Spanish standard

UNE-EN ISO 18086

February 2022

Corrosion of metals and alloys

Determination of AC corrosion
Protection criteria
(ISO 18086:2019)

This standard has been prepared by the Technical

Committee CTN 112 Corrosion and protection against
corrosion of metallic materials the Secretariat of which
is held by AIDIMME.

Asociación Española
de Normalización
Génova, 6 - 28004 Madrid
915 294 900
[email protected]
www.une.org

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 UNE-EN ISO 18086

Corrosion of metals and alloys

Determination of AC corrosion
Protection criteria
(ISO 18086:2019)

Corrosión de metales y aleaciones. Determinación de la corrosión ocasionada por la corriente alterna.

Criterios de protección (ISO 18086:2019).

Corrosion des métaux et alliages. Détermination de la corrosion occasionnée par les courants
alternatifs. Critères de protection (ISO 18086:2019).

This standard is the official English version of EN ISO 18086:2020, which adopts
ISO 18086:2019.

This document may include additional national content clearly identified as such.

This standard was published as UNE-EN ISO 18086:2022, which is the definitive Spanish
version.
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The remarks to this document must be sent to:

Asociación Española de Normalización

Génova, 6
28004 MADRID-España
Tel.: 915 294 900
[email protected]
www.une.org

© UNE 2022
Reproduction is prohibited without the express consent of UNE.
All intellectual property rights relating to this standard are owned by UNE.

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 EUROPEAN STANDARD EN ISO 18086
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM December 2020

ICS 77.060 Supersedes EN ISO 18086:2017

English Version

Corrosion of metals and alloys - Determination of AC

corrosion - Protection criteria (ISO 18086:2019)
Corrosion des métaux et alliages - Détermination de la Korrosion von Metallen und Legierungen -
corrosion occasionnée par les courants alternatifs - Bestimmung der Wechselstromkorrosion -
Critères de protection (ISO 18086:2019) Schutzkriterien (ISO 18086:2019)

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 December 2020.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
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EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2020 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 18086:2020 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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 EN ISO 18086:2020 (E)

Contents Page

European foreword....................................................................................................................................................... 3
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 EN ISO 18086:2020 (E)

European foreword

The text of ISO 18086:2019 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 156 "Corrosion of
metals and alloys” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over
as EN ISO 18086:2020 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 219 “Cathodic protection” the secretariat of
which is held by BSI.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2021, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2021.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

This document supersedes EN ISO 18086:2017.

According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.

Endorsement notice

The text of ISO 18086:2019 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 18086:2020 without any
modification.
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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


Contents Page

Foreword...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. vi
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Cathodic protection persons competence................................................................................................................................... 5
5 Assessment of the AC influence.............................................................................................................................................................. 5
5.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
5.2 Assessment of the level of interference.............................................................................................................................. 6
6 Evaluation of the AC corrosion likelihood.................................................................................................................................. 6
6.1 Prerequisite................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
6.1.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.1.2 AC voltage on the structure..................................................................................................................................... 7
6.2 AC and DC current density............................................................................................................................................................. 7
6.2.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
6.2.2 AC current density........................................................................................................................................................... 7
6.2.3 High cathodic DC current density...................................................................................................................... 7
6.2.4 Low cathodic DC current density....................................................................................................................... 8
6.2.5 Current ratio “Ia.c./Id.c.”................................................................................................................................................ 8
6.2.6 Soil resistivity...................................................................................................................................................................... 8
6.3 Corrosion rate........................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
6.4 Pipeline coatings.................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
6.5 Evaluation of the metal loss.......................................................................................................................................................... 9
7 Acceptable interference levels................................................................................................................................................................ 9
8 Measurement techniques............................................................................................................................................................................. 9
8.1 Measurements.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
8.1.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
8.1.2 Selection of test sites..................................................................................................................................................... 9
8.1.3 Selection of measurement parameter......................................................................................................... 10
8.1.4 Sampling rate for the recording of interference levels................................................................. 10
8.1.5 Accuracy of measuring equipment................................................................................................................ 10
8.1.6 Installation of coupons or probes to calculate current densities........................................ 10
8.2 DC potential measurements...................................................................................................................................................... 10
8.3 AC voltage measurements........................................................................................................................................................... 11
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8.4 Measurements on coupons and probes........................................................................................................................... 11

8.4.1 Installation of coupons or probes................................................................................................................... 11
8.4.2 Current measurements............................................................................................................................................ 12
8.4.3 Corrosion rate measurements........................................................................................................................... 12
8.5 Pipeline metal loss techniques................................................................................................................................................ 13
9 Mitigation measures.......................................................................................................................................................................................13
9.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
9.2 Construction measures.................................................................................................................................................................. 13
9.2.1 Modification of bedding material.................................................................................................................... 13
9.2.2 Installation of isolating joints............................................................................................................................. 13
9.2.3 Installation of mitigation wires......................................................................................................................... 14
9.2.4 Optimization of pipeline and/or powerline route............................................................................ 14
9.2.5 Power line or pipeline construction............................................................................................................. 14
9.3 Operation measures......................................................................................................................................................................... 14
9.3.1 Earthing................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
9.3.2 Adjustment of cathodic protection level................................................................................................... 15
9.3.3 Repair of coating defects......................................................................................................................................... 15

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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


10 Commissioning.....................................................................................................................................................................................................16
10.1 Commissioning..................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
10.2 Preliminary checking....................................................................................................................................................................... 16
10.2.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
10.2.2 Coupon AC voltage and current startup.................................................................................................... 17
10.2.3 Verification of effectiveness................................................................................................................................. 17
10.2.4 Installation and commissioning documents.......................................................................................... 17
11 Monitoring and maintenance................................................................................................................................................................18
Annex A (informative) Simplified description of the AC corrosion phenomenon...............................................19
Annex B (informative) Coupons and probes...............................................................................................................................................21
Annex C (informative) Coulometric oxidation..........................................................................................................................................26
Annex D (informative) Influence of soil characteristics on the AC corrosion process....................................27
Annex E (informative) Other criteria that have been used in the presence of AC influence.....................28
Annex F (informative) Parameters to take into account to choose a DC decoupling device.....................32
Annex G (informative) Method to determine the reference electrode location to remote earth........34
Annex H (informative) Simultaneous measurement on coupon current densities with high rate....36
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 38
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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www​.iso​.org/​directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www​.iso​.org/​patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www​.iso​.org/​
iso/​foreword​.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 156, Corrosion of metal and alloys.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 18086:2015), of which it constitutes a
minor revision. The changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— references cited informatively (EN 13509 and EN 15257) have been moved from Clause 2 to the
Bibliography;
— in Clause 7, the two instances of the phrase “AC current density” have been changed to “AC average
current density”.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www​.iso​.org/​members​.html.
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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


Introduction
This document has incorporated criteria and thresholds together with experience gained from the
most recent data. Various countries have a very different approach to the prevention of AC corrosion
depending primarily on the DC interference situation. These different approaches are taken into
account in two different ways:
— in the presence of “low” on-potentials, which allows a certain level of AC voltage (up to 15 V);
— in the presence of “high” on-potentials (with DC stray current interference on the pipeline for
instance), which requires the reduction of the AC voltage towards the lowest possible levels.
This document also gives some parameters to consider when evaluating the AC corrosion likelihood,
as well as detailed measurement techniques, mitigation measures, and measurements to carry out for
the commissioning of any AC corrosion mitigation system. Annex E proposes other parameters and
thresholds that require further validation based on practical experiences.
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 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18086:2019(E)

Corrosion of metals and alloys — Determination of AC

corrosion — Protection criteria

1 Scope
This document specifies protection criteria for determining the AC corrosion risk of cathodically
protected pipelines.
It is applicable to buried cathodically protected pipelines that are influenced by AC traction systems
and/or AC power lines.
In the presence of AC interference, the protection criteria given in ISO 15589-1 are not sufficient to
demonstrate that the steel is being protected against corrosion.
This document provides limits, measurement procedures, mitigation measures, and information to
deal with long-term AC interference for AC voltages at frequencies between 16,7 Hz and 60 Hz and the
evaluation of AC corrosion likelihood.
This document deals with the possibility of AC corrosion of metallic pipelines due to AC interferences
caused by conductive, inductive or capacitive coupling with AC power systems and the maximum
tolerable limits of these interference effects. It takes into account the fact that this is a long-term effect,
which occurs during normal operating conditions of the AC power system.
This document does not cover the safety issues associated with AC voltages on pipelines. These are
covered in national standards and regulations (see, e.g., EN 50443).

2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 8044, Corrosion of metals and alloys — Basic terms and definitions
ISO 15589-1, Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Cathodic protection of pipeline
systems — Part 1: On-land pipelines
IEC 61010-1, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use —
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Part 1: General requirements

EN 50443, Effects of electromagnetic interference on pipelines caused by high voltage AC electric traction
systems and/or high voltage AC power supply systems

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 8044 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://​w ww​.iso​.org/​obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://​w ww​.electropedia​.org/​

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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


3.1
AC electric traction system
AC railway electrical distribution network used to provide energy for rolling stock
Note 1 to entry: The system can comprise the following:

— contact line systems;

— return circuit of electric railway systems;

— running rails of non-electric railway systems, which are in the vicinity of and conductively connected to the
running rails of an electric railway system.

3.2
AC power supply system
AC electrical system devoted to electrical energy transmission, which includes overhead lines, cables,
substations and all apparatus associated with them
3.3
AC power system
AC electric traction system (3.1) or AC power supply system (3.2)
Note 1 to entry: Where it is necessary to differentiate, each interfering system (3.6) is clearly indicated with its
proper term.

3.4
copper/copper sulfate reference electrode
CSE
reference electrode consisting of copper in a saturated solution of copper sulfate
3.5
AC voltage
voltage measured to earth (3.9) between a metallic structure and a reference electrode
3.6
interfering system
general expression encompassing an interfering high voltage AC electric traction system (3.1) and/or
high voltage AC power supply system (3.2)
3.7
interfered system
system on which the interference (3.15) effects appear
Note 1 to entry: In this document, it is the pipeline system (3.8).
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3.8
pipeline system
system of pipe network with all associated equipment and stations
Note 1 to entry: In this document, pipeline system refers only to metallic pipeline system.

Note 2 to entry: The associated equipment is the equipment electrically connected to the pipeline.

3.9
earth
conductive mass of the earth, of which the electric potential at any point is conventionally taken as
equal to zero
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-826]

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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


3.10
operating condition
fault-free operation of any system
Note 1 to entry: Transients are not to be considered as an operating condition.

3.11
fault condition
non-intended condition caused by a short-circuit to earth (3.9), the fault duration being the normal
clearing time of the protection devices and switches
Note 1 to entry: A short circuit is an unintentional connection of an energized conductor to earth or to any
metallic part in contact with earth.

3.12
conductive coupling
coupling that occurs when a proportion of the current belonging to the interfering system (3.6) returns
to the system earth (3.9) via the interfered system (3.7) or when the voltage to the reference earth of the
ground in the vicinity of the influenced object rises because of a fault in the interfering system and the
results of which are conductive voltages and currents
3.13
inductive coupling
phenomenon whereby the magnetic field produced by a current carrying circuit influences another circuit
Note 1 to entry: Coupling is quantified by the mutual impedance of the two circuits. The results of which are
induced voltages and, hence, currents that depend on, for example, the distances, length, inducing current, circuit
arrangement and frequency.

3.14
capacitive coupling
phenomenon whereby the electric field produced by an energized conductor influences another
conductor
Note 1 to entry: Coupling is quantified by the capacitance between the conductors and the capacitances between
each conductor and the earth (3.9). The results of which are interference (3.15) voltages into conductive parts or
conductors insulated from earth. These voltages depend, for example, on the voltage of the influencing system,
distances and circuit arrangement.

3.15
interference
phenomenon resulting from conductive, inductive or capacitive coupling (3.12, 3.13, 3.14) between
systems, which can cause malfunction, dangerous voltages, damage (3.17), etc.
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3.16
disturbance
malfunction of a piece of equipment that loses its capability to work properly for the duration of the
interference (3.15)
Note 1 to entry: When the interference disappears, the interfered system (3.7) starts working properly again
without any external intervention.

3.17
damage
permanent reduction in the quality of service that can be suffered by the interfered system (3.7)
Note 1 to entry: A reduction in the quality of service could also be the complete cancellation of service.

EXAMPLE Coating perforation, pipe pitting, pipe perforation, permanent malfunction of the equipment
connected to the pipes.

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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


3.18
danger
state of the influenced system that is able to produce a threat to human life
3.19
interference situation
maximum distance between the pipeline system (3.8) and AC power system for which an interference
(3.15) is to be considered
3.20
interference voltage
voltage caused on the interfered system (3.7) by the conductive, inductive or capacitive coupling (3.12,
3.13, 3.14) with the nearby interfering system (3.6) between a given point and the earth (3.9) or across
an insulating joint
3.21
IR drop
voltage due to any current, developed in an electrolyte such as the soil, between the reference electrode
and the metal of the structure, in accordance with Ohm’s Law (U = I × R)
3.22
IR-free potential
EIR-free
pipe to electrolyte potential measured without the voltage error caused by the IR drop (3.21) due to the
protection current or any other current
3.23
off-potential
Eoff
pipe to electrolyte potential measured after interruption of all sources of applied cathodic protection
current with the aim of approaching an IR-free potential (3.22)
Note 1 to entry: The delay before measurement varies according to circumstances.

3.24
on-potential
Eon
pipe to electrolyte potential measured while the cathodic protection system is continuously operating
3.25
spread resistance
ohmic resistance through a coating defect to earth (3.9) or from the exposed metallic surface of a
coupon (3.26) towards earth
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Note 1 to entry: This is the resistance which controls the AC or DC current through a coating defect or an exposed
metallic surface of a coupon for a given AC or DC voltage.

3.26
coupon
metal sample of defined dimensions made of a metal equivalent to the metal of the pipeline
3.27
probe
device incorporating a coupon (3.26) that provides measurements of parameters to assess the
effectiveness of cathodic protection and/or corrosion risk

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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


4 Cathodic protection persons competence

Persons who undertake the design, supervision of installation, commissioning, supervision of operation,
measurements, monitoring and supervision of the maintenance of cathodic protection systems shall
have the appropriate level of competence for the tasks undertaken.
EN 15257 or the NACE Cathodic Protection Training and Certification Programme constitute suitable
methods of assessing and certifying the competence of cathodic protection personnel.
The competence of cathodic protection persons to the appropriate level for tasks undertaken should be
demonstrated by certification in accordance with prequalification procedures such as EN 15257, the
NACE Cathodic Protection Training and Certification Programme, or any other equivalent scheme.

5 Assessment of the AC influence

5.1 General
This document is applicable to all metallic pipelines and all high voltage AC traction systems and high
voltage AC power supply systems and all major modifications that can significantly change the AC
interference effect.
The effects are the following:
— danger to people who come in direct contact or contact through conductive parts with the metallic
pipeline or the connected equipment;
— damage of the pipeline or to the connected equipment;
— disturbance of electrical/electronic equipment connected to the pipeline.
Electrical/electronic systems installed on a pipeline network shall be chosen such that they will neither
become dangerous nor interfere with normal operating conditions because of short-term voltages and
currents, which appear during short circuits on the AC power system.
Long-term AC interference on a buried pipeline can cause corrosion due to an exchange of AC current
between the exposed metal of the pipeline and the surrounding electrolyte.
This exchange of current depends on an AC voltage of which the amplitude is related to various
parameters such as the following:
— configuration of AC power line phase conductors;
— presence and configuration of the earthing conductor;
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— distance between the AC power line/traction system and the pipeline;

— current flowing in the AC power line/traction system phase conductors;
— average coating resistance of the pipeline;
— thickness of the coating;
— soil resistivity;
— presence of earthing systems;
— voltage of the AC railway system or the AC power line system.

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5.2 Assessment of the level of interference

Calculations can be carried out (e.g. in accordance with EN 50443) by mathematical modelling to
determine the earthing requirements necessary to maintain touch voltages within acceptable safe
levels. Their results can also be used to determine voltages necessary to reduce the AC corrosion
likelihood.
During the design phase of new influencing systems (electricity power line or railway line) or a
new influenced system (pipelines), an estimation of the level of AC voltage on the pipeline should be
calculated. Calculations can be carried out by mathematical modelling to determine the level of voltage
produced on the pipeline. In the case of existing structures, field measurements can also be used as an
option to calculation.
According to the results of calculations or field measurements, relevant mitigation measures should be
installed on the influencing systems and/or the influenced system to achieve the relevant AC voltage to
reduce the AC corrosion likelihood (see Clause 7).
Guidance on calculating the AC voltage on a structure caused by an AC power system was published in
Reference [8]. The algorithm determines the worst-case conditions for the input parameters used for
the calculation.
Due to inconsistent load demands on AC power systems, the magnitude of operating currents in
power lines varies. The fluctuations depend on daily and seasonal changes. Input data for calculation
purposes should be based on the realistic operating conditions or the maximum power load of the
influencing system.
NOTE Carrying out calculations with input data based on both approaches helps to estimate the range
between both results and to choose the right method.

6 Evaluation of the AC corrosion likelihood

6.1 Prerequisite

6.1.1 General

The AC voltage on a pipeline is the driving force for the AC corrosion processes taking place on the steel
surface at coating defects. Among other things, corrosion damage depends on the AC current density,
level of DC polarization, defect geometry, local soil composition and resistivity (see Annex D).
Basically, there are three different approaches to prevent AC corrosion: to limit the AC current flowing
through a defect, to control the cathodic protection level, and to ensure that any coating remains defect
free. These approaches are not mutually exclusive.
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The evaluation of AC corrosion likelihood should be performed by the evaluation of some or all of the
following parameters:
— AC voltage on the structure;
— on-potential;
— IR-free potential;
— AC current density;
— DC current density;
— AC/DC current density ratio;
— soil resistivity;
— corrosion rate.

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Annexes B, C and E provide further information.

6.1.2 AC voltage on the structure

The acceptable AC voltage thresholds (see Clause 7 and Annex E) depend on the chosen strategy to
prevent AC corrosion. Hence, a given interference situation on the pipeline can influence the decision
regarding the applicable strategy.

6.2 AC and DC current density

6.2.1 General

The AC and DC current density on a coating defect controls both the cathodic protection level and
AC corrosion process. Therefore, it is a more reliable parameter for the evaluation of the AC corrosion
likelihood than the on-potential or the AC voltage. However, in contrast to the voltages present on
the pipeline, the current density cannot be readily determined. In principle, the current density can
be calculated from the spread resistance and the geometry of the coating defect and the AC voltage.
This calculation is generally not possible since the geometry of the coating fault and its surface area
are generally not known. Moreover, the application of cathodic protection can significantly change the
spread resistance and therefore, the current density at a given voltage.
The current density can only be estimated by means of coupons or probes. When evaluating the
AC corrosion likelihood by means of a coupon or probe, it is important to consider the limitations of
this technique. The calculation of the current density based upon the metallic coupon or probe surface
area and on the current measured on a coupon or probe, the current is averaged over the entire coupon
or probe surface. However, the current distribution on the coupon or probe can vary depending on its
geometry. Typically, current densities at the edges of the coupon or probe are larger than the current
averaged over the entire surface. Moreover, the often-observed formation of chalk layers can decrease
the effective coupon or probe surface area. Again, this effect results in an under estimation of the
current density.

6.2.2 AC current density

The AC current density results in anodic and cathodic charge transfer. A detailed explanation of the
charge transfer process is given in Annex A. This current can be consumed in charging of the double
layer capacitance at the steel surface, in the oxidation of hydrogen (resulting in a decreasing pH), in the
oxidation of corrosion products, and in the oxidation of the metal. The oxidation of the metal results in
corrosion. Generally, an increasing AC current density results in a larger amount of metal oxidation and
higher corrosion rates. However, the anodic current is not the only current that can affect the corrosion
process. Cathodic current can reduce oxide layers formed and increase the pH on the metal surface.
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High AC current densities do not necessarily cause AC corrosion if the charge passed through the metal
surface can be consumed in reactions other than metal oxidation and oxide film reduction. This is
the case in the presence of low cathodic DC current densities. As a consequence, the judgment of the
AC corrosion likelihood based on the AC current density requires the additional consideration of the
cathodic DC current density.
Nevertheless, there is an empirically determined lower limit for the AC current density below which the
probability for AC corrosion is extremely low (see Clause 7).

6.2.3 High cathodic DC current density

A high DC current density results in more negative cathodic protection levels and the formation of a
high pH at the pipeline surface. However, the formation of a high pH-value, the decrease of the spread
resistance, and the increased reduction of surface oxide films can result in an acceleration of the
corrosion rate under simultaneous AC interference. Nevertheless, a sufficiently high DC current density
can prevent any anodic metal oxidation and therefore, the occurrence of AC corrosion.

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Annexes A and E give detailed explanations about this process.

6.2.4 Low cathodic DC current density

A low DC current density results in a limited increase of the pH value at the metal surface, does not
significantly change the spread resistance, and has less reductive effect on metal oxides on the pipeline
surface. Therefore, the AC corrosion likelihood significantly decreases with decreasing DC current
densities. However, low DC current densities can result in an insufficient level of cathodic polarization
of the metal surface, as stated in ISO 15589-1.
Annexes A and E give detailed explanations about this process.

6.2.5 Current ratio “Ia.c./Id.c.”

High DC current densities, depending on the AC current density, can result in both high and low
AC corrosion rates. Hence, the ratio of the two current densities may be used to assess the corrosion
likelihood. As long as the ratio is below a certain threshold (see Annex E), no AC corrosion can occur
since metal oxidation in the anodic half wave is prevented. The key advantage of using the ratio as an
indicator of corrosion likelihood is that the uncertainties regarding the condition of the metal surface
(e.g. formation of a chalk layer) are eliminated since the precise metal surface area is not required for
the calculation.

6.2.6 Soil resistivity

The AC corrosion process is controlled by the current density on a steel coating defect, which depends
on the voltage at the location and the spread resistance. The spread resistance is influenced by the soil
resistivity. The following soil resistivity parameters have been determined by experience in terms of
AC corrosion risk:
— below 25 Ω.m: very high risk;
— between 25 Ω.m and 100 Ω.m: high risk;
— between 100 Ω.m and 300 Ω.m: medium risk;
— above 300 Ω.m: low risk.
For further guidance on the effect of soil composition on AC corrosion risk, Annex D gives more detailed
information.

6.3 Corrosion rate

A direct way of evaluating the AC corrosion likelihood is by determining the corrosion rate on a
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probe (see 8.4.3). This allows complex interference situations to be assessed on the basis of the actual
measured corrosion rate. The principles of the electrical resistance (ER) probe concept are described in
Annex B.

6.4 Pipeline coatings

AC corrosion can only take place on metal surfaces that are in contact with the surrounding soil. The
AC current passing through the metal/soil interface results in oxidation of the metal. By providing a
holiday-free coating, the risk of AC corrosion is greatly reduced.
NOTE This method is limited by the fact that it is very difficult in practice to ensure that there are no coating
defects on a pipeline.

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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


6.5 Evaluation of the metal loss

Metal loss measurement tools, such as internal inspection, can be used to verify the effectiveness of the
applied mitigation measures on new pipelines and to identify if any external metal loss has occurred on
existing pipelines without mitigation.
NOTE The resolution in terms of width and depth of the in-line inspection (ILI) tool is a crucial parameter to
be considered to detect metal loss (such as AC corrosion).

7 Acceptable interference levels

The design, installation, and maintenance of the cathodic protection system shall ensure that the levels
of AC voltage do not cause AC corrosion. Since the conditions vary for each situation, a single threshold
value cannot be applied.
This is achieved by reducing the AC voltage on the pipeline and current densities as specified below.
— As a first step, the AC voltage on the pipeline should be decreased to a target value, which should
be 15 V rms or less. This value is measured as an average over a representative period of time
(e.g. 24 h).
— As a second step, effective AC corrosion mitigation can be achieved by meeting the cathodic
protection potentials defined in ISO 15589-1:2015, Table 1, and:
— maintaining the AC average current density (rms) over a representative period of time (e.g. 24 h)
to be lower than 30 A/m2 on a 1 cm2 coupon or probe; or
— maintaining the average cathodic current density over a representative period of time (e.g. 24 h)
lower than 1 A/m2 on a 1 cm2 coupon or probe if AC average current density (rms) is more than
30 A/m2; or
— maintaining the ratio between AC current density ( Ja.c.) and DC current density ( Jd.c.) less than
5 over a representative period of time (e.g. 24 h).
NOTE Current density ratios between 3 and 5 indicate a small risk of AC corrosion. However, in order to
reduce the corrosion risk to a minimum value, smaller ratios of current density than 3 would be preferable (see
Annex E).

Further information is provided in Annex E.

Effective AC corrosion mitigation can be also demonstrated by measurement of the corrosion rate.

8 Measurement techniques
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8.1 Measurements

8.1.1 General

This clause covers techniques related to the measurements of the parameters identified in Clause 5.
NOTE It is important that personnel are aware of the safety issues relating to measurements on pipelines
subjected to interference by AC systems (steady-state and fault condition).

Only instruments and cables with a sufficient isolation level as specified in IEC 61010-1 shall be used.

8.1.2 Selection of test sites

AC voltage should be measured at test posts during a general assessment and detailed and
comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of the cathodic protection (see ISO 15589-1). Additional
measurements shall be carried out during a representative period of time (see Clause 7) at sites where

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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


the pipeline operator (or the responsible body acting in his/her place or on his/her behalf) suspects
that there might be a risk of AC corrosion. Such areas should include the following:
— areas where the soil resistivity is low (e.g. lower than 25 Ω.m);
— areas where casings are filled with substances with low resistivity properties (e.g. bentonite);
— areas with highest AC interference levels;
— areas where AC corrosion has previously taken place;
— areas where local DC polarization conditions can favour AC corrosion, such as areas with cathodic DC
stray current interference or areas where high levels of cathodic protection are present (see 6.2.3);
— areas where internal inspection tools have detected external metal loss.
At a later stage, the test sites can be restricted to particular positions where the initial analysis has
indicated a sustained likelihood of AC corrosion.

8.1.3 Selection of measurement parameter

The measurements to be carried out should take into account the parameters described in Clause 6 and
be in accordance with Clause 7.

8.1.4 Sampling rate for the recording of interference levels

The measurement sampling rate shall be consistent with the type of interference. High voltage power
system interference can typically require a sampling rate in the order of minutes, whereas AC or DC
railway interference can require a sampling rate in the order of seconds.

8.1.5 Accuracy of measuring equipment

The instruments used for measuring any voltages (AC or DC) shall be suitable.
NOTE Conditions are set out in EN 13509.

The accuracy of the measuring equipment is only one amongst several factors contributing to the
uncertainty of the measurement.

8.1.6 Installation of coupons or probes to calculate current densities

In order to calculate current densities (see Clause 7), the use of coupons or probes is necessary (see 8.4).
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8.2 DC potential measurements

DC potential measurements and associated instrumentation are given, for example, in EN 13509.
Guidance on the accuracy of potential measuring equipment is given in Annex H.
When measuring DC potentials in conjunction with AC interfered pipelines, the following factors can
cause uncertainty in the measurement.
a) The Eoff potential measurements on a pipeline are generally dependent on the filter characteristics
of the voltmeter and the time after disconnection of the current source before the reading is taken.
b) DC decoupling devices such as capacitors and diodes can influence DC potentials and DC potential
measurements. The reliability of measurements of Eoff potentials on the structure itself by
interruption techniques can be affected by the time constants and discharge characteristics
introduced by such devices.
c) IR-free potential measurements are affected by the induced AC voltage.

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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


d) In general (regardless of the measurement technique), the IR-free potential is shifted to a more
positive value and the DC current density is increased by the superimposed AC voltage. This
reflects the effect of the AC voltage on the DC polarization.
The above effects are generally more significant factors than the accuracy of the voltmeter itself
regarding the uncertainty of the measurement.
NOTE Additional interference sources causing IR drops, as well as possible measuring techniques, are given
in EN 13509:2013, Table 1.

8.3 AC voltage measurements

AC voltage measurements are used to determine the level of AC interference.
For this purpose, measurements shall be made using a data logging device programmed to measure
the AC voltage in sufficiently short enough intervals (see 8.1.4) to capture the steady-state long-term
interference.
AC voltage measurements are made with reference to earth. Annex G gives a method to determine the
reference electrode location to earth.
AC voltage measurement methods are further described in EN 50443, with reference to appropriate
standards and guidelines.

8.4 Measurements on coupons and probes

8.4.1 Installation of coupons or probes

Coupons or probes should be installed so that they are representative of the pipeline conditions. The
following points should be considered.
— The coupon or probe should be installed in the same soil or backfill as the pipeline itself.
— The coupon or probe geometry (size, shape, coating thickness, angle between coating and simulated
coating defect) influences the spread resistance and should be taken into consideration. The
measurements with respect to the criteria defined in Clause 7 have to be carried out on a 1 cm2
coupon surface area.
— The coupon or probe should not cause or receive any electrical interference from adjacent coupons
or coating faults on the pipeline, unless this is part of the purpose of monitoring.
— The coupon or probe should have and maintain effective electrical contact with the surrounding
soil, unless lack of contact is part of the purpose of monitoring. During the installation process,
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the soil around the coupon or probe should be compacted to prevent settlement and voids forming
around the coupon or probe. These voids could result in loss of full contact between the coupon or
probe surface and the surrounding soil.
Coupons or probes can be installed by a number of different methods, such as:
— during construction of the structure under investigation;
— during excavation activities for investigation of the structure;
— by augering (see Annex B).
The installation method selected depends on site access, the type of soil to be excavated, the cost
involved and the availability of an electrical connection to the structure.

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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


8.4.2 Current measurements

Coupon or probe currents (AC or DC) can be measured by the voltage drop across a series resistor
(see Figure 1). For both AC and DC current measurements, the value of the series resistor should be
sufficiently low to avoid significant disturbance of the system. For field measurements, this is typically
in the range of 10 Ω for a 1 cm2 coupon or probe.

Key
1 pipe
2 backfill
3 native soil
4 coupon or probe
5 series resistor or internal shunt resistor of ammeter
6 voltmeter

Figure 1 — Coupon or probe test post with series resistor for current measurements

One connection between the coupon or probe and the pipe is essential to ensure cathodic protection and
the ability to take cathodic protection measurements, while a second connection makes measurements
easier, more reliable and eliminates the effect of voltage loss in the current carrying conductor.

8.4.3 Corrosion rate measurements

Various types of corrosion rate measurements have been described in the annexes of this document.
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The following three general types of corrosion rate measurements can be applied:
— weight loss measurements;
— perforation measurements;
— ER measurements.
Weight loss measurements require the installation of pre-weighed coupons. After some time of operation
(months to years), the coupon is excavated. If it is brought to a laboratory for cleaning, inspection and
weighing, this should be carried out in accordance with the procedure described in ISO 8407. The
primary advantage of the procedure is that the visual inspection provides detailed information of the
corrosion topography, maximum, as well as the average corrosion rate. The primary disadvantage is
that the coupon provides no information until it is excavated.
Perforation measurements are made on special perforation probes (see Annex B). A signal is generated
when the corrosion process has perforated the wall thickness of the coupon. The primary advantage is

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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


that the maximum (localized) corrosion depth is registered without having to excavate the probe. The
primary disadvantage is that this information is not available until the coupon is perforated.
ER measurements require the installation of ER probes (see Annex B). Corrosion is detected by the
increase of the ER of the coupon when corrosion progressively decreases the thickness of the coupon.
The primary advantage of this technique is that the average corrosion rate can be followed continuously
and used to optimize cathodic protection levels. The primary disadvantage is that the localized
corrosion rate is detected with less accuracy until the probe is perforated.
AC corrosion processes have also indirectly been identified by the coulometric oxidation of corrosion
products (see Annex C).

8.5 Pipeline metal loss techniques

Internal inspection tools can be used to verify locations of metal loss. If the measurement accuracy and
position accuracy are sufficient, then an estimate of the corrosion rate can be made (see 6.4).

9 Mitigation measures

9.1 General
AC corrosion can be mitigated by using construction and operation measures. The following subclauses
describe measures that can be used individually or in combined application.

9.2 Construction measures

9.2.1 Modification of bedding material

As specific bedding material condition can affect the AC corrosion likelihood, the soil condition is of
special importance.
This mitigation measure can be implemented at the stage of pipeline installation by bedding it in sand.
Nevertheless, a full embedding status of the pipeline cannot be ensured during operation as the sand
could be drained, eluted or mixed with other soil strata, which decreases the effect of the original
protection method.

9.2.2 Installation of isolating joints

The AC voltage on a pipeline can be reduced by installing isolating joints at suitable positions in the
pipeline thus, electrically interrupting the longitudinal current path along the pipeline. The effect of
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this method depends on the reduction of interfering proximity lengths.

NOTE The location of isolating joints can also depend on the presence of DC stray currents.

The isolating joint locations can be determined during design using simulating models
(see Reference [8]).
This method can be beneficial where there are extensive parallel routings or high soil resistivities
(e.g. greater than 500 Ω.m). In the case of high soil resistivity, the dimensions of the earthing system to
mitigate the induced AC interference can be significant.
The position of isolating joints should take into account the continuity/discontinuity of AC and/or DC
current distribution along the pipeline.

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9.2.3 Installation of mitigation wires

Interference can also be modified by the installation of an insulated wire in close proximity but not
connected to the pipeline and between powerline and pipeline. The insulated wire is also earthed at
each extremity. This method should not be used as it is considered to be a more effective measure to
prevent short-term interference rather than a method to reduce long-term interference.
In any event, bare wires shall not be used because they can have an adverse effect on coating defect
surveys in the case of a coating defect on the pipeline.

9.2.4 Optimization of pipeline and/or powerline route

The AC interference situation on a pipeline mainly depends on the proximity and parallel routing
between a pipeline and high voltage power lines. A mitigating effect on the AC voltage status can be
achieved by increasing the distances between the pipeline and powerline routes.
This requirement often contradicts with the general obligation of joint common “energy corridors” to
minimize environmental impacts.

9.2.5 Power line or pipeline construction

The geometric arrangement of phase conductors or an earthing wire on power line towers will have an
effect on the magnitude of the induced voltage on the pipeline and needs to be considered during power
line or pipeline construction.

9.3 Operation measures

9.3.1 Earthing

9.3.1.1 General

Mitigating the interference situation by installing earthing systems is a most commonly used method.
Usually, horizontally installed or vertically installed earthing systems are used. The decision on which
system to use depends on the local soil resistivities and the local access conditions. The earthing
system should have sufficiently low enough impedance to achieve the required AC corrosion protection
criteria for induced voltage. Typically, the impedance will need to be less than 10 Ω, although typical
configurations require significantly lower values of impedance.

9.3.1.2 Direct earthing

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Direct connection of earthing systems to the pipeline is not recommended, particularly if the earthing
system is made of copper but also zinc or magnesium. The following are the disadvantages of direct
connection.
— An increased demand on the cathodic protection system has to be considered in addition to the
protective pipeline cathodic protection current demand.
— The off-potential measurement readings can be misleading.
— Cathodic protection effectiveness can be compromised. If this is the case, particular attention
should be paid to detrimental galvanic cells (e.g. an earthing system made of copper connected to
the pipeline system).
— When magnesium electrodes are used to discharge AC, they might have a short life.
— There is a tendency for zinc or galvanised steel wires in soil used as earthing system to become
more anodic with time. Thus, the earthing system can consume more cathodic protection current
with time, which will be detrimental to the pipeline corrosion protection system.

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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


— Due to the application of cathodic protection current, direct earthing system might be covered
by a calcareous layer, which can have, with time, an adverse effect on its effectiveness to mitigate
AC corrosion.

9.3.1.3 Indirect earthing of the pipeline via DC decoupling devices

To avoid disadvantages due to direct bonding, earthing systems are commonly not directly bonded to
the pipeline but connected via decoupling devices, which provide an electrical path for the AC current
from the pipeline to earth while simultaneously blocking DC current.
The DC decoupling devices should not interfere with the normal cathodic protection system operation
as well as the monitoring of the cathodic protection effectiveness and the touch voltage protection on
the pipeline.
The DC leakage current for the selected decoupling devices should be taken into consideration when
determining the cathodic protection current demand for the pipeline to be cathodically protected.
The most common device used for this is an electrolytic capacitor. It can be equipped with other
electronic devices (in parallel or in series) for safety reasons, for protecting it from surge current and
for specific applications.
Annex F gives information to assist in the selection of the correct device to install.

9.3.1.4 AC compensation method

If it is not possible to achieve a low resistance earth or if the AC voltage is not sufficiently lowered, the
decoupling device can be replaced by an AC compensation device.
This device compensates the AC voltage by imposing a counter phase AC current on the pipeline and,
thereby, generating an artificially zero resistance earth.

9.3.2 Adjustment of cathodic protection level

Adjustment of the cathodic protection level is a method that can be used to mitigate the AC corrosion
risk on pipeline by meeting the criteria defined in Clause 7. The adjustment can consist of either of the
following:
— controlling the cathodic protection level towards a more negative level to meet the criterion defined
in Clause 7 ( Ja.c./Jd.c. < 5);
— controlling the cathodic protection level towards less negative level to meet the criterion defined in
Clause 7 ( Jd.c. < 1 A/m2).
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9.3.3 Repair of coating defects

The AC corrosion likelihood exists on interfered pipelines especially for small sized coating defects in
low resistivity soils (e.g. lower than 25 Ω.m). Those sections with coating defects can be surveyed with
suitable measurement techniques as described in EN 13509.
In order to obtain sufficient resolution, the measurement setup should be optimized (increased voltage
used for detection and increased resolution of the voltmeter) according to the conditions of the pipeline
(depth, severity of coating defect).
If an unacceptable AC corrosion risk exists on a section of a pipeline despite all the mitigation measures,
all coating defects should be excavated and repaired. This is only economically feasible for well-coated
pipelines.
This method should be combined by measurements on the pipeline to evaluate the AC corrosion risk.

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A repetition of the measurements to establish a defect-free coating condition might be necessary on a

regular basis.

10 Commissioning

10.1 Commissioning
Although AC mitigation systems are not cathodic protection systems, they should be generally
commissioned in the same manner as cathodic protection systems as detailed in ISO 15589-1.
It is possible that there will be AC voltages at test facilities and exposed sections of pipeline and, while
these might not be a hazard in themselves, they could cause an involuntary reaction that could be
hazardous. Safety precautions shall be taken if there is any risk of unacceptable levels of touch potential
(see, e.g., EN 50443).

10.2 Preliminary checking

10.2.1 General

Ensure that appropriate safety precautions are in place.

Before any mitigation devices are connected to the pipeline, a series of measurements should be carried
out at various locations to establish the existing levels of AC interferences. Selected locations shall
include the areas known to experience high levels of interference (see Clause 7) and should include
areas that are not considered to suffer from high levels of interference. Interference levels could change
adversely when the mitigation measures are applied. A data logger system is recommended for voltage,
current and potential measurements because they should be made over a sufficient period of time
(at least 24 h) to accommodate diurnal variations and the measurements made at different locations
should be synchronised.
The following measurements should be made and compared with the design or performance values:
— design checks:
— resistance to earth of the installed earthing system;
— pipe to soil AC voltage and on-potentials at selected locations;
— installation checks (before having connected any earthing systems):
— functionality of the mitigation devices;
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— cathodic protection transformer-rectifier settings (if an impressed current system is used);

— if suitable probes and coupons have been installed, then the following additional measurements
can be made:
— corrosion rate;
— spread resistance;
— coupon on- and off-potential and current;
— coupon AC voltage and current;
— commissioning checks (after having connected any earthing systems):
— pipe to soil AC voltage and on- and off-potentials at selected locations;

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— if suitable probes and coupons have been installed, then the following additional measurements
can be made:
— corrosion rate;
— coupon on- and off-potential and current.

10.2.2 Coupon AC voltage and current startup

The startup should be carried out accordingly as below, unless the requirements given in EN 50443 are
exceeded with mitigation devices disconnected.
— Carry out the data logging and measurement procedures during the installation and commissioning
checks before commencing any startup procedures.
— Check touch potentials by measurement. If there are unacceptable levels of touch potential, then
suitable precautions shall be taken (see EN 50443).
Connect the mitigation device to the earthing system via the pre-arranged connection, then connect the
other terminal of the mitigation device to the pipeline. Repeat this procedure for all mitigation devices.

10.2.3 Verification of effectiveness

The effectiveness of the mitigation system can be demonstrated by showing that criteria defined in
Clause 7 are achieved. The same measurements as those conducted during commissioning can also be
made (see 10.2.2).
Measurements should be performed on pipelines or sections of them where unacceptable AC influence
is suspected or can be expected based on map observation, calculation or routine measurements.
These measurements should be performed, in the first instance, at all test points, cathodic protection
stations, insulating joints and casings, and wherever an accessible measurement cable is connected to
the pipeline or section.
A coupon or probe could be used at the areas identified as being at a high risk of AC corrosion to
determine the current density and/or the corrosion rate (see 8.4).
Additionally, the effectiveness of the mitigation system can also be determined by a reduction in
corrosion rate, since this accurately represents the total effectiveness of the applied cathodic protection
system as well as the AC mitigation system.

10.2.4 Installation and commissioning documents

After the completion of the commissioning checks, a file of documents shall be prepared. The following
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information should be provided:

— as built drawings of the installation;
— design documentation, which should include the detailed specification of any devices installed;
— results of data logging and potential measurements before the connection of the mitigation system;
— results of data logging and potential measurements after the connection of the mitigation system;
— recommendations for long-term monitoring of the induced AC levels and their impact on the external
corrosion of the pipeline (this can include remote monitoring and coating defect surveys);
— an operation and maintenance manual.
These documents should be retained by the pipeline operator or the responsible body for the integrity
of the pipeline system.

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11 Monitoring and maintenance

AC measurements and controls should be integrated into the routine monitoring of cathodic protection
systems and included in the maintenance procedures.
In the areas where the interference from AC systems is known, the maintenance procedures should
include:
— measurements of AC voltage;
— measurements of on-potential;
— measurements of on-potential and/or off-potential and AC voltage on coupons or probes;
— AC and DC current densities on coupons or probes;
— measurements of corrosion rate on probes;
— measurements of AC and DC current on existing DC decoupling devices through all earthing systems;
— measurements of the ER of the earthing systems.
Measurements shall be made in accordance with Clause 8 and on selected test points. Measurement
frequencies shall be in accordance with those given in ISO 15589-1. As the corrosion risk is higher
on a pipeline with an AC voltage, the operator shall pay special attention to the frequency at which
measurements are taken and how the measurements are performed.
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Annex A
(informative)

Simplified description of the AC corrosion phenomenon

A.1 Cathodically protected pipeline

The cathodic protection of pipelines forces current to enter the pipeline through the metal surface in
contact with soil where the coating is damaged. This current prevents corrosion from taking place
by removing oxygen from soil and eliminating potential differences along the pipeline. Moreover, the
cathodic current results in the increase of the alkalinity on the steel surface.

A.2 Cathodically protected pipeline with AC voltage

A.2.1 Description of the phenomena
When an AC voltage is present on a cathodically protected pipeline, current will flow through the
metal surface at defects in the coating. The amount of current flowing depends on the AC voltage and
the impedance of the system. During the cathodic half wave, the amount of current entering the steel
surface and, therefore, the rate of the cathodic reactions on the metal surface generally increases.
During the anodic half wave of the AC voltage, the current will leave the metal surface if the AC voltage
is sufficiently large. A current leaving the metal surface is associated with oxidation reactions and can,
therefore, cause corrosion.
The current leaving the metal surface can cause charging of the double layer capacitance, oxidation
of hydrogen where present and corrosion products (e.g. reduced by the cathodic protection current),
and oxidation of the pipeline steel. If the pH-value is sufficiently high (above 10), this oxidation of the
pipeline steel can result in the formation of an oxide film. In contrast, current entering the metal surface
can result in the charging of the double layer capacitance, reduction of oxygen, formation of hydrogen
and reduction of oxidized corrosion products. Furthermore, the oxide film formed during the anodic
half wave can at least partly be electrochemically reduced.
Empirically it has been observed that both very high and very low DC current densities can prevent
AC corrosion. In the case of very high DC current densities, this effect can be associated with the
increase of the pH at the steel surface, the resulting decrease of the spread resistance and the increased
electrochemical reduction reactions taking place on the steel surface. These effects result in increased
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AC and DC current densities, larger charges passed during the anodic and cathodic half wave, changes
in the solubility of oxidation products of iron and their oxidation state.
A very simplified description of the process taking place during AC corrosion is shown in Figure A.1.
During the anodic half wave, the bare metal surface is oxidized resulting in the formation of an oxide
film. This is due to the current that leaves the metal surface. During the negative half wave, when
the current enters the metal surface, this oxide film is reduced and, therefore, converted into a non-
protective rust layer. In the following anodic cycle, a new oxide film grows. Upon reduction of the
oxide film, the amount of rust is increased. If this process results in the formation and dissolution of a
single oxide layer during every anodic half wave, corrosion rates in the range of 100 mm/year would be
obtained. Since such high corrosion rates were only achieved under extreme laboratory conditions, it
can be concluded that the formation and/or reduction of the oxide film is, in most cases, only partially
taking place.

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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


Key
1 AC current present on a coating defect
2 metal
3 passive film (e.g. Fe3O4)
4 iron hydroxide [e.g. Fe(OH)2]
X time
Y current

Figure A.1 — Graph of cathodic protection current with AC influence —

Schematic description of the AC corrosion process with cathodic protection

A.2.2 Reduction of the AC corrosion rate

Based on this concept, it is possible to discuss several empirical observations. The most efficient way of
mitigating AC corrosion is the limitation of AC current density. If this is not possible, other mitigation
measures have to be addressed. The AC corrosion process only takes place if the oxide film is formed (at
least partly) and dissolved (at least partly). If the formation of an oxide film is prevented by sufficiently
high DC current densities at sufficiently low AC current densities, AC corrosion can be stopped.
Similarly, AC corrosion can be stopped if the cathodic reduction (dissolution) of the once-formed oxide
film is prevented. This is possible by sufficiently limiting the cathodic current density. Additionally, the
decreased AC corrosion rate at low DC current densities could be a result of the lower pH-value at the
metal surface and the higher spread resistance of the metal surface.
Based on this consideration, it is clear that both high and low DC current densities can prevent AC
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corrosion. This has to be taken into account in the discussion of threshold values since there are two
fundamentally different concepts of prevention of AC corrosion. The concept allows the explanation
of the relevance of the various thresholds, such as the existence of a critical ratio between AC and DC
current density and of a critical AC current density.

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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


Annex B
(informative)

Coupons and probes

B.1 Use and sizes of coupons and probes

B.1.1 Use of coupons or probes
AC voltage on a pipeline can cause corrosion in normal operating conditions of the AC source (power
line or railway line). This AC voltage may be induced or flowed on the pipeline from AC power sources.
The AC corrosion risk can be evaluated by measurements on coupons or probes installed on the pipeline.
They can be installed permanently or temporarily. So, measurements made with coupons or probes can
be compared to criteria defined in this document.
The AC corrosion risk can also be evaluated by corrosion rate measurements on coupons or probes.
The corrosion rate can be measured by the ER probe technique or by visible corrosion on a “removable”
coupon, which is buried near the pipeline. This last kind of coupon is usually used when other techniques
do not provide results that can be compared to the criteria.

B.1.2 Sizes of coupons or probes

Most of the time, AC corrosion is observed on pipelines with an efficient coating with only small coating
defects.
At a given potential, current density (AC and DC) is higher on small coating defects. For this reason, it is
preferable to use small surface area coupons or probes to perform AC measurements (e.g. Ua.c. and Ia.c.).
AC current density studies and measurements are made with circular coupons or probes with 1 cm2
exposed surface area. For AC interference measurements, the 1 cm2 surface area has been adopted as a
universal standard.

B.2 Installation of buried coupons and probes

B.2.1 General
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This subclause gives a typical procedure for the installation of coupons or probes by an augering
technique.

B.2.2 Before installing the coupon or probe

Locate and identify all buried structures including piping, tanks and cables prior to the installation
of any coupons or probes. Select a point to auger, while taking proper precautions not to damage
the coating or structure when auguring. Preferably, the backfill zone should be known in advance
(see Figure B.1). Make a mark (e.g. on the test post) defining a depth of zero.
Drill a hole using an auger (or an equivalent method) preferably to the pipe invert level to install a
coupon or probe. The hole should be installed about 20 cm from the pipeline. While collecting the soil,
record the nature of any different soil layer/types (top layers, middle layers, bottom layers, etc.) in order
to be able to relocate the soil profile upon completion of the hole. It is of particular importance to refill
the bottom layer soil that would be present around the pipeline when the coupon or probe is installed.

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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


Key
1 pipe
2 backfill
3 native soil
4 augered hole
5 test post

Figure B.1 — Drilled hole next to a pipeline

If desired for a characterization of the soil type, it is advisable to use some of the excavated soil to
perform soil resistivity testing in a soil box, to determine the soil moisture content, to conduct an
acid droplet test for the presence of calcium carbonate or to obtain a sample for further analysis. The
detailed soil analysis can be conducted in a laboratory.

B.2.3 Installation of the buried coupon or probe

Push the coupon or probe into position. If the soil is soft/sandy, push the coupon or probe an additional
step down through the undisturbed native soil/backfill. In this case, the soil usually fills out and
compacts around the coupon or probe and provides a good electrical connection.
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If the soil is harder, it might be necessary to sample an amount of soil from the desired coupon or probe
depth and form a “cake” around the artificial coating defect of the coupon or probe, mixed with a small
quantity of distilled water prior to positioning in the soil.
Fill back the soil in the drilled hole in the same manner as it was uncovered and compact each small
amount of backfill. Arrange the coupon or probe test leads in the test post (see Figure B.2). Preferably,
the coupon or probe should be equipped with a double-wired connection. One connection between
the coupon or probe and the pipe is essential to carry out measurements. A second connection makes
measurements easier and more reliable.

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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


Key
1 pipe
2 backfill
3 native soil
4 coupon or probe
5 test post with switch (normally closed)

Figure B.2 — Coupon or probe positioned next to the pipeline and connected through a test post

B.3 ER probes principles

B.3.1 Assessment of the corrosion using the ER probe technique

B.3.1.1 General theory

The ER probe technique can be applied for corrosion rate assessment as an alternative to the weight
loss coupon. Unlike the weight loss coupon, the ER probe technique does not require excavation and
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weighing procedures, since a mass loss is assessed by electronic means.

Other probe electrical characteristics, such as AC current density, DC current density, leakage
resistance, etc., are also measured on ER probes, as described in Clause 8.
The ER technique measures the change of the resistance of a metal element formed as a coupon. When
the metal element suffers metal loss due to corrosion, the ER of the element will increase. Since the
resistance of the element also changes due to temperature variations, a second element, which is coated
in order to protect it from corrosion, is utilized for temperature compensation. The element exposed to
the corrosive environment constitutes the coupon part of the element, whereas the element protected
from corrosion by the coating constitutes a reference element (see Figure B.3). The two are thermally
connected in order to efficiently equalize any temperature difference between the two elements.
The resistance values of the two individual elements are usually measured by passing an excitation
current through the elements and measuring the voltage generated over the element length caused to
the excitation current.

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Key
1 reference element, Rr
2 coupon element, Rc
3 voltage across the reference element, VR
4 voltage across the coupon element, VC
5 excitation current, Iexc

Figure B.3 — Principle of ER probe with excitation current and voltage measurements

B.3.1.2 Specific recommendation for ER probe

Since a high level of AC current can pass through the coupon element, local heating of the coupon
element compared with the reference element could be expected. For this reason, ER probes should
be disconnected from the pipeline and left in an open circuit condition for a short period of time until
thermal equilibrium is reached before the ER measurement is made. This will ensure the best possible
assessment of the element thickness.

B.3.2 ER probe application in the field

When using an ER probe, a range of informative indicators (on-potential and/or off-potential, the
DC current density, the AC current density and the spread resistance) can be monitored simultaneously.
These indicators give valuable information on any cause of corrosion; in the present case, AC corrosion.
A typical AC corrosion scenario involves a condition of decrease in the spread resistance throughout
time (usually caused by a high level of DC current density), which, in combination with a sufficient AC
voltage, creates increasing high levels of AC current density. Eventually, the corrosion rate will increase
rapidly to values that are typically significantly higher than 0,01 mm per year.
Using this concept, a pipeline system that is in actual danger of AC corrosion can typically reveal spikes
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in the ER probe corrosion rates due to changes in the electrical condition. In this manner, by carefully
analysing the electrical parameters causing such spikes, the threshold values for corrosion can be
deduced and built into the record kept for a particular location, based on the threshold corrosion rate
and the threshold protection potentials defined in ISO 15589-1.
The above concept is also applicable for other types of corrosion (e.g. corrosion caused by DC stray
current) and makes it a versatile tool.

B.4 Perforation probes

A perforation probe can be used instead of a conventional coupon. The levels of AC and DC interference
and the current density can be measured. Additionally, the time when a critical predetermined
corrosion depth is reached can readily be determined. Hence, the efficiency of the measures taken to
decrease the AC corrosion rate can be verified in the field.
The probe consists of a thin steel plate with a thickness in the range of (0,1 to 1) mm and an internal
electrode. The thin steel plate is on one side in contact with the soil and on the other side with an

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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


insulator separating the internal electrode and the steel plate. When corrosion perforates this steel
plate, humidity will penetrate into the gas-tight coupon and form a conductive electrolyte between
the electrode and the thin steel plate. By a simple resistance measurement between the electrode
and the thin plate, the perforation of the coupon can be detected by means of conventional resistance
measurement devices. As a consequence, the monitoring of the perforation probe can be readily
integrated into a conventional inspection routine or monitored over time. The key advantage is the
simple handling and especially the information about the corrosion depth. Hence, information about
the depth of the corrosion is provided independent on corroding surface. This is especially important in
cases of very local corrosion that penetrates rapidly but with little mass loss.
The main application purpose is to ensure that the threshold values for the current density are met.
Since these current values are averaged over the entire probe surface, the actual local current density
can be underestimated in the case of the formation of chalk layers on the probe surface. Therefore, the
perforation probes provide an additional safety level by giving an alarm value. It is the only coupon that
provides information on corrosion depth even in the case of very local corrosion attack.
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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


Annex C
(informative)

Coulometric oxidation

The cathodic protection current results in an increased pH value and in an electrochemical reduction
of some of the corrosion products formed on the steel surface from Fe3+ to Fe2+. The overall content of
iron ions accumulated due to corrosion can be estimated by electrochemical oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ in
the corrosion products. As a consequence, the amount of charge required for oxidation is proportional
to the amount of the corrosion product formed over time. The coulometric oxidation can be performed
with all types of coupons or probes installed in the field and connected to a cathodically protected
pipeline.
By isolating the coupon or probe from the pipeline, a constant anodic current can be applied and the
resulting potential can be recorded. The ohmic potential drop can be numerically corrected or the
off-potential can be determined by periodically interrupting the current flow. The amount of charge
required to polarize the coupon or probe to 0 V against the CSE is used for estimating the mass loss
on the coupon or probe. By multiplying the charge in Coulombs with 0,013, the mass loss in grams
is obtained. The advantage of the technique is the possibility of determining the extent of corrosion
that occurred in the past. Moreover, the further increase in corrosion can be determined by means of
repeated coulometric oxidation. The results of the measurements are only reliable if all the corrosion
products are electrochemically accessible and if the cathodic protection current is sufficiently high to
reduce the corrosion products.
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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


Annex D
(informative)

Influence of soil characteristics on the AC corrosion process

D.1 Influence of electrical parameters

The AC current density at a coating defect is essentially determined by the induced AC voltage on the
pipeline and the coating fault resistance. Generally, a low coating fault resistance is observed in soil with
low specific electrical resistivity resulting in a higher AC corrosion likelihood for a given AC voltage.

D.2 Influence of the electrochemical process

The specific local soil resistivity is controlled by the amount of soluble salts and the soil moisture
content. Therefore, significant differences in the coating fault resistance can be observed if the pipeline
is above or below the water table level. Additionally, the coating fault resistance is strongly influenced
by the electrochemical processes taking place on the bare metal surface, due to the application of
cathodic protection current.
The electrochemical reduction of oxygen or the evolution of hydrogen results in an increase of the
pH value on the metal surface. Typically, the pH value is above 11 and can reach values of up to 14 or
possibly even higher in extreme cases.

D.3 Influence of alkaline ions and cations

The cathodic protection current results in a migration of cations to the metal at the coating fault,
which interact with the locally increased pH value. Depending on the soil composition, the coating fault
resistance can either increase or decrease over time. Indeed, the following modifications of the soil
environment can appear according to the increase of the pH value (i.e. formation of NaOH or CaCO3).
The earth alkaline ions Ca2+ and Mg2+ form hydroxides that exhibit a relatively low solubility. With the
increase of the pH, their precipitation will take place near any coating holiday. The reaction of these
hydroxides with the CO2 present in the soil results in the formation of calcareous deposits. If a dense
calcareous deposit is formed directly on the metal surface at the holiday, the coating fault resistance
can significantly increase several orders of magnitude.
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While the earth alkaline ions generally increase pore resistance, the alkaline cations Na+, K+ and
Li+ result in the formation of highly soluble hygroscopic hydroxides. As a consequence, a low spread
resistance due to the attracted water and high ion concentration is observed. This process can decrease
the pore resistance of the metal at a coating fault by up to a factor of 60.
The current density on the metal at a coating fault of a given geometry is, therefore, dependent on the
electrical conductivity and the ratio of alkali and earth alkali ions. Moreover, the cathodic current
density influences the amount of hydroxide produced and affects, therefore, the local conductivity.

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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


Annex E
(informative)

Other criteria that have been used in the presence of AC influence

E.1 General
The criteria presented in this annex, though not widely used, have been successfully applied by some
operators. They have defined them either by field and/or laboratory experiments. They are included in
this annex for the sake of completeness.
AC values are rms ones. Current densities are measured on a 1 cm2 circular coupon or probe.

E.2 On-potential approach

E.2.1 General
The on-potential and the IR-free potentials control the level of cathodic protection applied as the driving
voltage is defined by the difference between the on-potential and the IR-free potentials. The intensity of
the cathodic protection current able to reach and polarize the steel surface at a coating defect depends
on the driving potential and on the total circuit resistance according to Ohm’s law.
The consideration of the corrosion likelihood based on the on-potential is only possible when the chosen
concept for AC corrosion prevention is known.
For technical papers related to protection and mitigation measures associated with AC corrosion
likelihood on cathodically protected pipelines, see References [4], [5] and [6].

E.2.2 More negative (Eon) cathodic protection level

A negative on-potential can result in high cathodic current density, a strong change in the soil chemical
composition and spread resistance, and an increased reduction of oxide layers (see Annex A). AC
corrosion can be prevented when applying a sufficiently negative on-potential to avoid any metal
oxidation due to the presence of AC interference. As a consequence, the required level of the on-
potential is related to the induced AC voltage on the pipeline. The use of more negative on-potentials
can be indicated in the presence of DC stray current interference on the pipeline.
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E.2.3 Less negative (Eon) cathodic protection level

A relatively positive on-potential has only a limited effect on spread resistance. While having no
adverse effect on the coating adhesion and resulting in a low hydrogen evolution rate, it can result in
insufficient cathodic protection in accordance with the limiting critical potential criteria indicated in
ISO 15589-1. The primary advantage of a more positive on-potential is the generally higher acceptable
AC voltages. When choosing an AC corrosion prevention system based on a less negative Eon cathodic
protection level, it might be necessary to install additional cathodic protection stations. Since current
flow due to the on-potential depends on the level of the off-potential and also on soil resistivity and
defect geometry, it is difficult to judge the AC corrosion likelihood based on the on-potential alone in
the case of less negative cathodic protection levels. However, applying an on-potential criterion that is
as positive as possible, while still maintaining the off-potentials given in ISO 15589-1, will result in a
decreased AC corrosion likelihood.

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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


E.2.4 Criteria
The criteria as defined in ISO 15589-1 should be respected.
Theoretical and practical experiences have shown that the following two methods can be used to solve
AC influence problems against steel corrosion.
— First scenario: “more negative” cathodic protection level. In this case, one of the three parameters
below, in order of priority, can be applied:
Ua.c.
— the following formula should be satisfied: <3;
Eon − 1,2
NOTE −1,2 V against the CSE is the limiting critical potential (see ISO 15589-1). Choosing a more
positive value would create a less conservative result in the calculated ratio for given Ua.c. and Eon
values.

— AC current density < 30 A/m2;

Ja.c.
— < 3 if AC current density > 30 A/m2.
Jd.c.
In this case, it is important to ensure that there is no corrosion risk due to cathodic disbondment
and no adverse effect from hydrogen evolution.
— Second scenario: “less negative” cathodic protection level. In this case, one of three parameters
below, in order of priority, can be used:
— Ua.c. average < 15 V if the average Eon is more positive than –1,2 V against the CSE;
— average AC current density < 30 A/m2;
— cathodic protection average current density < 1 A/m2 if AC average current density ≥ 30 A/m2.
The AC voltage and DC potential should be determined with the same reference electrode placed at the
same location. The electrode is preferably positioned at remote earth. If this is not possible, it will cause
a less reliable judgement of the AC corrosion risk.
Figures E.1 and E.2 illustrate limits for scenarios for different AC and DC current densities in terms of
AC corrosion likelihood, and also for on-potential and AC voltage in terms of AC corrosion likelihood.
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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


Key
1 less negative cathodic protection level
2 more negative cathodic protection level
3 AC corrosion
x DC current density (A/m2)
y AC current density (A/m2)

Figure E.1 — Relationship between AC and DC current densities and likelihood of AC corrosion
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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


Key
1 less negative cathodic protection level
2 more negative cathodic protection level
3 AC corrosion
x Eon (V against the CSE)
y Ua.c. (V)

NOTE Axis limits for x are given for information. In practice, it is possible to have higher axis ranges.

Figure E.2 — Relationship between DC on-potential, AC voltage and likelihood of AC corrosion

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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


Annex F
(informative)

Parameters to take into account to choose a DC decoupling device

This annex provides information to help select the most suitable AC mitigation system to install.
General aspects to be taken into account are:
— AC voltage mitigation effectiveness and respective AC corrosion risk mitigation methods;
— resistance to earth of AC mitigation electrode;
— influence on cathodic protection operation and monitoring;
— existence of AC voltage/current activation threshold;
— ability to withstand and/or conduct surges and lightning overvoltages;
— size of the device;
— maintenance.
The electrical parameters are:
— capacitance;
— activation AC voltage level;
— activation AC current level;
— deactivation AC voltage level;
— deactivation AC current level;
— DC leakage versus DC voltage or cathodic protection potential of the pipeline;
— DC leakage ratio to total cathodic protection current consumption of the pipeline;
— max. continuous AC current;
— steady-state AC current vs. AC voltage;
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— DC nominal voltage range (min. to max.);

— AC nominal voltage range (min. to max.);
— frequency;
— AC impedance;
— DC resistance
— ability to withstand and/or conduct surges and lightning overvoltages, for example:
— voltage protection level at surges;
— transient kA (8/20 μs);
— transient kA-nominal impulse discharge current (10/350 μs);

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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


— AC current for 10 s for 50 Hz;

— AC current for 0,2 s for 50 Hz;
— AC fault current kA;
— AC sparkover voltage;
— DC sparkover voltage.
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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


Annex G
(informative)

Method to determine the reference electrode location to remote

earth

The applicable position of remote earth may be assessed using the arrangement shown in Figure G.1.
This is particularly important when measuring nearby earth electrodes.

Key
1, 2, 3 reference electrode locations
4 pipe
5 soil
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6 gradient
7 potential

Figure G.1 — Measurement of the AC gradient and localizing remote earth

Reference electrode (1) represents the IR-free condition and is not applicable for AC voltage
measurements since (with reference to remote earth) the entire IR drop should be included.
Instead, the following procedure can be useful.
a) Place a reference electrode (2) on top of the soil above the pipeline. Connect a (first) voltmeter to
the pipeline and this reference electrode and read the AC voltage.
b) Place an additional reference electrode (3) on top of the soil above the pipeline. Connect a second
voltmeter between reference electrodes (2) and (3) and read the AC voltage difference between the
two reference electrodes.

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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


c) Change the position of reference electrode (3) 1 m to 5 m transverse to the pipeline and read the AC
voltage on the voltmeters.
d) Put reference electrode (2) to the former position of reference electrode (3) and read the AC voltage
on the voltmeters.
e) Remote earth is reached when repeating steps c) and d) continuously does not change the AC voltage
value of the reading of the second voltmeter, which should be close to zero.
f) Finally, place electrode (2) where electrode (3) indicated the remote earth position, connect the
voltmeter with electrode (2) and read the AC voltage with electrode (2).
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 ISO 18086:2019(E)


Annex H
(informative)

Simultaneous measurement on coupon current densities with

high rate

Figure H.1 shows the measuring systems for the coupon currents and on-potentials[7]. Coupon current
is the current that flows between the coupon and the pipe while the cathodic protection system is
continuously operating. Positive values in the coupon current indicate the current flowing through the
electrolyte to the coupon (i.e. cathodic current flowing).

Key
1 pipeline
2 coating
3 soil
4 coupon
5 reference electrode
6 shunt
7 switch (normally closed)
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8 voltmeter

Figure H.1 — Measuring systems for the coupon current densities and on-potentials

In areas where the frequency of the electric power transmission lines is 50 Hz and the AC powered rail
transit system is operated at a frequency of 50 Hz, the measurement of coupon current densities should
be carried out over a period of at least 24 h to assess the level of permanent or short-term interference
on a pipeline as follows.
The data on coupon current densities and on-potentials are continuously measured with a resolution
of 16 bits at intervals of 0,1 ms in each monitoring station. In areas where AC and/or DC interference
currents induced by the passing of an AC or DC train are suspected, this measuring technique with
a high data sampling rate of 0,1 ms enables an assessment of the corrosion risk. Coupon DC current
density, Id.c., coupon AC current density, Ia.c., and coupon on-potential, Eon, are obtained for a single
period of 50 Hz (i.e. every subunit of 20 ms) from Formulae (H.1), (H.2) and (H.3), respectively, using

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Para poder utilizarlo en un sistema de red interno, deberá disponer de la correspondiente licencia de AENOR
 ISO 18086:2019(E)


a low pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 73 Hz to avoid abnormal electrical spikes and harmonic
currents.
200
∑
1 1
Id.c. = · I(n) (H.1)
A 200 n=1

200
∑
1 1
Ia.c. = · { I ( n ) − A·Id.c. }2 (H.2)
A 200 n=1
200
∑
1
Eon = E (n) (H.3)
200 n=1 on
where

n is 1, 2, …, 199, 200;

A is the surface area of a coupon;

I(n) is the instantaneous coupon current measured at intervals of 0,1 ms

for a single period of 50 Hz;

Id.c. is the coupon DC current density for a single period of 50 Hz (i.e. each subunit);

Ia.c. is the coupon AC current density for a single period of 50 Hz (i.e. each subunit);

Eon(n) is the instantaneous coupon on-potential measured at intervals of 0,1 ms

for a single period of 50 Hz;

Eon is the coupon on-potential for a single period of 50 Hz (i.e. each subunit).
Formula (H.2) suggests that the frequency of coupon AC current densities can be regarded as 50 Hz or
less. The higher the data sampling rate, the higher the accuracy of obtained Id.c., Ia.c. and Eon. By taking
into consideration the transference rate of measured data from a developed instrument[7] to a client PC
and consumption of battery for measurement, a data sampling interval of 0,1 ms was determined.
Each unit containing 500 subunits is set to 10 s. The average, maximum and minimum values of Id.c., Ia.c.
and Eon are obtained every unit by analysing the data of 500 subunits.
Asociación Española de Normalización, UNE

© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

Este documento ha sido adquirido por TÉCNICAS REUNIDAS el 2022-10-31. 37
Para poder utilizarlo en un sistema de red interno, deberá disponer de la correspondiente licencia de AENOR
 ISO 18086:2019(E)


Bibliography

[1] IEC 60050-826, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary — Part 826: Electrical installations
[2] EN 13509, Cathodic protection measurement techniques
[3] EN 15257, Cathodic protection — Competence levels and certification of cathodic protection
personnel
[4] Büchler M., Voûte C.-H., Joos D. Feldversuche zur Wechselstromkorrosion. DVGW — energie/
wasser-praxis July/August 2010, 30
[5] Büchler M., Voûte C.-H., Joos D. Field investigation of AC corrosion. CEOCOR International
Congress 2011 Menthon-Saint-Bernard CEOCOR, c/o SYNERGRID. Brussels, Belgium, 2011
[6] Büchler M. Alternating current corrosion of cathodically protected pipelines: Discussion of
the involved processes and their consequences on the critical interference values. Materials and
Corrosion. 2012, 63, pp. 1181
[7] Kajiyama F., Nakamura Y. Development of an advanced instrumentation for assessing the ac
corrosion risk of buried pipelines. NACE Corrosion, 2010
[8] CIGRE Technical Brochure N°95. In: Guide on the Influence of High Voltage AC Power Systems on
Metallic Pipelines, 1995
Asociación Española de Normalización, UNE

38 Este documento ha sido adquirido por TÉCNICAS REUNIDAS el 2022-10-31. © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Para poder utilizarlo en un sistema de red interno, deberá disponer de la correspondiente licencia de AENOR
 For information regarding the development of standards contact:
Asociación Española de Normalización
Génova, 6
28004 MADRID-España
Tel.: 915 294 900
Asociación Española de Normalización, UNE

[email protected]
www.une.org

For information regarding the sale and distribution:

AENOR INTERNACIONAL S.A.U.
Tel.: 914 326 160
[email protected]
www.aenor.com

Spanish standardization body in:

Este documento ha sido adquirido por TÉCNICAS REUNIDAS el 2022-10-31.

Para poder utilizarlo en un sistema de red interno, deberá disponer de la correspondiente licencia de AENOR