personnel and/or the actions they take (U6 – Ch 6 – Pg. 256).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 6, Chapter 6
• Understanding the various ways citizens participate in the processes of governance.

Question 25: (1 mark)

Analyze the image below and answer the question that follows:

Source: @naledimashishi. Twitter. [Website]. Retrieved from

https://x.com/naledimashishi/status/1792171500998463520 [Accessed 10 October 2024].

Zukin et al. (2006) more recently concluded that the role of citizen participation has changed
significantly in recent decades as a result of technology and social structural changes around
consumerism, community, and generational values. They argue that the result has not been a
decline in the number of forms of political participation, but rather the emergence of new forms.

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Reflecting on the image above, identify the form of political participation commonly depicted
amongst the younger generation of citizens.

A Social Media Campaigning

B Digital Advocacy
C Internet Activism
D Online Petitioning

Answer: C. Internet Activism (U6 – Ch 6 – Pg. 258).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 6, Chapter 6
• Understanding the various ways citizens participate in the processes of governance.

Question 26: (1 mark)

Outline the concept that is described below:
This model for explaining party activism, going door-to-door for a cause, or giving time to a
political party, draws heavily on sociological and psychological influences to explain
participation.

A Active Participant Model

B Liberal Voluntarism Model
C Political Participation Model
D Civic Voluntarism Model

Answer: D. Civic Voluntarism Model (U6 – Ch 6 – Pg. 260).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 6, Chapter 6
• Describe the useful typologies of political participation.

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Question 27: (1 mark)
Early research on types of political participation established two important patterns. First, as
seen in the contrasts between models, a few individuals participate in the more influential or
powerful types of political action. Yet, most citizens are inactive or apathetic, and at the most,
people vote, and that’s about it. Using Olsen’s conceptualization, the power found in participation
rests with a small percentage of the populace. Second, these typologies created two distinct
categories of political action that would stay with future research.

Considering the traditional study of political participation, identify the two categories of political
action that argued to stay with future research.

A Institutional and Non-Institutional

B Conventional and Unconventional
C Political and Non-Political
D Contentious and Non-Contentious

Answer: B. Conventional and Unconventional (U6 – Ch 6 – Pg. 258).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 6, Chapter 6
• Describe the useful typologies of political participation.

Question 28: (1 mark)

In the city of Rivertown, a group of teenagers express their frustration with social injustices by
displaying images and portraits of their dissatisfaction on public walls to create politically
charged murals. Their murals encompass large, colourful, and explicit street art that is quite eye-
catching to community members walking by.

Determine the type of non-institutional form of political participation that the scenario exemplifies.

A Campaigning and Canvassing

B Graffiti
C Image Protesting
D Political Canvassing

Answer: B. Graffiti (U6 – Ch 6 – Pg. 265-267).

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The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:
Unit 6, Chapter 6
• Critically analyse the various acts associated with citizenship and political participation.

Question 29: (1 mark)

Considering the different ways protests and demonstrations are conceptualized, outline Frank
et al.’s (1986) explanation of the concept protest.

A It is a form of organized dissent that seeks to influence public opinion and policy through
public demonstrations and rallies.

B It involves direct actions groups take to express dissatisfaction with current social or
political conditions.
C It is the unconventional and often collective action—taken to show disapproval of, and the
need for change in some policy or condition.
D It is a method of political participation that typically involves collective action to advocate
for or against specific policies or issues.

Answer: C. It is the unconventional and often collective action—taken to show disapproval of,
and the need for change in some policy or condition (U6 – Ch 6 – Pg. 267).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 6, Chapter 6
• Critically analyse the various acts associated with citizenship and political participation.
• Understanding the various ways citizens participate in the processes of governance.

Question 30: (1 mark)

Some authors suggest that elections perform symbolic or ritualistic roles, making voters feel they
have fulfilled their civic duty and have contributed to society. Identify Milbrath and Goel's (1977)
position in relation to the aforementioned statement.

A Voters participate in elections primarily to maintain social order and to avoid feeling
disconnected from the political process.
B Elections serve as a way for individuals to express their loyalty to the state and affirm their
identity as responsible citizens.

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C The act of voting is seen as a ceremonial gesture that reinforces an individual’s role within
a democratic society, regardless of the actual impact on election outcomes.
D Person votes more out of a sense of civic duty than the belief that his or her vote will make
a difference —voting may be a means for voters to define themselves as good members
of the community.

Answer: D. Person votes more out of a sense of civic duty than the belief that his or her vote
will make a difference —voting may be a means for voters to define themselves as good
members of the community (U7 – Ch 7 – Pg. 286).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 7, Chapter 7
• Examine how the various theoretical framework view voting and the electoral process

Question 31: (1 mark)

Outline rational choice theory’s views on elections and voting as depicted by Neuman (2005).

A Individuals make instrumental decisions about whether to invest time and effort into voting,
and they vote if or when they believe it is likely to make a difference for their immediate
personal situation.
B Voters participate in elections when they believe their vote will contribute to the nation's
overall political stability and well-being.
C Individuals decide to vote based on their evaluation of the collective benefits their chosen
candidate or policy will provide society.
D People choose to vote if they feel a strong emotional connection to a candidate or cause,
even if the outcome might not directly affect their personal circumstances.

Answer: A. Individuals make instrumental decisions about whether to invest time and effort into
voting, and they vote if or when they believe it is likely to make a difference for their
immediate personal situation (U7 – Ch 7 – Pg. 288).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 7, Chapter 7
• Examine how the various theoretical framework view voting and the electoral process.

22 HSOC331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-NF-V.4-04122024
Question 32: (1 mark)
Complete the sentence below:
The candidate-selection process is “in good part controlled by members of the _________
through large campaign contributions”.

A Political party
B Power elite
C Corporate party
D Economic elite

Answer: B. Power elite (U7 – Ch 7 – Pg. 290).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 7, Chapter 7
• Evaluate the functions of elections and election turnout

Question 33: (1 mark)

During the 2019 election, The ANC was broadly divided into two almost formal, separate and
contesting parties: the ANC of Ramaphosa and the ANC of former president Jacob Zuma. As
Ramaphosa began his reforms of the state, tackled corruption and cleaned up the finances of
the country, he ran into opposition from different groups, perhaps even, at times, members of
his faction if their interests were threatened. The irony is that the corruption, mismanagement
and incompetence of the “wasted” Zuma years have brought South Africa to the brink, and the
remedies Ramaphosa will have to administer to prevent the country from falling completely off
the cliff may entail honest, hardworking and decent ordinary citizens losing their livelihoods. The
way President Cyril Ramaphosa put together his Cabinet reflects changed power dynamics, but
still in the ANC, away from ideological and ANC organisational constituents to one which is now
divided between provinces, cities, and interest groups.

Source: Gumede, W. 2019. Ramaphosa is surrounded by interest groups, as and power blocs become unrecognisable.
[Website]. Retrieved from https://www.democracyworks.org.za/ramaphosa-surrounded-by-interest-groups-as-anc-power-blocs-
become-unrecognisable/ [Accessed, 28 August 2024].

Determine the theoretical framework that exemplifies the above excerpt.

A Elite-Managerial
B Rational Choice

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C Pluralist
D Class

Answer: A. Elite-Managerial (U7 – Ch 7 – Pg. 287).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 7, Chapter 7
• Apply understanding of theoretical frameworks to the South African context

Question 34: (1 mark)

For a government to be democratic, “consent of the governed” is necessary, and elections give
meaning to the idea of consent (Dye 2003: 249). A direct function of elections is to select officials
who will occupy public office. Voters can pass judgment on current officeholders by reelecting
them or voting for someone else. Indirectly, voters may shape policy directions by choosing
between or among candidates or parties with different policy goals (Dye 2003).
Adapted from the prescribed textbook.

Ideally, four conditions must be achieved for elections to inform policy formulation. Outline which
of the following are part of these four conditions.

A Competing citizens must provide concise, well-explained legal frameworks

B Politicians vote solely on the policy legislations provide
C Elected officeholders abide by their campaign statements
D Election voting must clearly reflect the voters’ political party choices

Answer: C. Elected officeholders abide by their campaign statements (U7 – Ch 7 – Pg. 289).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 7, Chapter 7
• Evaluate the functions of elections and election turnout.

Question 35: (1 mark)

This sociological approach to the studying of voting is done by examining the flow of information
during a campaign, individual decision-making, group process variables, socioeconomic status
(SES) indicators (e.g. education, income, class), and sociodemographic measures (e.g. race,
ethnicity, religion, place of residence). Adapted from the prescribed textbook.

24 HSOC331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-NF-V.4-04122024
Two early traditions of voting behaviour research emerged more than half a century ago. Identify
the tradition that is described in the extract above.

A The University of Michigan School

B The University of Stellenbosch Business School
C The Boston Harvard Approach
D The Columbia University Approach

Answer: D. The Columbia University Approach (U7 – Ch 7 – Pg.294-295).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 7, Chapter 7
• Discuss the current debates surrounding voting behaviour.

Question 36: (1 mark)

Electoral systems ideally reflect the preferences of voters, facilitate solid and stable
governments, create a sense of legitimacy, and elect qualified representatives. The design of
electoral laws and systems impacts how the functions are carried out. One key component of
elections involves translating votes into legislative seats based on a proportional versus
nonproportional system. Adapted from the prescribed textbook.

Highlight how votes are translated into legislative seats using the proportional system.

A The seats are distributed to parties based on the percentage of votes they receive,
ensuring that each vote has equal weight.
B The number of seats each party wins reflects as closely as possible the number of votes it
has received.
C Votes are converted into seats using a method that allocates representation
proportionately to the total votes each party gains.
D Legislative seats are apportioned according to the vote share of each party, aiming to
match the proportion of seats to the proportion of votes cast.

Answer: B. The number of seats each party wins reflects as closely as possible the number of
votes it has received (U7 – Ch 7 – Pg. 291).

25 HSOC331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-NF-V.4-04122024
The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:
Unit 7, Chapter 7
• Evaluate the functions of elections and election turnout.

Question 37: (1 mark)

Identify the term that matches the description below:
An ideological orientation based on a belief in the importance of the freedom and welfare of the
individual and the possibility of social progress and the improvement of the quality of life through
change and innovation in social organization.

A Liberalism
B Conservatism
C Patriarchy
D Albinism

Answer: A. Liberalism (U7 – Ch 7 – Pg. 306).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 7, Chapter 7
• Discuss the current debates surrounding the impact of social cleavages on voting and
issue-based voting.

Question 38: (1 mark)

Sarah, has consistently voted for the Good Party in every election, demonstrating her strong
party identification. Her loyalty to the party was shaped early on by her family and community
and has remained stable. Now in her 40s, she views her party affiliation as a "running tally,"
reassessing her support based on current political developments and the actions of elected
officials. Despite her long-standing loyalty, she is increasingly open to shifting her allegiance if
her values are not reflected.

Determine the concept that is depicted in the scenario above.

A Ideological commitment
B Voter Realignment
C Electoral Behavior
D Partisanship

26 HSOC331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-NF-V.4-04122024
Answer: D. Partisanship (U7 – Ch 7 – Pg. 307).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 7, Chapter 7
• Discuss the current debates surrounding the impact of social cleavages on voting and
issue-based voting.

Question 39: (1 mark)

Funke, Schularick, and Trebesch (2015) studied financial crises and politics from 1870 to 2014
mainly in European democracies, but also including Australia, Canada, Japan, and the United
States. They found that “Increasing fractionalization and polarization of parliaments makes crisis
resolution more difficult, reduces the chances of serious reform and leads to political conflict at
a time when decisive political action may be needed most.” Indeed, research has shown that
gridlock is associated with slow recoveries from financial crises. Both before and after World
War II, voters were more likely to support conservative and far-right political parties after a
financial crisis. They did not do so during normal recessions and nonfinancial macro disasters
however. Adapted from the prescribed textbook.

Funke, Schularick, and Trebesch (2015) suggested three possible explanations for why only
financial crises triggered the far-right support. Highlight from below the explanation that is true
on why financial crises trigger the far-right support.

A Financial crises led to high levels of unemployment and economic insecurity, which made
voters turn to parties offering radical solutions.
B Financial crises resulted in bailouts of the financial sector that were very unpopular with
the public and thus they voted against the party in power.
C Financial crises undermined trust in mainstream political parties, causing voters to shift
their support to anti-establishment parties.
D Financial crises caused increased polarization and dissatisfaction with the political status
quo, pushing voters toward far-right alternatives.

Answer: B. Financial crises resulted in bailouts of the financial sector that were very unpopular
with the public and thus they voted against the party in power (U7 – Ch 7 – Pg.339).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

27 HSOC331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-NF-V.4-04122024
Unit 7, Chapter 7
• Discuss the current debates surrounding the impact of social cleavages on voting and
issue-based voting

Question 40: (1 mark)

Early on, social movement scholars maintained that movements were part of irrational, non-
political behaviour. Meyer and Kretschmer (2007: 540–541) have identified several key
characteristics about social movements. Adapted from the prescribed textbook.

From the following, outline a characteristic of social movements as stipulated by Meyer and
Kretschemer.

A Typically led by charismatic leaders who influence their followers and strategies
significantly.
B Generally operate within the boundaries of existing political institutions and work to
advance their goals through formal legislative channels.
C Primarily driven by economic interests and focus on achieving financial gains for their
members.
D Generally, committed individuals and established organizations make up a social
movement.

Answer: D. Generally, committed individuals and established organizations make up a social

movement (U8 – Ch 8 – Pg. 353).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 8, Chapter 8
• Describe the study of social movements

Question 41: (1 mark)

Conceptualize the term social movement as defined by Marx and McAdams (1994).

A Social movements are organized efforts to promote or resist change in society that rely, at
least in part, on noninstitutionalized forms of political action.
B Social movements are coordinated activities by political organizations to secure specific
policy changes through formal legislative processes.

28 HSOC331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-NF-V.4-04122024
C Social movements are mobilized groups working within institutional frameworks to
advocate for gradual societal reforms.
D Social movements are collective actions by interest groups designed to influence public
opinion and government policy through established channels.

Answer: A. Social movements are organized efforts to promote or resist change in society that
rely, at least in part, on noninstitutionalized forms of political action (U8 – Ch 8 – Pg. 352).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 8, Chapter 8
• Describe the study of social movements.

Question 42: (1 mark)

Consider the rational choice framework on social movements. Point out the characteristic that
forms part of the political process model of movement emergence.

A Cognitive Conservatism
B Indigenous Organizational Strength
C Broad Gender Process
D Expanding Social Strength

Answer: B. Indigenous Organizational Strength (U8 – Ch 8 - Pg. 355).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 8, Chapter 8
• Examine how the various theoretical frameworks view social movements.

29 HSOC331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-NF-V.4-04122024
Question 43: (1 mark)
Sharpeville massacre, 21st March 21 1960, incident in the Black township of Sharpeville, near
Vereeniging, South Africa, in which police fired on a crowd of Black people, killing or wounding
some 250 of them. It was one of the first and most violent demonstrations against apartheid in
South Africa. Participants were instructed to surrender their reference books (passes) and invite
arrest. Some 20,000 Blacks gathered near a police station at Sharpeville, located about 30 miles
(50 km) south of Johannesburg. After some demonstrators, according to police, began stoning
police officers and their armoured cars, the officers opened fire on them with submachine guns.

Source: Britannica. 2024. Sharpeville massacre: South African history [1960] [Website] . Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/event/Sharpeville-massacre [Accessed, 26 September 2024] .

Beginning around the 1960s in Europe and the United States, a distinction was drawn between
Old Social Movements (OSMs) and New Social Movements (NSMs) (Dobratz et al., 2019).

Reflecting on the statement above, classify the type of movement that is depicted in the article
above.

A New Social Movements

B Modern Social Movements
C Ideological Social Movements
D Old Social Movements

Answer: D. Old Social Movements (U8 – Ch 8 – Pg. 356-357).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 8, Chapter 8
• Describe old and new social movements.

Question 44: (1 mark)

Complete the following sentence:
The result of this process is what journalist Bill Bishop calls _________ countries, or counties
where 60 percent or more of the vote goes to one party.

A Dominant
B Polarized

30 HSOC331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-NF-V.4-04122024
C Landslide
D Post-Modern

Answer: C. Landslide (U8 – Ch 8 – Pg. 358).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 8, Chapter 8
• Describe old and new social movements.

Question 45: (1 mark)

Consider other approaches to social movements:
Structuralists explain the political choice of movement participation by looking at what is
happening in society, the activist’s social position, and membership or social ties to formal
organizations that could influence them to participate.

Highlight the statement below that summarises a structuralist view on political movement
participation.

A People tend to join movements when they experience economic downturns or crises that
disrupt their established social networks and employment stability.
B Individuals are more likely to engage in movements when they perceive a decline in
traditional social norms and feel marginalized by existing power structures.
C People are more likely to protest when societal ties weaken, and they feel less attached to
institutions and mainstream organizations or when educational or career opportunities are
blocked.
D Individuals are motivated to participate in movements when they face barriers to political
engagement or are excluded from conventional political processes.

Answer: C. People are more likely to protest when societal ties weaken, and they feel less
attached to institutions and mainstream organizations or when educational or career
opportunities are blocked (U8 – Ch 8 – Pg. 360).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 8, Chapter 8
• Apply other approaches to the study of social movements.

31 HSOC331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-NF-V.4-04122024
Question 46: (1 mark)
Name the theorist who conceptualized frame, which refers to “schemata of interpretation” that
enable people “to locate, perceive, identify, and label” things that occur.

A Debora Gimlin
B Archie Hochschild
C Herbert Spencer
D Erving Goffman

Answer: D. Erving Goffman (U8 – Ch 8 – Pg. 361).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 8, Chapter 8
• Apply other approaches to the study of social movements.

Question 47: (1 mark)

Reflecting on the theoretical frameworks’ perspective on the causes of social movements.
Outline the cause of social movements from a pluralist perspective.

A Focuses on collective identity formation and shared beliefs as the primary drivers of social
movements.
B Socio-political stress, strain, and breakdown are factors encouraging social movement
participation.
C Attributes social movement participation mainly to economic incentives and financial gain.
D Emphasizes biological or genetic predispositions as the root cause of social movement
participation.

Answer: B. Socio-political stress, strain, and breakdown are factors encouraging social
movement participation (U8 – Ch 8 – Pg. 367).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 8, Chapter 8
• Examine how the various theoretical frameworks view social movements.

32 HSOC331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-NF-V.4-04122024
Question 48: (1 mark)
Reflecting on other approaches to movements and the socio-psychological elements
incorporated within social movements, identify the term that matches the description
provided below:
__________ do not merely accompany our deepest desires and satisfactions, they constitute
them, permeating our ideas, identities, and interests.

A Emotion
B Collective Identities
C Stimuli
D Framings

Answer: A. Emotions (U8 – Ch 8 – Pg. 366).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 8, Chapter 8
• Provide a synthesis of the other approaches to the study of social movements .

Question 49: (1 mark)

In South Africa, the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) rally support in a densely populated
township. Amidst the vibrant banners and chants, the party leader addresses the crowd,
highlighting systemic inequalities and the urgent need for land reform. The EFF positions itself
as the voice of the marginalized, asserting that they have the political opportunity to influence
policy as they gain traction among young voters disillusioned with traditional parties. By
leveraging grassroots mobilization and strategic alliances, the EFF aims to challenge the status
quo, demonstrating that access to power is within reach for groups previously sidelined in the
political landscape.

Reflecting on the scenario above and the life cycles of social movements, theorise political
opportunity as depicted by Eisenger (1973:25).

A Focuses on the availability of resources and funding as the primary drivers of political
opportunity for social movements.
B Emphasizes the role of charismatic leadership in determining the success of social
movements within the political system.

33 HSOC331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-NF-V.4-04122024
C Attributes political opportunity to the cultural resonance and popularity of a movement's
ideology among the general public
D The degree to which groups are likely to be able to gain access to power to manipulate the
political system.

Answer: D. The degree to which groups are likely to be able to gain access to power to
manipulate the political system (U8 – Ch 8 – Pg. 371).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 8, Chapter 8
• Describe and critically analyse the life cycle of social movements.

Question 50: (1 mark)

It is important to recognize that the success of movements, in general, is typically very difficult
to define and measure. Some movements are really involved in bringing about social change,
whereas others may achieve only symbolic victories, such as having a piece of legislation
passed that is not enforced (Burstein, Einwohner, and Hollander 1995: 283). Six types of policy
responsiveness have been identified. Adapted from prescribed textbook.

Reflecting on the passage above, highlight the six types of policy responsiveness as identified
by Burstein, Einwohner, and Hollander (1995).

A Legislation, enforcement, compliance, recognition, funding, and advocacy.

B Government access, agenda, policy, output, impact, and structural.
C Awareness, lobbying, legislation, public opinion, administrative actions, and international
pressure.
D Initiation, adoption, implementation, evaluation, reform, and withdrawal.

Answer: B. Government access, agenda, policy, output, impact, and structural. (U8 – Ch 8 –
Pg. 379-380).

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 8, Chapter 8
• Describe and critically analyse the life cycle of social movements

TOTAL: 50 MARKS

34 HSOC331-1-Jan-Jun2025-FA2-Memo-NF-V.4-04122024