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CHAPTER 9

Nation Building and Nationalism

CHAPTER OUTLINE
A Revolutionary War Hero Revisits America in 1824

Expansion and Migration

Extending the Boundaries
Native American Societies Under Pressure

Transportation and the Market Economy

Roads and Steamboats
Emergence of a Market Economy
Early Industrialism

The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812

The Missouri Compromise
Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court
Nationalism in Foreign Policy: The Monroe Doctrine

Conclusion: The End of the Era of Good Feeling

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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
TOWARD DISCUSSION: THE BIG APPLE
New York City still represents a great challenge to college students. If they can make it there in
finance, art, theater, sports, or fashion, they can make it anywhere. Despite the city’s obvious
problems, despite the loathing it inspires among so many Americans, New York continues to
import bright young people, who give the city so much of its vitality. The predominant position
of New York in American life, however, was by no means preordained by geography or
history. The city began its rise in the 1820s because of a particular set of circumstances, and
there are plenty of signs today that New York’s position is rapidly eroding.

In 1776, it seemed likely that Philadelphia would become the economic, cultural, and political
capital of America, and that it would become as central to the life of the new nation as London,
Paris, or Vienna were in their respective nations. Philadelphia’s population of 30,000 at the end
of the colonial period ranked the city as the third largest in the British Empire. It was America’s
greatest seaport and the broad gate of entry for most immigrants. It was, probably, the most
refined and cosmopolitan city in the colonies. Philadelphia was home to a college, the
American Philosophical Society, the largest community of first-rate doctors in America, an
impressive number of scientists and intellectuals, and, not least, Ben Franklin. When the
Continental Congress chose to meet in Philadelphia, the city became the political capital of the
colonies.

Philadelphia continued to grow after 1776, but New York grew faster and finally surpassed
Philadelphia, becoming America’s largest city by 1820. Philadelphia’s population went above
100,000 in 1820 and stood at 161,000 by 1830. New York, however, grew from 123,000 in 1820
to 202,000 in 1830. By that time it was apparent that New York would become the great
metropolis of America.

New York became predominant for several reasons. It possessed a more capacious harbor than
Philadelphia, and New York merchants may have been more aggressive. In 1816, England
arbitrarily chose to dump her tremendous inventory of unsold goods in New York, a considerable
boon to local merchants. Most of all, the Erie Canal made New York City great.

The key to commercial prosperity was the import-export trade with England. In order to dress
properly, a respectable woman in the early nineteenth century wore about one hundred yards of
material, usually woolen or cotton, nearly all of which came from England through an American
seaport. Americans paid for their underskirts with flour sent to England through an American
seaport. The Erie Canal gave the lion’s share of this trade to New York City. Merchant houses in
New York City received orders from country stores for dry goods, ironware, and a thousand
other imports from all along the route of the canal, all along the shores of Lake Erie, and from
deep in the Northwest Territory. And with those orders, they sent barrels of flour. In 1820, New
York shipped less flour than Baltimore or Philadelphia, but by 1827, New York sent out more
flour than both cities combined.

New York’s increasing trade in dry goods and flour created a need not only for dock workers,
but for commission merchants, scriveners, auditors, brokers, and bankers. In 1816, Philadelphia

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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
had been the financial capital of the United States, but by 1828, the New York Customs House
collected enough revenue to pay all the daily expenses of the federal government, and by 1860,
New York had more bankers than the rest of the nation. Success, of course, breeds success. The
ancillary services that had grown up around the port of New York made the city even more
attractive to shippers. New York became the great entrepot of the cotton trade. And just as
cargo ships entered America by way of New York, so did immigrants. By 1830, New York
received thirteen immigrants for every one that arrived in Philadelphia.

It is hard to see how Philadelphia, with its air of refinement, could ever have become the capital
of a society so inchoate, so pulsing, so vibrant as was early nineteenth-century America. New
York was a better symbol of the new nation, but even New York failed to become the Paris of
America. New York grew so large, so rich, so sophisticated, and so foreign, that the city soon
appeared to most Americans, and to most New Yorkers as well, as a world apart.

RELIVING THE PAST

Lafayette was only one of the great number of foreign visitors who came to observe and report
on America between the War of 1812 and the Civil War. Everyone realized that the United
States was in the process of creating a new and different society. Nearly all Americans were
optimistic about the results; Europeans, however, varied in their opinions, as indicated by the
accounts of Charles Dickens and Frances Trollope.

Dickens, with his ability to draw pictures in prose, gives a poignant description of the Eastern
Penitentiary in Philadelphia, a humane attempt to reform criminals by placing them in solitary
confinement. Dickens encountered a man who had lived in such confinement, in the same cell,
for eleven years. When Dickens spoke to the prisoner, he remained silent, intent upon picking the
flesh on his fingers. This can be found in Dickens’s American Notes. The 1968 Peter Smith
reprint (Gloucester, Massachusetts) has a good introduction by Christopher Lasch. Barnaby
Rudge is also interesting reading, especially those sections that deal with Barnaby’s sojourn in
the United States. It is a good example of Dickens’s art in creating fiction out of his personal
experiences.

Frances Trollope threw a refreshing dose of cold water on everything American. Her description
of a “literary” conversation in Cincinnati with a scholar who was too prudish to mention the title
of Pope’s Rape of the Lock, and her description of the House of Representatives, its members
wearing hats, spitting, and slouched in their seats, are amusing and insightful. They can be found
in Frances Trollope’s Domestic Manners of the Americans. The most recent edition was the 80th
published by Penguin Books in 1997.

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A REVOLUTIONARY HERO REVISITS AMERICA IN 1824

The author uses Lafayette’s visit to the United States to introduce a description of the great
changes that had occurred in the fifty years since the Declaration of Independence. New lands
were being opened to settlement, a transportation “revolution” was taking place, and a mood of
confidence prevailed.

EXPANSION AND MIGRATION

After 1815 the American people shifted their attention from Europe and began to look westward.
They saw a rich, unsettled continent, still held in part by the English, Spanish, and Indians.

?
WHAT key forces drove American expansion westward during this period?
Westward expansion was fueled by the ambition to expand American territories and to
economically exploit and develop the Far West. The First Seminole War gave Monroe and
Adams a chance to push Spain from the southeast under the Adams-Onís Treaty, while
entrepreneurs established a fur trade in the North and an aggressive “removal” policy forced
Indian tribes from the South.

Extending the Boundaries: John Quincy Adams, secretary of state from 1816 to 1824,
deserves the most credit for expanding the nation’s boundaries during that period. Taking
advantage of Spain’s decline, Adams negotiated two treaties: the Adams-Onís Treaty and the
Transcontinental Treaty. Under the terms of these treaties, the United States secured all of
Florida and reached as far as the Pacific. In terms of actual settlement, however, the “West”
was still east of the Mississippi River.

Native American Societies Under Pressure: Almost 60,000 Indians lived in the southeast
in 1815, most of whom had adopted a “civilized” way of life, including agriculture and
slavery. Nevertheless, the United States government was determined to move them beyond
the Mississippi River so that their land could be given to Whites. The Indians resisted in
different ways. The Cherokees in a sense became more “White.” They wrote a constitution
modeled on the United States Constitution, and adopted a written language. The Seminoles
chose to take up arm and fought a series of “wars” with the United States army. Neither
method was successful.

TRANSPORTATION AND THE MARKET ECONOMY

Two important and interrelated developments marked this era: rapid improvement in
transportation and the increasing use of money and credit in the economy. In 1812 the new
country was still disconnected, and leaders realized a better transportation system was necessary.

?
HOW did developments in transportation support the growth of agriculture and
manufacturing?
New turnpikes, steamboats, and eventually railroads expanded the access of farmers and
small manufacturers to a regional and even national market. Farmers began to produce staple

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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
crops to sell rather than subsistence crops for their own families. Textile factories developed to
turn southern cotton into clothing. In the North industrialization increased efficiency but required
workers to crowd into factories for long hours.

Roads and Steamboats: In an effort to “conquer space,” the national government built the
National Road, from Cumberland, Maryland, to Wheeling, then in Virginia. In addition, a
whole web of turnpikes came into existence, built by private entrepreneurs. Usually,
however, the roads did not return a profit, and, though beneficial to the public, they lost their
attraction for investors. Nature blessed the United States with a network of rivers that
constituted a natural transportation system that greatly encouraged America’s economic
development. Flatboats carried cargo from the upper Mississippi and Ohio Valley to New
Orleans, and all along the lower stretches of the great river, cotton planters built their wharfs.
Flatboats traveled in only one direction, with the flow of the river, but, after 1811,
steamboats churned the waters of the West and drove transportation costs down. The
steamboat, actually less important than the flatboat, stirred a sense of romance in the
American people. Congress even abandoned its usual hands-off policy toward private
enterprise to regulate safety standards on the great paddle-wheeler. No river and no road
linked East and West before the state of New York, led by Governor De Witt Clinton, built
the Erie Canal between Albany and Buffalo. Even before its completion in 1825, the canal
was an enormous success. Easterners and westerners paid less for one another’s goods as a
result, and New York City grew rapidly as a commercial center. Other states, such as
Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Michigan also build elaborate canal systems.

Emergence of a Market Economy: The revolution in transportation had a decisive effect on

agriculture. Lower transportation costs meant greater income for the farmer. The sale of a
farmer’s produce to distant markets meant participation in a complex system of credit. The
greatest profits went to those who switched from mixed farming to a single crop. Agriculture
in general became generalized by region. The Ohio Valley became a major wheat-producing
area, but the most spectacular success was in the Deep South when it turned to cotton.
Several factors were responsible, such as the invention of the cotton gin, increased demand,
and the extensive use of slave labor.

Early Industrialism: Manufacturing increased after the War of 1812, but most
manufacturing was still done at home; what changed was the way the process was financed.
Merchants owned the raw materials, which they “put out” to farm families. Only in the
textile industry did a fully developed factory system emerge. The most spectacular example
was the complex operated by the Boston Manufacturing Company at Lowell, Massachusetts.
The increasing success of industry in New England prompted business people in that area to
shift their investments from shipping to manufacturing, and the politicians there began to pay
more attention to ways in which government could aid industry. Even so, America was not
yet an industrial nation; it was the growth of a market economy of national scope that was the
major economic development of the period.

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THE POLITICS OF NATION BUILDING AFTER THE WAR OF 1812

Conflicts of interest grew as the nation grew. Monroe’s two terms in office were called the “Era
of Good Feelings,” though dissension was brewing. An important theme in politics of the period
was a growing nationalism.

?
WHAT decisions faced the federal government as the country expanded?
The government decided whether new states would allow slavery, how the Supreme Court
would function, and how the United States would deal with the European powers. The
Missouri Compromise established the 36° 30'; line dividing slave states from free states, while
the Court became the supreme Constitutional interpreter. The Monroe Doctrine held that the
United States and Europe should each control their respective hemispheres.

The Missouri Compromise: The Missouri controversy arose when the Missouri territorial
assembly applied for statehood in 1817. Missouri would be a slave state, and many
northerners already resented what they believed to be the South’s over-representation in the
House of Representatives. James Tallmadge of New York persuaded the House to reject
Missouri’s application unless it abolished slavery. The South considered Missouri’s
admission crucial, because at that time there were eleven slave states and eleven free states.
The South feared any change in this balance. Congress debated the issue in December 1819
and worked out a compromise. Missouri was allowed to become a slave state, but Maine was
also allowed statehood as a free state. More important, Congress banned slavery from any
part of the Louisiana Purchase (except for Missouri) above the latitude of 36°30'. Even more
important, the Missouri controversy demonstrated a fundamental rift between North and
South.

Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court: Between 1801 and 1835, John Marshall
served as chief justice of the Supreme Court and used his position to encourage the growth of
the nation. Because he believed that the Constitution existed to protect the industrious, whose
exertions to enrich themselves would benefit the entire nation, he sought to protect individual
property rights against government interference, especially from the state legislatures. In a
series of decisions, Marshall limited the powers of the states, usually by holding them to a
strict observance of contracts.

Nationalism in Foreign Policy: The Monroe Doctrine: When Spain’s colonies in Latin
America rose in rebellion, the United States responded favorably toward the new nations. In
Europe, however, the ruling classes feared that rebellion might prove contagious, and France
was encouraged to squelch Spain’s rebellious colonies and, perhaps, to keep them for France.
Neither Great Britain nor the United States would tolerate French involvement in Latin
American affairs, and England asked the United States to cooperate in preventing it. John
Quincy Adams persuaded President Monroe that the United States alone should guarantee the
independence of Mexico and the states in South and Central America. In 1823, Monroe
issued the Monroe Doctrine, warning European nations to stay out of the Western
Hemisphere. The Monroe Doctrine had no real effect when it was first proclaimed, but
indicated America’s growing self-confidence. In promising not to interfere in European

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 internal affairs, America detached itself from worldwide struggles against tyranny and
betrayed part of its revolutionary heritage. The shift of American focus from Europe to
national affairs was one of the important themes of the period following the War of 1812.
Americans now looked inward and liked what they saw.

CONCLUSION: THE END OF THE “ERA OF GOOD FEELING”

In its tremendous expansion, the United States developed a host of contending interests, many of
which expected the government to favor them. The “era of good feelings” could not last.

73
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 74
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 “Easter Smacks” in, 268, 269

Mordecai, his triumphal ride in Susa, 403

—— and Esther equivalent to Marduk and Ishtar, 405;

the duplicates of Haman and Vashti, 406

—— and Haman, 364 sqq.;

as temporary kings, 400 sq.

Morning Star, personated by a man, 238;

the god of the, 381

Morocco, 21, 31;

exorcism in, 63;
the tug-of-war in, 178 sq., 182;
custom of beating people in, 265, 266

Morris-dancers, 250 sq.

Mortality, savage explanations of human, 302 sqq.

Mortlock Islanders, their belief in spirits, 82

Mosaic law forbids interchange of dress between men and women,

363

Moses, the tomb of, 21

Moslem custom of raising cairns, 21

Mossos of China, their annual expulsion of demons, 139

Mosul, cure for headache at, 64

Mother of the Gods, Mexican goddess, 289;

woman annually sacrificed in the character of the, 289 sq.
—— -kin in royal families, 368 n. 1

Moulton, Professor J. H., 325 n. 3, 373 n. 1

Mounds of Semiramis, 370, 371, 373

Mountain of Parting, 279

Movers, F. C., on the Sacaea, 368, 387, 388, 391

Mowat in British New Guinea, 265

Mrus, the, of Aracan, 12 n. 1

Mule as scapegoat, 50

Müller, K. O., on Sandan, 389 sq.

Mundaris, the, of N. E. India, their annual saturnalia at harvest, 137

Munich, annual expulsion of the devil at, 214 sq.

Munzerabad in S. India, 172

Muota Valley in Switzerland, 166

Murder, heaps of sticks or stones on scenes of, 15

Mylitta, Babylonian goddess, 372 n. 2, 390

Mysore in S. India, 172

Mysteries as magical ceremonies, 374

Mythical beings represented by men and women, 385 sq.

Myths in relation to magic, 374;

performed dramatically in dances, 375 sqq.
Nabu, Babylonian god, 358 n.

Nagas of Assam, the tug-of-war among the, 177

Nahum, the prophet, on Nineveh, 390

Nahuntí, an Elamite goddess, 369 n. 1

Nailing evils into trees, walls, etc., 59 sqq.

Nails, clippings of, in popular cures, 57, 58;

knocked into trees, walls, etc., as remedy, 59 sqq.;
knocked into idols or fetishes, 69 sq.;
knocked in ground as cure for epilepsy, 330

Nakiza, the river, 27

Nat superstition in Burma, 90 n. 1

Nats, spirits in Burma, 175 sq.;

propitiation of, 96

Navona, Piazza, at Rome, ceremony of Befana on the, 166 sq.

Nebuchadnezzar, his record of the festival of Marduk, 357

Negritos, religion of the, 82

[pg 443]

Neilgherry Hills, 36, 37

Nelson, E. W., on the masquerades of the Esquimaux, 379 sqq.

Nemontemi, the five supplementary days of the Aztec calendar, 339

Nepaul, Dassera festival in, 226 n. 1

Nephthys, the birth of, 341

Nettles, whipping with, 263

Neugramatin in Bohemia, 270

Neumann, J. B., quoted, 87

New Britain, the Melanesians of, their belief in demons, 82 sq.;

expulsion of devils in, 109 sq.;
Gazelle Peninsula in, 303

—— Caledonia, burying the evil spirit in, 110;

mode of promoting growth of taros in, 264

—— College, Oxford, Boy Bishop at, 338

—— Guinea, annual expulsion of demons in, 134

—— Guinea, British, 265;

belief in ghosts in, 84 sq.

—— Guinea, Dutch, 178;

the Papuans of, their belief in demons, 83

—— Guinea, German, the Yabim of, 188;

the Bukaua of, their belief in demons, 83 sq.;
the Kai of, 264;
the Monumbo of, 382

—— Hebrideans, their story of the origin of death, 304

—— yams, ceremonies before eating the, 134 sqq.

—— Year, expulsion of evils at the, 127, 133, 149 sq., 155;

not reckoned from first month, 149 n. 2;
sham fight at the, 184;
ceremony at the Tibetan, 197 sq.;
 festival among the Iroquois, 209 sq.;
the Tibetan, 218;
festival at Babylon, 356 sqq.

—— Year's Day in Corea, annual riddance of evil on, 202;

in Tibet, ceremony on, 203;
among the Swahili, 226 n. 1;
young women beat young men on, 271;
of the Jewish calendar, 359

—— Zealand, human scapegoats in, 39

Nganga, medicine-man, 76

Ngoc hoang, his message to men, 303

Nias, expulsion of demons in, 113 sqq.;

explanation of human mortality in, 303

Nicaragua, 9

Nicholas Bishop, 338

Nicobar Islanders, their belief in demons, 88;

their annual expulsion of demons, 201 sq.

—— Islands, demon of disease sent away in a boat from the, 189

sq.

Nicobarese ceremony of exorcism, 262

Nights, custom of reckoning by, 326 n. 2

Nineveh, tomb of Sardanapalus at, 388 n. 1;

the burning of Sandan at, 390

Ninus, Assyrian hero, 391

Nirriti, goddess of evil, 25

Nisan, Jewish month, 356, 361, 415

No, annual expulsion of demons in China, 145 sq.

Noises made to expel demons, 109 sqq., 147

Nöldeke, Professor Th., on Purim and Esther, 366, 367 n. 1, 368 n.;
on Omanos and Anadates, 373 n. 1

Nonae Caprotinae, Roman celebration of the, 258

Normandy, the Bocage of, 183 sq., 316, 323

Northamptonshire cure for cough, 51

Nortia, Etruscan goddess, 67

Norwegian sailors, their use of rowan, 267

Norwich, the Boy Bishop at, 337

November, annual ceremony in, at catching sea-slug, 143;

expulsion of demons in, 204

Nut, the Egyptian sky-goddess, 341

Nyassa, Lake, 10

Oak and wild olive, pyre of Hercules made of, 391

—— -trees in popular cures, 57, 60

Obassi Nsi, earth-god, 28

October, annual expulsion of demons in, 226 n. 1;

Roman sacrifice of horse in, 230
Oels, in Silesia, 157

Oesel, Esthonian island, 14

Offerings at cairns, 26 sqq.;

to demons, 96

Oho-harahi, a Japanese ceremony, 213

Old Christmas Day (Twelfth Night), 321

Oldenberg, H., quoted, 90 sq.

Oldenburg, popular cures in, 49, 51, 52, 53-58

Oldfield, H. A., quoted, 226 n. 1

Olive, wild, and oak, pyre of Hercules made of, 391

—— -tree in popular remedy, 60

Olympia, festival of Cronus at, 352 sq.

Olynthiac, river, 142 n. 1

Olynthus, tomb of, 143 n.

Omanos at Zela, 373 n. 1

Omens, mode of neutralizing bad, 39

Omnipresence of demons, 72 sqq.

Omphale and Hercules, 389

One-eyed buffoon in New Year ceremony, 402

Onions used to foretell weather of the year, 323

Onitsha, on the Niger, annual expulsion of evils at, 133;

use of human scapegoats at, 210 sq.

[pg 444]

Opening of the Wine-jars, Dionysiac festival of the, 352

Oraons, the, of Bengal, their belief in demons, 93 sq.;

their use of a human scapegoat, 196

Orchards, fire applied to, on Eve of Twelfth Day, 317, 319, 320

Orestes, purification of, 262

Origin of death, savage tales of the, 302 sqq.

Orinoco, Indians of the, 303

Orkney Islands, 29;

transference of sickness in the, 49

Orlagau in Thüringen, 271

Oscans, the enemies of Rome, 231

Osiris, the birth of, 341

—— and Isis, 386

Ottery St. Mary's, the Boy Bishop at, 337

Oude, burial of infants in, 45

“Our Mother among the Water,” Mexican goddess, 278

Owl represented dramatically as a mystery, 377

Ox, disease transferred to, 31 sq.

Oxen pledged on Eve of Twelfth Day, 319

Oxford, Lords of Misrule at, 332

Pairing dogs, stick that has beaten, 264

Palm Sunday, Russian custom on, 268

Pan's image beaten by the Arcadians, 256

Pancakes to scald fiends on New Year's Eve, 320

Pandarus, tattoo marks of, 47 sq.

Papa Westray, one of the Orkney Islands, 29

Papuans, their belief in demons, 83

Parkinson, R., quoted, 83

Parti, name of an Elamite deity, 367

Passover, accusations of murders at, 395 sq.;

the crucifixion of Christ at, 414 sqq.

Patagonians, their remedy for smallpox, 122

Pataris of Mirzapur, their use of scapegoats, 192

Pathian, a beneficent spirit, 94

Paton, L. B., 360 n. 1

Paton, W. R., on human scapegoats in ancient Greece, 257 sq., 259,

272;
on Adam and Eve, 259 n. 3;
on the crucifixion, 413 n. 2

Pauntley, parish of, Eve of Twelfth Day in, 318

Pawnees, their human sacrifice, 296

Payne, E. J., 286 n. 1

Peach-tree in popular remedy, 54

Peaiman, sorcerer, 78

Peg used to transfer disease to tree, 7

Pegging ailments into trees, 58 sqq.

Pelew Islanders, their gods, 81 sq.

Peloria, a Thessalian festival resembling the Saturnalia, 350

Pelorian Zeus, 350

Pemali, taboo, 39

Pembrokeshire, cure for warts in, 53

Penance by drawing blood from ears, 292

Pennant, Thomas, quoted, 321, 324

Penzance, horn-blowing at, on the Eve of May Day, 163 sq.

Perak, periodic expulsion of evils in, 198 sqq.;
the rajah of, 198 sq.

Perche and Beauce, in France, 57, 62

Perchta, Frau, 240 sq.

Perchta's Day, 240, 242, 244

Perchten, maskers in Salzburg and the Tyrol, 240, 242 sqq.

Percival, R., quoted, 94 sq.

Perham, Rev. J., on the Head-feast of the Sea Dyaks, 383 sq.

Periodic expulsion of evils in a material vehicle, 198 sqq.

Periods of license preceding or following the annual expulsion of

demons, 225 sq.

Περίψημα, 255 n. 1

Persephone, mourning for, 348 sq.

Persia, cure for toothache in, 59;

the feast of Purim in, 393

Persian framework of the book of Esther, 362, 401

—— kings married the wives of their predecessors, 368 n. 1

—— marriages at the vernal equinox, 406 n. 3

Persians annually expel demons, 145;

the Sacaea celebrated by the, 402

Peru, Indians of, 3;

Incas of, 128;
 Aymara Indians of, 193;
autumn festival in, 262

Peruvian Indians, 9, 27

Phees (phi), evil spirits, 97

Philadelphia in Lydia, coin of, 389

Philippine Islands, spirits of the dead in the, 82

Philippines, the Tagbanuas of the, 189

Philo of Alexandria, on the mockery of King Agrippa, 418

Phocylides, the poet, on Nineveh, 390

Phrygia, Cybele and Attis in, 386

Piazza Navona at Rome, Befana on the, 166 sq.

Pig used to decoy demons, 200, 201

Pig's blood used in purificatory rites, 262

Pilate and Christ, 416 sq.

Piles of sticks or stones. See Heaps

Pillar, fever transferred to a, 53

Pine-resin burnt as a protection against witches, 164

Pins stuck into saint's image, 70 sq.

Pinzgau district of Salzburg, 244

Pitch smeared on doors to keep out ghosts, 153

Pitchforks ridden by witches, 160, 162

[pg 445]

Pithoria, village in India, 191

Pitteri Pennu, the god of increase, 138

Plague transferred to plantain-tree, 4 sq.;

god of, 4;
transferred to camel, 33;
preventive of, 64;
demon of, expelled, 173;
sent away in scapegoat, 193

Plato on parricide, etc., 24 sq.;

on poets, 35 n. 3;
on sorcery, 47

Playfair, Major A., quoted, 208 sq.

Pleiades, ceremony at the appearance of the, 262;

observed by savages, 326

Pliny on cure of warts, 48 n. 2;

on cure for epilepsy, 68

Pliny's letter to Trajan, 420

Plough drawn round village to keep off epidemic, 172 sq.

—— Monday, the rites of, 250 sq.

Ploughing, ceremonies at, 235

Plutarch on “the expulsion of hunger,” 252

Po Then, a great spirit, 97

Point Barrow, the Esquimaux of, 124

Pollution caused by murder, 25

Polynesia, demons in, 80 sq.

Pomerania, 17

Pomos of California, their expulsion of devils, 170 sq.

Pongau district of Salzburg, 244

Pontarlier, Eve of Twelfth Day in, 316

Pontiff of Zela in Pontus, 370, 372

Pontus, rapid spread of Christianity in, 420 sq.

Porphyry on demons, 104

Port Charlotte in Islay, 62

—— Moresby in New Guinea, 84

Porto Novo, annual expulsion of demons at, 205

Poseidon, cake with twelve knobs offered to, 351

Posterli, expulsion of, 214

Potala Hill at Lhasa, 197

Poverty, annual expulsion of, 144 sq.

Powers, Stephen, quoted, 170 sq.

Prajapati, the sacrifice of the creator, 411

Prayer, the materialization of, 22 n. 2;

 at sowing, 138

Prayers at cairns or heaps of sticks or leaves, 26, 28, 29 sq.

Presteign in Radnorshire, the tug-of-war at, 182 sq.

Priest, the corpse-praying, 45

Priests personating gods, 287

Proa, demons of sickness expelled in a, 185 sqq.;

diseases sent away in a, 199 sq.

Processions for the expulsion of demons, 117, 233;

bell-ringing, at the Carnival, 247;
to drive away demons of infertility, 245;
of maskers, W. Mannhardt on, 250

Procopius, quoted, 125 n. 1

Propertius, 19

Propitiation of ancestral spirits, 86;

of demons, 93, 94, 96, 100

Prussia, “Easter Smacks” in, 268

——, West, 17

Prussian rulers, formerly burnt, 391

Public expulsion of evils, 109 sqq.

—— scapegoats, 170 sqq.

Puḫru, “assembly,” 361

Puithiam, sorcerer, 94
Puna Indians, 9

Punjaub, human scapegoats in the, 196

Puppy, blind, as scapegoat, 50

Pur in the sense of “lot,” 361

Purification by bathing or washing, 3 sq.;

by means of stone-throwing, 23 sqq.;
religious, intended to keep off demons, 104 sq.;
the Great, a Japanese ceremony, 213 n. 1;
by beating, 262;
Feast of the, (Candlemas), 332

—— festival among the Cherokee Indians, 128

Purim, the Jewish festival of, 360 sqq.;

custom of burning effigies of Haman at, 392 sqq.;
compared to the Carnival, 394;
its relation to Persia, 401 sqq.

Purushu, great primordial giant, 410

Pyre, traditionary death of Asiatic kings and heroes on a, 387, 388,

389 sqq.;
festival of the, at Hierapolis, 392

Pythagoras, his saying as to swallows, 35 n. 3

Quauhtitlan, city in Mexico, 301

Queen of the Bean, 313, 315

Queensland, tribes of Central, their expulsion of a demon, 172

Quetzalcoatl, a Mexican god, 281, 300;

man sacrificed in the character of, 281 sq.
“Quickening” heifers with a branch of rowan, 266 sq.

Quixos, Indians of the, 263

Ra, the Egyptian Sun-god, 341

Races to ensure good crops, 249

Radnorshire, 182

Rafts, evils expelled in, 199, 200 sq.

Rain, charms to produce, 175 sq., 178 sq.;

or drought, games of ball played to produce, 179 sq.;
dances to obtain, 236 sq., 238;
festival to procure, 277;
divinities of the, 381

—— gods of Mexico, 283

Rainy season, expulsion of demons at the beginning of the, 225

Rajah of Manipur, 39 sq.;

of Travancore, 42 sq.;
of Tanjore, 44

Ramsay, Sir W. M., 421 n. 1

Ranchi, in Chota Nagpur, 139

[pg 446]

Rattles to keep out ghosts, 154 n.

Raven legends among the Esquimaux, 380

Red thread in popular cure, 55

—— and yellow paint on human to represent colours of maize, 285

Reed, W. A., quoted, 82

Reinach, Salomon, 420 n. 1

Renan, Ernest, 70

Renewal, annual, of king's power at Babylon, 356, 358

Resurrection, the divine, in Mexican ritual, 288, 296, 302;

of the dead god, 400

Revelry at Purim, 363 sq.

Revels, Master of the, 333 sq.

Rhea, wife of Cronus, 351

Rhodians, their annual sacrifice of a man to Cronus, 353 sq., 397

Rhys, Sir John, 343 n.;

quoted, 70 sq.

Ribhus, Vedic genii of the seasons, 325

Rice-harvest, carnival at the, 226 n. 1

Richalm, Abbot, his fear of devils, 105 sq.

Riddles asked at certain seasons or on certain occasions, 120 sq., n.

“Ride of the Beardless One,” a Persian New Year ceremony, 402 sq.

Ridgeway, W., 353 n. 4;

on the origin of Greek tragedy, 384 n. 2

Ridley, Rev. W., quoted, 123 sq.

Riedel, J. G. F., quoted, 85

Rig Veda, story of creation in the, 410

Ring suspended in Purim bonfire, 393

Rings, headache transferred to, 2

Ritual murder, accusations of, brought against the Jews, 394 sqq.

River of Good Fortune, 28

Rivers used to sweep away evils, 3 sq., 5;

offerings and prayers to, 27 sq.

Rivros, a month of the Gallic calendar, 343

Rockhill, W. W., 220 n. 1

Rogations, 277

Roman cure for fever, 47;

for epilepsy, 68

—— festival in honour of ghosts, 154 sq.

—— husbandman, his prayers to Mars, 229

—— seasons of sowing, 232

—— soldiers, celebration of the Saturnalia by, 308 sq.

Romans, their mode of reckoning a day, 326 n. 2

Rome, the knocking of nails in ancient, 64 sqq.;

Piazza Navona at, 166 sq.;
ancient, human scapegoats in, 229 sqq.;
the Saturnalia at, 307 sq.
Romulus, disappearance of, 258

Roocooyen Indians of French Guiana, 263;

their tug-of-war, 181

Roof, dances on the, 315

Rook, expulsion of devil in island of, 109

Rope, ceremony of sliding down a, 196 sqq.

Ropes used to keep off demons, 120, 149;

used to exclude ghosts, 152 sq., 154 n.

Roscher, W. H., on the Salii, 231 n. 3

Roscommon, Twelfth Night in, 321 sq.

Rosemary, used to beat people with, 270, 271

Rouen, ceremony on Ascension Day at, 215 sq.

Roumanians of Transylvania, 16;

their belief in demons, 106 sq.

Rowan-tree, cattle beaten with branches of, on May Day, 266 sq.;
used to keep witches from cows, 267

Rue, fumigation with, as a precaution against witches, 158

Rupture, popular cures for, 52, 60

Russia, the Wotyaks of, 155 sq.

Russian custom on Palm Sunday, 268

—— villagers, their precautions against epidemics, 172 sq.

Rutuburi, a dance of the Tarahumare Indians, 237

Sacaea, a Babylonian festival, 354 sqq.;

in relation to Purim, 359 sqq.;
and Zakmuk, 399;
celebrated by the Persians, 402

Sacred dramas, as magical rites, 373 sqq.

—— harlots, 370, 371, 372

—— slaves, 370

Sacrifice, human, successive mitigations of, 396 sq., 408;

the Brahmanical theory of, 410 sq.

Sacrifices, human, their influence on cosmogonical theories, 409

sqq.;
of deified men, 409

Sacrificial victims, beating people with the skins of, 265

Sagar in India, use of scapegoat at, 190 sq.

Sahagun, B. de, 276, 280, 300 n. 1, 301 n. 1

“Saining,” a protection against spirits, 168

St. Barbara's Day, custom of putting rods in pickle on, 270

St. Dasius, martyrdom of, 308 sqq.

St. Edmund's Day in November, 332

St. Eustorgius, church of, at Milan, 331

St. George, Eve of, witches active on the, 158

St. George's Day among the South Slavs, 54

St. Guirec, 70

St. Hiztibouzit, 413 n. 2

[pg 447]

St. John the Baptist, 53

St. John (the Evangelist), festival of, 334

St. John's Day in Abyssinia, 133

St. John's wort a protection against witchcraft, 160

St. Joseph, feast of, 297

St. Nicholas Day, 337, 338

St. Paul's, London, the Boy Bishop at 337

St. Peter's, Canterbury, the Boy Bishop at, 337

St. Peter's Day (22nd February), ceremony on, 159 n. 1

St. Pierre d'Entremont in Normandy, 183

St. Romain, the shrine of, at Rouen, 216

St. Stephen's Day, 333, 334;

custom of beating young women on, 270

St. Sylvester's Day (New Year's Eve), precautions against witches on,
164 sq.

—— Eve at Trieste, 165

St. Tecla, 52