ENGLISH BOTANY;

OB,

COLOURED FIGURES

BRITISH PLANTS.
EDITED BY JOHN T. BO SWELL SYME, F.L.S. etc.

LECTURER ON BOTANY AT WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL.

THE POPULAR PORTION BY MRS. LANKESTER,

AUTHOK OF "wrtD FL0WKB8 WORTH NOTICE," " THB BRITISH PEHNS," ETC.

THE FIGURES BY
J. SOWERBY, F.L.S., J. De C. SOWERBY, F.L.S., J. W. SALTER, AL.S., F.G.S.

AND

JOHN EDWARD SOWERBY,

ILLUSTRATOR OF THE "FERNS OF GREAT BRITAIN," "GRASSES OF GREAT BRITAIN,"
"WILD FLOWERS WORTH NOTICE," ETC. ETC.

S;^irir ^iritiott.

ENLARGED, KE-ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL ORDERS,

AND ENTIRELY REVISED.
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE SPECIES BY THE EDITOR.

VOLUME III.

LEGUMINJFER^ TO ROSACEA.

LONDON:
ROBERT HARDWICKE, 192, PICCADILLY.
1864.
 cox AND WVMAN,

ORIENTAL, CLASSICAL, LAW, AND GENERAL PRINTERS,

GREAT QUEEN STREET, W.C.

 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Sub-Class III.

POLYPETALiE C ALYCIFLORiE.
Calyx free or more or less adhering to the ovary. Sepals gene-
rally more or less united. Petals in 1 or 2 whorls, unlike the
sepals, or in 2 or more whorls, passing gradually into sepals,
inserted on the calyx (perigynous) or on the torus (hypogynous),
separate, rarely united, sometimes absent. Stamens definite or
indefinite, insertedon the calyx (perigynous), or, when the ovary is
inferior, appearing to spring from the superior margin of the latter
(epigynous). Ovary superior, half inferior, or wholly inferior.

OEDER XXV.—LEGUMENIFERiE.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate compound or decom-
pound leaves, of which, however, the leaflets are sometimes reduced
to 1. Stipules usually conspicuous, free, or more or less united at the
base to the petiole or to each other. Flowers irregular or regular,
variously coloured, sometimes solitary but more commonly in
racemes, spikes, heads, or panicles, the inflorescence being some-
times axillary and sometimes terminal. Sepals 5, united together
into a 5-cleft or 5-toothed calyx, with the segments often unequal
in size or degree of cohesion to each other, the odd one inferior or
turned away from the axis of the inflorescence. Petals 5, some-
times fewer or entirely absent by abortion, most commonly unequal,
but sometimes equal, distinct or variously cohering together, the
odd petal superior. Stamens definite (often 10, more rarely 5) or
VOL. III. B
2 ENGLISH BOTANY.

indefinito, monadelplious, diadelplious, or distinct, rarely triadcl-

phoiis. Ovary simple, solitary, l-ccUcd, free from the calyx. Ovules
several or solitary, ampliitropous or rarely anatropous. Style form-
ing a prolongation of the upper or ventral suture. Stigma simple.
Fruit a legume, very rarely a drupe 1-celled or more or less imper-
;

fectly 2-celled ])y the inflexion of one or both sutures, or divided

transversely by spurious dissepiments, generally opening at both
the upper and lower sutures, but sometimes only at one of them,
or indehiscent. Seeds several or solitary. Albumen none. Embryo
with the radicle bent along the edge of the cotyledons. Cotyledons
thick and fleshy or thin and foliaceous.

Sub-Order I.— PAPILIONACE^.

Herbs (which are sometimes twining or climbing), undersbrubs,

shrubs, or more rarely trees, with simply pinnate or trifoliate, more
rarely digitate or unifoliate leaves. Leaflets most commonly entire
on the margins, but sometimes finely toothed. Elowers irregular,
perfect. Calyx commonly persistent, with the sepals united at the
base into a tube which is 5-toothed or 5-cleft sometimes 2-lipped,
:

in which case the upper lip consists of 2 and the lower of 3 sepals ;
segments more or less distinctly imbricated in aistivation. Corolla
papilionaceous, frequently persistent and withering, consisting of
5 petals (of which, however, some or all are occasionally abortive),
with imbricated aestivation. Uppermost petal, named the standard
or vexillum, exterior to the others, folded and enclosing them in
the bud, usually the largest, frequently reflexed when the flowers
are expanded; lateral pair of petals, called the wings or alse,
within the standard but exterior to the lowest pair, generally flat
or concave, erect or slightly spreading lowest pair of petals interior
;

and generally cohering at their anterior

to all the others, connivent
edges, and together forming the keel or carina, sometimes adhering
at the base to the wings. Stamens inserted along with the petals
at the base of the calyx-tube, 10 (very rarely only 5) in number.
Eilaments united into a long tube, which is sometimes entire,
sometimes longitudinally cleft (monadelphous), or the tube may
be formed of 9 stamens,* the tenth, which is the uppermost one,
separate (diadelplious) ; very rarely the filaments are entirely free.
Anthers 2-lobed. Ovary not adhering to the tube of the calyx.
 LEGUMENIFER^. 3

consisting of a single carpel, with the placentae turned towards the

standard. Ovules usually several. Pruit a legume or pod (which,
however, assumes very various forms), sessile or stalked within the
calyx, generally dry and opening by both sutures, but sometimes
1-seedcd or breaking transversely into 1-seeded joints, and inde-
hiscent. Seeds with the funiculus commonly dilated at the point
where it is attached to the liilum.Cotyledons after germination
sometimes becoming foliaceous sometimes, although still appear-
:

ing above ground, remaining thick or sometimes never emerging

:

from the seed-coat. E-adicle close to the hilum, generally curved,

lying along the edges of the cotyledons.
To this sub-order belong the whole of the British species of
Legumeniferse

Tribe L—LOTEiE.
Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Pod continuous, not
articulated, 1-celled or more rarely more or less perfectly, longi-
tudinally 2-celled (by the inflexion of the sutures), dehiscent or
indehiscent. Cotyledons changing into green leaves during
germination. Stem not climbing or twining. Leaflets usually
without stipels.

Sub-Tribe I.— GENISTEJ3.

Stamens monadelphous. Pod 1-celled. Stem often shrubby.

Leaves trifoliate, unifoliate, or digitateiy pluri-foliate, more rarely
without any laminae.

GENUS J.— U LEX. Linn.

Calyx coloured, divided to the base into 2 lips the upper lip
;

with 2 small teeth at the apex, the lower one with 3. Corolla not
much longer than the calyx, with the petals of nearly equal lengths.
Standard oblong, emarginate, slightly spreading. Wings spreading.
Stamens all united together, with the tube entire. Style filiform,
curved upwards at the summit. Stigma capitate. Pod oval-oblong,
swollen, about as long as the calyx. Seeds few, with the depressed
hilum covered by the dilated funiculus.
Small shrubs, with abortive branches converted into spines.
Pirst leaves of young seedlings trifoliate, but all the subsequent
ones unifoliate ; on mature plants all linear and terminating in a
spine (doubtless a petiole without a lamina). Stipules completely
4 ENGLISH BOTANY.

incorporated witli the leaves so as to be undistinguisliable. Flowers

axillary, yellow.

The generic name is said to be derived from ac, a point, in Celtic, in reference to
the ])rickly branches.

SPECIES I— U LEX EUROP^US. Linn.

Plate CCCXXIII.

Stem sub-erect. Branches spreading or ascending, sparingly

hairy. Primary spines straight, ascending, very deeply furrowed.
Practs deltoid-ovate, one-sixth the length of the calyx, and in width
twice the breadth of the pedicel. Calyx densely shaggy. Wings
longer than the keel, curved over it at the apex. Pod longer
than the calyx, matured in the same year which has produced its

flower.
Var. a, vulgaris.

Branches mostly spreading. Primary spines strong, with many

ridires.
•o'
Var. 3, strictus.

Ulex strictus, Mac. Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. iii. p. 69.

Branches erect. Primary spines slender, 4-edged.

On commons, and banks, and in dry fields or outskirts
heaths,
of w^oods. Very common, and generally distributed except in the ;

extreme North of Scotland. Var. 3 only in Lord Londonderry's

Park, county Down.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Winter and Spring.
Stem woody, 3 to 6 feet high, with very numerous stiff
branches. Primary spines (abortive branches) 1 to 3 inches long,
very deeply furrowed, with prominent ridges between the furrows,
except at the spinous subulate tip secondary spines simple, ^ to
;

\ inch long, decreasing in size as they approach the apex of the

primary spine. Trifoliate leaves only present on the plant imme-
diately after germination on petioles J to } inch long, with 3 oblan-
ceolate acute hairy leaflets all the subsequent leaves, which appear
;

to consist entirely of petiole, about \ incli long, channelled above

nearly to tlie apex, wliicli terminates in a subulate spine. Plowers
bright yellow, | inch long, on short shaggy pedicels, solitary and
in pairs chiefly on the primary spines, or near the base of the
secondary spines irregularly racemose or paniculate. Bracts loosely
applied to the calyx. Calyx yellowish-olive with blackish hairs,
divided on each side to the base, faintly nerved, the upper segment
with 2 very indistinct teeth at the apex, the lower one with 3
 CCCXXIII.

r -(

C^:^

£.B. 742.

TJlex Europaeus Common Furze.

 LEGUMENIFEK^. 5

more evident ones. Winj^s straight nearly to the apex, where they
are folded over petals of the keel cohering very slightly, and readily
;

separable, with a shaggy strip along their lower margin. Pod

f inch long, dark brown, nearly black, coarsely punctate, thickly
covered with long, shaggy, bristly, fulvous-brown hairs. Seeds
olive-brown, ovoid-compressed, with a roundish-oval depression at
the hilum. Spines and leaves dark dull green, stem and primary
spines rather thinly hairy.
The variety 3, which is known by the name of the " Irish
Purze," is now acknowledged by Professor Babington to be merely
a variety of the common Eurze, as it does not always retain its
characters when raised from seed.

Common Furze, Gorse, Whin.

French, Ajonc (TEurope. German, Euoropliischer Gaspeldorn, Heckensame.

We ai-e told, on good autliority, that the Furze is sometimes spelt Furres, and
is a name of obscure origin, possibly coming from fir, these bushes being, like the
coniferous trees, used for firewood or fuel. Our own notion would rather be that the
bright yellow flowers, seeming almost flame-like in their brilliancy, suggested the name
"fire" or "furze" bush.
The beauty unwary travellers to
of this attractive but treacherous bush invites
and to regale themselves with the delicious perfume of its blossoms
pull its branches,
but they soon find that its prickly stems are an ample protection against those who
covet its beauty, A poet observes :

" And what more noble than the vernal Furze

With golden hung 1 Approach it
baskets not.
For every blossom has a troop of swords
Drawn to defend it."

The Furze is not a very hardy plant, although we constantly see it on open com-
mons and wastes. Severe frosts ai'e very liable to injure it, and during some of our
shai'p winters, such as that of 1861, whole fields of Furze perished. Linnreus is

said to have lamented that he could not keep it alive in Sweden even in a green-
house. It was one of his favourite plants, and it is i-elated that, when he first
visited England and saw it in flower on Hounslow Heath, he fell on his knees
and thanked God for having created a plant so beautiful. The same story is also

told of Dillenius ; so that we may perhaps doubt its authenticity. The Furze is

thought to be the Scorpius of Theophrastus, and the Ulex of Pliny. By botanists

before the days of Linnaeus it was known as a Broom, and called Genista spinosa.
Linnaeus restored to it the name of Ulex, by which it has ever since been recognized.

la France, the Gorse or Whin is generally used for burning, for which purpose it is
cut down every few years in places where it grows naturally. In Surrey and other
counties it is used largely as fuel, especially by bakers in their ovens, and is cultivated
for that purpose, and cut down every three years. When burned it yields a quantity
of ashes rich in alkali, which are sometimes used for washing, either in the form of
a solution or lye, or mixed with clay, and made into balls as a substitute for soap.
The ashes form an excellent manure, and it is not uncommon, where the ground is
covered with Furze bushes, to burn them down to improve the land, and to secure a
 —

6 ENGLISH BOTANY.

crop of young shoots, which are readily eaten by cattle. In some parts of England
it is usual to put the Furze bushes into a mill to
crush the thorns, and then to feed

horses and cows with the branches. When finely cut or crushed, sheep will readily eat

it. As a picturesque hedge, the Furze is very appropriate, and is extremely beautiful
when in blossom. In plantations it is frequently sown as a shelter to very young trees on
their first planting, also as a cover for game. In calm and sunny weather the crackling
of Furze bushes caused by the explosion of their elastic pods is distinctly audible.

" The path with laughing Furze o'errun,

When bursting seed-bells crackle in the sun."

English poets have not failed to sing the praises of this common plant, whose
scent, resembling somewhat that of the heliotrope, perfumes the air for a distance, and
whose golden blossoms, often contrasting with the purple blossoms of the heath growing
near it, must attract the admiration of every wayfarer. Cowper says :

" The common, overgrown with fern, and rough

With j)rickly gorse, that, shapeless and deformed,
And dangerous to the touch, has yet its bloom,
And decks itself with ornaments of gold,
Yields no unpleasing ramble."

SPECIES II.— U LEX NANUS. Forst.

Plates CCCXXIV. CCCXXV.

Stem decumbent. Branches spreading or drooping, sliaggy.
Primary spines recurved-spreading, faintly furrowed or striate.
Bracts roundish-ovate, i-gth as long as the calyx, and in width
not exceeding the breadth of the pedicel. Calyx pubescent.
"Wings about equal to the keel, or very slightly exceeding it. Pod
about as long as or shorter than the calyx, matured in the season
succeeding that in which its flower was produced.

Sub-Species I.— UleX Gallii. Planch.

Plate CCCXXIV.
Planch. Ann. Bot. ser. iii. Vol. XI. p. 213.
U. nanus, ft Gallii, Auct. Plur.
U. provincialis, Legall, FI. de Morbihan (non Lois.).

Branches ascending, nearly straight, or slightly drooping.

Primary spines strong, slightly furrowed. Wings rather longer
than the keel, curved.
On heaths and downs, local, and chiefly confined to the West
of the Island, where it occurs from Somersetshire to AVigtownshire.
On the JEast it is only known to occur in the county of North-
umberland.
England, Scotland. Shrub. Autumn.
 >/ /^ > CCCXXIV.

'^''^i-^iiiis

R.B S. 2987.

U>ex Gailii. Planchon's Furze.

 C'OCXXV.

X
743

IHcx eu-iiaiui.s Dwarf Furze.

 LEGUMENIFERyE. 7

Stem woody, 2 to 3 feet high, with the branches more fasciculate

and the spines shorter than in U. europseus, the primary spines
being from ^ to 1^ inch long and with secondary spines only at
the base, which gives the branches more of the appearance of a
bottle-brush with the naked part of the primary spines projecting.
The flowers have a more regularly spicate or capitate arrangement,
they are also smaller than those of IJ. europseus, about ^ inch long,
with the yellow inclining to orange, the calyx less pubescent, the
wings shorter the pod is also shorter, and the season of flowering
;

is different but the most tangible character lies in the very small
;

adpressed bracts. Branches and edges of the leaves and base of

the spines with shaggy brown hairs.

Tlanchon^s Furze.
French, Ajonc de Legall.

^ Sub- Species II. Ulex eu-nanus.

Plate CCCXXV.
U. nanus, Planch 1. c. Boreau^ Fl. du Centre de la Fr. Vol. II. p. 140. Brehisson,

Fl. de la Normandie, ed. iii. p. 72.

IT. nanus, var. a, Auct. Blur.

Branches procumbent, drooping. Primary spines weak, short,

slightly furrowed. Wings shorter than the keel, straight.
On heaths, downs, and commons. Plentiful in the South of
England but as the preceding sub-species has only recently been
;

separated, it is difficult to give the exact distribution. I have

seen growing in Kent, Surrey, Essex, and Hants. The so-called
it

U. nanus from the South-west of Scotland is probably U. Gallii.

England, Scotland ?, Ireland ?. Shrub. Autumn.
Very like but smaller and more procumbent, with the
U. Gallii,
spines much inch long, but, as in that plant, branched
shorter, \io\
only at the base, and the branches have still more of the bottle-
brush appearance. The flowers are smaller, and paler yellow.
Dwarf Furze.
French, Ajonc Nain.

GENVS II.— G E N I S T A. lAnn.

Calyx herbaceous or sub-herbaceous, bell-shaped, divided half-

way down or more into 2 lips, the upper lip bipartite, the lower
3-toothed or 3-cleft. Corolla much longer than the calyx standard ;

oblong-oval, erect (not spreading), shorter than or equal to the

 ;

8 ENGLISH BOTANY.

wings and keel ; keel obtuse, with a saccate impression above the
claw, at last reflexed. Stamens monadelphous. Style subulate,
curved at the summit. Stigma lateral at the apex of the style on
the inside. Pod oblong or linear-oblong, compressed or swollen,
exserted. Seeds generally numerous, with the funiculus generally
scarcely dilated at the liilum.
Small shrubs, with or without spines. Leaves commonly uni-
foliate, or more rarely trifoliate, with small or inconspicuous
stijiules. Plowers yellow, terminal and axillary ; solitary, or
more commonly in spike-like racemes.
The derivation of the name of this genus is variously given. One writer says it

comes from genu, the knee, in allusion to the angular or jointed appearance of its
twigs ; another, that it is derived from the Celtic word gen, a small bush.

SPECIES L— G E N I S T A ANGLIC A. Linn.

Plate CCCXXVL
Stems shrubby, branched; branches erect or ascending, wiry,
glabrous, spinous. Leaves glabrous, unifoliate those of the young :

shoots oval or elliptical, those upon the spines elliptical-linear.

Stipules obsolete. Flowers axillary, arranged so as to form lax
racemes. Calyx glabrous, with broadly triangular teeth, entirely
persistent. Corolla glabrous. Pod ovoid, turgid, glabrous.
On heaths and commons. Uather frequent and generally dis-
tributed, but not extending so far North as Orkney.

England, Scotland. Shrub. Spring and early Summer.

Kootstock woody. Stems 6 inches to 2 feet high, rather
slender, spinous and leafless below in old plants, the branches
densely leafy, the younger and flowering ones without spines, the
older portions with slender spines from J to 1 inch long. Leaves
shortly stalked, somewhat leathery, § to -J
inch long, elliptical
but those on the spines or abortive lateral branches much nar-
rower. Pedicels scarcely so long as the calyx. Flowers about
\ inch long, yellow. Calyx glabrous, the upper lip with two oblong-
triangular teeth, the lower with three triangular equal teeth.
Standard glabrous, keel longer than the standard and wings. Pod
reddish-brown tinged with green, falling out of the calyx readily
when ripe, J inch long, swollen so as to be nearly cylindrical, not
bossulated, much curved towards the base on the upper side,
truncate obliquely upwards at the apex, which terminates in a
beak. Seeds 6 to 10, ovoid, black, shining. Foliage delicate pea-
green. Plant glabrous.
Needle Furze, Fetty Whin.
French, GenH Anglais. Gevma,D, Unglischer Ginst.
 CCCXXVI.

Genista Auglica. Needle Furze.

 CCCXXVII.

Genista pilosa. Hairy Green-Weed.

 LEGUMENIFER^. 9

SPECIES II.— G ENISTA PILOSA. Linn.

Plate CCCXXVII.

Stems shrubby, much branched. Branches procumbent, striate,

glabrous or with adpressed pubescence, without spines. Leaves
silky-hairy beneath, unifoliatc, oblanceolate or obovate, with tooth-
like stipules. Flowers axillary, arranged in dense racemes. Calyx
densely pubescent, with broadly lanceolate teeth, entirely persis-
tent. Corolla with the outside of the standard and keel hairy.
Pod linear-oblong, much compressed laterally, hairy.
On sandy and gravelly heaths. Very local in Cornwall, Sussex,
Pembroke, Suffolk, and Worcestershire.
England. Shrub. Spring.

Stems much branched, "rooting" (Gr. and Godr.), leafless below.

Leaves very shortly stalked, about J inch long, folded longitu-
dinally. Peduncles produced from the centre of a fascicle of
leaves, longer than the calyx, without bracteoles. Plowers about
\ inch long, yellow. Calyx silky, with the upper lip having 2
lanceolate lobes, the lower with 3 small triangular teeth. Pod
blackish, falling out of the calyx readily when ripe, f inch long,
laterally compressed so as to be nearly flat, bossulated by the seeds
causing the portion over them to bulge outwards. Seeds 3 to 7,
globular compressed, olive-coloured. Of this species I have never
seen living examples.
Hairy Green Weed.
French, Genet Vehc. German, Behaarter Ginst.

SPECIES III.— GENISTA TINCTORIA. Linn.

Plate CCCXXVIII.

Stems shrubby, much branched. Branches erect or ascending,

rarely decumbent, striate, glabrous or slightly pubescent, without
spines. Leaves glabrous, ciliated (or pubescent only on the ribs and
margins), unifoliate, elliptical, with small adnate stipules which have
a triangular point. Elowers axillary, arranged in dense racemes.
Calyx glabrous or slightly pubescent, with subulate teeth, at length
splitting in a circumcissile manner a little above the base, the teeth
and upper portion of the tube falling off when the fruit is matured.
Corolla glabrous. Pod linear-oblong, much compressed laterally,

glabrous, or hairy only on the margin.

Yar. a, glabra.

Branches erect or ascending. Plant glabrous.

VOL. III. c
10 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Var. 3, humifiisa.

Branches decumbent, hairy. Margins and midribs of the

leaves, peduncles, bracts, calyces, and back of the valves of the pod
hairy.

In meadows, pastures, and heaths, and on the borders of fields.

Not uncommon in England, but rare in Scotland, where the neigh-
bourhood of Kirkcudbright on the "West, and the Pentland Ilills
on the East, are the most northern localities on record. Var. 3 at
Kynance Cove, Lizard, Cornwall.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Late Summer, Autumn.

Hootstock creeping. Stems much branched, especially below,

rather stiff, 1 to 2 feet high, with adpressed leaves. Leaves J to 1
inch long, very shortly stalked, with long hairs on the margins.
Elowers -^ to f inch long, bright yellow, on pedicels shorter than
the calyx. Bractcoles subulate, applied to the calyx. Calyx-teeth
longer and more slender than in the preceding species. Pod 1 to
IJ inch long, brown when ripe, surrounded at the base by a
prominent rim, w^hich is all that remains of the calyx, the upper
part being deciduous. Seeds olive, 5 to 10, orbicular-compressed,
dim. Plant bright green.
Var. |3 diflPers by its smaller size, more procumbent branches,
and by having these, as well as the midrib of the leaves, pedicels,
calyces, and back of the valves of the pod, hairy.

Dyers' Green JFeecl, IVoocl Waxen.

French, Genet des Teinturiers. German, Fdrher Ginst.

All parts of this plant yield a yellow dye, and have long been used by dyers for
])roducing this colour, especially for wool that is to be dyed green with woad. In
some parts of England the plant is collected in large quantities by the poor and sold to
the dyers. The ashes form an alkaline salt, which has been used as a remedy in dropsy
and other diseases.

GENUS III.—S AROTHAMNUS. TF^lmmer.

Calyx herbaceous, shortly campanulate, 2-lipped, the upper lip

emarginate or 2-toothed, the lower a little longer and 3-toothed,
both lips at length scarious at the apex. Corolla with the standard
spreading, suborbicular, cordate at the base, longer than the wings
and keel. Keel obtuse, at last reflcxcd. Stamens monadelphous,
with the tube cleft. Style very long, much curved, or rolled into
a ring. Stigma terminal, capitate. Pod oblong, compressed and
 CCCXXVIII.

Genista tinctoria- Dyer's Green-'WeecL

 CCCXXIX.

E^.1339

Sarothamnus scoparius. Common Broom.

 LEGUMENIPERiE. 11

much exserted. Seeds numerous, with the depressed hilum covered

by the dilated extremity of the funiculus.
Shrubs with erect angulated green branches, not spinous.
Leaves stalked, trifoliate the upper ones subsessile and? unifoliate.
:

Stipules none. Elowers large, golden yellow, axillary, solitary

and in pairs, stalked, drooping.

The name is derived fi'om (rapoQ (saros), a broom, and Oa^tvoe (thamnos), a bush.

SPECIES L-SAROTHAMNUS SCOPARIUS. Koch.

Plate CCCXXIX.
S. vulgaris, " TFimmen" Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 348.
S. communis, " Wimmy Fries, Sum. Yeg. Scand. p. 48.
Spartium scoparium, Linn. Sm. Eng. But. No. 1339.
Genista scoparia. Lam. Die. Yol. II. p. 623.

Cytisus scoparius, Link. Enum. Yol. II. p. 241.

Leaves trifoliate, stalked, those from which the flowers are pro-
duced sessile and frequently unifoliate. Style coiled, enlarged and
furrowed at the apex. Pods much compressed, glabrous except on
the margins.
On low hills, heaths, commons, waysides, and in woods. Very
common, and generally distributed as far North as Sutherland.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Spring and early Summer.

A
much-branched shrub 1 to 5 feet high, with green, deeply
furrowed, straight branches. Leaves with the leaflets elliptical-
obovate, i to ^ inch long the petioles about as long as the leaflets,
;

except those from which the flowers are produced. Plowers on

long pedicels, bright yellow, 1 inch long, arranged in racemes
which are often combined so as to form panicles. Calyx widely
bell-shaped, laterally compressed, divided by a shallow notch into
an upper and lower lip, the two sepals of the upper and the three
of the lower lip being only indicated by extremly short teeth both ;

the divaricate lips becoming scarious at the margins. Pod 1^ to

2^ inches long, linear-oblong, much compressed, bossulated over
the seeds, black when ripe, hairy on the upper and lower sutures,
the valves opening with elasticity and twisting upon their own axis
when ripe. Seeds olive, roundish ovoid, compressed, shining, with
an oval depression at the hilum, where the funiculus spreads out
into a 2-lobed expansion. Plant deep green, hairy.
Common Broom.
French, Spartain h Balais. German, Besenartige Pfrienen.

Of all our leguminous shrubs, the Broom is perhaps the favourite, and has, besides
its own attractions, the interest of historic and poetic associations. It was not
 — — —

12 ENGLISH BOTANY.

unknown to the ancients, and is mentioned by Pliny, though it is probable that they
were best acquainted with the Spanish broom, Spartium junceum. Our English poets
have delighted to sing of the golden blossoms and bright green branchlets of this
beautiful planj;. Chaucer says :

"Amid the Broom he basked him in the sun."

Cowper tells us of
" The Broom,
Yellow and bright as bullion unalloyed."

Wordsworth says :

'<
The Broom,
Full-flowered, and visible on every steep,

Along the copses runs in veins of gold."

While the northern ballad, so characteristic of the strong love of " Home, be it ever so
homely," of the Scotch declares,
" More pleasant far to me the Broom
That blows sae fair on Cowden Knowes,
For sure so sweet, so soft a bloom,
Elsewhere there never grows."

Its almost perennial blossom is well described by a Welsh poet :

" Its branches are arrayed in gold,

Its boughs the sight in winter greet,
With hues as bright, with leaves as green.
As summer scatters o'er the scene."

But we might go on adding to the list of poets who have loved to describe the
beauties of this favourite shrub. The Scotch claim the Broom, and delight to tell of
the favoured spot
" Down among the Broom, the Broom,
Down among the Broom, my dearie.
The lassie lost her silken snood.
That gaed her greet till she was wearie."

And Burns, in a burst of patriotism, celebrates his native haunts of love and poesy.

" Their groves of sweet myrtle let foreign lands reckon,

Where bright beaming summers exalt the perfume j

Far dearer to me yon lone glen of green breckan,

Wi' the burn stealing under the lang yellow Broom.
Far dearer to me are yon humble Broom bowers.
Where the bluebell and go wan lurk lowly unseen ;

For there lightly tripping amang the wild flowers,

A-listening the linnet oft wanders my Jean."

Nor is the " bonnie broom " less conspicuous in the annals of heraldry than in
song. Ordinary school history tells us that King Henry II. of England, wearing the
Broom, Ftanta genista, in his cap, assumed and transmitted the royal surname of
Plantagenet ; but there is strong evidence to prove that Fulke, Earl of Anjou, the
grandfather of Henry, assumed the Planta genista as an emblem of humility on leaving
 LEGUMENIFERiE. 13

for tlie Holy Land ; but the plant has been from a remote period the badge of
Bretagne. May not it have been assumed by Henry on account of his claim to the
sovereignty of that country, which he afterwards obtained.
The Broom frequently occurs as an ornament in the wardrobe rolls both of
England and France, We read that the queen of Richard II. had a dress of rosemary
and broom in gold and silk on a white ground. A Broom plant, his own heraldic
device, with its open pods despoiled of its seeds, ornaments the tomb of this same
lady'shusband in Westminster Abbey, Antiquarians have spent not a little learning
and research on the origin of this simple emblem. We are inclined to agree with the
charming authoress of " Weeds and Wild Flowers," who says, "They have overlooked
the simple beauty of this design — they have not felt with the designer the truthful
force of the silent record. The ripened seed had fallen from its husk ; the germ of
immortality was parted from its shell ; the body was laid in the dust and the soul
was called into a life eternal ere the marble tomb was raised." Rarely, indeed, does
the sculptured shield or stately tomb convey its lessons to us with so much truth and
dignity as in that empty broom-pod. Those who are learned in old historic lore tell

us that from very early times the Broom was a favourite emblem in France. In the
year 1234, St. Louis, as he is called, celebrated the coi-onation of his queen by
establishing a new or4er of knighthood — the Soldiers of the Broom Mil'des genestellce,

the collar of which was composed of broom-flowers interwoven with the white lily, signi-

fying humility and purity, and bearing a golden cross with the motto "Exaltat humiles."
In 1368 we read of Charles Y. of France bestowing the insignia of the " Broom-pod"
on his favourite chamberlain. In 1389, Charles YI. gave the same decoration to his
kinsmen, creating them knights of " the Star of the Broom-pods," The Highland
clan Forbes are true Plantagenets so far as their device goes, for the Broom is still their
distinctive badge.
The Broom is known to be a very exhaustive crop to the land, so that a hedge
of it will impoverish the ground for some distance on each side of it. It is said that

sheep which eat the pods become subject to a sort of intoxication, and yet it is
supposed by farmers to be beneficial to them in some conditions, and the intoxicating
'

effects soon pass off. The inebriating properties of these pods do not act only on
the brute creation. Allan Ramsay, when speaking of the ale brewed by a certain
landlady, says :

" Some say it was with pith (pips ?) of broom,

Which she stowed in her masking loom,
Which in our heads raised sic a soom."

Before the introduction of hops, broom-tops were often used to communicate a

bitter flavour to beer. The young flower-buds are occasionally j)ickled and used as a
substitute for capers. The stems yield an excellent fibre, which was formerly woven
into cloth in this country, and is now used for this purpose in the south of France,
while the refuse supplies the manufacture with firing. Paper is also made from this

fibre. As an article of domestic cleanliness, the Broom may have originally obtained

its common name.

" The vagrant artist oft at eve reclines,

And Broom's green shoots in besoms neat combines."

Dr. Prior tells us that the name " comes from Brom or Brame, a word of the same
origin as bramble, but at present applied exclusively to a shrub of which besoms are
made, and called from it brooms." The branches have been used for tanning leather.
14 ENGLISH BOTANY.

showing the existence of tannic acid. The seeds, when roasted, form no bad sub-
stitute for coflee. The wood when it is suffered to attain a sufficient age is much
prized by cabinet-makers, who employ it in veneering. The twigs are used for

thatching cottages and ricks, and the whole plant, when burned, yields an ash which
contains 29 per cent, of carbonate of potash. The salt of broom, or Sal Genistse, was
formerly used in medicine ; so that we may really say that there is not a portion of this

plant without its use.

Medicinally the Broom has long been administered as a diuretic, and we find

that broom-tops are still retained in the New Pharmacopoeia of the United Kingdom,
published 18G4. They are given as "the tops fresh and dried from indigenous plants."
Dodoen recommended a decoction of the tops in dropsy, and for " stoppages of the
liver." The powdered seeds have likewise been administered, and sometimes a tinc-
ture is employed. Dr. CuUen recommended a decoction of the plant very strongly,
and his testimony is supported by Pereira and others. It is said that Broom acts
beneficially in dropsy when all other remedies have failed. Dr. Mead mentions a
case of this kind ; and it is recorded that some soldier.s of the Swedish army, who
suffered from dropsy after an epidemic fever in 1759, were cured by taking a lixivium
of the ashes of the Broom. Gerarde abounds in recommendations of this plant, but
does not confine its virtues to the only disease for which it is supposed to be efiectual,
but tells us of all sorts of fleshly ills for which it is an efiectual cure. He records
" that theworthy prince of famous memory, Henry VIII., king of England, was
wont to drinke the distilled water of broom-fiowers, against surfets and diseases
thereof arising."

GENUS IV,— O N O N I S. Linn.

Calyx herbaceous, campanulate, 5-cleft, with long narrowly

triangular teeth. Standard broadly oval, keeled on the back, with
the lamina spreading; keel produced at the apex into a sharp-
pointed beak directed towards the standard. Stamens niona-
delphous, rarely diadelphous. Style very long, geniculate-ascending.
Stigma terminal, subcapitate. Pod short, inflated, exserted or
included in the calyx. Seeds few, with the funiculus not dilated
at the hilum.
Perennial herbs or undershrubs, often with long woody root-
stocks, with or without spines. Leaves stalked, pinnately trifoliate,
or the upper ones unifoliate. Stipules more or less adlicring to
the petioles. Plowers rose-colour, purple, or yellow, axillarj'^ and
terminal, sessile, or more often pedunculate. Peduncles 1- or more-
flowered.
The derivation of the name of this genus is from oi'oc {onoa), an ass. One author
considers that it refers to the hindrance which it gives to these or other animals when
employed at the plough ; and another writer says that it was given because some of the
species are -said to bo giateful to asses.
 cccxxx.

^^

E.B. 082.

Ononis campestris. Upright Rest-harrow.

 LEGUMENIFERiE. 15

Section I.— BUGHANA. D. C.

Peduncles very short, 1-flowered, without an articukition

beneath the flower.

SPECIES I.-ONONIS CAMPESTRIS. Koch.

Plate CCCXXX.
Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 74.

Koch & Ziz. Cat. Pal. 22 (iion Sleh.). Gr. <fe Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 373. Fries,
Sum. Veg. Scand. pp. 48, 162.
O. arvensis, 8m. Eng. Bot. No. C82.
O, arvensis, var. /3, Hook. & Am. Brit. Fi. ed. viii. p. 97. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl.
p. IGO.
O. gpinosa, Linn. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 173.

Rootstock short, not creepmg, without subterranean stolons.

Stem erect or ascending, firm, much branched, generally (but not
always) with a number of spreading spines which are frequently
in pairs, slightly glandular-hairy, with a woolly strip on one side,
which changes sides at each node. Lower leaves trifoliate, the
upper ones generally unifoliate leaflets linear-oblong, denticulate.
;

Flowers solitary and axillary, chiefly on the bases of the spines, in

an elongated panicle or raceme towards the upper part of the
branches. Peduncles shorter than the calyx. Calyx with its
segments nearly equal, shorter than the mature pod. Corolla
much longer than the calyx. Pod erect, lenticular-ovoid, laterally
compressed. Seeds 1 to 3.
On commons,barren pastures, and road-sides. Plentiful in
England, but apparently more rare in Scotland, where it has not
been recorded northward of Haddingtonshire and Dumbartonshire
possibly it occurs in Eorfar shire ; but there it may be the spinous
variety of the following species.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer and Autumn.

Rootstock short, woody. Stems stifle, purplish, with ascending or
erect branches, 1 to 2 feet high. Spines ^ to 1 inch or more long,
spreading, leafy at the base, as it is only the apex of these stunted
branches which become barren. Leaves shortly stalked, with
large conspicuous oblong adnate stipules, which have a free ovate-
acuminate apex leaflets stalked, oblong or strap-shaped, \ to
;

^ inch long, with very prominent lateral veins, each of which is

excurrent into one of the teeth. Calyx with 5 strap-shaped lan-
ceolate equal teeth longer than the tube. Elowers f inch long,
pale rose-colour, with deeper-coloured lines, darker on the apex of
 ;

IG ENGLISH BOTANY.

the keel, occasionally entirely white. Pod olive fawn-colour, f inch

loni^, with a short beak bent downwards. Seeds dark reddish-
brown, roundish, compressed, granulated with small prominent
points, and having a deep circular depression at the hilum. Plant
deep-green, more or less glandular-pubescent. An undershrub,
the greater part of the stem dying in winter, the branches at first
unarmed, but I have never seen it without spines late in the
season.
r^TJjiright Hest-Uarroio.

French, Bugrane J^pineuse. German, Dornige Ilauhechel.

By old writei's this plant is also called Cammock- Furze or Petty Whin. Gerarde
eays •*
it is sooner found than desired of husbandemen, because the tough and woodie
rootes are cumbersome unto them, by reason they do staie the plough and make the
oxen stande whereupon it was called Eest Plough or Rest Harrow." It seems
;

difficult to destroy it by fallowing and is called by old herbalists Arresta bovis

;

and Eemora aratri. Gerarde says that being boyled in Oxymel

:
" Pliny reporteth *

(or the syrup made with hony and vineger) till the one half be wasted, it is given
to those that have the falling sicknesse. The tender sprigs or crops of tliis shrub,
before the thornes come forth, are preserved in pickle, and be very pleasant sauce to
"
be eaten with meat as a sallad, as Dioscorides teacheth.'

SPECIES II.— ONONIS ARVENSIS. Fries.

i^tl^i-^ iL/ fr, Pirate CCCXXXI.

0. arv/nsis, ^'Linn" Benth. in Eng. Bot. Sup. No. 2659. Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v.

p. 74. Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand. pp. 48 and 162 {Linn. Syst. Veg., nee. Herb.).
^0. arvensis, *'
Linn." var. a, Jlook. & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 97. Benth. Handbook
'l. t Brit. Fl. p. 159.

0. i>roc\irrens,Wallroth, Sched. Grit. p. 381. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 374.
0. repens, "Linn." Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 173.

very long, emitting subterranean stolons.

Pv^ootstock Stem
procumbent and rooting at the base, then ascending or prostrate
rather weak, much branched, most commonly (but not always)
without spines, glandular-hairy all round. Lower leaves trifoliate,
the upper ones unifoliate ; leaflets oblong, or oblong-obovate,
denticulate at the margin. Plowers solitary and axillary in an elon-
gated raceme towards the upper part of the branches. Peduncles
shorter than the calyx. Calyx with the segments nearly equal,
longer than the mature pod. Corolla much longer than the calyx.
Pod erect, Icnticular-ovoid, laterally compressed. Seeds 1 to 3.
In pastures, sandy places, and on clilTs by the sea-coast.
Common, and generally distributed, except in the extreme North of
Scotland.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer and Autumn.
 '^ ';U^^U-^W, CCCXXXI.

li.B.B. 265&.

Ononis arvensis. Procumbent Rest-haxrow.

 LEGUMENIFEIl^. 17

Distinguished from tlie last, Avhicli it closely resembles, by its

procumbent growth, and the pods being shorter than the sepals.
The whole plant is less rigid, with larger leaves, and in this
country at least, is usually destitute of spines. It is much more
clammy to the touch, and has a stronger odour. The flowers are
more distinctly racemose.
As a satisfactory proof of the specific distinction between
this and the last species, although so much alike, I may men-
tion that the larvae of the moths Heliothis marginata and peltigera,
whicli feed upon the present plant, refuse to eat 0. campestris
— showing there is some difference in their chemical compo-
sition.
Linnseus appears to have had a very indistinct idea of the two
preceding species of Ononis, if one may judge from the altera-
tions in their nomenclature made by him from time to time. In
the first edition of the " Species Plantarum," p. 716, there are
two names to represent these two, and doubtless a third species
—
not found in Britain, the O. hircina of Jacquin. These are O.
spinosa, with a var. 3 mitis, and 0. repens. In the second edition,
at p. 1006, there is an addition of O. antiquorum to the above,
and in O. spinosa he has var. a mitis and var. /3 spinosa. In the
twelfth edition of the " Sy sterna Naturae," vol. ii. p. 478, O.
spinosa is entirely expunged, and he gives O. antiquorum, O.
arvensis, and O. repens. On turning to his Herbarium, there is a
specimen of the O. campestris of Koch, a narrow-leaved form, named
O. "antiquorum."* There is a second specimen of O. campestris
(Koch), the broad-leaved form, with two names (both in Linnseus's
—
handwriting) upon it, O. " spinosa " and O. " arvensis ;" the latter
probably written at a later date. Besides this, on another sheet,
there is O. hircina of Jacquin bearing the name of O. " arvensis"
in Linnaeus' s own handwriting. A
small stunted specimen of O.
procurrens (Wallr.) is also in the Herbarium, bearing the name of
O. "repens."
In this inextricable confusion I have retained the names
"campestris" and "arvensis," because they are in general use in
this country, though I have great misgivings respecting the
expediency of this course as when the botanists of each country
;

seek only to preserve unity of nomenclature within restricted geo-

graphical areas, it is fatal to all general agreement on the subject.
Besides, the name O. arvensis has been used to include both our
species, and it is always better to discard such a name, unless a
majority of botanists have agreed to use it in a restricted sense,
or there be sufficient evidence to show that the originator of the

* This is not the autiquorum of Gr. & Godr., " Flore de France," as it has large

flowers and an apiculate standard.

VOL. III. D
18 ENGLISH BOTANY.

name intended it to apply to only one of the forms which subse-

quent writers have placed under it.

J?rocumhent Hest- Harrow, Wild Liquorice.

French, Bugrane des Chamjjs. German, Feld JIauccIiel.

Section II.— NATRIX. Mdnch.

Peduncle often elongated, 1- or several - flowered, with the

pedicels articulated to it. "When there is only a single flower,
there is thus an articulation beneath it.

SPECIES III.— ONONIS RECLINATA. Linn.

Tlate CCCXXXII.

Rootstock none. Stem ascending or decumbent, with numerous

weak spreading branches, without spines, glandular-hairy all
round. Leaves all trifoliate leaflets oblong-obovate or obovate,
;

denticulate only at the apex. Flowers solitary, axillary, in a short

compact raceme at the termination of the branches. Pedicels
longer than the calyx, at length hooked so that the calyx droops
after flowering. Calyx with the lower segment much shorter than
the others. Corolla about as long as the calyx. Pod drooping,
oblong-cylindrical. Seeds numerous.
In sandy places. Very rare. Among the d6bris at the foot of
a cliff overhanging the rocky shore three miles north-west of the
Mull of Galloway, Wigtownshire and between the Hermit Rock
:

and Corbelet's Ray, and on the hills of Mauney, near La Trieve,

Alderney. There can be but little doubt, however, that the
Scotch locality found by Professor Graham is one where the plant
is not indigenous.

[Scotland.] Channel Islands. Annual. Summer.

Asmall plant, the British examples which I have seen not
being above 2 inches long ; but on the Continent it sometimes
attains the size of 6 inches. Leaflets ^ to ^ inch long, tapering
towards the base, acutely toothed at the rounded or subtruncate
apex ; middle leaflet stalked. Stipules large, half-ovate, adliering
for the greater portion of their length to the leafstalk. Peduncles
slender, ascending, with the articulation marking the commence-
ment of the pedicel near the apex; pedicel first straight and
ascending, but after flowering curved sharply round. Calyx very
deeply divided, the 4 upper lobes elliptical-lanceolate, the lower
one which is mucli sliorter, linear-lanceolate. Plowers f inch
 CCCXXXII.

E.B.S, 2838.

Ononis reclinata. Small Spreading E-est-harrow.

 CC(LXXXIII.

*>^

E.B. 104.

Anthyllis Vulneraria. Commoa Kidney Yetch.

 LEGUMENirER^. 19

with the wings and keel paler. Pod in the British

lonp^, rose-colour,
specimens not longer than the calyx, hrown and glandular-hairy.
Plant dull-green, entirely viscous and pubescent.
Small Spreading Mest-Uarrow.

Sue-Tribe II.—VULNEUAEIEiE.

Stamens monadelphous. Pod 1-celled. Leaves pinnate, with

an odd terminal leaflet, the lower ones occasionally unifoliate, from
the abortion of the lateral leaflets.

GENUS F.—ANTHYLLIS. Linn.

Calyx more or less coloured, tubular-inflated, indistinctly
2-lipped, upper lip 2-toothed, lower 3-toothed. Standard oval,
spreading, as long as the wings and keel wings adhering to the ;

keel above the claws keel obtuse or

; very slightly beaked, with a
depression on each side above the claw. Stamens monadelphous.
Style subulate, curved, ascending towards the apex. Stigma ter-
minal, caj)itate. Pod stipitate, suborbicular, compressed, 1- or
2-seeded, completely inclosed in the tube of the calyx, which in
fruit becomes much swollen, membranaceous, bladdery, and with
the teeth connivent at the apex.
Herbs or undershrubs, with the flowers yellow, purple, or rose-
colour, in lateral and terminal heads.
The word antbyllis is an ancient name given to a number of plants, coming from
avQog (anthos), a flower. One etymologist adds to the derivation the word lovXoe (ioulos),
down, in reference to the flowers being usually downy.

SPECIES I.— ANT HYLLIS VULNERARIA. Linn.

Plate CCCXXXIII. / v X^
Stems herbaceous. Leaves pinnate, the lower ones with the
terminal leaflet much larger than the others, which in the radical
leaves are frequently absent. Heads of flowers generally in pairs.
Calyx-tube with the mouth oblique, inflated in fruit when it be-
comes white and chaff-like ; upper teeth longest, ovate-triangular,
united together nearly to the apex, the 3 lower lanceolate-subulate,
the lowest shortest of aU. Pod extremely small, quite concealed
in the calyx-tube.
Var. a, vulgaris.

A. vulneraria, Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Yol. II. p. 146.

Plowers yellow. Involucre generally shorter than the flowers.

 — ;

20 ENGLISn BOTANY.

Var. 3, Dillenii.
A. Dillenii, Schidtz. Boreau, 1. c.

Flowers red. Involucre nearly as long as the flowers.

Ondry banks and pastures. Uather common, and generally

distributed. Var. /3 on the South-west coast of England and Wales.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.

Uootstock woody, branching into numerous heads, which pro-
duce straight, stiff, ascending stems, 6 to 18 inches long, or even
more. Iloot-lcaves on long stalks, with a large elliptical terminal
leaflet, and frequently a few much smaller lateral ones. Stem-
leaves with from 2 to 6 pair of linear-elliptical leaflets, and an odd
one. Elowcr-heads 1 to 1\ inch across, subsessile, involucrate,
generally in pairs at the top of the stem, one of them a little more
distinctly stalked than the other; occasionally there are axillary
sessile heads, but more generally the axillary heads are at the
termination of short branches. Elowers f inch long, not much
exceeding the calyx. Petals with very long claws. Limb of the
standard with an appendage at the base on each side wings and ;

keel adhering together. Pod about \ inch long, half-oval, apicu-

late, glabrous, reticulated. Seeds 1 or 2, ovoid, smooth.
Var. is smaller than a, and may be a distinct sub-species but ;

I have only seen dried specimens, and none of them have the ripe
fruit from which Professor Boreau takes some of his characters
his A. Dillenii having the pod more longly stipitate, and with
a straight instead of a curved apiculus.
Common Kidney Vetch , Ladies' -finger, or Lamb-toe.

French, Anthyllide Vulneraire. German, Gemeiner Wundklee.

The specific name of this plant indicates its reputation in pharmacy as an

astringent and vulnerary. It is said that Gesner first raised the report of its proper-
ties in this respect, which are, however, very doubtful, and possibly consist in nothing
but its soft downy nature, which may on emergency serve to stanch blood, and give
time for nature to effect a cure. The belief in its virtues was, however, great at one
time, and in 1727 it was regularly sold in the Dublin market by the name of Stanch.
A yellow dye may be obtained from it. It affords excellent pasture for sheep.
Where the soil was a reddish clay, Linnaeus remarked the blossoms to be red ; but in
white clay, white.

Dr. Withering says " In Portugal we have always found them red."
: In
England most commonly, as the rustic poet observes,
" The yellow Lamb-toe I have often got,
Sweet creeping o'er the banks in sunny time."

All the species of Anthyllis are very beautiful when in flower, and this little
British species is quite worth cultivation.
 CCCXXXIV

Medicago sativa. Common Lucerne.

 LEGUMENIFEEiE. 21

SuB-TiUBE III.— TEIEOLIEiE.

stamens diadelphous, the upper one being free from the other 9.

Pod 1-celled,without spurious partitions. Stem generally herba-

ceous. Leaves trifoliate, generally with denticulate margins and
numerous excurrent nerves.

GUNUS rz—ME DIG A GO. Limt.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed teeth elongated, equal or the

;

upper ones shorter. Corolla deciduous. Standard scarcely spread-

ing, longer than the wings and keel. Wings not cohering at the
apex. Keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous, not adhering to the
petals, filaments not dilated towards the apex. Style glabrous,
with a capitate stigma. Pod exserted, reniform, sabre-shaped,
or (most commonly) rolled up like a compressed spiral spring,
many-seeded, rarely 1-seeded, indehiscent or opening only at the
external suture.
Herbs, often annual or biennial, more rarely undershrubs or
shrubs, with the leaves pinnately- trifoliate, with herbaceous stipules
adhering by their bases to the petioles. Plowers yellow, more
rarely purple, usually in stalked axillary heads or short racemes
more rarely the inflorescence is reduced to sub-solitary flowers.
The name of this genus is said to come from Medike, a name given by Dioscorides
to a Medean grass.

Section I.— PALCAGO. Beich.

Pod many-seeded, dehiscent, sabre-shaped, or twisted into a

loose helix leaving an aperture in the centre of the coil, without
spines, and without a concentric extra-marginal nerve.

SPECIES I.— ME DIG A GO SATIVA. Linn. ^

UA>4<yf
Plate CCCXXXIV. '
; '
-

Fries, Mant. III. p. 91.

Pootstock woody. Stems hollow, erect, much branched;

branches ascending. Plowers numerous, in oblong rather loose
racemes standard streaked with violet lines. Pods downy, twisted
;

into a loose spiral of 2 or 3 turns.

On pastures, dry banks, and borders of fields. Not uncommon
22 ENGLISH BOTANY.

in districts where Lucerne is cultivated, but having no claims to

be considered indigenous.

[England, Scotland.] Perennial. Summer and Autumn.

Stems stout, erect, 1 to 2 feet high, hollow, cylindrical with
raised lines. Leaves stalked ; leaflets elliptical-oblanccolate, -^ to
IJ inch long, denticulate towards the apex, the central one
inserted on the common petiole above the others. Stipules lanceo-
late-subulate. Elowers ^ inch long, bluish-purple, more rarely-
yellowish, in axillary stalked racemose heads, which are from J to
1^ inch long. Pedicels shorter than the calyx. Calyx with the
teeth triangular-subulate, nearly equal, longer than the tube.
Standard longer than the calyx-teeth and exceeding the wings and
keel. Mature pod rupturing the calyx, olive-brown, forming a
helix of about J inch in diameter, and generally making about 2i
turns, pubescent with adpressed hairs and faintly reticulated.
Seeds yellowish-brown, rectangular-oval, smooth, dim, with a deep
depression at the liilum. Plant bright-green, with scattered ad-
pressed pubescence.
The yellowish-flowered variety is considered by Koch and Pries
to be the M. media of Persoon, while Godron and Boreau refer
that name to M. sylvestris (Fries).

Common Lucerne,
French, Luserne. German, Luzerne.

As a fodder plant the Lucerne has been cultivated for ages in the South of Europe.
It was brought into notice in England by Ilarte, in 17a7, and since that time has
been commonly cultivated in light lands. It grows very rapidly, and may be cut in
favourable seasons twice or three times. On land adapted to it it will yield good crops
for six or seven years, or longer. At one time Lucerne was a very favourite plant
with the farmer, and it is said that cattle thrive better on it than on any other kind
of food. One writer estimates that three horses might be kept on | of an acre.
Various circumstances, however, have interfered with the regular culture of this crop
in our own country, and its value as an agricultural plant has been much discussed.
According to Sir Humphry Davy, its nutritive properties are, when compared with
red clover and saintfoin, as 23 to 39. Pigs, sheep, and cows eat it greedily ; but it

must be given only in moderate quantities, or disease is likely to ensue.

SPECIES IL— M EDICAGO FALCATA. Linn.

Plates CCCXXXV. CCCXXXVI.

Kootstock woody. Stems solid, decumbent at the base, diffusely
branched. Branches spreading. Plowers numerous, in short
racemes or corymbose-racemose heads. Pods downy, falcate, semi-
circular, or twisted into a ring.
 cccxxxv.

Medicago sylvestris. Fries' Lucerne.

 LEGUMENIFER.E. 23

Sub-Species I.— Medicago sylvestris. Fries.

Plate CCCXXXV.
M. sylvestris, Fries, Mant. III. p. 92. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 75,

M. falcata, var. Hook. & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii, p. 98. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl.

p. 161.
M. media, " Fers." (falcato-sativa), Feich. Fl. Germ. Excurs. p. 504.
M. falcato-sativa, Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 382.
M. falcata, [j versicolor, Wallroth, Sched. Crit. p. 398. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv.

ed. ii. p. 176.

Plowers in a short raceme, yellow changing to blackish green,

finally becoming purplish at the tips standard striped with dark- ;

green lines. Pod coiled into a semicircle or into a complete flat

ring.
In sandy and gravelly places. Rare. Confined to the counties
of Cambridge, Norfolk, and Sufi'olk, where these three are con-
tiguous, in the neighbourhood of Chippingham, and Thetford, and
at Cromer.
England. Perennial. Summer and Autumn.
Stems weaker, more branched and diffuse than in M. sativa.
Leaflets generally smaller and narrower. Plowers in shorter heads,
and the pods not coiled, never making more than a single turn and
sometimes less.
The greater number of botanists consider this plant either as
a hybrid between M. sativa and M. falcata, or as a variety of
the latter, to which it appears to be really more nearly related.
Pries gives as a distinguishing character the pith being inter-
rupted, not contiguous so as to make the stem perfectly solid as in
his M. falcata ; but this does not appear to be the case in the few
specimens which have come under my notice. Pries emphatically
denies the possibility of its being a hybrid, giving, however, no
reason for his opinion. But as in this country it appears to be
found in places where M. sativa does not occur, this may be one of
the grounds on which he has arrived at this conclusion.
The pod, though generally making one complete turn, is occa-
sionally very little more curved than in the ordinary form of
M. eu-falcata of this work ; and the disposition of the flowers is
also variable.
As
I have never seen the plant alive, I do not feel competent
to give any decided opinion on the distinctness of M. sylvestris as
a species ; so I have adopted the middle course of considering it as
a sub-species of M. falcata, of which, however, it is possible that
merely a variety this, however, can only be tested by long-
it is ;

continued cultivation from seed.

Fries' Lucerne.
2i ENGLISH BOTANY.

Sub-Species II.— Medicago eu-falcata.

Plate CCCXXXVI.
M. falcata, Fries, Mant. III. p. 93. Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 75. Gr. & Godr.
Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 383.

Flowers in a short corymbose raceme, yellow ; standard streaked

with dark brown lines. Pod twisted on its axis, not coiled, nearly
straight or falcate.
In sandy and gravelly places. Rare. In Cambridgeshire,
Norfolk, and Suffolk, growing with M. sylvestris. It has been
also reported from Devon, Dorset, Sussex, Kent, Surrey, Hertford,
Glamorgan, Yorkshire, and Durham but the greater number of ;

these stations are either mistakes, or the plant has been perhaps
introduced with ballast or otherwise.
England. Perennial. Summer and Autumn.
Stem 1 to 2 feet high, diffusely branched. Leaves elliptical
or strapshaped-elliptical, J to | inch long, denticulate at the apex.
Plowers 8 inch long, bright yellow, in small head-like racemes
about J to f inch long. Pod i to f inch long, generally very
slightly curved upwards, and never forming more than a semicircle.
Seeds closely resembling those of M. sativa, but rather smaller.
Plant bright-green, slightly pubescent.
The original figure in English Botany (which is retained in
the present edition) certainly represents this plant, but the ripe
jiod added below is that of M. sylvestris, and has doubtless been
drawn from a different specimen, so that a new drawing of the pod
has been made.
Yellotv Lucerne,
French, Luserne en Faudlle. German, Sichel/ormiger Schneckenhlee.
This plant has been l)ut little cultivated in England, but in Switzerland is grown
to some extent as a fodder crop, being there considered hardier than Lucerne. Its
nutritive qualities are probably equally great.

Section II.— LUPULINiE. Gr. & Godr,

Pod 1-seeded, indehiscent, kidney-shaped, with the empty apex
coiled into a small helix, without spines and without a concentric
extra-marginal nerve.

SPECIES III— M EDICAGO LUPULINA. Linn.

Plate CCCXXXVII.
Pootstock none. Stems spreading or procumbent. Leaflets
roundish, inversely-deltoid at the base. Elowers in axillary stalked
 CCCXXXVI.

E.B. 1016.

Medicago eu-falcata. Yellow Lucerne.

-i

1^

o3

.S

1^
 LEGTJMINIFER^. 25

globular-ovate densely racemose heads, which become oblong in

fruit.Pod slightly curved, with the apex alone coiled, the sides
marked with elevated ridges which anastomose and form a network
with elongated meshes.
In pastures, on dry banks, roadsides, and in waste places, &c.
Extremely common, and generally distributed.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual or biennial. Spring

to Autumn.

Stems varying in length from a few inches to 2 feet, much

branched. Leaves on long stalks, the uppermost subsessile, tri-
foliate, with the middle leaflet separated from the others leaflets ;

J to f inch long, obovate or roundish, with an inversely-deltoid

base, linely denticulate towards the apex, where it is emarginate,
with a sharp tooth in the centre of the notch. Stipules half-cordate-
ovate, cuspidate, finely denticulate, adhering to the petiole at the
base. Peduncles J to 1^ inch long. Plowers bright yellow, ^ inch
long, very numerous, in heads ^to f inch across. Pedicels shorter
than the calyx. Calyx-teeth lanceolate-acuminate, longer than the
tube. Standard longer than the wings and keel. Head of fruit
J to f inch long. Pod black, glabrous or slightly pubescent, i to ^
inch long to the end of the kidney-shaped portion, after which the
apex makes a complete turn ; but this coil has a much smaller
diameter than that of the circle of which the kidney-shaped portion
forms part. Seed solitary, transversely ovoid, yellowish, slightly
shining, smooth, with a tubercle close to the hilum, which is
depressed. Plant bright-green, sub-glabrous or hairy: on dry
chalky banks it is sometimes densely pubescent.

Black Medick, Nonsuch, Yelloio Clover, Shamroch.

French, Luserne Lupuline. German, Hopfen Schneckenklee.

This plant is cultivated in Norfolk, and is there called Black Nonsuch and Sham-
rock. It is considered by some farmers as one of the most valuable of artificial grasses,

and is excellent fodder for sheep. It is frequently mixed with rye-grass and clover.

Section III.— SPIEOCAKPOS. D. C.

Pod many-seeded, indehiscent, coiled into a close helix without

an aperture in the centre of the coil, with a concentric extra-marginal
nerve on each side of the dorsal suture, and commonly bordered
with spines or tubercles.

VOL. III. E
20 ENGLISH BOTANY.

srECIES I V — M EDICAGO DENTICULATA. WUld.

Plate CCCXXXVIII.
M. polycarpa, WUld. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 389.

No rootstock. Leaflets oblanceolate-obcordate, not blotched.

Stipules with long slender laciniae on the margins. Flowers few,
in long-stalked, lax sub -umbellate lieads. Pods coiled into a spiral
making from 2 to 4 turns, orbicular-discoid; coils reticulated,
becoming very slightly smaller towards the apex, with strong an-
astomosing veins on the faces their back narrow, with a single
;

dorsal nerve and a broad lateral furrow on each side of it (^. e.

between the dorsal and extra-marginal nerves). Spines or tuber-
cles in 2 rows, divaricate, hooked at the end or nearly straight.
Seeds numerous, reniform, notched at the hilum. Plant glabrous,
or nearly so.
Var. a, vulgaris,
M. denticulata, WUld.

Spines subulate, equalling half the diameter of the coils.

Var. 3, apiculata.

M. apiculata, WUld. Sp. PI. Vol. III. p. 1414. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii.

p. 180.

Spines very short, straight.

On sandy banks and dry chalky waste places. Not un-

common in the South and East of England in Devon, Dorset, —
Hants, Sussex, Kent, Essex, Suffolk, and Norfolk. It has occurred
in several other places, but doubtless introduced either with ballast
or among continental seed.

England, [Scotland,] Ireland. Annual or biennial. Spring

and Summer.
Stems several from the crown of the root, prostrate, 3 inches to
2 feet long, with 4 longitudinal furrows. Leaves stalked leaflets ;

\ to 1 inch long, wedge-shaped or inversely deltoid, rounded and

denticulated in the apical half, notched at the apex, with a slender
tooth in the centre of the notch. Stipules half-triangular-sagit-
tate, cut into numerous long slender segments. Peduncles axillary,
2- to 10-flowered. Elowers bright-yellow, about J inch long, um-
bellate, on very short pedicels. Calyx-teeth triangular-subulate,
longer .than the tube. Pod olive, about \ inch across, regularly
coiled, the coils becoming very little smaller towards the apex,
their sides netted with very prominent elevated veins ; back of the
 CCCXXXVIII.

H.B.S. 2634.

Medicago denticiilata. Reticulated Medick.

 CCCXXXIX.

E.B. 1616.

Medicago maculata. Spotted Medick,

 LEGUMINIFER^. 27

coils sharp,with a strong marginal nerve and another a little way

from on either side. Spines variable in length, in 2 rows, each
it
spine connected both with the dorsal nerve and also with the one
on that side towards which the spine is directed, so that its base
interrupts the furrow that runs between these nerves. Seeds
numerous, yellowish-brown, transversely oval, unequal at the base.
Plant bright-green, glabrous, or occasionally with a few scattered
hairs.
Heticulated Iledick.

French, Luserne Denticulee. German, Gezahnffruchtigei' Schnechenklee.

SPECIES V—MEDIC AGO MAC U LATA. Sihth.

Plate CCCXXXIX.
M. polyraorpha, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot. ed. i. No. 1616.

Rootstock none. Leaflets inversely deltoid, obcordate, gene-

rally with a dark blotch in the centre. Stipules denticulate,
with triangular acuminated teeth on the margins. Flowers few, in
long-stalked, lax sub-umbellate heads. Pods coiled into a spiral
making 4 or 5 turns, globular, scarcely compressed ; coils becoming
gradually smaller towards the apex, not reticulated, but with
indistinct concentric veins on the faces their back rather broad,
;

with a double nerve and a very narrow lateral furrow on each side
of it {i.e. between the dorsal and extra-marginal nerves). Spines in
2 rows, divaricate, curved throughout. Seeds numerous, slightly
notched at the hilum. Plant with scattered hairs.
In pastures, waste places, hedge-banks, and by roadsides.
Prequent in the South of England, especially on sandy or chalky
soils, but not native North of Yorkshire.

England, [Scotland,] Ireland. Annual or biennial. Spring

and Summer.
Very like M. denticulata, but generally larger, the leaflets
broader and with a blackish -purple irregular blotch in the centre
of each. Stipules shorter and broader, and having triangular teeth
instead of the long slender segments of M. denticulata. When
in fruit, the two cannot possibly be mistaken for each other, as in
the present species the pod is coiled into a little ball about the size
of a large pea, not compressed, and without the elegant reticula-
tions on the faces present in M. denticulata. The dorsal nerve is
also double in M. maculata, the extra-marginal nerves are much
closer to it, and the spines are curved over the faces of the pod.
The whole plant is of a brighter green, and there are more or less
28 ENGLISH BOTANY.

numerous long scattered articulated hairs on the stem, petioles,

stipules, peduncles, and calyx.

Spotted Mcdick.

French, Luseme TacMe. German, Arabisclier Schneckenklee.

SPECIES VI.— ME Die A GO MINIMA. Lam.

Plate CCCXL.

Rootstock none. Leaflets narrowly wedge-shaped, truncate or

obcordate. Stipules half-ovate, entire or with a few short teeth
on the margins. Plowers few, in shortly-stalked, lax sub-umbel-
late heads. Pods coiled into a spiral of 3 to 5 turns, globular,
scarcely compressed, the coils becoming gradually smaller towards
the apex, not reticulated, but with very indistinct veins on the
faces; their back narrow, with a single nerve and a very broad
lateral furrow on each side of it {i.e. between the dorsal and extra-
marginal nerves). Spines in 2 rows, slightly spreading, straight,
most of them with a small hook at the summit. Seeds numerous,
reniform, witli a small tubercle at the hilum. Plant thickly
covered with short stiff hairs.

In dry sandy places. Hare. Confined to the South-east of

England, where it certainly occurs in Kent, Suffolk, Norfolk,
Essex, and Cambridge. It has been reported from other counties,
but probably erroneously.

England. Annual or biennial. Spring and Summer.

A small plant, with numerous rigid prostrate stems, 2 inches

to 1 foot long. Leaflets rarely above J inch long, very narrow.
Elowering peduncles shorter than the leaves, 2- to 5-flowered.
Elowers yellow as in the preceding species, but smaller, about J inch
long. Pods i to ^ inch in diameter, resembling small burrs with
the spines generally longer in proportion than in the preceding
species ; extra-marginal nerve very remote from the dorsal nerve,
having a broad shallow furrow interrupted by the bases of the
spines. Plant greyish-green, with the stems stouter in proportion,
and with shorter internodes than in M. maculata. Pods much
smaller, about the size of a sweet-pea seed.

Little Bur MedlcJc.

French, Luseme Naine. German, Kleinster Schneckenklee.

 CCCXL.

E.B.S. 2635.

Medicago minima. Little B\u: Medick.

 CCCXLI.

n 1340.

Molilotuy oilicinalis. Common Meiilot.

 LEGUMINIFER^. 29

GENUS r/J—MELILOTUS. Tournef.

Calyx campanulatc, 5-tootlied teeth elongated, sub-equal, or the

;

upper one shorter. Corolla deciduous. Standard scarcely spreading,

equal to or longer than the wings and keel wings not cohering ;

at the apex, adhering to the keel above the claw. Keel obtuse
stamens diadelphous, not adhering to the petals; filaments not
dilated towards the apex. Style filiform, glabrous ; stigma terminal.
Pod stipitate, exserted, ovoid or oblong, straight, 1- to 4i-seeded,
indehiscent.
Herbs (generally biennial) with the leaves pinnately trifoliate ;
the leaflets usually finely and acutely toothed the stipules adnate ;

to the petioles ; flowers yellow, more rarely white, in slender

elongated stalked racemes.
The name of this genus comes from the words Tnel, honey, and lotus ; meaning
honey-lotus. The plants are a favourite resort of bees.

SPECIES L— ME LILOTUS OFFICINALIS. WiM.

Plate CCCXLI.

Hook, k Am. Brit. El. ed. viii. p. 100. Benth. Handbook Brit. El. p. 162. Wallroth,

Sched. Crit. p. 390. Fries, Sura. Veg. Scand. p. 48.

M. macrorrhiza, Pers. Syn. Plant. Vol. II. p. 348. Koch, Syn. El. Germ, et Helv.

ed. ii. p. 182. Gr. t Godr. El. de Er. Vol. I. p. 402.

Trifolium officinale, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1340.
T. Melilotiis officinalis, var. y, Linn. Sp. PI. ed. ii. p. 1078.
T. macrorrhizum, Walclst. und Kit. PI. Ear. Hung. Tab. XXYI.

Root much thickened, and elongate. Stem erect, branched

throughout. Eacemes elongated, dense both in flower and in fruit.
Corolla more than twice as long as the calyx standard, wings, and ;

keel, all equal in length. Pod obovate-ovoid, shortly stipitate,

shortly acuminate and apiculate at the apex, faintly reticulated
with indistinct raised veins, and with short adpressed hairs on the
sides.
In bushy places, borders of fields, and by roadsides. Hather rare,
but pretty generally distributed in the southern part of the Island,
especially near the coast ; rare in Scotland, and probably introduced
in most of the localities : it has the appearance, however, of being
wild in Haddingtonshire.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Biennial or perennial. Late
Summer and Autumn.
30 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Root tapering, frequently of the thickness of a man's finger.

Stem very firm, almost woody at the base, 1 to 4 feet high.
Leaflets ^ to 1 inch long, those of the lower leaves obovate, those
of the u])per elliptical, all serrate. Stipules triangular-subulate,
witli the base adhering to the leafstalk. Racemes axillary, stalked,
j to 2 inches long when in flower, 1 J to 3 inches long (excluding the
stalk) when in fruit. Plowers deep yellow, ^ inch long. Calyx-
teeth nearly equal, triangular-subulate, as long as the tube, which is
not ruptured by the mature fruit. Pedicels about as long as the
calyx-tube when in flower, and then slightly curved, but hooked
downwards when in fruit. Pod ^ inch long, black when ripe,
with an indistinct network of elevated veins, and numerous short
adpressed deciduous hairs. Seeds 1 or 2, yellowish, cordate-ovate,
with the base unequal, compressed. Plant bright-green, glabrous,
or nearly so.
Common Ilelilot.

French, Melilot Officinal. Gei-man, GebrducMicher Steinklee.

At one time this plant was cultivated in England for fodder, but it is now seldom
seen, having, like the Medick, given place to the clover. In Switzerland and the
neighbouring countries it abounds in the pastures, and is an ingredient in the green
Swiss cheese called Schabzeiger, which made in the canton of Glarus, and is by many
is

persons highly esteemed. It is stated in many books that this plant enters into the
composition of the Gruycre cheese, which is altogether erroneous. The Schabzeiger cheese
is made by the curd being pressed in boxes with holes to let the whey run out and ;

when a considerable quantity has been collected, and putrefaction begins, it is worked
into a paste with a large proportion of the dried herb Melilotus reduced to a powder.
The herb is called in the country dialect " Zieger kraut," curd herh. The paste thus
produced is pressed into moulds of the shape of a common flowerpot, and the putrefac-
tion being stopped by the aromatic herb, it dries into a solid mass, and keeps unchanged

for any length of time. "When used it is rasped or grated, and the powder mixed with
fresh butter is spread upon bread. It is either much relished or much disliked, like all
such substances with a singular taste and smell. The whole plant has a peculiar scent,
which becomes more perceptible when it is dry, and has some resemblance to Anthox-
anthum, the sweet-smelling vernal grass. The flowers are sweet-scented, and a water
distilled from them is used for giving flavour to various substances. In medicine this
herb has had its day. It was at one time esteemed emollient and digestive. It is
recommended by Gerarde in all manner of disorders — be
for a poultice, the juice to
dropped into the eyes to " clear the sight ; " alone with water to heal wens and ulcers,
and also mixed with a little wine it " mitigatheth the paine of the eares and taketh
away the ])aine of the head." That the Melilot was at one time a very common
crop in England we have Gerarde's testimony, for he says, " for certainty no part of
the world doth enjoy so great plenty thei'eof as England, and especially Essex, fori have
seen between Sudbury in Suffblke and Clare in Essex, and from Clare to Ilessingham,
very many acres of earable pasture overgrowne with the same ; in so much that it doth
not onely spoil their land, but the corn also, as Cockle or Darnel, and is a weed that
generally spreadeth over that corner of the shire."
 CCCXLII.

H.B.S. 2689.

Melilotus alba. White Melilot.

 LEGUMINIFERyE. 31

SPECIES II —M E L I L O T U S ALBA. Lam.

Plate CCCXLII.

Hook, k Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 100. Berdh. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 163.
Frm, Sum. Yeg. Scand. p. 48. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 183. Gr. & Godr.
Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 402.
M. vulgaris, " WilW Wallroth, Sched. Crit. p. 393. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v.

p. 76.

M. leucantha, Koch, ap. D. C. Fl. Fr. Vol. V. p. 5G4. Hook, in Eng. Bot. Sup.
No. 2689.
Trifolium Melilotus officinalis, var. ft,
Linn. Sp. Plant, ed. ii. p. 1078.

E-oot slightly thickened and elongated. Stem erect, branched

throughout. Racemes much elongated, rather lax, especially in
fruit. Corolla twice the length of the calyx. Standard longer
than the wings and keel, which are equal. Pod ovoid, slightly nar-
rowed at the base, shortly apiculate and acuminate at the apex,
distinctly reticulated with prominent raised veins on the sides,
which are quite glabrous.
In waste places, particularly on railway-banks. Not un-
common, but apparently not permanently established in any of its

localities.

[England, Scotland, Ireland.] Biennial. Late Summer and

Autumn.
This plant differs from M. officinalis by its more slender root and
stem, which, however, attains as great a height ; by its more slender
and lax racemes, smaller flowers, which are about \ inch long,
and white. The pods are also smaller, \ inch long, less distinctly
stipitate, and less enlarged towards the apex, with a much more
distinct network of veins on the faces, and destitute of the
adpressed hairs which more or less thickly clothe those of M.
officinalis.
The standard exceeding the corolla and wings, which are of
equal length, will sufficiently distinguish the flower even in a dried
state.
As Willdenow describes his M. vulgaris as having the wings
longer than the keel, though shorter than the standard, it is most
probable that his plant belongs to a white variety of the following
species.
TFJiite Melilot.

French, Melilot Blanc. German, Weisser Steinhlee.

32 ENGLISH BOTANY.

SPECIES III.— M ELILOTUS ARVENSIS. Wallroth.

Plate CCCXLIII.

Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 7G. Uenth. Handbook Brit, Fl. p. 1G3. Ilook. & Am.
Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 100.
Wallroth, Sclied. Crit. p. 591. Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 48.
M. officinalis, '^
Lam." Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 183. Gr. & Godr.
Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 402.
M. Petitpierreana, " Wllldenow." lieich. Fl. Excurs. p. 498.

Root slightly thickened and elongate. Stem erect, branched,

especially near the base. Racemes elongated, rather dense in
flower, but lax in fruit. Corolla twice the length of the calyx.
Standard longer than the wings, which exceed the keel in length.
Pod shortly stipitate, shortly oval-o^oid, scarcely acuminated but
apiculate at the apex, with very conspicuous transverse folds,
which are at length replaced by seams on the faces, which are quite
glabrous.
In waste places and roadsides. Rare, and probably native only
in Essex, Herts, Cambridge, Norfolk, and Suffolk. In Kent and
South Essex I have seen it growing plentifully in grass fields,
doubtless introduced with continental seed, and I have specimens
which grew under similar circumstances, from Yorkshire and
Lancashire. In Scotland, found only on the ballast hills at St.
David's, Eifeshire.

England, [Scotland,] Ireland. Biennial. Late Summer and

Autumn.
Closely resembling the two preceding, but not so tall, being
from 1 to 3 feet high, most branched towards the base. Elowers
about the size of M. alba, generally pale yellow, but some-
times white, when it appears to be the M. Petitpierreana of
Willdenow. Eruiting racemes more elongated than those of
M. officinalis, but less so than those of M. alba. Pod J inch
long, not black when ripe as in the two preceding, but brownish-
olive, rounder and less acuminate at the apex than in either ; when
young it is marked with strongly- defined transverse wrinkles or
folds, but when mature, the folds disappear, and in their places, or
rather by the side of where they were, seams or furrows are to be
found. In dried specimens in flower, the keel, standard, and
wings being each a little longer than the other serves to distinguish
this from the two preceding species.

Field Melilot.
French, Melilot de Petitpierre. German, GebrauchlicJter SteinMee.
 CCCXLIII.

U.B.S. 2960.

Melilotus arvensis. Field Melilot.

 CCCXLIV

Melilotus parviflora. Small-flowered Melilot.

 LEGUMINIFERJE. 33

)^ SPECIES IV.— ME LI LOTUS PARVIFLORA. Besf.

Plate CCCXLIV.

Ilooh. k Am. Brit.. Fl. eel. viii. p. 100.

Desfontaines, Fl. Atlantica, Vol. II. p. 192. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii.

p. 183. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 401.

M. indica, All. Fl. Pied. Vol. I. p. 308. Coss. k Germ. Fl. de Par. ed. ii. p. 159.

Trifolium Melilotus indica, Linn.il) Sp. Plant, ed. ii. p. 1077.

Eoot slender, not elongate. Stem erect, flexuous, branched.

Kacemes elongated, rather lax in fruit. Corolla not twice the length
of the calyx ; standard longer than the wings and keel, which
are equal. Pod sessile, glohular-ovoid, rounded and apiculate at
the apex, reticulated with strongly-marked elevated veins on the
sides, which are quite glabrous; upper suture not thickened or
channelled.
In waste places and by roadsides, and in cultivated fields. A
plant which has been introduced in this country within the last
few years, but is now not uncommon about Battersea and Wands-
worth. It has also occurred near Liverpool, and it is highly
probable that it will extend its area in course of time, as it appears
to thrive in the localities where it is at present established.

[England.] Annual. Summer and Autumn.

A much smaller plant than any of the preceding, from 6 to 15
inches high, with the stems slender and ilexuous. The flowers
much smaller, pale yellow, with the calyx-teeth shorter and trian-
gular, not subulate. The pods are much rounder, olive when ripe,
about ^ inch long, reticulated like those of M. alba, but with the
veins more distinct. The seed is always solitary, brownish,
roughened with small prominent points, the plant also appears
to be truly annual, which is rarely the case with any of the pre-
ceding, although they may occasionally be so.

Small-floioered llelilot.
French, Melilot h Petites Fleurs. German, Kleinbhtmiger Steinklee.

GENUS FJ/7.— TRIGONE L LA. Linn.

Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed teeth elongated, sub-equal, or ;

the upper ones longer. Corolla deciduous standard equal to or ;

longer than the wings and keel; wings not cohering at the apex;
keel usually extremely short, obtuse, generally shorter than the
wings. Stamens diadelphous, not adhering to the petals; fila-
VOL. III. F , >' ,
^ J .J y,
34 ENGLISH BOTANY.

ments not dilated towards the apex. Style filiform, glabrous.

Stigma obtuse. Pod exserttul, linear, usually compressed, slightly
curved, or nearly straight, many-seeded.
Herbs, often annual, with the leaves trifoliate, the leaflets
often toothed. Stipules adnate, small. Plowers yellow or white,
axillary and subsolitary or in pairs, or in stalked heads or short
racemes.
The genei'ic name conies from tlie Greek words rpeic, three, and ywrtn, an angle,
in allusion to the triangnlar appearance of the flower,

SPECIES T.—TRIGONELLA ORNITHOPODIOIDES. RC.

Plate CCCXLV.
J/ook & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 101. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 1G3.
Gr. & Goclr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 398.
Trifolium ornithopodioides, Linn.'Eng. Bot. No. 1047. J^ab. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 79.

Trifoliiim Molilotns ornithopodioides, Linn. Sp. PI. ed. ii. p. 1078.

Mcdicago ornithopodioides, Fries, Mant. III. p. 93.

Falcatula Falso-trifolinm, Brotero, Phyt. p. 160.

Aporanthus Trifoliastrum, Blomfield, Fl. Vect. p. 117.

Stems prostrate. Leaflets wedgeshaped-obovate, strongly toothed.

Stipules lanceolate - subulate, entire. Plowers few (1 to 5), in a
shortly-stalked umbellate head. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, longer
than the tube. Corolla one-third longer than the calyx standard ;

longer than the wings and keel the latter nearly as long as the
;

wings. Pod oblong, obtuse, slightly compressed, nearly straight,

about twice as long as the calyx, without nerves on the faces.
Seeds G to 8.
On gravelly or sandy banks and commons. Hare, but widely
distributed,though chiefly near the coast. I have seen specimens
only from Somerset, Hants, Kent, Essex, Ayr, and Edinburgh.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual or biennial. Spring

and Summer.
Stems spreading in all directions, lying flat on the ground, 1 to
5 inches long. Leaves on long stalks, with 3 digitately trifoliate
leaflets \ to f inch long, with very prominent veins terminating
in sharp teeth. Stipules large, acuminated, membranous, with
a few parallel herbaceous ribs. Peduncles axillary, shorter than
the petioles, generally 2l or 3-flowered. Calyx-teeth triangular-
subulate. Plowers very slender, | inch long, white tinged witli
flesh-colour. Standard tapering gradually to the base wings and ;

keel suddenly narrowed into long slender claws. Pod J to f

 CCCXLV.

Trigoneila oniithopodioides. Bird's fool Henugrvcly

 LEGUMINIFER.E. ^5

inch loni;*, brown when ripe, straii^ht on the upper suture, i>'ently
curved on the lower, truncate-rounded at the apex, with an apiculus
at the extremity of the upper suture, dehiscing for the greater part
of its length. Seeds smooth, ovoid-compressed, reddish-brown, or
pale olive with dark elongated blotches. Plant greyish-green,
glabrous, with sometimes a few hairs on the calyces.
This plant bears no resemblance to any British species, except
Trifolium subterraneum, but it may be readily distinguished from
that plant by being smaller, glabrous, with the petals free, inclining
to flesh-colour instead of straw-colour by the absence of barren
;

calyces when in fruit, and by the long, exserted, many-seeded pod.

T. ornithopodioides accords ill with the other species of the genus
Trigonella, which have the keel so minute that the flowers appear,
on a cursory examination, to have only 3 petals but it agrees still ;

worse with the genus Trifolium, from which it is separated by its

free petals, caducous corolla, and much exserted dehiscent many-
seeded pod. Erom Medicago, in which Eries places it, by its less
compressed and nearly straight pod, and the less compressed seeds
not unequal at the hilum. Probably it ought to be placed in a
genus by itself, as proposed by the late Dr. Bromfield.
Birds* Foot, Fenugreek.

French, TrigoneUe Fled trOiseau.

This sitecies is placed in the same genus as the Trigonella Foeniim grcecum, the
Common Fenngi-eek, which was foimerly cultivated by the Romans, and is still employed
ill the agriculture of the South of Europe. The seeds have a medical reputation not as
given internally, hut as poultices, fomentations, and emollient applications. 'An old
remedy in the Pharmacopoeia oleum e mucilaginibus contained these seeds, but they are
now no longer used except by grooms and farriers in veterinary medicine.

GENUS IX— H RIFOLIUM. Linn.

Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 5-toothed teeth elongate, gene- ;

rally unequal. Corolla persistent and withering, sometimes

retaining its form but becoming scarious after flowering; more
rarely deciduous ; petals usually united ; standard scarcely spread-
ing, equalling or exceeding the wings and keel ; wings free at
the apex, often diverging; keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous,
more or less adhering to the petals ; filaments slightly thickened
towards the apex. Style filiform, glabrous. Stigma terminal,
capitate. Pod short, sessile and included in the tube of the calyx,
or stipitate and slightly exserted, ovoid, not compressed, 1- to 4-
seeded, often indehiscent.
Herbs with the leaves digitately-trifoliate (rarely pinnately-
trifoliate), the leaflets often toothed, and the stipules adnate.
36 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Flowers wbitisli, rose-colour, purple, or yellow, in heads or compact

which are axillary or terminal and generally many-flowered.
spikes,

The name of this genus at once expresses its peculiarity, coming from tres, the
Latin word for tliree, and yb/iit?M, a leaf; all the species having trifoliate or three-
parted leaves. The Greeks call it r^uijtvXXoy the French, trcfle ; and the English, trefoil
;

or clover.

Section I.— TRICOCEPIIALUM. Koch.

Heads axillary, with few fertile flowers, burying themselves

in the earth after flowering. Corolla caducous. Calyx without a
callous or hairy ring at the mouth of the throat; fructiferous
calyces dilated by the pods, covered by the sterile calyces, wliich
are produced after flowering, and reflexed over the fertile ones
so as to look almost like an involucre situated at the apex of the
head instead of at its base. Pod sessile, enclosed in the tube of the
calyx, 1-seeded.

SPECIES I.— TRI FOLIUM SUBTERR ANE UM. Lhm.

Plate CCCXLVI.

Annual, pubescent. Leaflets obcordate, nearly entire except

at the apex. Stipules adnate for half their length, ovate-acute.
Elower-heads stalked. Fertile flowers 2 to 5. Calyx-teeth setaceous,
as long as the tube. Corolla longer than the calyx. Upper flowers
numerous, barren, produced after the fertile ones, reduced to abor-
tive calyces, with the tube filiform, rigid, terminated by 5 points or
around which they form a
teeth, reflexed over the fertile calyces
coma. Fructiferous calyx ovoid, ruptured by the pod, marcescent.
Among short herbage on pastures in sandy and gravelly places,
not unfrequent in the South of England, extending as far North as
Lancashire, Nottinghamshire, and Norfolk.

England. Annual. Early Summer.

Stems numerous, simple or slightly branched, ])rostrate, 2 to 18

inches long. Leaves on long petioles, digitately trifoliate leaflets ;

i to f inch long, inversely deltoid, obcordate, finely denticulated

at the apical margin. Stipules very large, half-ovate, acute, ad-
nate to the petiole for half their length. Peduncles varying in
length from 1 to 3 or*4 inches, hooked at the apex in fruit.
Fertile 'flowers generally 2 or 3, subsessile, ^ inch long, white
tinged with cream-colour, at first erect, afterAvards spreading.
Flowering calyx with a cylindrical tube ^nd 5 subulate-filiform

^^' rk 3e^''f^w j^j^'^r^ /^^^ ^'^''^"^

y, er^i rrU.
-^-^^
/
 CCCXLVI-

E.B. ]04>^

Trifoliura subterraneum. Subterranean Trefoil.

 CCCXLVII.

/'

E. P> vno.

Trifolium pratense. Red Clover.

 LEGUMINIFERJi:. 37

teeth fruiting calyces reflexed, with a membranous ovoid tube

:

and curved teeth barren calyces produced above the fertile flowers,
;

after the corolla has fallen, at first appearing like a tuft of white
fleshy tapering fibres, which press back the fertile calyces against
—
the peduncle afterwards, 5 points or teeth shoot out from the apex
of the fleshy fibres, representing the calyx-teeth. Petals very long
and narrow, cohering so as to form a tube ; standard very slightly
spreading, streaked with purple lines ; wings shorter than the
standard, but longer than the keel. Pods globular, compressed,
with a single dark brown shining seed. Plant pale bright-green,
very hairy.
This plant is remarkable for the pods being generally matured
beneath the ground. At first both the peduncles and flowers are
erect, i.e. parallel to the prostrate stems but after flowering, the
;

peduncle bends at the extremity, so that its apex is directed ver-

tically downwards. At this time the growth of the barren calyces
presses back the spreading fertile ones, until these are so much
reflexed as to be parallel to the peduncle in a direction contrary to
their original one, with their mouths directed away from its apex,
and consequently towards the sky preserving
: this direction, they
bury themselves in the earth, and become rooted beneath the surface
by the filaments issuing from the apex of the head, while the reflexed
barren calyces protect the pods in their passage downwards.
Subterranean Trefoil.
French, Trejle Souterrain.

Section II.— LAGOPUS. Koch.

Heads of flowers sub-globose, oblong, or cylindrical. Plowers

numerous, sessile or sub-sessile. Pedicels without bracts at the
base. Calyx not becoming vesicular in fruit, with a more or less
conspicuous callous ring in the throat, or a circle of hairs; calyx-
teeth generally ciliated, equal, or the lower one largest. Corolla
purple, rose, white, or ochreous, persistent, marcescent, usually
shrivelling. Pod sessile within the calyx, 1-seeded.

SPECIES II.— T III FOLIUM PRATENSE. Linn.

Plate CCCXLVII.

Ilootstock branched, producing tufts of leaves, and straight,

erect or somewhat decumbent, slightly branched or simple stems.
Leaves distant, with oval or elliptical leaflets, only those of the lower
leaves notched at the apex, finely denticulate on the margins, or
nearly entire. Stipules membranous, with numerous nerves whicli
anastomose near the margin, adnate for two-thirds their length, with
38 ENGLISH IJOTANY.

the free portion short, triangular, acuminated into an elongated

setaceous point applied to the petiole ; ni)permost leaves opposite,
close to the head of llowcrs, with greatly dilated stipules. Plower-
licads sessile, terminating the stem aud branches, at first sub-
globular, at length ovoid. Calyx-tube 10-nerved, hairy exteriorly,
and hairy and with a slight callous ring at the throat teeth very ;

slender, subulate-setaceous, with a slender central nerve, the 4

upper ones about equal to the calyx-tube, the lower one exceeding
it by one-half, undergoing very little alteration in fruit. Corolla
generally longer than the calyx. Plant pubescent or sub-glabrous.

Var. a, sativum.
T. sativum, Mill. Reich. Fl. Excurs. p. 494.

Stem erect and robust, furrow^ed, hollow. Leaflets ovate-oval,

nearly entire. Stipules very large. Calyx-teeth a little shorter
than the tube, erect when in fruit.

Var. 3, sylvestre,
T. pratense, lieich Fl. Excur.s. p. 494, Boreau, Y\. du Centre tie la Fr. eJ. iii. j). 10().

Stem ascending, rather slender, striated, usually solid.

Leaflets oval or elliptical-oval, usually denticulate. Stipules much
smaller than in var. a. Calyx-teeth about equal to the tube, and
spreading when in fruit. Corolla longer than the calyx-teeth.

Yar. 7, parvijlorwn.

Stem arched, ascending. Leaflets elliptical or oval-elliptical,

finely denticulate. Calyx-teeth as long as the tube, and equalling
or exceeding the corolla.

Var. by the borders of fields escaped from cultivation. Var.

a, ;

3, in pastures, roadsides, and waste places very common, and ;

generally distributed. Var. y, in dry places I have seen speci- ;

mens only from Porfarshire.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial or biennial. Spring
to Autumn.
Var. a (which is the cultivated red clover) has the stems 1 to
2 feet high. Lower leaves on long footstalks leaflets flaccid, ;

1 to 2 inches long, those of the lower leaves frequently notched

at the apex. Stipules of the lower leaves 1 to 1^ inch long, the
upper ones much shorter and broader, whitish and sub-mem-
branous, with numerous strongly-marked veins, which anasto-
mose at the margins, adnate for the greater portion of their length,
 LEGUMINIFER^. 39

the froc part very short, triangular, acuminated into a slender

awn-like point, and marked with anastomosing veins. Mower-
heads 1 to 1^ inch in diameter, sometimes in pairs, sessile or very
shortly stalked heyond the uppermost pair of leaves, which are of
unequal size, with the stipules dilated so as to be as broad as long,
and embracing the head of flowers. Calyx-tube with 10 distinct
elevated nerves, sometimes glabrous; teeth very slender, from a
triangular base, not very unequal in length. Corolla f inch long,
dull purplish-pink, or more rarely oehreous-white, turning brown
as it fades petals united into a tube at the base.
;
Pod small,
opening by an operculum. Seed ovoid, smooth. Plant more or
less hairy. Leaflets frequently with a curved transverse white
mark in the middle.
Yar. 3, whicli is the common wild state of the plant, is smaller
in all its parts, the stems being rarely above a foot long, and less
erect, sometimes indeed procumbent, and always more or less
curved towards the base the stipules, especially, are much smaller,
;

being from :^ to f inch long. The plant is generally more hairy,

especially on the calyx; and as the calyx-teetli spread more in
fruit, tlie fruiting heads look rougher. The flowers generally are
of a deeper purple.
Var. 7 has the flowers very much smaller than either in a. or 3,
and the projecting calyx-teeth give a bristly aspect to the heads,
whicli does not belong to either of the others.

Marl Grass, IIoneysucMe Trefoil, Med Clover^ So7ieij stalks.

French, Trefle des Pres. German, Roth Klee.

The red Ch)ver is perhaps the best known and commonest of our field crops, and

is most important to the farmer as a fodder plant in this country. In its wild state it

is perennial; but when grown artificially, it seldom lasts many years. It is usually

sown, with corn, m

the spring, and allowed to grow up after the crop is reaped ;
pas-

tured by sheep and cattle, and either cut for hay the following year or mowed several

times like lucerne, and employed for soiling or feeding in the farmyard. Rye-grass is

commonly sown with Clover, being considered to correct the heating properties of hay
made from Clover alone. Clover succeeds best on a deep sandy, but rich soil, which is

favourable to its long roots ; but it will grow on any soil, provided it be dry. Marl,
lime, or chalk, is very congenial to Clover — containing much alkaline matter and
lime ; it will not flourish on land that has been exhausted of these substances, and

which, consequently, becomes, in agi'icultural phrase, " clover-sick." Hence, it ought

not to be grown without allowing some years to elapse between each crop. On good
soils fitted for its production. Red Clover will yield upwards of three tons of hay per
acre. Like most plants of the kind, it is very succulent, and requires careful drying
befoi-e it is stacked. In some jiarts of Russia it is allowed to ferment in heaps before
drying, and cattle are said to relish it in this condition. To obtain clover-hay in its

most nutritive state, it is desirable to cut it before it is in full flower, —a rule which
ajiplies to all similar crops. The nuti-itive qualities of Red Clover, according to Sir
Humphry Davy, are as follows : — In 1,000 parts he found 39 of .soluble or nutritive
matter, 31 of starch or mucilage, 3 of sugar, 2 of gluten, and 3 of insoluble matter
4-0 ENGLISH BOTANY.

or refnRp. As a fodder plant, the Clover is very niiicli esteemed by all farmers, and,
according to Loudon, one acre is equal to three of ordiuaiy pasture for feeding horses
or black cattle, and the hay is reckoned more valuable by from 15 to 20 per cent,
than the same weight yielded by the best meadow-land.
In feeding cattle with green Clover, great care must be observed to prevent the
swelling or hoving, which is very apt to take place when they are first put upon this
food, especially if it be wet with rain or dew ; and the more luxuriant the Clover the
greater is this danger. After being accustomed to this rich food i'or a few days, during
which it should be given sparingly, the danger is less ; but it is never safe to allow
milch-cows to eat large quantities of wet clover. The Red Clover ai))>ears to have
been introduced into English agriculture linst in the year 1G45, by Sir Richard
"NVeston, who had observed its large and succe.ssful cultivation in Belgium. It appears
to have been grown on the Continent long before this time, the absence of the fine
natural pastures which we jtossess having led the French and German agricultui'ists
to encourage the growth of those plants which would form their best substitute.
Owing to the moisture of our climate, it is somewhat diflScult to obtain a supply of
clover-seed, and much that we nse is imported from Belgium and Holland. The seeds
and dry flowers of the Red Clover, like those of the white species, have been occasionally
used as a substitute for flour in bread-making, and those of all the native species might
pos.sibly be so emj)loyed.

SPECIES III.— TRI FOLIUM MEDIUM. Linn.

Plate CCCXLVIII.

llootstock with slender elongated branches. Stems ascending

or decumbent, flexuous, mostly branched. Leaves distant leaf- ;

lets oblong-elliptical, generally apiculate and not emarginate at

the apex, entire on the margins. Stipules herbaceous, with a few
nerves which do not anastomose, adnatc for half their length,
the free portion elongated, linear-triangular, not applied to the
petiole. Uppermost leaves generally way below opposite, a little
t he flower-head, with slightly dilated stipules.
Elower-heads shortly
stalked, sub-globular. Calyx-tube 10-nerved, nearly glabrous
exteriorly, without a callous ring, but with a ring of hairs in the
throat teeth very slender, subulate-setaceous, with a slender
;

central nerve, the 4 upper ones a little shorter than the calyx-
tube, the lower one exceeding it by about one-third; becoming
spreading, but undergoing very little alteration in size in fruit.
Corolla twice as long as the calyx. Plant sub-glabrous, with the
margins of the leaflets ciliated.
In bushy places, by roadsides, rocks, and meadows. Common
in the North of England and Lowlands of Scotland, but less so
towards the two extremities of the island.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer
and Autumn.
. o /
 CCCXLVIII.

E.B. 190.

Trifolium medium. Zigzag Trefoil.

 CCCXLIX.

F.B. 1221.

Trifoliuin ochrolcuoiim. JSulphur-colourcd Trefoil

 LEGUMINIFER.l':. -11

Stem rather slender, zigzag, 9 inches to 8 feet liigh. LoAver

leaves on long stalks, petioles becoming shorter as they are placed
higher on the stem leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, rather rigid, with
;

prominent veins, and an edging of soft hairs. Stipules f to 1-| inch

long, with the free portion one-half of their length or more, herba-
ceous except along the line of junction with the petiole. Flower-
heads terminal, more rarely axillary, in the latter case without a
pair of leaves beneath solitary or in pairs, 1 to IJ inch in diameter,
;

becoming a little elongated in fruit. Flowers f inch long, purplish-

rose. Fod splitting longitudinally, with an ovoid smooth seed.
Plant bright-green, slightly glaucous, sparingly hairy. The leaflets
glabrous when fully grown.
A taller and more straggling plant than T. pratense, with larger
and firmer leaflets, very different stipules, and deeper-coloured
flowers.

Zigzag Trefoil, Cow Clover, Jleadow Clover, Marl Grass.

French, Trefle inter mediaire. German, llittlerer Klee.

This species is sometimes cultivated in England as a fodder plant, but it is not

generally a favourite, being less pi^oductive than the Red Clover and move difficult to

extirpate when once grown. Its chief recommendations seem to be that it will resist

drought a,nd thrive on cold tenacious soils. Some writers, such as Sinclair, recommend
it as preferable to any other species for permanent pasture on light dry soils.

SPECIES IV.— TRIPOLI UM OCHROLEUCU M. Linn.

Plate CCCXLTX.

Eootstock branched, producing tufts of leaves, and nearly

straight ascending simple or very slightly branched stems. Leaves
distant leaflets obovate, oval, or elliptical, those
; of the lower
leaves notched at the apex ; all finely denticulate on the margins, or
almost entire. Stipules sub-herbaceous, with few veins which do
not anastomose, adnate for about one-half their length, with
the free portion lanceolate-acuminate. Uppermost leaves oppo-
site, a little way below the flower-heads, with dilated stipules.

Elower-heads shortly stalked, terminal, globose, at length ovoid.

'

Calyx-tube 10-ribbed, with the throat nearly closed by 2 opposite

callosities resembling lips teeth rather slender, lanceolate-sub-
;

ulate, with a thick central nerve; upper 4 shorter than the

calyx-tube, the lower one three times as long as the upper ones,
becoming rigid and spreading, but scarcely enlarged in fruit.
Corolla twice as long as the calyx. Plant pubescent.
In pastures, fields, and thickets, on dry clayey or gravelly soils.

VOL. III. G
42 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Very local ;
probably confined to tbc counties of Essex, Cambridge,
Herts, Suffolk, and Norfolk.
England. Perennial. Summer and Autumn.
Rootstoek many-hoadcd, producing tufts of long-stalked leaves
and flowering stems, wliicli are 9 to 18 inches high, erect, with a
slight curvature at the base. Leaflets ^ to 1 inch long, those of
lower leaves obovate, obcordate, becoming more oval or elliptical
and entire on the apex, as they are placed higher on the stem.
Stipules with long slender triangular points. The uppermost of
the alternate leaves remote from the pair of opposite ones these :

latter aregenerally considerably smaller in size, very shortly

stalked, and with the stipules broader. Elower-heads J to IJ inch
above the involucre, f to IJ inch in diameter. Flowers f inch
long, ochreous. The calyx-teeth erect wdicn in flower, but spreading
when in fruit, especially the lower one, which becomes reflexed.
Pod longitudinally striate, opening by an operculum. Seed ovoid,
smooth. Stem and petioles thickly clothed with spreading tawny
hairs, the leaves with adpressed hairs.
This plant has much the habit of T. pratensc, but the stipules
are more like those of T. medium. The pale-yellow flowers form a
conspicuous distinction from the common states of both these
plants, but one on which implicit confidence cannot be placed, as T.
pratense sometimes has flowers of that colour. The calyx-teeth
are decidedly broader at the base, and tapering gradually in a
triangular shape, and much more strongly nerved than in either
of the two preceding species.
Sulphur-coloured Trefoil.
French, Trejle Jaundtre. German, Blassgelher Klee.

This species has been recommended to the experimental agriculturist as a sub-

stitute for others in certain soils and situations ; but it has met with no favour, and is

not often grown at all.

SPECIES v.— TRI FOLIUM MARITIMUM. lluds.

Plate CCCL.

Rootstoek none. Stems several, ascending, branched. Leaflets

oblanceolate, entire. Stipules herbaceous, with few nerves which
do not anastomose, adnate for less than half their length, with
the free portion elongated, linear-triangular. Uppermost leaves
opposite, shortly stalked, below the flower-heads, with
a little
slightly dilated
stipules.- Elower - heads stalked, terminating
the stem and branches, globose-ovoid, becoming ovate-ovoid in
fruit. Calyx-tube 10-ribbed, sub-glabrous, the throat with lateral
callosities nearly closing its mouth teeth rather shorter than
;
 OCCL.

TrifoUum maritiniura. Teasel-headed Trefoil.

 CCCLI.

E.B. 15 i5.
Trifolium stellatum. Starry-headed Trefoil.
 LEGUMINIFER^. 43

the tube, triangular-subulate, the 4 upper nearly equal, shorter

than the calyx-tube, the lower one longer than the tube all ;

increasing in size and becoming rigid, spreading and somewhat

leaflike in fruit, 3-nerved, with the central nerve very thick.
Corolla twice as long as the calyx. Plant pubescent.
In grassy places by the sea and near brackish water, and in
salt marshes. Uare, and confined to the South of England. I
have seen it myself only in Kent and Essex, but have specimens
from Gloucestershire. It is also reported, on good authority, from
Somerset, Dorset, Suffolk, Norfolk, and Monmouth.

Eno'land. Annual. Summer.

Stems rather rigid, nearly straight, obliquely ascending, or in
tall specimens decumbent, 6 to 18 inches long, repeatedly branched.
Leaflets ^ to f inch long, widening towards the apex. Stipules ^
to J inch long, the free portion being about half this length, not
applied to the petiole. Heads ^ inch long, in fruit f inch. Elowers
pale flesh-colour, f to -| inch long. Calyx-tube becoming bell-
shaped, cylindrical and coriaceous in fruit, with 10 strongly-marked
ribs teeth then becoming spreading, herbaceous, with rigid nerves
;

which run out into almost spiny points. Pod 2-valved. Seeds
ovoid, smooth. Plant dull-green, pubescent, with distant short
hairs, or more rarely sub-glabrous.

Teasel-headed Trefoil.

French, Trejle Maritime.

SPECIES VT.—TRI FOLIUM STELLATUM. Linn.

Plate CCCLI.

Eootstock none. Stems few, erect or ascending, simple. Leaflets

wedge-shaped or inversely-deltoid-obovate, obcordate, denticulate
at the apical margin. Stipules sub-membranous, Avith numerous
herbaceous branching nerves which do not anastomose, adnate
for half their length, with the free portion large, broadly-ovate,
shortly- acuminate, often denticulate on the margins. Leaves all

alternate. Elower-heads long-stalked, terminal, lax, sub-globose.

Calyx-tube obconical, 10-ribbed, with long hairs, the throat having
an elevated ring bearing long woolly hairs, which completely close
its mouth ; teeth much longer than the calyx, all nearly equal,

subulate-filiform, erect in flower, triangular-subulate and spreading

in fruit, o-nerved, reticulated with long stiff hairs on the back.
Corolla about as long as the calyx. Plant pubescent.
4i ENGLISH BOTANY.

Perfectly naturalized ou the ballast - heaps along Shoreham

Harbour, where it has maintained its position since 1804.

England. Annual. Spring and Summer.

Stems 3 inches to 1 foot high, very slightly branched, and that
only in the largest specimens. Leaves very distant, the upper ones
on short stalks. Leaflets i to |- inch long. Stipules ^ to f inch
long. Heads inch across in flower, increasing to 1^ inch in fruit.
-2"

Flowers sub-sessile, f inch long, white, tinged with flesh-colour, but

inconspicuous from the long silky-haired calyx-teeth, which equal
them in length the teeth themselves scarcely lengthen in fruit, but
;

become much broader at the base, so as to assume an elongate-

triangular form, and spread horizontally like the rays of a star;
the mouth of the tube becomes completely closed with the white
hairs growing at the throat. Pod small, 2-valved. Seed ovoid,
compressed, smooth, shining.
This has very little resemblance to any of the preceding species.

Stamj-headed Trefoil.

Frencli, Trejie EtoUe.

SPECIES VII.-TRIPOLIUM INCARNATUM. Linn.

Plates CCCLII. CCCLIII.

Rootstock none. Stems several (rarely solitary), erect or

ascending, nearly simple. Leaflets inversely-deltoid-orbicular
truncate or very notched at the apex, finely denti-
faintly
culate on the apical margin. Stipules sub-membranous, with
numerous branching veins which do not anastomose, adnate for
three-quarters their length, Avith the free portion rather short,
oval, obtuse. Leaves Flower-heads stalked, terminal,
all alternate.

dense, ovoid or ovoid-cylindrical, slightly elongating in fruit. Calyx-

tube oblong, 10-ribbed, hairy, the throat having an elevated ring
bearing short hairs, which do not completely close its mouth ;
teeth subulate-aristate, than the tube, the four uj^per
longer
ones nearly equal, the lowest a little exceeding them, erect in
flower, becoming broader at the base and spreading in fruit, with a
very thick central nerve and long stiff' hairs. Corolla about as long
as the calyx. Plant pubescent.

Sub-Species I:— Trifolium eu-incarnatum.

Plate CCCLII.
T. incaruatum, lioreau, Fl. dii Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. j). 182.
T. iucaniatimi, var. «, Auct. I'lur.
 OOCLII.

Trifoiium eu-incarnatum. Crimson Clover.

 cociLin.

E.U.S. 2950.

Triloliiuu Molinciii. Balhi's Trefoil.

 LEGUMINIFERJ]:. 46

Hairs of the stem slightly spreading. Head of fruit elongated,

oblong- cylindrical. Calyx-teeth subulate -aristate, hairy to the
point of the awns. Corolla crimson-red.
On the borders of fields and by roadsides where it has escaped
from cultivation. Perfectly naturalized in Jersey, but scarcely
so in Britain, although it frequently occurs both in England and
Scotland.
[England, Scotland.] Annual. Early Summer.

Stems 6 to 18 inches high. Leaflets f to IJ inch long, nearly

as broad as long. Stipules | to f inch long, generally with the
terminal portion herbaceous below this there is a purplish band,
;

which, however, is terminal in the upper stipules, as these have no

herbaceous point. Elower-heads spicate, 1 to 2 inches long, very
dense. Elowers ^ inch long. Calyx-teeth rigid, and spreading
like a star in fruit. Whole plant densely pubescent.
Thespicate heads of this clover distinguish it from all the other
species included in the British Elora.

Crimson Clover.
Frencl), Trefle Incarnat. German, Inkarnat Klee.

Of late years this species of Clover has been much grown in England, and has
long been cultivated in southern Europe as a fodder plant. It can be sown in the
early autumn as soon as the corn is off the land ; the latter being simply harrowed so
as to loosen the surface. It grows with great rapidity, and yields a good crop early in
the spring, when other green fodder is scarce, and it may be removed in time to sow
corn. Sometimes it is sown in February and March, and can then be fed off and
ploughed in time for sowing the turnip-seed. This rapid growth renders it very
valuable to the farmer under certain circumstances, when he requires to raise a good
supply of fodder between the regular rotation crops.
All cattle are fond of it when young and green ; but when in flower its stems
become hard, and it is not well adapted for hay. Like other similar plants, it is often

sown with Italian rye-grass. It ripens seed readily, but, when left for this purpose,

exhausts the ground considerably.

Sub-Species? II.— Trifolium Molinerii. Balb.

Plate CCCLIII.
Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. p. 182.
T. incarnatum, var. /3, Molinerii, Auct. Plur.

Hairs of the stem adpressed. Head of fruit rather short, oblong.

Calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, aristate, the points of the awns
generally glabrous. Corolla whitish, turning to pale rose.
" Among short grass near the Lizard Point, Cornwall. Eirst
observed near Landewednack in 1838 by the Ptev. W. S. Hore and
thellev. C. A. Johns, and afterwards by the latter gentleman along
 — ;

46 ENGLISH BOTANY.

the clilFs from Kynance to Cadgwitli, a distance of six miles."

(Borrer, in Eng. Bot. Sup.)

England. Annual. Spring and early Summer.

Extremely like T. eu-incarnatum, of which it may possibly be

merely the wild form, though constantly differing in its pale flowers.
Stem shorter, and stouter in proportion to its length, with the
hairs more adpressed. Calyx-teeth rather broader, and their
points mostly glabrous. Both forms remain constant in cultiva-
tion, unlike the cultivated variety of T. pratense, wliich reverts in
time to the ordinary wild state.
Balhl's Trefoil.
French, Trefle de Balbi.

SPECIES VIII.— T RIPOLIUM ARVENSE. Linn.

Plate CCCLIV.

llootstock none. Stems several, ascending, branched. Leaf-

lets elliptical- or oblanceolate - strapshaped apiculate, entire or
toothed in the upper portion. Stipules adnate for less than half
their length, with the free part elongated, setaceous. Leaves
all opposite. Elower-heads terminal and axillary, stalked, ovoid,
ovoid-cylindrical, or sub-globose. Calyx-tube bell-shaped, faintly
10-nerved, softly hairy, the throat having a slightly-elevated ring
with long distant hairs which do not close its mouth; teeth
setaceous, longer than the tube, nearly equal, plumose, erect, not
altered in fruit. Corolla shorter than the calyx-teeth. Plant more
or less hairy.
On dry pastures, downs, and sandy places. Not uncommon,
and generally distributed, except in the extreme North of Scotland.
Stems numerous, 3 inches to 1 foot high, branched in the larger
examples. Leaves numerous, very shortly stalked, the leaflets \ to
f inch long. Stipules J to -J inch long, the greater part free and
very slender, with a few parallel veins. Elower-heads |^ to 1 inch
long, very dense, shortly stalked, terminating all the branches, and
a few of them on peduncles from the axils of the leaves, the ter-
minal ones sometimes appearing to be in pairs, from the uppermost
of the axillary ones being situated very near it. Elowers ^ inch
long, white, turning to flesh-colour. Calyx-teeth very slender,
erect, and with long soft -hairs. Seeds sub-globose, smooth. Plant
greyislt-green, often tinged with red or purple.
This species is easily distinguished by its soft plumose heads
the leaves also are sub-fasciculate, those from the axils of which a
branch is not produced having 1 or more smaller leaves in its place.
 CCCLIV.

E.B. 944.

Trifolium arvense. Hare's-foot Trefoil.

 CCCLV.

E.B.S. 28G8.
TrifoUum Bocconi. Boccone's Trefoil.
 LEGUMTNTFERiE. 47

It varies much in the quantity of pubescence, the number and direc-

tion of the stems, the degree of denticulation in the leaflets, and the
length of the hairs in the calyx, and has consequently been divided
by Mons. Jordan into a number of species, several of which to
me appear scarcely even deserving of the name of varieties ; but
his T. gracile, T. rubellam, and possibly T. arenivagum, of which
I have seen no British specimens, may be distinct as sub-species.

Hare's-foot Trefoil.

Freuch, Trejle cles Champs. German, Acker /{lee.

SPECIES IX.-TRI FOLIUM BOCCONI. Savi.

Plate CCCLV.

Rootstock none. Stems several or solitary, erect or ascend-

ing, generally simple. Leaflets obovate or oblanceolate, strongly
denticulate in the upper half, and having the veins very promi-
nent ; the lateral veins straight. Stipules adnate for about half
their length, with the free portion triangular-subulate ; the upper
ones, which embrace the flower-heads, only slightly dilated. Plower-
heads terminal and axillary, sessile, the terminal ones mostly in
pairs, ovoid or sub-globose, at length cylindrical-ovoid. Calyx-tube
oblong, strongly 10-nerved, slightly swollen in fruit, with an indis-
tinct callous ring. Teeth triangular, spinescent, with a strong
nerve the four upper ones nearly equal, three-fourths the length
;

of the tube the lower one equalling it.

; Plant more or less hairy.
On the tops of (turf ?) walls and in dry places. Very rare. At
Cadgwith and Landewednack near the Lizard, Cornwall.

England. Annual. Summer.

Stems in the British specimens which have passed through my
hands only 1 inch high, but in Continental specimens sometimes
6 or 8 inches long. Leaves shortly stalked, the leaflets i to ^ inch
long, with the nerves very prominent beneath. Heads J to f inch
long, densely flowered. Elowers + inch long, white tinged with
pink. Corolla very slightly exceeding the calyx. Pod small, en-
closed in the nearly unaltered calyx. Seed sub-globular, yellow,
smooth. Plant rather rigid, dull-green, often with a reddish tinge.
Of this species I have seen very few British specimens, and no
living examples. It cannot be confounded with any of our species
except the following.
Boccone^s Trefoil.

French, Trejle de Boccone.

48 ENGLISH BOTANY.

SPECIES X.—TRI FOLIUM STRIATUM. Linn.

Plate CCCLVI.

Kootstock none. Stems numerous, nearlv straicrlit, ascendin^:

or procumbent, simple or slightly branched. Leaflets obovate
or oblanceolate, faintly denticulate at the apical margin, the
lateral veins straight, not prominent. Stipules adnate for about
half their length, with the free portion short, triangular, acumi-
nated into a long cuspidate point ; the upper ones, which embrace
the flower-heads, much dilated. Heads terminal and axillary,
sessile, the terminal ones frequently in pairs, ovate-ovoid, at length
ovoid-oblong, widest at the base. Calyx-tube oblong, strongly
10-ribbed, becoming swollen and ovoid in fruit, wdth an indistinct
callous ring in the throat ; teeth triangular-subulate, spinesceut,
with a strong nerve, the four upper ones nearly equal, about half
the length of the calyx-tube, the lower one a little exceeding the
others ; all rigid and spreading in fruit. Plant more or less softly

hairy.
On dry pastures and in waste places. Ilather common in Eng-
land. In Scotland it is confined to the East coast, where it is found
as far North as Kincardineshire.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer.
Stems 3 to 18 inches long, generally numerous and spreading
in a circle, often quite prostrate, but sometimes ascending or even
sub-erect. Leaflets i to f inch long, rounded or truncate at tlie apex,
with none of the veins prominent except the midrib. Elower-heads
dense, J to ^ inch long, increasing to f inch when in fruit, mostly
terminating the stem and short lateral branches (but there are also
some sessile in the axils of the leaves), those of the main stems
mostly in pairs, the others solitary. Elowers ^ inch long, pale rose-
colour. Calyx bulging, and becoming very strongly ribbed in fruit,
densely clothed with soft hairs, the callous ring very indistinct,
hairy, the hairs not closing the tube. Corolla a little longer than
the calyx-teeth. Pod included. Seed ovoid, yellowish - brown.
Stem, petioles, and leaflets with ascending or adpressed hairs. Plant
dull-green.
Alarger and less rigid plant than the last, with the leaflets much
less rigid and without prominent veins. The upper stipules are
much dilated, membranous, with purplish veins the calyx-tube ;

much swollen in fruit, more strongly ribbed, and the teeth shorter
and narrower.
Soft-knotted Trefoil.
French, Trejie Htrie. German, Gestrei/ter Klee.
 CCCLVI.

E.B. 1843.

Trifblium striatum. Soft Knotted Trefoil.

o
o

O
pi!

a
.2

e<5
o

N
 LEGUMINIFERiE. 49

SPECIES XL— TRIFO LIU M SCABRUM. Linn.

Plate CCCLVII.

Eootstock none. Stems numerous, flexuous, prostrate or

ascending, simple or slightly obovate or
branched. LeaiBlets

oblanceolate, finely-denticulate the veins very prominent, the

;

lateral ones hooked downwards. Stipules adnate for rather less

than half the length, with the free portion lanceolate-triangular,
contracted into a short point the upper ones, which embrace the
;

flower-heads, only slightly dilated. Heads of flowers terminal and

axillary, sessile, solitary, ovoid, widest near the middle. Calyx-
tube oblong, scarcely swollen in fruit, 10-ribbed, with a conspicuous
teeth triangular, spinescent, with a very
callous ring in the throat ;

thick nerve; the two upper ones rather shorter than the tube,
the lateral ones equalling it, the lower one exceeding it ; all erect

in flower, curved outw^ards and lengthening until they all exceed

the tube in fruit. Plant more or less pubescent.
In dry gravelly and stony pastures and waste places. Not
uncommon in England. In Scotland confined to the East side,
'» as far North as Kincardineshire.
reaching

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer.

Stems rather wiry, 3 to 9 inches long. Leaflets J to |^ inch

long, very rigid from the thick veins which are curiously bent back
close to the margin of the leaf. Stipules often tinged with purple.
Heads rather few-flowered, J to |- inch long, narrowed towards the
base. Calyx with the tube purplish and the teeth green, the latter
enlarging after flowering, spreading in fruit, and assuming the form
of a bow with the convexity inwards ; the tube swelling very slightly
but becoming strongly ril3bed in fruit. Elowers about as long as
the calyx-teeth, whitish. Pod very minute, enclosed in the leathery
calyx-tube. Seed ovoid, yellowish-brown. Plant more or less thickly
clothed with adpressed rather stiff hairs.
A smaller and more wiry-stemmed plant than the preceding
species, from which it may always be distinguished by the strong
curved lateral veins of the leaflets. In fruit the two are very dis-
similar, the calyx of the T. scabram is much less swollen than that
of T. striatum, with fewer and stiffer hairs and with much larger
falcate green teeth, which have a very thick central nerve.

Rough Rigid Trefoil.

French, Trefle Scabre.

VOL. III. H
50 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Section III.— TRIFOLIASTRUM. D. C.

Flower-heads axillary and terminal, or all axillary, stalked or

sessile, sul)-globose or oblong. Flowers numerous, more or less
distinctly stalked. Pedicels with bracts at the base. Calyx not
becoming vesicular in fruit, without a callous or hairy ring in the
throat ; teeth equal, or the upper ones longer. Corolla persistent,
rarely deciduous, purple, rose, or white ; standard often folded over
the fruit, and retaining its form, but becoming scariovis and striated.
Pod sessile or slightly stipitate within the calyx, often exserted, 2- to
6-seeded.

SPECIES XII—TRI FOLIUM GLOMERATUM. Linn.

Plate CCCLVIII.

Rootstock none. Stems numerous, slightly flexuous, prostrate

or ascending, nearly simple or slightly branched, the central one
elongate. Leaves rather shortly stalked; leaflets obovate, denti-
culated, rounded at the apex veins very prominent, the lateral ones
;

straight. Stipules adnate for less than half their length, with the
free portion ovate, contracted into a long point those which
;

enclose the flower-heads dilated. Flower-heads axillary and ter-

minal, sessile, solitary (or the terminal ones sometimes in pairs),
not approximate, globular. Flowers sub-sessile. Calyx-tube oblong,
10-ribbed, glabrous, open at the throat teeth ovate-acuminate, sub-
;

spinescent, auricled at the base and reticulated, with a moderately

thick central nerve, all nearly equal, shorter than the calyx-tube,
at length spreading-recurved Corolla longer than the calyx- teeth.
.

Pod 2-seeded, shorter than the calyx-tube. Plant glabrous.

On dry, gravelly, and sandy commons, pastures, and waste
ground. Rather rare. It has been reported from the counties of
Devon, Dorset, Hants, Kent, Surrey, Middlesex, Suffolk, Norfolk,
Leicester, Somerset, Denbigh, Carmarthen, and Glamorgan; but
the records of its occurrence in the West of England require to be
confirmed.
England. Annual. Early Summer.

Stems slender, spreading in a circle, 2 to 12 inches long. Leaf-

lets 5 to ^ inch long, shaped like a boy's kite, sharply toothed at
the margins from the apex nearly to the base. Flower-heads rather
distant, about \ inch across, rather dense. Flowers sub-sessile, about
J inch long, pale bluish-purple standard becoming scarious, stri-
;
 CCCLVIII.

E.B. 10G3.

Trifolium glomeratum. Smooth Round-headed Trefoil.

 CCCLIX.

E.B. 1010,

Trifolium sufFocatiim. Dense-flowered Trefoil.

 LEGUMINirER^. 51

ated, and not shrivelling after flowering. Pod about as long as

the calyx-tube. Seeds 2, often reduced to 1 by abortion.
The smoothness of the plant, the globular heads, the shorter
calyx-teeth enlarged immediately above the base, and the purplish
flowers readily distinguish this plant from T. scabrum.

Smooth Hound-headed Trefoil.

French, Trefle Agglomere.

SPECIES XIIL— TRIP O LIU M SUPPOCATUM. Limi.

Plate CCCLIX.

Rootstock none. Stems numerous, prostrate, simple or slightly

branched, the central one extremely short. Leaves on very long
stalks ;leaflets wedgeshaped - obovate, truncate or emarginate
at the apex, denticulated in the apical half; veins rather promi-
nent, the lateral ones straight. Stipules adnate for about two-
thirds of their length, ovate, abruptly acuminated; those which
enclose the flower-heads enlarged. Plower-heads terminal and
axillary, sessile, solitary, approximate, sometimes confluent, ovoid.
Plowers sub-sessile. Calyx-tube bell-shaped, faintly 10-nerved,
sub-glabrous, open at the throat teeth lanceolate-acuminate, not
;

spinescent, not auricled at the base, with a slender central nerve,

allnearly equal, at length spreading-recurved as long as the calyx-
tube. Corolla shorter than the calyx-teeth. Pod 2-seeded. Plant
glabrous.
On sandy and gravelly pastures and waste places. Rare. In
the counties of Cornwall, Devon, Hants, Sussex, Kent, Suffolk,
Norfolk ; also in "Wales.

England. Annual. Early Summer.

Stems prostrate, spreading in a circle, 1 to 7 inches long, often

half-buried in the sand, the central one reduced to a sessile head of
flowers. Leaves on stalks IJ- to 2 inches long leaflets ^ to f inch
;

long. Stipules thin and membranous. Heads about ^ inch across,

generally so crowded as to conceal the stem, which they clothe
from the base to the summit. Flowers lax, sub-sessile, \ inch
long, whitish; standard becoming scarious and slightly striate,
iiut retaining its form much less distinctly than in T. glomeratum.
Calyx-tube and teeth much less rigid than in the four preceding
species. Pod enclosed in the calyx, containing 2 seeds.
This plant is easily distinguishable from all the British Trefoils
by its dense masses of flower-heads, which sometimes appear to
be in spikes, from the separate heads actually touching each
other, although each one lies in the axil of a separate leaf. These
 ;

52 ENGLISH BOTANY.

leaves have extremely long petioles in proportion to the size of the

leaflets.
Dense-flowered Trefoil.
French, Trejle Etou§e.

We have found this curious plant on the sandy sea-coast on our eastern shores,
buried in sand so completely that even its seeds are perfected subterraneously and
without light. On putting down a knife or a stick, the whole plant may be raised, and
then its flowers and fruit come into view.

SPECIES XI v.— T RIPOLIUM STRICTUM. Waldst. & KU.

Plate CCCLX.

T. Isevigatum, Desf. PI. Atl. Vol. II. p. 195. Gr. k Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 416.

Uootstock none. Stems few, erect or ascending, simple and

straight, or slightly branched and flexuous. Lower leaves on
rather long stalks, with obovate leaflets rounded at the apex
upper leaves shortly stalked, with elliptical-strapshaped sub-acute
leaflets all with the margins denticulate
; veins prominent, the ;

lateral ones straight. Stipules adnate for about half or two-thirds

of their length, ovate, acute, with denticulate margins. Plower-
heads terminal and axillary, on stalks exceeding their own length
and about as long as the leaves from which they spring, solitary,
ovoid-globular. Elowers sub-sessile, not reflexed in fruit. Calyx-
tube bell-shaped, 10-ribbed, glabrous, open at the throat, swollen in
fruit teeth triangular, acuminate, sub-spinescent, the four upper
;

about equal to the tube, the lower one exceeding it. At length
spreading-recurved. Corolla a little longer than the calyx, shri-
velling or deciduous. Pod 2-seeded, a little longer than the calyx-
tube. Plant glabrous.
On dry banks. Very rare. Llandewed-
It has only occurred at
nach, on old Lizard Head, Cornwall. It has also been reported
from Anglesea, by Dr. Dickenson, who found it " on a wild, un-
cultivated heath, about three miles north of Aberff'raw, Anglesea,
nearly in the centre of the island, in abundance, covering a space
of 50 yards square, and to all appearance undoubtedly indigenous.'*
— (Bot. Gazette, Vol. I. p. 28.) It also occurs in the Channel
Islands.
England. Annual. Early Summer.

Stems 1 to 6 inches high in the Cornwall and Channel Islands

specimens, but sometimes 1 foot high or even more in Continental
ones. Leaflets of the upper leaves ^ to 1 inch long, much narrower
 ccc

E.B.S. 2949.

TriibHum .stTictum. Upright Round-headed Trefoil.

 CCCLXI.

Trifolium hybridum. Alsike Clover.

 LEGUMINIFER^. 53

than in the preceding species. Heads J to J inch long, on stalks

from f to 1 inch in length, with a small white membranous frill-
like involucre immediately below the flowers, not much exceeding
the width of the pedicel. Flowers ^ inch long, pale purplish rose-
colour. Calyx very strongly ribbed, with slender almost subulate
teeth standard withering, not retaining its shape.
; Pod ovoid,
swollen, protruding from the calyx-tube. Plant lively green,
glabrous.
The more or less upright stems and stalked heads of purplish
flowers, with the pods protruding from the swollen ovoid calyces
when ripe, at once distinguish this rare species.
Upright Round-headed Trefoil.
French, Trefle Raide.

SPECIES XV.— TRI FOLIUM HYBRIDUM. Linn.

Plate CCCLXL ^t^^^ V- /J^&^tyiLtx.-^-f

o
E/Ootstock many-headed. decumbent only at the
Stems erect, or
base, not rooting at the nodes, branched. Lower leaves on long,
upper ones on short stalks leaflets oval or obovate, rounded
;

at the apex, finely denticulate at the margins. Stipules oblong,

adnate for less than half their length, with the free portion nar-
rowly triangular. Plow^er-heads all axillary, on stalks much ex-
ceeding their own length and longer than the leaves from which
they spring, solitary, depressed- globular. Flowers on pedicels as
long as or longer than the calyx, reflexed after flowering. Calyx-
tube bell-shaped, bulging at the base on the upper side, faintly
nerved ; teeth nearly equal, subulate, about as long as the tube,
unaltered in fruit. Corolla more than twice as long as the calyx,
becoming scarious and striate when covering the pod. Pod 2- to
4-seeded, longer than the calyx-teeth. Plant sub-glabrous.

Var. a, genuina.
T. hybridum, Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 192. Gh: & Godr. Fl. de Fr.
Vol. I. p. 420.

Stems stout, hollow. Stipules few-nerved. Heads of flowers

large.
Var. 3, elegmis.
T. elegans, Savi. Koch (?), Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 193. Gr. k Godr. Fl.
de Fr. Vol. I. p. 420.

Stem weak, decumbent at the base, solid. Stipules several-

nerved. Leaves more sharply denticulate, and heads of flowers
smaller than in var. a.
54 ENGLISH BOTANY.

In and
fields by roadsides. Var. a perfectly naturalized near
Saffron Walden, Essex; var. 3 in clover-fields about Moulsey,
Chessington, and Claygate, in Surrey, but not permanent in these
localities. Both are occasionally found throughout the country,
either introduced with clover-seed, or the remains of a crop sown
for fodder.
[England.] Perennial. Summer and Autumn.
Stem 9 inches to 2 feet high, branched, flexuous. Leaves of
the radical tufts and base of the stem on petioles often 3 or 4 inches
long. Leaflets f to 1 J inch long, mth the lateral veins excurrent,
forming more or less projecting teeth. Stipules herbaceous towards
the apex, but white with green veins towards the base. Peduncles
from the axils of the upper leaves, commonly 2 to 4 inches long.
Elower-heads f to 1 inch across, becoming much flattened on the
upper side by the bending down of the flowers after flowering, when
the elongate arched pedicels become visible at the apex of the head.
Elowers about f inch long, whitish, tinged with pale rose. Calyx
somewhat membranous, whitish, with the teeth green, the upper
teeth a little longer than the others. Corolla with the standard
folded down over the fruit, retaining its shape but turning brown
and membranous, striated. Pods ovoid, obtuse at the apex, com-
pressed, not bossulated. Seeds flattened, and notched at the hilum.
Plant bright-green, with the leaflets having often a white mark in
the centre. Stems and peduncles with a few adpressed hairs, but
otherwise the plant is glabrous.
I fully concur in Mr. Baker's remark in his " Elora of North
Yorkshire," that T. hybridum and T. elegans cannot be specifically
distinguished ; neither the British nor the German and Scandina-
vian specimens which I have received under these names show any
greater difference than that between the cultivated and wild forms
of the Red Clover, yet Continental authors are so generally agreed
as to the existence of two species, that I suspect there must be a
" T. elegans," of which no examples have come under my notice.

Alsike Clover,

French, Trefle Hyhride. German, Bastard Klee.

Sometimes cultivated in this country, but much less generally than the Red Clover.

SPECIES XVL— TRIPOLI UM REPENS. Linn.

Plate CCCLXII.

Eootstock branched. Stems prostrate, rooting at the nodes, the

extremities sometimes ascending. Leaves on long stalks leaflets ;

oval or obovate, rounded or slightly notched at the apex, sharply

 OCCLXII.

E.£. 1709.

Trifolium repens. White Clover.

 LEGUMINIFER^. 55

denticulate at the margins, with rather prominent veins. Stipules

adnate for about half their length, oblong, with the free portion
lanceolate, abruptly acuminated into a short point. Plower-heads
all axillary, on stalks much exceeding their own length and longer

than the leaves from which they spring, solitary, depressed-globular,

lax. External bracts forming an imperfect involucre shorter than
the calyx. Flowers on pedicels which are equal to or rather
shorter than the calyx, reflexed after flowering. Calyx-tube bell-
shaped, bulging at the base on the upper side, rather faintly nerved ;
teeth triangular-subulate, the upper ones equal to the calyx-tube,
the others a little shorter, unaltered in fruit. Corolla more than
twice as long as the calyx, becoming scarious and striate when
covering the pod. Pod 3- to 6-seeded, longer than the calyx-teeth.
Plant sub-glabrous.
In meadows, pastures, and waste places. Very common and
generally distributed.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring to Autumn.

Hootstock passing gradually into the creeping stems, which

vary from a few inches to 1 foot or more in length. Leaflets vary-
ing much in size in different localities, being from ^ to 1 inch long.
Peduncles rising more or less vertically upwards, from IJ to^ 8
inches long. Elower-heads f to l^^ inch across, resembling those
of T. hybridum. Elowers f to ^ inch long, white tinged with rose,
but frequently without any rosy tinge. The standard after flowering
becomes brown, and retains its shape as in the last species. The
pod is rather narrower and bossulated or marked by the seeds.
Seeds globular, compressed, notched at the hilum, generally 4 in
number. Plant bright-green, glabrous. Leaflets commonly with a
white mark.
In a striking variety found by Mr. Townsend in the island of
Tresco, Scilly, figured in the " Journal of Botany," Vol. 11. p. 1,
the flowers are suffused with bright lilac-purple.

Wliite Clover, Dutch Clover.

French, Trefle Rampant. German, Wdss Klee.

This pretty little plant is so familiar to us all, that it appears almost like a spon-
taneous product of the soil, and so rapidly and constantly does it spring up, that
Withering says, " On the soil of our moors in the North of England being turned up
for the first time,and lime applied, White Clover appears in abundance, a circumstance
in no way satisfactorily accounted for, but which is known to take place both in Britain
and North America." In such situations, doubtless, the seed may have lain dormant
for a length of time, until stimulated into vegetation by the admission of moisture and
heat. The plant is perennial, and bears its dense clusters of white blossoms all the
 — —

56 ENGLISH BOTANY.

summer. In rich soils it grows a foot or two in height, but varies greatly in luxuriance
according to the situation, and is only an inch or less above the surface of the ground,

becoming almost woven in with the thick short grass that forms the natural carpet of
our downs and commons. Its chief value in cultivation is as a pasture plant ; and so
quickly does it grow that Mr. Curtis affirms that a single seedling covered more than a
square yard of ground in a single summer. It does not seem to be ascei-tained when

"White Clover or Trefoil first became cultivated in this country, but it appears to have
been of late date, for it is not mentioned by Gerarde, Parkinson, or Hay as an agricul-
tural plant in this country, nor by any of the writers of the 17th century. Gerarde,
however, says that " there is a Trefoil of this kind which is sowne low
in fields of the

countries in Italy, and divers other places beyond the seas, that comes up ranker and
higher than that which groweth in medows, and is an excellent food for cattell, both to
fatten them and cause them to give good store of milk." Sheep thrive well upon this
little plant,and there are seldom any moors or meadows where it is not to be found.
Even in the midst of London fogs and dark December weather we have discovered thi8
little plant of the way-side, nestling under the shadow of a wall in a city garden,

waiting for the warm days of spring to beam forth, invigorating its tiny leaves, and
bringing forth its little white blossoms, which are then in unseen preparation.
The common plants of a country are almost universally associated with its songs
and legends. The Irish names for Trifolium repens are Shamrock, Shamrog, or Sea
Muroge ; and some botanists claim for it priority as the national emblem of Ireland.
Some contend for the Oxalis acetosella (wood sorrel) j while others maintain that the
white clover was the favoured plant of St. Patrick, who when he was preaching the
Gospel in the earliest times to the benighted inhabitants of the Emerald Isle, chose to
illustrate the great doctrine of the Trinity by the simple instance of a triune nature

in this well-known and beautiful leaf. \Ve incline, as we have expresed before when
writing of the Oxalis, to believe that it was this plant, and not the White Clover, which
was the original Trefoil of Ireland ; for our little plant does not arrive at perfection

until considerably after St. Patrick's Day. The national emblem and the spirit of the
institution is, however, equally preserved in either plant, and we may take the term
Shamrock as applicable to all trefoils or threeparted-leaved plants. The " Irish

Hudibras " says

" Within a wood near to this place
There gi-ows a bunch of three-leaved grass.

Called by the boglanders sham rogues,

A present for the queen of shoges " (spirits).

In all ages a sort of mystic reverence has surrounded the notion of a Trinity, and
this idea seems embodied by the imaginative and poetical Irish in the triple leaflet.

Whenever this sacred leaf is found to depart from its usual form and to produce four
leaflets, its mystic power is said to be greatly enhanced, and all sorts of spells are sup-
posed to be worked with its enchantments. The old song

" I'll seek a four-leaved shamrock in all the fairy dells,"

tells of the wonders to be accomplished by it when found.

The White Clover forms a. very interesting study in itself as the type of the family
to which.it belongs. No class of plants affords such evident and interesting examples
of the law of morphology as do the Leguminosoe. In the White Clover we frequently
meet with cases in which parts of the flower exhibit a tendency to return to their leafy
origin ; the pod frequently changes into a small leaf, whilst the stamens, petals, and
 LEGUMINIFEIl^. 57
sepals all exhibit the same tendency, the pedicels of the flowers at the same time
elongating. We many specimens where the whole head of flowers on a stalk
have seen
of Clover has undergone this transformation, presenting the most singular appearance
possible, with the green leaves looking as if quite out of their accustomed place, and
consequently very odd and uncomfortable. In passing through a field of Clover, it is worth
while to look for such monstrosities and they are by no means uncommon. We may
;

mention some interesting observations and drawings made by Mrs. Godwin Austen on
this subject, first exhibited at the meeting of the British Association in 1849, and
afterwards published in Henfrey's "Botanical Gazette" for March, 1850. It was a
happy idea of the great German poet-botanist Goethe to reduce the previously received
and complicated theory of plant-structure to the simple formula of leaf-formation. In
this way everything presented itself to him under a different aspect ; what had been
considered essential became accidental, and vice versd. In all the higher plants, foliage,
flowers, and fruit were formerly regarded as essentially different parts. It was Goethe
who first recognized in the flower and fruit the recurrence of the foliage, so that there
is no essential difference between these three parts of a plant. In studying this subject

somewhat carefully, it becomes evident that it is the leaf which in its Protean capability
of transformation gradually assumes the form of fruit or flower. These are truly leaves
whorls of leaves differing in character and position from other leaves, although not in their
essential nature. This great doctrine of unity of plan in creation was first demonstrated

and successfully taught in relation to the vegetable kingdom, and has since been clearly
worked out and adopted by the ablest comparative anatomists of this and other coun-
tries as applied to higher organisms, and even to man himself. The susceptibility of
the little Trifolium to the withdrawal of light, and its habit of closing its leaves
somewhat on the approach of night, remind us of its family relationship to the group
of sensitive plants. The observation of the older botanists led them to record this
curious fact ; and Gerarde tells us that " Pliny writeth and setteth it down for certaine
that the leaves hereof do tremble and stand right up against the coming of a storme or
tempest."
While examining the tissue of the stems of this plant under the mici'oscope, the
abundance of spiral fibre suggested the thought that this very elastic and delicate
material might possibly have something to do with the hitherto unexplained cause of
the curious movements of the sensitive plants.
Microscopic research in skilful hands will do much to clear up these unsolved
questions.

Section IV.—PRAGIPERA. Koch,

Heads of flowers all axillary, stalked or sessile, sub-globose.

Plowers numerous, sub-sessile pedicels with bracts at the base.
;

Calyx more or less distinctly 2-lipped, the upper portion enlarging

and becoming vesicular or inflated, membranous and reticulated
in fruit, without a callous or hairy ring at the throat ; teeth equal,
the uppermost pair at length exceeding the others. Corolla mar-
cescent, purple, rose, or white ; standard shrivelling, not striated,
sometimes deciduous. Pod sessile within the calyx, included, 1- or
2-seeded.

VOL. III. I
58 ENGLISH BOTANY.

SPECIES XVII.-T RIFOLIUM FRAGIFERUM. Linn.

Plate CCCLXIIL

Rootstock branched. Stems prostrate, rooting at the nodes, the

extremities sometimes ascending. Leaves on rather long stalks.
Leaflets oval or obovate, rounded or slightly notched at the points,
denticulated at the margins, with prominent veins. Stipules adnate
for less than half their length, oblong, with the free portion tri-
an^-ular, gradually acuminated into a long subulate point. Flower-
heads all axillary, on stalks much exceeding their own length, and
longer than the leaves from which they spring, solitary, globular-
depressed, at length spherical and very dense. External bracts
lanceolate, acute, forming a distinct involucre about as long as the
calyces. Flowers scarcely stalked, slightly reflexed after flowering.
Calyx-tube in flower oblong, striate, downy above, with the teeth
subulate-setaceous, nearly equal, and about as long as the tube ; in
fruit having the upper portion very much swollen and becoming
convex, with the convexity greatest near the apex, reticulated, mem-
branous, and carrying forward the two projecting upper teeth so
that they much exceed the lower. Corolla not turned upside down,
not twice as long as the calyx, shrivelling. Plant sub-glabrous.
In moist meadows and by the sides of ditches, and on commons.
Frequent and generally distributed in England rare in Scotland,
;

where it has only been observed in Haddingtonshire and Fifeshire.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer
and Autumn.
When in flower, this species is extremely like small specimens
of T. repens, these two being the only British species which have
rooting stems. In the present species the flower-heads are smaller,
seldom \ inch across, and have the bracts at the base forming a
distinct involucre, by which the species may be easily recognized
in this state. The flowers are also smaller, about J inch long, pale
purplish-rose, with the calyx much longer in proportion, with longer
teeth, and downy on the back. In fruit this plant cannot be mis-
taken for any other ; the fruiting-heads are } inch across, with
the calyces enormously enlarged in the portion which represents
the 2 upper sepals, while that which corresponds with the 3 lower
ones remains nearly unaltered; the upper part becomes f inch long,
half pear-sliaped, enlarging gradually from the base to near the
apex, where it again rapidly contracts to the base of the upper
teeth, which are thus carried out far beyond the lower ones this
:

upper portion is also strongly net-veined, and having usually a

 CCCLXIII,

E.B 1050.

Trifolinin fragiferum. Strawberry-headed Trefoil.

 CCCLXIV

E.B.S. 2789.

Trifolium reaupinatum. Revei-sed-fiowered Trefoil.

 LEGUMINIFERiE. 59

reddish tinge, has been supposed to bear some resemblance to a

strawberry. The pod is small, completely enclosed in the calyx,
ovoid, compressed, usually containing only one or two brownish
seeds, which are ovate -ovoid, compressed, truncate or slightly
notched at the hilum. Plant pale-green, glabrous, or with a few
scattered hairs, but with the upper portion of the calyx always
downy.
Strawberry -headed Trefoil.
French, Trejle Fraisier. German, Erdheek Klee.

srECMS XVIIL— TRIPOLI UM RESUPINATUM. Linn.

Plate CCCLXIV.

Rootstock none. Stems procumbent or ascending, not rooting

at the nodes. Leaves on short stalks; leaflets oblanceolate or
obovate, rounded or truncate at the apex, sharply denticulate on
the margins, with rather prominent veins. Stipules adnate for less
than half their length, half-ovate, with the free portion lanceolate,
gradually acuminated. Plower-heads all axillary, on stalks
exceeding their own length, and at length exceeding the leaves
from which they spring, solitary, globular-depressed, at length
spherical and rather dense. External bracts truncate, forming a
very small involucre, about one-tenth the length of the calyces.
Plowers indistinctly stalked. Calyx-tube in flower oblong, striate,
downy at the base of the upper teeth ; the 2 upper teeth setaceous,
longer than the calyx-tube, the 3 lower ones subulate, about equal
to it ; in fruit having the upper portion very much enlarged, be-
coming convex with a conical apex, reticulated, membranous, and
carrying forward the 2 divaricate projecting teeth so that they
much exceed the lower. Corolla more than twice as long as the
calyx, twisted round within it, so that the standard becomes the
lowest petal, shrivelling. Plant glabrous.
By roadsides and in waste places. Appearing occasionally,
but not native or permanent in its stations. It has been found
abundantly in Lancashire, near Liverpool. I have myself seen it
plentifully at Gipsy Hill, Norwood.
[England.] Annual. Summer.
Stems numerous, 6 inches to 2 feet long. Peduncles variable
in length. Elower-heads ^ to |^ inch in diameter, becoming ^ to f
inch in fruit, when they have a general resemblance to those of T.
fragiferum; but the inflated calyces are widest about or a little
below the middle, so that the conical ends are separate from each
 ;

60 ENGLISH BOTANY.

otlicr,and the lieads look much less compact than those of the
Strawberry Trefoil. The flowers are about ^ inch long, pale bluish-
purple. Pod extremely short, i^lobular, 2-seeded.
The curious twist of the corolla, which brings the standard below
the keel, at once distinguishes this plant when in flower from all the
other British species, while by the reticulated and inflated calyces
with their apices all separate from each other, it may be equally
well known in fruit.
Meversed-Jlowered Trefoil.
French, Trefle Renverse.

Section V.— CHRONOSEMIUM. 7). C.

Elower-heads axillary and terminal or all axillary, sub-globose,

becoming ovoid. Flowers sessile or shortly stalked. Pedicels with
bracts at the base. Calyx not becoming vesicular in fruit, without
a callous or hairy ring in the throat ; the teeth equal, or the 2
upper ones shorter, remaining unchanged in fruit. Corolla yellow
standard becoming enlarged and scarious, folded (at least at the
base), and bent down at the tip over the fruit. Pod stalked within
the calyx, exserted, 1-seeded, more rarely 2-seeded. Leaves fre-
quently pinnatcly trifoliate.

SPECIES XIX.— TRIPOLI UM PROCUMBENS. Linn.

Plate CCCLXV.
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 80. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Heir. ed. ii. p. 194. Fries,
Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 48. Lowe, Man. Fl. Mad. p. 150.
T. agrarium, Huds. Benth. Handbook Brit. Bot. p. 169. Hook. & Aim. Brit. Fl.
ed. viii. p. 105. Gr. k Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 423 (non Linn. Herb. !
).

Rootstock none. Stems several, slender, wiry, erect or ascend-

ing, or procumbent, branched. Leaves shortly stalked, pinnately
trifoliate ; leaflets obovate or oblanceolate, usually truncate or
emarginate at the apex, finely denticulate in the upper portion.
Stipules adnate for about half their length, half-ovate, rounded at
the base the free portion deltoid, triangular-acute, entire. Plower-
;

heads axillary, on stalks exceeding their own length, and usually

(but not always) longer than the leaves from which they spring,
globular, at length ovoid or oblong, very dense, many-flowered.
Plowers on pedicels shorter than the calyx-tube, at length reflexed.
Calyx-tube bell-shaped; upper teeth triangular, shorter than the
tube, the 3 lower ones lanceolate and exceeding it, unaltered in
fruit. Corolla longer than the calyx ; standard broadly obovate.
o
o
o

'%

.2
Is

«5
 LEGUMINIFER^. 61

much enlarged and deeply ribbed in fruit, considerably longer than

the wings and keel, not folded longitudinally except at the base,
not keeled on the back, arched or bent down at the apex over the
pod. Pod much narrower and much shorter than the standard.
Style not half the length of the pod.
In fields, pastures, roadsides, and waste places. Very common,
and generally distributed.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Spring to
Autumn.
Stems numerous, rarely solitary, the central one erect, the
lateral ones and the branches more or less decumbent or even pro-
cumbent, 3 to 15 inches long. Leaves on short stalks; leaflets
5 to J inch long, the central one inserted higher up on the common
petiole than the lateral ones, an arrangement which rarely occurs
in this genus. Peduncles ^ to IJ inch long. Heads f inch across
in flower, but sometimes nearly ^ inch when in fruit. Elowers 20
to 40 in each head, ^ inch long, lemon-yellow, reflexed and
yellowish-brown after flowering, the lowest ones almost sessile,
the upper ones shortly pedicellate ; standard becoming about
J inch long, not folded together as in most of its allies, spoon-
shaped, very much broader than the pod. Pod elliptical-ovoid, the
style about one-quarter the length of the pod, hooked. Seed oval-
ovoid, yellowish, shining. Brotero, as quoted by the Rev. Mr.
Lowe, says the seeds are mostly 2, but I have not found more than
1 in the British specimens I have examined. Plant rather dull-
green, the leaves somewhat firm, glabrous or sub-glabrous. Stems,
stipules, and peduncles generally more or less thickly clothed with
adpressed curled hairs.
This species is named T. procumbens in the Linnsean Herbarium.
The plant there named T. agrarium is the plant so called in Koch's
Synopsis.*
Hop Trefoil.

French, Trejle Cotiche. German, Neiderliegender Klee.

This is a common plant in dry fields and by the wayside, and

is sometimes sown

for fodder, either more usually with white clover. It varies much in luxu-
by itself or

riance of growth, being rarely more than a few inches high in the wild state ; but when
cultivated it often equals the Dutch clover in size. All cattle seem fond of it, and
with the white clover it may be advantageously gi-own, but seldom yields a good crop
by itself ; it will, however, flourish on very poor soils.

* MM. Soyer-Willemet and Godron, in their " Revue des Trefles de la Section
Chronosemium," contend that this is the T. agrarium of Linnreus. It may be so of
the " Species Plantarum," but is certainly not of the Linnsean Herbarium. It is the
fashion with many botanists (especially those who have not the opportunity of con-
62 ENGLISH BOTANY.

SPECI ES XX.— T RIFOLIUM MINUS. Rehlam.

Plate CCCLXVI.

Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 80. Loioe, INIan. Fl. Mad. p. 152.

T. in-ocumbeus, lliuh. Benth. Haudbook Brit, Fl, j). 170. Hook. & Am. Brit.

Fl. ed. viii. p. 106. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 423 (non Linn.
Herb. !).

T. filifonue, Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Ilelv. ed. ii. p. 195. FrieSy Sum. Veg. Scand-
p. 48 (non Linn. Herb. !).

E/Ootstock none. Stems several, slender, wiry, ascending or

procumbent, branched. Leaves shortly stalked, generally pin-
nately trifoKate ; leaflets obovate or oblanceolate, generally truncate
or notched at the apex, finely denticulate in the upper portion.
Stipules adnate for less than half their length, half-ovate, rounded
at the base, the free portion ovate-triangular, abruptly acuminated.
Plower-heads axillary, on stalks which exceed their own length,
and are usually longer than the leaves from which they spring,
sub-globular, somewhat lax, many- or few-flowered. Flowers on
pedicels which are nearly as long as the calyx-tube, at length
reflexed. Calyx-tube bell-shaped upper teeth triangular, shorter
;

than the tube lower teeth subulate, exceeding it ; all unaltered in

;

fruit. Corolla longer than the calyx standard broadly oblanceolate, ;

slightly enlarged and faintly ribbed in fruit, a little exceeding the

wings and keel, folded together longitudinally over the pod, keeled
on the back. Pod as broad as and not much shorter than the
standard. Style not a quarter the length of the pod.
In fields, pastures, waste places, and by roadsides. Very

suiting the Herbarium) to undervalue it as the standard by which nomenclature is to

be settled ; but when we consider that the species can be determined by observation
from the Herbarium, and only by inference from imperfect data from the writings of
an author, there surely ought to be no hesitation in preferring the sure to the uncer-
tain. Itmust be kept in view that when an author has confounded species manifestly
distinct, it is of no consequence what form retains the name he has given to the com-
l)osite species, provided that uniformity of nomenclature be attained ; and this is much

more likely to be arrived at by referring to a specimen than to a meagre and imperfect

description, or references (possibly erroneously quoted) to other descriptions as meagre
and irajjerfect, or to ill-executed plates. M. Soyer-Willemet goes the length of saying
that he considers there is confusion in the Linniean Herbarium ; by which I suppose he
wishes it to' be understood that the labels may have been crossed ; but if this be his
meaning, he cannot be aware that the species are pasted to sheets of paper, and the
name written on the sheet itself by Linnaius' own hand.
X
o
o

I
a
a

I
 s

«5
 LEGUMINIFER^. 63

common, and generally distributed. Like the last species, it

becomes rarer in the North of Scotland.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Spring to
Autumn.
This plant not unlike T. procumbens, but generally smaller
is
in all its parts the leaves of a blue-green, and sometimes not so
;

distinctly pinnately trifoliate ; the flower-heads are also smaller,

not having more than 20, and sometimes only 4 flowers. Flowers
smaller, deeper yellow, changing to dark brown, not so closely
packed, and appearing still less so from the sides of the standard
being folded together. The pod shows slightly when full grown,
and the style is shorter.
T. minus in the Linnsean Hej^barium has no name on the sheet,
but is pinned to the named sheet of T. procumbens, though
whether by Linnaeus himself or not must of course be uncertain.

Lesser Yellow Trefoil.

SPECIES XXT.— T RI P OLIUM FILIFORM E- Linn.

Plate CCCLXVII.
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 80. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 170. Uooh. & Am.
Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 106. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 422.
T. micranthum, Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 195.

Rootstock none. Stems several, procumbent or prostrate,

branched. Leaves very shortly stalked, palmately trifoliate leaf- ;

lets wedge-shaped, obovate or oblanceolate, truncate and denticulate

at the apex. Stipules adnate for less than half their length, the
free portion ovate, abruptly acuminated. Plower-heads axillary,
on stalks which exceed their own length, and are usually longer
than the leaves from which they spring, very lax, few-flowered.
Flowers on pedicels which are longer than the calyx-tube, at length
spreading or slightly reflexed. Calyx-tube bell-shaped; upper
teeth triangular-subulate, shorter than the calyx-tube lower teeth ;

more slender, about equal to it unaltered in fruit. Corolla longer

;

than the calyx standard narrowly oblanceolate, slightly enlarged,

;

and very indistinctly ribbed in fruit, a little exceeding the wings

and keel, folded together longitudinally over the pod, keeled on
the back. Pod considerably broader than and about as long as the
standard. Style one-sixth the length of the pod.
On commons, dry pastures, and waste places. Rare, or generally
overlooked. Specimens have been sent me from the counties of
Cornwall, Hants, Kent, Surrey, Oxford, and Cardigan, also from
G4 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Dublin. I have never soon this species in Scotland, thouj^h I

have often looked carefully for it.

England, Scotland ? Ireland. Annual. Spring to

Autumn.
Extremely like small slender forms of the last species, but with
the leaves more shortly stalked, and the central leallet not inserted
higher on the common petiole than the lateral ones. The flower-
heads are much more lax, 2- to 7-flowered the flowers smaller, ;

much more distinctly stalked, and more evidently racemose, less

reflexed after flowering ; the standard much narrower, with its sides
not reaching down to the middle of the pod, which is more obovate
and with a shorter style.
This is T. filiforme of the Linnsean Herbarium.

Least Yellow Trefoil.

Frencli, Trejle Filiforme. German, Fadenfurmiger Klee.

This of Trefoil abounds in dry pastures, especially on sandy or cal-

little species

careous and often forms a considerable portion of the turf iu those places. It is
soils,

extremely nutritive, and must therefore be considered as a useful pasture plant, though
too small to be worth cultivating separately. Like the hop trefoil, it is an annual.
Cattle and sheep are so fond of it, that a specimen can scarcely be had in any pasture
to which they have access.

Sub-Tribe IV.—EU-LOTE^.
Stamens diadelphous, the upper one being free from the other
nine. Pod with incomplete spurious transverse partitions between
the seeds. Leaves trifoliate, with entire margins and no excurrent
nerves.

OENUS X.—lx O T U S. Linn.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed teeth narrow, elongate, nearly

;

equal. Corolla deciduous; standard obovate-roundish, spreading,

longer than the wings and keel ; wings connivent and contiguous
at the upper edges ; keel with an acuminate beak directed towards
the standard. Stamens diadelphous ; filaments unequal, the alter-
nate ones longer and dilated at the apex. Style attenuated
towards the summit, simple, glabrous. Pod more or less exserted,
cylindrical, with imperfect cellular partitions between the nume-
rous seeds, opening by two valves, which afterwards generally twist
spirally on their own axis.
Herbs or under-shrubs, with trifoliate leaves ; leaflets with entire
 CCCLXVIII.

E. B. 2090.

Lotus eu-comiculatus. Common Bird's-foot Trefoil.

 LEGUMINIFEEJ^:. 65

margins. Stipules free, resembling the leaflets

peduncles axillary, ;

with umbellate heads of few or numerous flowers, which are ffene-

rally yellow. The pods show an evident relation to the Coronillea3.

The name of this genus is variously derived. Some authors say it is of Egyptian
origin, others that it is the Xwtoc of Theophrastus and Dioscorides ; the true Lotus
is, however, the Zizyphus Lotos. In mythology, Lotos was a nymi)h turned into a tree
to avoid the pursuit of Priapus, and it is most probable that the name was originally

given to a tree of large size.

SPECIES I.— LOTUS CORNICULATUS. Linn.

Plates CCCLXVIIL CCCLXIX.

Rootstock short, csespitosely branched, emitting few or no
stolons. Stems decumbent, simple or branched. Peduncles three
to five times as long as the leaves. Heads 3- to 10-flowered.
Calyx-teeth nearly equal, erect in the bud the 2 uppermost trian- ;

gular, converging, separated by a blunt sinus, the 3 lower trian-

gular contracted into subulate, rather shorter than the tube.
Corolla twice as long as the calyx or more ; standard with the
claw dilated and vaulted near the middle, rather abruptly widening
into the lamina. Pod cylindrical, slightly depressed and not
beaded when ripe.

Sub-Species I.— Lotus eu-corniciilatns.

Plate CCCLXVIIL
L. corniculatus, Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Ilelv. ed. ii. p. 197. Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand.
p. 47. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Yol. I. p. 432.
L. corniculatus, vars. b and c, Benth. Handbook Brit. Bot. p. 171.

L. corniculatus, vars. a and j3, Hook. & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii, p. 106.

L. corniculatus, vars. a, (3, and y, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. pp. 80, 81.

Stems short, rather stout, nearly simple. Leaflets oblanceolate

or obovate, rather obtuse. Stipules ovate or lanceolate. Wings
oblong-obovate, nearly straight on the upper margin, curved on the
lower margin of the lamina from the middle to the apex.

Yar. a, vulgaris.

Nearly glabrous. Leaflets thin.

Var. 3, crassifolius.

Sub-glabrous. Leaflets thick and fleshy.

Yar. 7, villosiis.

Stem, leaves, and calyces with numerous long spreading hairs.

VOL. III. K
66 ENGLISH BOTANY.

In pastures, heaths, and waste places. Var. a very common,

and generally distributed; var. /3 near the sea; var. y reported
from the Isle of Wight, Iligham and Sandgate, Kent, and Bud-
leigh Salterton, Devon, hut of this I have seen no Britisli
specimens.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.

Taproot very long. Bootstock producing a few subterranean

stolons and dividing into numerous branches, nearly all of which
spring from the same point. Stems very numerous, spreading in
a circle so as to form roundish tufts, ascending from a curved
prostrate base, 3 to 12 inches long. Leaves shortly stalked, pin-
nately trifoliate leaflets i to
; -^ inch long, wedge-shaped at the base,
rounded at the apex, entire. Stipules ovate, often acute, as large
as the leaflets, sub-sessile. Peduncles axillary, 2 to 4 inches long.
Flower-heads with a 3-foliate bract at the base. Plowers f to | inch
long, bright yellow, streaked and often tinged with crimson, especially
when in bud', turning greenish in drying, on short pedicels, spreading
in a lax umbellate head. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, 10-nerved at
the base, but only those which form the midribs of the teeth extend-
ing to the apex ; 2 upper teeth triangular, the rest subulate from
a triangular base. Standard with an orbicular spreading-reflexed
lamina; claw dilated and arched a little below its junction with
the lamina ; keel with a long acuminate beak directed towards the
standard. Pods spreading horizontally, J to IJ inch long, brown
when ripe, faintly channelled along the upper suture, keeled beneath.
Seeds numerous, blackish-brown, nearly smooth, sub-orbicular, with
a small circular hilum. Valves of the pod twisting on their own axis
and remaining attached at the base. Plant bright-green, slightly
glaucous, varying from glabrous to hairy.

Common Wirds-foot Trefoil.

French, Lotier Cornicule. German, Gemeiner Ilornldee.

We must all be able to recall this pretty little plant with its bright yellow flowers,
as forming part of the soft carpeting of almost every down and meadow-land we have
trodden. So small does it become in its dwarf state on commons and heaths, that it
appears almost as if the flowers spring out of the ground without a stalk ; but in more
favourable jjositions it attains a considerable amount of dignity, and waves in the wind
on a stem of its own of some length. It is not to be despised in pastnrage for sheej"),

and in hay it is an improvement ; but it has been strongly recommended by Andei'son

both for fodder and hay in his agricultural essays, under the erroneous name of Milk
Vetch.
The common vulgar names of this little plant are numerous. Amongst them we
find it called Butter-jags, Shoes-and-Stockings, Ladies Slipper, Cross-toes, Crow-toes,
and in Yorkshire Chcesccake-srass.
 CCCLXIX.

'^^^^=^'^^-

E.B.S. 2015.
Lotus tenuis. Slender Bii"d's-foot Trefoil.
 LEGUMINIFElliE. 67

'Sub-Species II.— Lotus tenuis. Kit.

Plate CCCLXIX.
Hook & Borr. in Eng. Bot. Sup. No. 2G15. 6^r. & 6'o(Z/-. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 432.

L. tenuif'olius, Reich. Fl. Excurs. p. 506. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Ilelv. eJ. ii. p. 197.

Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 47.

L. corniculatus, var. tenuis, Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 171. Bah. Man. Brit. Bot.
ed. V. p. 81.

L. corniculatus, var. tenuifolius, Hook. & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. lOG.
L. decumbens, Forst. Sm. Eng. Fl. Vol. III. p. 314.

Stems elongated, slender, wiry, much branched. Leaflets

acute, those of the lower leaves oblanceolate-elliptical, of the upper
ohlanceolate-linear. Lower stipules strapshaped-lanceolate, upper
ones linear-lanceolate. Wings oblong-ohlanceolate, curved on the
lower margin of the lamina only at the apex.
In meadows and waste places, especially on damp or clayey
soils. Eather rare, but pretty generally distributed in England
rare in Scotland, has been found in Linlithgowshire, For-
where it

farshire, and Kincardineshire. It is not marked in Dr. Moore's

Irish list.
England, Scotland. Perennial. Summer.

This plant certainly comes very near to L. eu-corniculatus, but

all the botanists who have cultivated it have found its peculiarities
constant. The stems are more wiry and slender, much longer (some-
times between 2 and 3 feet long), and much more branched the ;

stolons are more constantly present, the leaves and stipules

narrower the peduncles longer and more slender. The flowers
;

are smaller, f to -^ inch long, and usually fewer in number than in

L. cu-corniculatus, and the curvature on the under margin of their
wings is much more abrupt the keel is less deep the calyx has
; ;

always fine hairs, and the teeth rather shorter in proportion to its
length. The pods are rather paler coloured, and the seeds a little
smaller.
Slender Birds-foot Trefoil.

SPECIES II.— LOTUS MAJOR. Scop.

Plate CCCLXX.
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 81. Hook, t Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 107. Sm. Eng.
Bot. No. 2091.
L. uliginosus, Schkuhr. Flies, Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 47. Gr. & God?-. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I.

p. 432. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Ilelv. ed. ii. p. 197. Jieich. Fl. Excurs. p. 506.
L. corniculatus, var, a major, Benth. Handbook Brit. Bot. p. 171.
 ;

68 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Eootstock elongated, branched tlirougliout its length, emitting

numerous stolons. Stems decumbent or ascending, branched.
Peduncles three to seven times as long as the leaves. Heads 3- to
12-flowercd. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, spreading in bud, the
2 uppermost triangular diverging, separated by an acute sinus ; 3
lower triangular contracted into subulate, rather shorter than the
tube. Plowers twice as long as the calyx or more. Standard with
the claw not dilated, gradually widening into the lamina. Pod
cylindrical and not beaded when ripe.

Var. a, sub-glaher.

Sub-glabrous, with the leaflets ciliated at the margins.

Var. 0, hirsutus.

Leaves, stem, peduncles, and calyces with long spreading hairs.

In meadows, marshes, and by the sides of ditches. Common,

and generally distributed, but less so than the preceding species.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Late Summer.
This species resembles the last, but the mode of growth is differ-
ent, as the branches are given off at intervals along the rootstock
and not all from near the same point, so that the plant does not
form dense tufts. The stems are stouter, and generally taller, 1 to
3 feet high. Leaflets obovate, ^ to 1 inch long, rounded or some-
Avhat acute. Stipules ovate, generally shorter than the leaflets,
more perfectly sessile than in L. eu-corniculatus. Plowers gene-
rally more numerous, wdth the pedicels rather longer, and tlie
calyx-teeth spreading like a star instead of being connivent in bud.
Standard with the claw not dilated and bulged into a humj) ; wings
with the curvature commencing near the apex of the lower margin
keel with the beak forming an obtuse and not a right angle with
the lower margin of the lamina. Pod less depressed when ripe than
that of the last species. Plant deep dull-green, slightly glaucous,
varying much in hairiness but in this country, according to my
;

experience, the sub-glabrous forms occur more frequently than the

extremely hairy ones.

Marsh Birds-foot Trefoil.

SPECIES IIT.-L OTUS ANGUSTISSIMUS. Linn.

Plates CCCLXXI. CCCLXXII.

Benth. Handbook Brit. Bet. p. 171. Hook. & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 107.

Ilootstock none. Stems several, slightly branched. Peduncles

one to three times as long as the leaves. Calyx-teeth nearly
 / OCCLXX.

E.B. 2091.

Lotus major. Marsh Biixl's-foot Trefoil.

 CCCLXXL

BCB^PIf^

A'. ^. 925.

Lotus diffusus. Long-podded SmaU Bird's-foot Trefoil.

 LEGUMINirEKJ5. 69

equal, longer tlian the tube, all subulate. Heads 1- to 4-flowered.

Flowers one-quarter longer than the calyx. Pods cylindrical,

faintly beaded when ripe.

Sub-Species I.— Lotus diflEusus. Svi.

Plate CCCLXXI.
Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 925.
L. angustissimus, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 81. KocJi, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Ilelv.

ed. ii. p. 108. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 430.
L. angustissimus, var. o, Benth. Handbook Brit. Bot. p. 171.

L. angustissimus, var. a, minor, llook. & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 107.
L. gracilis, WaldsL & Kit. lieich. Fl. Excurs. p. 505.

Stems slender. Mowers usually solitary, and seldom more than

2 together. Wings gradually widening to near the apex. Beak
of the keel forming nearly a right angle with the basal portion.
Pod slender, four to six times as long as the calyx.
On dry banks and in pastures and waste places. Very rare. On
the castle rock at Hastings, Sussex; Stokes Bay, Hants; Maker
Heights, &c., Devonshire ; more plentiful in the Channel Islands.
England, Ireland (?). Annual. Summer.
Koot producing from the crown numerous stems, which are
ascending or decumbent, 3 to 18 inches long, with short lateral
branches. Leaflets J to | inch long, elliptical-oblanceolate, blunt
or acute. Stipules ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, subsessile. Peduncles
usually a little longer than the leaves, but varying from as long to
twice as long when mature. Plower-heads with a trifoliate bract
at the base, very frequently reduced to a single flower. Pedicels about
as long as the calyx-tube. Plowers \ inch to f inch long, yellow.
Calyx-teeth very slender, with long hairs. Pod f to 1^ inch long,
15- to 30-seeded. Plant greyish-green, more or less thickly pubes-
cent with slender spreading hairs.
The annual root and sub-solitary small flowers with the calyx-
teeth longer than the tube will prevent this plant from being
confounded with small hairy states of the two preceding species.
Long -'podded Small Birds-foot Trefoil.
French, Lotier Diffus.

Sub-Species II. ?— Lotus hispidus. Desf.

Plate CCCLXXII.
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 81. Gr. k Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 431. Reich. Fl.
Excurs. p. 505.
L. angustissimus, var. hispidus. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 171.
L. angustissimus, /? major. Hook. &l Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 107.
 ;

70 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Stems moderately Flowers usually in pairs, or three

stout.
together. Wings ta})ering to the apex in the last quarter of their
length. Beak of the keel forming a little more than a right angle
with the basal portion. Pod two to three times as long as the
calyx.
On dry banks and in pastures and waste plaees. Very rare.
Near Penzance, the Land's End, and the Lizard Lights, Cornwall
Maker Heights and Dartmouth, Devon plentiful in the Channel
;

Islands.
England. Annual. Summer.
Extremely like the preceding, of which I suspect it to be no more
than a variety. It is usually, hoAvever, a stouter and larger plant
(I have seen it in Guernsey with the stems as much as 3 feet
long), with the flowers usually in pairs or threes, instead of
solitary, and the j^od is shorter and thicker, being from ^ to f inch
long. The beak at the apex of the pod is equally bent down in
both, and the standard occasionally turns green in both, but most
frequently retains its yellow colour when dried, so that these two
characters which have been enumerated as specific differences are
evidently valueless for separating the two, and I should certainly
expect to find that continued cultivation would prove their identity.
Short-podded Small Birds-foot Trefoil.
French, Lotier IIis2nde.

Sub-Tkibe v.—ASTRAGALE/E.
Stamens diadelphous, the upper one being free from the other
nine. Pod imperfectly 2-celled, from the presence of a longitu-
dinal partition proceeding from one or both of the sutures. Stems
herbaceous or sufTruticose, sometimes extremely short. Leaves
pinnate with an odd terminal leaflet, or, more rarely, with the
petiole terminating in a spine ; leaflets entire.

GENUS XJ.— O X Y T R O P I S. B.C.

Calyx shaped or tubular, with 5 teeth, the 2 upper
bell -

somewhat separated from the 3 lower. Corolla with the

standard scarcely spreading, as long as or longer than the wings
and keel keel with an .apiculus or short appendage at the apex.
;

Stamens diadelphous. Style ascending. Stigma obtuse or sub-

capitate. Pod ovoid or subclavate, turgid, more or less completely
divided into 2 cells by a longitudinal partition, produced by the
 CCOLXXII.

E.B.S. 2823.
Trefoil.
Lotus hispiduB. Short-podded Small Bird's-tbot
 (rC!CLXXIII.

E.B. 466.

Oxytropis Halleri. Blue Oxytropis.

 LEGUMINIFER^E. 71

inflexion of the upper or ventral suture (that to which the seeds

are attached). Seeds numerous.
Ilerhs, often acaulescent, with the leaves always pinnate, with
an odd terminal leaflet. Flowers purple, hlue, yellow, white,
ochreous, or yellow, in stalked axillary compact racemose heads.

This genus derives its name from the two Greek words ot,vc (oxus), sharp, and
rpoTTif; {tropis), a keel, in reference to the keel of the flower ending in an exserted
mucrone on the back of the apex.

, SPECIES I.— OX YTRO PIS HALLERI. Bunge.

Plate CCCLXXIII.
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 81. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 200.
Gr. k Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 449.
0. uralensis, D. G. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 174. Ilooh. & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii.

p. 108.
Astragalus uralensis, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 466.

Kootstock branched, many-headed. Leaves all radical, with

numerous pairs of elliptical acute leaflets, densely covered with
silky hairs. Scapes erect, longer than the leaves, clothed with
spreading hairs. Flowers in a compact oval head, elongating in
fruit into a short raceme. Bracts narrowly elliptical-lanceolate,
as long as the calyx-tube. Pods erect, inflated, ovoid-cylindrical,
tapering and recurved at the apex ; upper suture much inflexed,
forming an imperfect dissepiment reaching to the central axis of
the pod ; lower or dorsal suture winged internally, and so forming
an imperfect partition, which nearly meets that proceeding from
the upper suture.
In hilly pastures. Very local. I have only seen it at Queens-
where the plant is now probably extinct, as in
ferry, in Pifeshire,
1848 I saw only one patch, about a foot from tlie edge of the cliff,
where quarrying operations were in active progress. A specimen
has also been sent me from
Glen Turret, Perthshire. It is also
reported as occurring in the counties of Wigton, Porfar, Argyle,
Koss, and Sutherland.

Scotland. Perennial. Summer.

Pootstock almost woody, many-headed, each head producing a
tuft of leaves 2 to 5 inches long, with 9 to 15 pairs of leaflets and an
odd terminal one; leaflets ^ to ^ inch long, varying from strapshaped-
clliptical to oval-elliptical, usually broadest rather below the middle,
so as to approach to lanceolate or ovate, very thickly clothed with
short silky hairs, which are most abundant on the under side.
 ;

72 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Stipules lanceolate, scarious, with a strong central nerve. Scapes

2 to 4 inches hii^h in flower, attaining to 6 inches in fruit, clothed
with rather loni>' spreading hairs, hearing G to 14 flowers in a com-
pact terminal head. Flowers J inch long, purplish-hlue, more rarely
white. Calyx-tuhc cylindrical-ohlong, splitting as the pod enlarges
teeth linear-lanceolate, ahout one-fourth the length of the tuhe
both teeth and tuhe clothed with rather bristly hairs intermingled
with black glandular points. Corolla nearly twice as long as the
calyx keel with a dark purple blotch at the apex.
; Pods f to
{- inch long, sessile, swollen, bending down at the apex, which is

acuminated into a point, opening along the upper suture, clothed

with short curled hairs. Seeds roundish-kidneyshaped, much com-
pressed, deeply notched at the circular hilum, olive, dim. Plant
greyish-green, the young leaves almost white from the abundance of
their silky hairs.
I have not seen the Russian plant 0. uralensis, from which Koch
says this species diff*ers. Dr. Walker-Arnott considers them the
same. Most probably they are merely sub-species in which case ;

the name O. uralensis might be retained for the aggregate species,

and O. Ilalleri for the Western form.

£hce Oxytropis.

SPECIES II.— OXYTROPIS CAMPESTRIS. D.C.

Plate CCCLXXIV.
Astragalus campestris, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot, No. 2522.

Rootstock branched, many-headed. Leaves all radical, with

numerous pairs of elliptical leaflets covered with silky hairs.

Scapes ascending, scarcely exceeding the leaves, with spreading

hairs. Plowers in a compact globose or oval head, which elongates
very slightly in fruit. Bracts narrowly elliptical-lanceolate, longer
than the calyx-tube. Pods ascending, inflated, oblong-ovoid, taper-
ing and recurved at the apex; upper suture much inflexed, forming
an imperfect dissepiment reaching to the central axis of the pod ;

lower or dorsal suture not winged, but having merely a ridge pro-
jecting into the inside.
On rocks facing the south a little to the north of Bradoonie,
Clova, Porfarshire.
Scotland. Perennial. Summer.
Extremely similar* to O. Ilalleri, but usually a larger and
stouter plant, the leaflets being from J to 1 inch long, usually broader
in proportion and less acute, with the silky hairs more distant, espe-
cially on the upper surface. Scapes 4 to 8 inches high, usually
curved towards the base. Plower-heads rather shorter than those
 CCCLXXIV.

'
/

E.B. 2522.

Oxytropis campestris. Pale-yellow Oxytropis.

 OOCLXXV.

E.B.S. 2717
Astraf];alus alpinus, Alpine Milk-Vetch.
 LEGUMINIFERiE. 73

of the last species, with from 6 to 10 flowers, which are rather

larger, cream-colour tinged with very pale pinkish-lilac, with a
pm-ple hlotch at the apex of the keel on the upper margin, leaving
the apiculus which characterizes the genus ochreous. Pods J to 1
inch long, more inflated than those of the preceding species, without
the imperfect dissepiment proceeding from the lower suture. Seeds
maroon-coloured, but in other respects very similar.
On the Continent this plant occurs with entirely ochreous
flowers, and also another variety, ctBrulea^ in which the flowers are
almost entirely bluish-purple. The British form belongs to the
variety sordkla.
Tale-yelloio Oxytropis,

French, Oxy trope des Alpes. German, Behaarte Fahnwicke.

GUNUS XIL—A STRAGALUS. Linn.

Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, with 5 teeth ; the 2 upper some-

what separated from the 3 lower. Corolla with the standard
scarcely spreading, as long as or longer than the wings and
keel ; keel obtuse, without an apiculus. Stamens diadelphous.
Style ascending. Stigma obtuse or sub-capitate. Pod varying
in shape, tumid, completely divided into 2 cells by a
more or less
longitudinal partition proceeding from the lower or dorsal suture.
Seeds few or numerous.
Herbs or undershrubs of various habit, but with the leaves
pinnate, with numerous pairs of pinnse and generally an odd ter-
minal leaflet, more rarely with the petiole excurrent and leafless
but never terminatins!: in a tendril. Plowers in terminal and axil-
lary racemes spikes or heads, more rarely solitary or in pairs, purple,
blue, white, ochreous, or yellow.

The name of this genus of plants is derived from the Greek word aarpayaXoc, the
vertebra, applied by Dioscorides to some leguminiferous plant, the knotted rootstock of
which resembled a backbone. Some writers say the derivation is from aarrjp (aster),
a star, and yaXa (gala), milk.

SPECIES L—ASTRAGALUS ALPINUS. Linn.

Plate CCCLXXV.
Phaca astragalina, D. C. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 200. Gr. k Godr.
Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 452.

Rootstock slender, creeping, much branched. Stems short,

slender, decumbent. Leaves with 7 to 10 pairs of ovate-elliptical
VOL. III. L
74 ENGLISH BOTANY.

leaflets, whicli are sub-glabrous on the upper surface. Stipules

sheatliing.Peduncles shorter than or equal to the leaves when in
flower. Flowers in a lax depressed-globular head, spreading when
expanded. Bracts about as long as the pedicels. Calyx-tube cam-
panulate, thickly clothed with black adpressed hairs ; teeth trian-
gular, more than half the length of the tube. Corolla three times
as long as the calyx. Pods reflexed, on a carpophore
stipitate
about as long as the calyx-tube, fusiform-ovoid, attenuated at each
end, deeply channelled on the lower suture which is inflexed and
projects inwards in the form of an imperfect partition, clothed with
short black bristly hairs.
On a grassy knoll at Little Cragindal, near the Castleton of
Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; and at the head of Glen Dole, Clova,
Forfarshire.
Scotland. Perennial. Summer.
Bootstock very slender, much branched branches terminating
;

in short leafy stems. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long; leaflets ^ to

i inch long, entire or slightly notched at the apex, with short white
adpressed hairs on the underside and margins. Stipules rhomboid-
ovate, apiculate, united at the base so as to form a kind of sheath.
Peduncles axillary. Flowers | inch long, in a very short capitate
raceme, whitish tinged with lilac at the apex the keel purple at
;

the point. Pedicels shorter than the calyx-tube. Bracts mem-

branous, scarcely exceeding the jiedicels. Calyx-tube with the
mouth oblique, the lower portion projecting beyond the upper, not
ruptured by the fruit. Keel much curved upwards. Pods pen-
dulous, straight, -J to f inch long, inflated, olive, thickly clothed
with short black bristly hairs, on a stalk as long as the calyx-tube,
and with a slender beak at the apex about as long as the stalk.
Seeds reniform, brown. Plant pale pea-green, slightly glaucous,
rather sparingly clothed with white adpressed hairs except on the
upper portion of the peduncles, calyces, and pods, where they are
black.
Alpine Milk- Vetch.

SPECIES IL—ASTRAGALUS HYPOGLOTTIS. Linn.

Plate CCCLXXVI.
Bootstock slender, creeping, much branched. Stems short,
slender, decumbent. Lqaves with 7 to 15 pair of elliptical leaflets,
which are hairy on the upper surface. Stipules sheathing. Pe-
duncles longer than the leaves. Flowers in dense ovoid-globular
heads, erect when expanded. Bracts longer than the pedicels.
 CCCLXXVL

#
E.B: 274.

Astragalus hypoglottis. Purple Milk- Vetch.

 CCCLXXVII.

E.L. 203.

Astragalus glycyphyllus. Sweet Milk-Vetch.

 LEGUMINIFER^. 75

Calyx-tube cylindrical -oblong, tbickly clothed with black hairs;

teeth linear-lanceolate, one-third the length of the tube. Corolla
scarcely twice as long as the calyx. Pods erect, stipitate on a
carpophore much shorter than the calyx-tube, broadly oval-ovoid,
abrupt or subcordate at the base, apiculate, faintly channelled at
the lower suture, which is inflexed and projects inwards in the
form of an imperfect partition, clothed with white woolly hairs.
On dry gravelly and chalky pastures. Not very common.
Principally found in the eastern counties, from Essex and Herts
to Aberdeen, Moray, and E,oss.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Early Summer.

E-ootstock extensively creeping, very slender, much branched.
Stems 2 to 8 inches long. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long leaflets ^ to ;

f inch long, rounded or notched at the apex, with scattered hairs even
on the upper surface. Stij^ules lanceolate, united half-way up
opposite the leaf so as to form a sheath. Elowers 6 to 20, f inch
long, bluish-purple, nearly sessile, in a dense racemose head not
elongating in fruit the bracts half as long as the calyx-tube.
; Pod
^ to f inch long, rupturing the calyx-tube. Seeds roundish-reni-
form, brownish-black. Plant greyish-green, sparingly clothed with
white adpressed hairs, the upper part of the peduncles and calyces
with black ones.
JPmyle Milk-Vetch, Tongue-under-To7igue.
Fi'ench, Astragale Hypoglotte. German, Wiesen Bdrenschote.

SPECIES TIL-ASTRAGALUS GL YC YPH YLLUS. Linn.

Plate CCCLXXVII.
Rootstock thick, woody, slightly branched. Stems elongated,
stout, ascending or decumbent. Leaves with 4 to 7 pairs of oval
leaflets, which are glabrous on the upper surface. Stipules not
sheathing. Peduncles shorter than the leaves. Elowers in short
compact ovoid racemes or elongated heads, spreading when
expanded. Bracts rather longer than the pedicels. Calyx-tube
bell-shaped, glabrous except at the mouth ; teeth triangular-
subulate, half the length of the tube. Corolla more than twice
the length of the calyx. Pods erect, stipitate on a carpophore
as long as the calyx-tube, cylindrical, tapering, curved upwards,
gradually acuminated into a slender beak, deeply channelled at the
lower suture, which is inflexed and projects inwards in the form
of an imperfect partition, appearing glabrous to the naked eye.
In bushy places, woods, thickets, on the borders of fields, and

^ 'liLAY H-J^W<^^^
WlCfJJ-.s/
7G ENGLISH BOTANY.

by roadsides. Not very common, and principally confined to the

Soutli and East of tlie island ; extending from Cornwall and Devon
along the Soutli coast to Kent, and thence northward to Aberdeen,
Moray, and lloss. On the West coast it occurs wild in North
Wales, the basin of the Mersey, and Kirkcudbrightshire.

England, Scotland. Perennial. Summer and Autumn.

Stems few, nearly simple, flexuous, 1 to 3 feet long, generally
trailing. Leaves 4 to 8 inches long leaflets J to 1^ inch long, ;

obtuse or slightly acute at the apex, glabrous above, apparently so

beneath, but when examined under a lens they will be found to
be clothed with distant extremely short white hairs. Lower stipules
ovate, auriculate ; upper ones lanceolate, not united to each other.
Elowers very numerous, ^ inch long, cream-coloured. Pods 1 to
1^ inch long, crescent-shaped, pale-olive when ripe, with the surface
finely reticulated and clothed with short distant hairs invisible to
the naked eye. Plant pea-green. Leaflets very thin and glaucous
beneath the leaves, as remarked by Dr. Bromtield, resembling
;

those of Robinia Pseud-acacia, the tree commonly cultivated in

gardens under the name of Acacia or Locust-tree.
Sioeet Ililk- Vetch, Liquorice Vetch.

French, Astragcde Reglisse. German, Susshohbldtlrige Bdrenscliote.

This plant is sometimes called Ladies'-fingers or Crow-toes, from its fancied resem-
blance to the fingers of an open hand. The I']ng]ish name of Milk- Vetch is derived
from its supposed quality of increasing the quantity of milk in cows fed on it. We
find Gerarde, after enumerating the virtues of the plant in healing diseases, says :
" It

likewise procureth great store of niilke in cattell that do eat thereof, whence it took
his name." He adds :
" It stoppeth bleeding, but is with much ado beaten, by reason of
his hardnesse."
It grows on the poorest soils, even on obdurate clays, where scarcely any other
plant will vegetate. It will grow as tall as clover, and makes very good hay, though
scarcely attaining j)erfection for the first few years. When fully established, it pro-
duces a large su])ply of fodder, and is very desirable for poor lands ; but after being once
cut advances very slowly ; hence its inferiority to clover as a fodder-plant.

Tribe IL—HED YS AREiE.

Stamens diadelphous, the uppermost free from the other 9.
Pod divided by transverse partitions into 1-seeded portions, which
most frequently separate from each other more rarely reduced ;

to one of these portions.. Cotyledons changing into green leaves

during germination.
. Stem not climbing or twining. Leaves
pinnate or pinnately-trifoliate, with a terminal leaflet. Leaflets
sometimes with stipels.
 CCCLXXVIII.

E.B. 309.

Omitliopns perpusiilus. Least Bird's-Foot.

 LEGUMINIFER.E. 7/

Sub-Tribe I.— CORONILLE.^.

Pod cylindrical or slightly compressed, not much constricted

between the joints, which are numerous, rugose with elevated
lines, but not spiny, and very seldom muricate. Plowers in
umbellate heads. Leaves pinnate, with an odd terminal leaflet
rarely simple.

GENUS XIII— O RNITHOPUS. Linn.

Calyx cylindrical-bellshaped, with 5 nearly equal teeth, of which

the 2 upper ones are united at the base. Standard oval, slightly
spreading, longer than the wings keel very small, obtuse and not
;

beaked at the apex. Stamens diadelphous, the alternate filaments

dilated at the apex. Pod slender, cylindrical or slightly compressed
laterally, more or less curved upwards, articulated, breaking into
numerous 1-seeded indehiscent joints joints not notched on the
;

upper side, reticulated with elevated lines on the sides.

Small annuals, with leaves having numerous pairs of pinnae,
and very small stipules adnate to the petiole or cohering at the
base by the margins farthest from it. Plowers in axillary umbellate
few-flowered heads, yellow, wliite, or rose-colour.

The name of this genus is derived from the two Greek words opvic^ opuiduc (ornis,
ornithos), a bird, and ttovq (pous), a foot, the legumes exactly resembling a bird's foot.

Sub-Genus I.— EU-ORNITHOPTJS.

Pod compressed, constricted between the joints, which are
widest in the middle and taper gradually to each end.

SPECIES I-ORNITHOPUS PERPUSILLUS. Li7in.

Plate CCCLXXVIII.

Lower leaves stalked, upper ones sessile leaflets 7 to 12 pairs,

;

hairy. Plower-heads 3- to 7-flowered, with a leaflike pinnate bract at

the base. Calyx-tube hairy, nearly three times as long as the teeth.
Pod hairy or sub-glabrous, compressed, constricted between the
joints, abruptly acuminated into a conical-subulate seedless beak
nearly as long as the last joint, reticulated with prominent longitu-
dinal anastomosing veins.
78 ENGLISH BOTANY.

On dry commons, by roadsides, and in waste places. Not un-

common in England rare in Scotland, where it extends northward
;

to the counties of Moray and Dumbarton.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Spring and Summer.

Hoot producing from its crown numerous stems, which are

decumbent or procumbent, very slender, nearly simple. Leaves 1
to 2 inches long, only the lower ones stalked ; leaflets elliptical or
oval, i to those of the lower leaves sometimes obtuse
^ inch long ;

or cmarginate, those of the upper acute. Stipules very small, tri-

angular. Peduncles filiform, about as long as the leaves. Elowers
J inch long. Calyx-tube cylindrical-funnel-shaped ; teeth short,
triangular. Standard and wings white with red lines keel orange. ;

Pods not diverging, i to f inch long, curved upwards into a bow,

breaking into 5 to 9 indehiscent 1-seeded oval joints. Plant grey-
ish-green, with the upper part of the stem, leaves, calyces, and pods
clothed with short hairs.
Least BircVs-Foot,
French, Omitliope Delicat. German, Kleine Klauenscliote.

Sub-Genus H.—AUTHUOLOBIUM. I>esv.

Pod scarcely compressed, very slightly constricted between the

joints, which are sub-cylindrical.

SPECIES II —O RNITHOPUS EBRACTEATUS. Brotero.

Plate CCCLXXIX.
Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 498.
Arthrolobium ebracteatum, D. C. Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 87. Betith. Handbook
Brit, FJ. p. 174. Hook. & Am. Brit. FI. ed. viii. p. 110.

Leaves almost all stalked leaflets 3 to 8 pairs, sub-glabrous.

;

Flower-heads 2- to 5-flowered, without a bract at the base. Calyx-

tube glabrous, five or six times as long as the teeth. Pod glabrous,
cylindrical, not constricted between the joints, gradually attenuated
into a subulate seminiferous beak longer than the last joint, without
a raised line or prominent veins, rough with minute tubercles.
In sandy places. Very rare, and only known to occur in the
Scilly Islands. It is also found in Alderney and Guernsey.

England. Annual. Spring to Autumn.

Hoot producing from its crown numerous slender ascending or
decumbent nearly simple stems, 4 to 20 inches long. Leaves 1 to
X
1—1

X
o
o

OS

-2

00
 LEGUMINIFER^. 79

2 inches long; leaflets oval or elliptical, -} to ^ inch long, rather

distant. Stipules extremely small, deltoid, often scarcely discernible
in the lower leaves. Peduncles filiform, about as long as the leaves.
Flowers J inch long, bright-yellow with red streaks. Calyx very
long and slender, cylindrical-funnel-shaped. Pods not diverging,
curved upwards into a bow, breaking into 10 or
J to 1 inch long,
14 indehiscent 1-seeded joints, the last one attenuated into a beak,
but generally bearing a seed at the base. Plant dull glaucous-green,
sub-glabrous, with a few adpressed hairs on the leaves (especially
on their midribs) and the upper part of the stem.
Sand Bird^s-Foot.
French, OrnitJiojye satis Bractees.

GENUS Xir.—H, IPPOCREPIS. Linn.

Calyx campanulate, with 5 teeth teeth sub-equal, with the 2

;

upper ones united to their middle. Standard with the lamina spread-
ing, orbicular, attenuated into a slender claw distant from those
of the other petals keel large, terminating in an acumiDate beak
;

directed towards the standard. Stamens diadelphous, with the alter-

nate filaments dilated towards the apex. Pod much compressed,
straight or curved, articulated, breaking into numerous indehiscent
1-seeded joints, which are more or less deeply notched on the
upper side, with a raised band surrounding the notch in the form
of a horse-shoe, smooth except on the raised portion, which is often
clothed with minute raised points.
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves with numerous pairs of pinnae,
and stipules slightly adnate to the petioles. Plowers yellow, gene-
rally in umbellate stalked axillary heads, more rarely solitary or
in pairs.
The derivation of the name of this genus is from 'nr-noQ (hippos), a horse, and icprjine
(krepis), a shoe, in reference to the shape of the recesses of the pods, which are curved
in such a manner as to resemble a chain of horse-shoes.

SPECIES L—HIPPOCREPIS COMOSA. Linn.

Plate CCCLXXX.
Uootstock much branched. Stems very numerous, decumbent,
much branched, and somewhat woody at the base. Peduncles
longer than the leaves. Pod curved downwards, undulated on the
lower margin, deeply notched on the upper opposite each seed, and
having on the sides over each seed a crescent-shaped raised pro-
tuberance covered w^ith minute rough points.

V
/ ^ /r:
 ;

80 ENGLISH BOTANY.

In pastures, banks, borders of fields, and on roeky slopes most ;

partial to chalky soils. Rather common in the South of England,

but l)ocomin;:j^ rare towards the North, and doubtfully native in
Scotland, from -which country it has only been reported from Ayr-
shire and Kincardineshire.
England, Scotland ? Perennial. Summer.
Stems very numerous, much branched, decumbent, 6 to 18
inches long. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, with 4 to 7 pairs of ellip-
tical sub-glabrous leaflets, often truncate at the apex. Peduncles
axillary, usually about twice as long as the leaves. Elower-heads
depressed-globular, 5- to 12-flowered, with an extremely short
involucre of scarious bracts. Elowers f to ^ inch long, pale-
yellow, spreading when expanded at length reflexed. Pedicels
shorter than the calyx-tube. Calyx very short, bell-shaped,
with deltoid triangular teeth, the 2 upi)er ones united for the
greater portion of their length and separate from the 3 lower.
Petals more than three times as long as the calyx, contracted
into slender claws as long as the lamime, that of the standard
remote from the others so as to leave a space between them. Pod
1 to IJ inch long, generally curved downwards into a semicircle or a
ring, with a series of almost continuous crescent- or kidney-shaped
excrescences over the seeds, occupying its entire breadth over
the middle of each and narrowing off towards each end, where they
curve towards the superior margin. Seeds 2 to 6, brown, similar
in shape to the excrescences which are over them. Plant pale-
green, slightly glaucous, glabrous except occasionally a few hairs
on the midribs of the leaves, peduncles, pedicels, and upper part
of the stem.
Horse-slioe Vetch.

French, Hippocrepide en Ombelle. German, Schopff'&rmiger Hufeisetiklee.

Sub-Tribe II.— EU-HEDYSARE^.

Pod much compressed, and generally much constricted between

the joints, which are few (occasionally reduced to 1), often rugose,
muricated or spiny. Flowers in terminal racemes. Leaves pin-
nate, with an odd terminal leaflet, or pinnatcly-trifoliate, rarely
unifoliate.

GENUS XV— O NOBRYCHIS. Toumef.

Calyx bell-shaped, with 5 long subulate nearly equal teeth.
Standard oval or obovate, spreading wings shorter than the keel
;

keel obliquely truncate at the apex, somewhat beaked. Stamens

 CCCLXXX.

U.B. 31.

Hippocrepis comosa. Horse-shoe Vetch.

 CCCLXXXI.

'K

^
E.B. 96.

Onobrychis sativa. Saintfoin.

 LEGUMINIFER^. 81

diadclplious, the filaments not dilated. Style geniculate at the

middle, with a capitate stigma. Pod sub-sessile, roundish or ovoid,
much compressed laterally, reticulated, often muricated or spiny,
1-seeded, indehiscent.
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves with numerous pairs of pinnae.
Stipules cohering at the base by the sides furthest from the petiole.
Flowers red or white, axillary or terminal, in long stalked spike-
like racemes.

The generic name comes from ovog (onos), an ass, and ft^w^'^ {brucho), I gnaw, the
plants being a favourite food of asses.

SPECIES!.— ONOBRYC HIS SATIVA. Lam.

Plate CCCLXXXI.
Hedysarum Onobrychis, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 96.

Rootstock somewhat woody. Calyx-tube campanulate, very

short ; teeth subulate, about twice as long as the tube, the lowest
one a little shorter than the others. Wings little more than one-
third the length of the standard and keel. Pods reticulated on the
sides, with very prominent raised nerves, the lower margin with
acute tubercles or short spines towards the apex.
On chalky banks, cliffs, and borders of fields. Not uncommon
in the South-east of England ; but it is impossible to say in what
stations it is native, and in what it is the remains of Saintfoin cul-
tivation.
England. Perennial. Summer and Autumn.
Rootstock dividing at the apex into numerous branches, and
terminating in stout tough stems, which are curved at the base,
then erect, somewhat flexuous, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 3 to 7
inches long leaflets J to f inch long, varying from oval to strap-
;

shaped, generally truncate and apiculate at the apex, and slightly

narrowed towards the base. Stipules broadly lanceolate-acuminate,
scarious, especially at the margins. Peduncles terminal, longer
than the leaves, terminating in compact spikelike racemes, 2 to 4
inches long. Pedicels scarcely so long as the calyx-tube, in the
axils of scarious lanceolate bracts, which exceed them in length.
Calyx more or less thickly clothed with woolly hairs. Elowers J
inch long, rose-colour streaked with crimson, and suffused with that
colour at the apex of the keel wings so short that on a cursory
;

examination the flower might seem to consist only of the standard

and keel. Pods pubescent, i to | inch long, olive-colour, much
compressed, the upper margin nearly straight, the lower one curved
into more than a semicircle, somewhat truncate at the apex,
VOL. III. M
82 ENGLISH BOTANY.

marked on the with a few meshes formed by very thick ana-

sides
stomosing veins, the lower margin more or less tubercular-spinous,
and frequently there are smaller tubercles of the same kind upon
the exterior anastomosing veins which run parallel with it. Seed
solitary, kidney - shaped, compressed, dark reddish - brown, dim.
Plant greyish-green, more or less pubescent. Leaflets glabrous on
the upper surface.
Saintfoin.

French, Sainfoin VEsparcet. German, Gebauie Esparselte.

Besides the names already given, this plant is commonly known as Cock's-head,
Medick Vetchling, &c. The etymology of the name Sainfoin, sometimes spelt Saintfoin,
is carefully given by Dr. Prior in his " Popular Names of British Plants." He says
the word appears to be formed from the French sain, wholesome, and /oin, hay, in
Latin sanum foenum, representing its older name Medica, which properly meant " of
Media," biit was mistaken as meaning curative. According to Plukenet and Hill, the
name Saintfoin was first given to the lucerne (Medicago sativa), and that of lucerne to
an Onobrychis, our present Saintfoin. There does not appear to be any saint named
Foin, nor any reason for ascribing divine properties to this plant. According to
Bornare, quoted by Duchesne, "Le Sainfoin, aiusi appele parce que c'est le fourage le plus
appetissant, le plus nourrissant, et le plus sain qu'on puisse donner aux chevaux et aux
bestiaux." This plant, though a native of England, is never found in its wild state but
on dry, warm, chalky soils, where it is of great duration. It has long been cultivated
in France and other parts of the Continent, and as an agricultural plant was introduced
from France into England about the middle of the seventeenth century. It has since
been a good deal cultivated in chalky districts, and its peculiar value is that it may be
grown on soils unfit for being constantly under tillage, and which would yield little

under grass. owing to the long and descending roots of the Saintfoin, which
This is

will penetrate and thrive in fissures of rocky and chalky substrata. Arthur Young
j)articularly advocated its use, saying that upon land fitted for its growth no farmer
could sow too much, and in the Code of Agriculture it is said to be " one of the most
valuable herbage plants we owe to the bounty of Providence." The strong advocacy
of Arthiir Young and other writers of the same period caused its culture on many soils
where it is now aln)ost entirely given up. On chalky lands, and particularly on the
hard chalk of the Surrey and Sussex downs, no fodder-plant yields so abundant a return.
On gravel it often succeeds well, but on rich alluvial soil lucerne is far more productive,

while on wet land Saintfoin will not grow. The most economical method of using this
})lant is by cutting it off for green food, or making it into hay as the root rises a little
;

above the surface of the ground, it is ajit to be injured if mown too closely, or if fed olf
by sheep. If cut before it comes into flower, two good crops may be often obtained
during each season. On some of the light j^oor lands of Norfolk it has been grown with
great advantage, for the long roots and fibres bind the particles of soil, and at the same
time manure it by their gradual decay : many tracts of land have been rendered fertile
by the judicious use of Saintfoin. The usual duration of Saintfoin in a profitable state
is from eight to ten years. It usually attains its perfect growth in about three yeai's,
and begins to decline about the eighth or tenth year on calcareous soils, and about the
seventh or eighth on gravels. There are instances, however, of fields of Saintfoin which
have been neglected and left to run into pasture, in which plants have been found
 LEGUMINIFER^. S3

upwards of fifty years from the time of sowing. In general, the great enemy to the
endurance of Saintfoin is the grass, which accumulates and forms a close tuft on the
surface, and thus chokes up the plant. The Saintfoin seems to have been known to the
Romans. Pliny recommends the root of a plant sup[)0sed to be identical with it as an
astringent medicine, and Gerarde quotes Dioscorides as an authority for the virtues of
the Onobrychis.

Tribe III.— V I C I E iE.

Stamens diadelphous or sub-monadelplious, the uppermost one
free from the other 9. Pod continuous (not articulated), 1-cclled,
dehiscent. Cotyledons remaining enclosed in the seed-coat during
germination. Stem herbaceous, generally climbing by means of
tendrils. Leaves pinnate, almost always without an odd terminal
leaflet the apex of the common petiole and a few of the apical
;

lateral pinnae often converted into tendrils, more rarely all reduced
to tendrils, or the leaf represented only by a foliaceous petiole
leaflets entire, without stipels. Elowers axillary, in racemes or
sub-solitary, wings and keel usually united by the auricles at the
base of their laminae.

GENUS XVI.—Y I C I A. Linn.

Calyx tubular-bellshaped, with 5 teeth, which are nearly equal,

or the 2 upper ones shorter. Standard oval or obovate, spreading.
Stamens diadelphous, with the tube obliquely truncate. Style fili-
form, ascending, without a conspicuous dilatation towards the apex,
near which it is hairy all round or on the outer side. Pod stalked
or sessile, exserted, elongated and many- seeded, or short and few-
seeded, dehiscent.
Herbs, generally climbing. Leaves mostly with numerous pairs
of rather small pinnae and terminating in a tendril. Stipules gene-
rally half-arrowshaped. Plowers of various colours, on axillary
peduncles, which are 1-, 2-, or racemosely many-flowered.

The name is said to come from vincio, I bind together, because the species have
tendrilsby which they bind other plants.

Section I.—EEVUM. Tournef.

Leaves with 3 or many pairs of leaflets. Peduncles elongated,

1- to 8-flowered. Plowers racemose, small. Style pubescent all
round towards the apex, or nearly glabrous. Pods stipitate or sub-
sessile, short, 2- to 8-seeded.
84 ENGLISH BOTANY.

SPECIES I.— VI CIA HIRSUTA. Koch.

Tlate CCCLXXXII.
Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 82. Hook. & Am. Biit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 114. Benth.
Ilanilbook Brit. Fl. p. 177. FHes, Sura. Veg. Scaml. p. 4G.
Ervum liirsutum, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 970. Kodi, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv.
ed. ii. p. 218.
Cracca minor, " Riv.'" Gr. k Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 475.

Annual. Leaves with 6 to 10 pairs of strap-shaped or

oblong-linear leaflets, truncate-eraarginate, and apiculate at the
apex; common petiole terminating
branched tendril. in a
Lower stipules laciniate, the upper ones simple. Peduncles equal
to or shorter than the leaves, 2- to 6-flowered. Calyx-tube not
gibbous on the upper side ; teeth nearly equal, subulate, a little
longer than the tube. Corolla not twice as long as the calyx.
Pods reflexed, sessile within the calyx, oblong, compressed,
obliquely truncate at the apex, abruptly acuminated into a short
beak terminating the upper suture, generally hairy. Seeds 2,
compressed, globular, with the liilum linear, one-third the circum-
ference of the seed.
A weed in cultivated ground, and in hedges and waste places.
Very common and generally distributed.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Spring to Autumn.

Stem weak, branched or simple, climbing, 1 to 2 feet long or more.
Leaflets i to f inch long, narrowly-oblong or strap- shaped, a little
narrowed towards the base. Stipules slender, cut into 2 to 4 long
subulate segments, the innermost segment broader than the others,
those of the upper leaves usually entire. Peduncles axillary, J to 2
inches long, shortly aAvned at the apex. Pedicels scarcely as long
as the calyx, ascending, forming an angle with the spreading flowers.
Plowers \ inch long, whitish tinged with pale blue, in a lax raceme
at the upper part of the peduncle ; standard scarcely spreading,
a little longer than the other petals. Style glabrous. Pod J to f
inch long, black or dark brown when ripe, convex on the margin at
the base above, then straiglit to the apex ; nearly straight below to
near the apex, where the margin becomes convex, not much more
than twice as long as deep, bossulated by the seeds, with short
white woolly hairs in all the British specimens I have seen. Seeds
about the size of a rape-seed, smooth, black, or pale olive-yellow
marbled with blackish-purple. Plant greyish-green, more or less
thickly clothed with distant short hairs.

Hairy Tare.
Frencli, Ers Ilcriasc. German, ZitlerUnse.

-f.'virJ/ -At ^<9^r»i ft(*y>% ./^//

 CCCLXXXII.

Wy
E.B. 970.

Vicia hirsuta. Haiiy Tare.

 CCCLXXXIII.

E.B. 1223.

Vicia tetraspenna. Four-seeded Slender Tare.

 LEGUMINIFERJE. 85

SPECIES II.— VI CI A TETRASPERMA. Monch.

Plate CCCLXXXIII.
Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. \x 83.

V. tetrasperma, var. a, llooh. k, Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 113. Benth. Handbook Brit.
Fl. p. 177.

Ervum tetraspermum, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1223. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv.
ed. ii. p. 218. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 474. Loioe, Man. Fl. Mad.
p. 198.

Annual. Leaves with 3 to 5 pairs of elliptical-strapsliaped or

linear leaflets, rounded or rounded-truncate and apiculate at the
apex common petiole terminating in a simple or once- or twice-
;

forked tendril. Lower stipules cleft into 2 lanceolate-acute lobes,

those of the upper leaves generally entire. Peduncles equal to or
shorter than the leaves, 1- to 2- or rarely 3-flowered. Calyx-tuhe not
gibbous on the upper side teeth unequal, triangular, rather shorter
;

than the tube. Plowers more than twice as long as the calyx. Pods
spreading, stipitate, cylindrical, very slightly compressed, rounded
at the apex where they are apiculate but not acuminated, usually
glabrous. Seeds generally 4, but from 3 to 5, globular, with the
hilum linear-oblong, between one-fourth and one-fifth the circum-
ference of the seed.
In cornfields, waste places, hedges, and thickets. Not uncom-
mon in England, but rare in Scotland, where it has occurred in the
counties of Kirkcudbright, Lanark, Pife, and Porfar, though pro-
bably introduced at least in the two latter.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Spring to Autumn.

Stems weak, branched or simple, climbing, 1 to 3 feet high.

Leaflets J to \\ inch long, narrower in proportion than those of
V. hirsuta, and tapering more towards the apex, which is rounded.
Stipules with a single large subulate tooth, projecting on the inner
side, so that the form is half-hastate. Peduncles axillary, J to 1^
inch long, usually shortly awned at the apex. Pedicels rather
longer than the calyx, curved-spreading, not forming an angle with
the flowers. Plowers J inch long, whitish tinged wdth pale-blue,
in a raceme with usually 2 and often only 1 flower at the apex of
the peduncle. Calyx with the upper teeth shorter and broader
than the others. Standard scarcely spreading, not longer than the
wings, streaked with blue ; keel tipped with blue. Style hairy all
round at the apex. Pod ^ to f inch long, the depth about one-
fourth of the length, olive or olive-brown when ripe, slightly bos-
sulated by the seeds, on a gynophore about as long as the calyx,
 ;

86 ENGLISH BOTANY.

which is in a continuous line with the pedicel and forms an obtuse

angle upwards with that of the pod; upper and lower margins
of tlie pod nearly parallel, rounded both at the base and the apex,
the latter mucronatc from the remains of the style but this mucro :

is in the middle —
not at the apex of the upper suture as in the last
species, the surface glabrous in British specimens. Seeds dull-
brown, or yellowish-olive marbled with black, the hilum about three
times as long as broad. Plant pale greyish-green, sub-glabrous.

Four-seeded Slender Tare.

French, Vescc d, quatre Graines. German, Viersamige Erve.

SPECIES III.—VICI A GRACILIS. Lois.

Platk CCCLXXXIV.
Bromfield, in Eng. Bot. Sup. No. 2904. Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 83.

Vicia tetrasperma, var. /3 gracilis, Hook. & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 114. Benth.
Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 177.

Ervum gracile, D.C. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 219. Gr. & Godr. Fl.
de Fr. Vol. I. p. 475. Lowe, Man. Fl. Mad. p. 195.

Annual. Leaves with 2 to 4 pairs of linear-strapshaped leaf-

lets, abruptly acuminated and mucronate at the apex common ;

petiole terminating in a simple or once-forked tendril. Lower

stipules cleft into 2 lanceolate acute lobes, those of the upper leaves
usually similar, more rarely entire. Peduncles longer than the leaves,
1- to 7-flowered. Calyx-tube not gibbous on the upper side ; teeth
unequal, triangular, shorter than the calyx-tube. Plowers three
times as long as the calyx. Pods spreading-rcflexed, stipitate,
cylindrical, scarcely compressed, rounded at the apex, where they
are apiculate but not acuminated, usually glabrous. Seeds gene-
but varying from 4 to 7, globular, with the hilum roundish-
rally 6,
oval,about one-twelfth the circumference of the seed.
In cornfields and waste places. Hather rare, and apparently
confined to the South of England. I have gathered it only in
Essex, but specimens have been sent me from the counties of
Dorset, Hants, and Cambridge, and it is reported on good authority
from Kent, the neighbourhood of Bath, and county Kerry.

England, Ireland. Annual. Spring to Autumn.

Extremely like V. tetrasperma, on which account, no doubt, it

is frequently overlooked, so that it appears to be scarcer than it really
is. It is, however, a stouter plant, with fewer pairs of leaflets
the leaflets longer, narrower, and decidedly acute ; the peduncles
much longer, the upper ones much exceeding the leaves from which
 CCCLXXXIV.

E.B.S. 2904.

Vicia gracilis. Many-seeded Slender Tare.

 CCCLXXXV.

E.B. 1168.

Vicia Cracca. Tufted Vetch.

 LEGUMINIFER^. 87

they spring, frequently 3 or 4 inches long. The flowers are more

numerous, larger, f inch long, more deeply tinged with lilac-blue
at the apex. The pods more shortly stipitate, longer, 4 to f inch
long. The seeds dark brown or very dark olive mottled with black,
M'ith the hilum very minute, about once and a half as long as broad.
The foliage of this species is also rather more glaucous than that
of the last.
The differently shaped hilum of the seeds is an important cha-
racter which invariably accompanies the longer peduncles and pods
with more numerous seeds. The length of the hilum appears a con-
stant character in all the Vetches.

Many-seeded Slender Tare.

French, Vesce Grele. GrermaQ, Schlanke Erve.

Section II.— CEACCA. Eiv.

Leaves with many pairs of leaflets. Peduncles elongated, many-

flowered. Flowers racemose, rather large. Style pubescent all round
towards the apex. Pods stipitate, rather short, many-seeded.

SPECIES IV.—VI CIA CRACCA. Linn.

Plate CCCLXXXV.
Cracca major, " Franken.'" Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 468.

Rootstock creeping. Stem climbing or trailing. Leaves with

8 to 12 pairs of oblong-elliptical or oblong-linear leaflets, rounded or
abruptly acuminated and mucronate at the apex common petiole ;

terminating in a branched tendril. Stipules half-hastate. Pedun-

cles equalling or exceeding the leaves, with 10 to 30 flowers in a
compact unilateral raceme. Pedicels shorter than the calyx-tube.
Calyx slightly pubescent, the tube more convex on the upper than
on the lower side teeth very unequal, the lowest subulate and as
;

long as the tube, the 2 upper ones broader than long ; standard
three times as long as the calyx, contracted above the middle.
Pods spreading, on a gynophore shorter than the calyx-
stipitate
tube, oblong, acuminated at the apex into
slightly compressed,
a short blunt beak, smooth. Seeds globular, with the hilum linear,
one-third the circumference of the seed.
In hedges, thickets, borders of fields, and waste places. Very
common, and generally distributed.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.
Pootstock creeping. Stem weak, simple or branched, with
prominent ridges, climbing or trailing, 18 inches to 6 feet long.
 ;

88 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Leaflets J to 1 inch long, varyint^ in breadth. Stipules narrowly

lanceolate, usually with a single loni,^ triangular tooth at the base
on the side next the stalk. Peduncles IJ to 6 inches long, naked
at the base, terminating in a dense raceme of unilateral spread-
ing-reflexed flowers. Calyx-tube scarcely longer than broad, very
convex on the upper side ; upper teeth scarcely one-sixth the length
of the tube and very broad, the lateral ones triangular, about two-
thirds the length of the tube, the lowest of all subulate and equal
to the tube. Plowers ^ inch long, bright-blue; standard dilated
above the base on each side below the middle, and again contracted
at rather more than one-third from the apex, w here it is emarginate
wings nearly as long as the standard keel shorter. Style with ;

rather long woolly hairs just below the apex. Pods J to 1 inch
long, fawn-coloured when ripe, faintly reticulated, forming an
obtuse angle upwards with its gynophorc, the upper and lower
margins nearly parallel, obliquely truncate in an ogee curve at the
apex, where the upper suture is a little defloxed, so that the beak is
slightly bent down beak tipped by the style, which is sharply
;

bent upwards. Seeds globular, ^ inch in diameter, dim, black, or

olive marbled with black. Plant greyish-green, slightly pubescent,
the leaves sometimes with silky hairs, especially on the under side,
most apparent when young.
Tufted Vetch.
French, Vesce Cracca. German, Gemcine Vogelwicke.

This beautiful plant grows several feet high, often covering the hedges with its

slender stems and leaves and long dense clusters of purplish-blue flowers, forming one
of the greatest oi'naments of our countiy lanes in the middle and latter part of summer.
Dr. Plot, in his " Natural History of Staffordshire," says that this and the Wood Vetch
advance starved or weak cattle above any other provender. The Vetches yield abundance
of food ; but the great difficulty in the way of their cultivation as fodder is that, away
Irom their native situations, where they hang and suppoit themselves by their s])iral

tendrils on hedges or trees that may be near them, they would doubtless be very trou-
blesome, and probably choke themselves for want of support.

SPECIES v.—VI CIA OROBUS. D.C.

Plate CCCLXXXVI.
Orobus sylvaticus, Linn. Sin. Eng. Bot. No. 518.
Vicia cassubica, var. Orobua, Seringe, in D. G. Prod. Vol. II. p. 356.

Rootstock short, not stoloniferous. Stem stout, erect not climb-

ing. Leaves with 6 to 14 pairs of oval or oblong-elliptical leaflets,
rounded or abruptly acuminated and mucronate at the apex; common
petiole terminating in a short straight subulate point. Stipules
half-sagittate or half- hastate-sagittate, frequently toothed on the
outer margin. Peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves, with
 CCCLXXXVI.

E.B. 518.

Vicia Orobus. Wood Bitter Vetch.

 LEGUMINIFERiE. 89

5 to 20 flowers in a short compact unilateral raceme. Pedicels

nearly as long as the calyx-tube. Calyx slightly pubescent ; the
tube more convex on the upper than on the lower side; teeth
unequal, triangular, the lowest one narrowest and longest, but
shorter than the tube, the 2 upper ones nearly as long as broad.
Standard three times as long as the calyx, not contracted above
the middle. Pods spreading, stipitate on a gynophore longer than
the calyx-tube, elliptical-oblong, compressed, acuminated at the
apex into a sharp beak, smooth. Seeds " ovoid, compressed, hilum
equalling half the circumference of the seed." —
(Gr. & Godr.)
In rocky woods, thickets, and pastures in hilly districts. Eare.
In Somerset, Shropshire, Wales, Durham, the Lake district, the
South of Scotland, Lanarkshire, and the Western Islands. I have
seen it growing only on Braid Hills, near Edinburgh.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.

Uootstock branched, many-headed, but without long creeping

stolons as in the allied Continental species Vicia cassubica. Stem
stout, curved near the base, then erect, 8 inches to 2 feet high, with
the lowest leaves abortive, reduced to 2 or 3 acute leaflets, combined
together with large somewhat scarious stipules. Leaves rather
close together, with the leaflets f to IJ inch long, variable in
breadth, strongly veined beneath. Peduncles 2 to 4 inches long,
bare of flowers for half to three-fourths of their length. Elowers
much crowded, f inch long, whitish tinged with bluish-purple at
the tip. Calyx-tube much bulged on the upper side the uppermost ;

pair of teeth deltoid, one-third the length of the tube, the inter-
mediate ones deltoid-triangular, about half the length of the tube,
the lowest triangular and about two-thirds the length of the tube.
Standard not excised beyond the middle, emarginate at the apex,
where it is marked with purple veins, a little longer than the
wings, which have remote purple veins, these again exceeding the
keel, which is blotched with bluish-purple at the apex. Style
with short hairs beneath the stigma all round. The ripe pods or
seeds I have not seen the immature pods are about 1
;
inch long,
tapering slightly both towards the base and the apex, the latter
terminates in a triangular acute beak, and is tipped by the remains
of the style, which rises upwards at an obtuse angle. Plant pale
bright-green, sparingly pubescent.

IFood Bitter Vetch.

French, Vesce Orobe. German, Schlbigenlose Erve.

VOL. III. N
90 ENGLISH BOTANY.

SPECIES VI.— VI CIA SYLVATICA. Li

Tlatk CCCLXXXVII.

Kootstock creeping. Stem weak, climbing or trailing. Leaves

with 6 to 10 pairs of oval or broadly elliptical leaflets, rounded or
truncate and mucronate at the apex ; common petiole terminating
in a simple or branched tendril. Stipules half-lunate, laciniate,
the upper ones half-sagittate, toothed only at the base. Peduncles
equalling or exceeding the leaves, with 5 to 18 flowers in a lax uni-
lateral raceme. Pedicels as long as the calyx-tube. Calyx glabrous,
the tube more convex on the upper than on the lower side ; teeth
slightly unequal, triangular-subulate, the lowest one longest but
shorter than the tube, the 2 upper ones similar to the others but
a little shorter. Standard three times as long as the calyx, not con-
tracted above the middle. Pods reflexed, stipitate on a gynophore
longer than the calyx-tube, narrowly oblong or elliptical-oblong,
compressed, acuminated at the apex into a rather long sharp beak,
glabrous. Seeds globular, brownish, with the hikmi linear, two-
thirds the circumference of the seed.
In woods and thickets, and on rocky banks, particularly in
hilly districts. Rather rare, but widely distributed, extending
from Somerset and the Isle of Wight to Aberdeenshire and Argyle-
shire.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.

Stems 2 to 4 feet long, more often trailing than climbing. The

leaves on the short lateral branches frequently have the tendrils
reduced to subulate points not much longer than those of V. Orobus.
Leaflets thin in texture, J to f inch long, broader than those of the
preceding species. Stipules very broad, palmately laciniate or
deeply toothed, spreading or reflexed, the principal segments fre-
quently tipped with purple. Peduncles 2 to 7 inches long, bare of
flowers for about half their length. Plowers | inch long, white
tinged with lilac. Standard gradually widened out towards the
apex, which is veined with purple and scarcely notched; wings
with a few purple veins keel with a purplish blotch at the apex,
;

the bend in the lower margin nearly a right angle, and the apex
very broad, which makes the flowers considerably broader towards
the apex than in the two preceding species, in which the angle is
more obtuse. Style with short hairs all round underneath the
stigma. Pods black or dark olive when ripe, 1 to 1;^ inch long,
minutely shagreened all over, in a nearly continuous line with the
gynophore, slightly curved upwards at the beak, which terminates
 CCCLXXXVII.

Vicia sylvatica. Wood Vetch.

 CCCLXXXVIII.

E.B. 1515.

Yicia aepium. Bush Vetcli.

 LEGUMINIFER^. 91

in the remains of the style bent upwards. Seeds ^q inch across,

dim, brownish-black. Plant bright pea-green, glabrous.

Wood Vetch.

French, Vesce des Hois. GermaT], Wald Erve.

This beautiful plant is well known to all lovers of wild flowers as a favourite object.
In foliage, flowers, and grace, it is not exceeded by any of our climbing plants. Scott
was alive to its charms when he wrote,

" And where profuse the Wood Vetch clings

Round ash and elm in verdant rings ;

Its pale and azure pencill'd flower

Should canopy Titania's bower."

Section III.— EU-VICIA. Coss.

Leaves with many pairs of leaflets. Peduncles very short,

scarcely exceeding the pedicels, axillary, 2- to 6-flowered or scarcely
observable when the flowers are solitary or in pairs. Plowers race-
mose or sub-solitary. Style bearded with a tuft of long hairs
below the stigma on the outer side. Pods stipitate and rather
short, or sessile and elongated.

SPECIES VIL—VICIA SEPIUM. Linn. ^i^^xyh^^-~^t

Plate CCCLXXXVIII. (>^^t^c

Hootstock creeping, stoloniferous. Stem weak, climbing or

trailing. Leaves with 5 to 8 pair of oval or ovate leaflets, truncate
or sub-truncate and mucronate at the apex common petiole ter- ;

minating in a branched tendril. Stipules half-lunate, strongly

toothed, the upper ones half- sagittate and nearly entire, the upper-
most oblong-lanceolate, entire. Peduncles much shorter than the
leaves, with 2 to 5 (usually 4) spreading-reflexed flowers in a very
short compact unilateral raceme. Pedicels shorter than the calyx-
tube. Calyx hairy, with the teeth unequal, shorter than the tube,
which more convex on the upper than lower side, the 3 lower
is

ones deltoid, suddenly acuminated near the base into subulate, the
2 upper ones shorter, broader at the base, and curved upwards.
Standard glabrous, twice as long as the calyx. Pods ascending
or spreading, stipitate on a gynophore shorter than the calyx-
tube, oblong, slightly compressed, acuminated at the apex into a
rather long sharp beak slightly curved downwards, glabrous.
Seeds sub-globular, with the liilum two-thirds the circumference of
the seed.
02 ENGLISH BOTANY.

In woods, thickets, liodges, and borders of fields. Very common,

and generally distril)uted.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer

and Autumn.
Stems 1| to 3 feet high. Leaflets of the barren shoots gene-
rally smaller and more roundish-ovate than those of the flowering
stems, which have the basal leaflet of each leaf 1^ to 1 inch long,
becoming gradually smaller as they approach the apex of the com-
mon petiole their shape is usually oval-ovate, but sometimes more
;

nearly approaching lanceolate, and the degree of truncation at the

apex is very variable, the narrower forms of leaflets being sometimes
almost acute. Peduncles i to -J inch long, the flowers commencing
close to its base, and generally 4 in number, though frequently only
2. Plowers ^ to | inch long, pale livid-purple, with the wings more
inclining to blue, and the keel whitish. Pods 1 to IJ inch long,
l)lack when ripe, with a very sharp somewhat falcate beak. Seeds
^ inch across, smooth, dim, dull reddish-brown or olive marbled
with black. Plant dull-green, with short scattered hairs tlie ;

edges of the leaves ciliated, and the pedicels and calyces with longer
woolly hairs.
Bush Vetch.

French, Vesce des Ilaies. German, Zaun Wicke.

This species shoots earlier in the spring than any other plant eaten by cattle,
vegetates late in the autumn, and continues green all the winter ; but it is difficult to
collect the seeds, as the pods burst and scatter them about ; and, moreover, hai'dly a
third part of them will vegetate, being made the nidus of an insect.

SPECIES VIIT. —V ICIA LUTE A. Linn.

Plate CCCLXXXIX.
Pootstock none, or short and much branched. Stems weak,
climbing or procumbent. Leaves with 5 to 7 pairs of elliptical or
linear-elliptical leaflets, rounded or acute and mncronate at the
apex common petiole terminating in a simple or branched tendril
;

or occasionally in a subulate point. Stipules half-hastate, small,

the upper ones ovate-acuminate. Plowers axillary, solitary, rarely
in pairs, erect or ascending. Pedicels shorter than the calyx-tube.
Calyx membranous, glabrous tube gibbous at the base on the
;

upper side ; teeth unequal, the upper ones deltoid, suddenly con-
tracted to subulate, about half the length of the tube orlittle more,
the lateral pair triangular- subulate, nearly equal to the tube, the
lowest one similar but slightly exceeding the tube. Standard
glabrous, three or four times as long as the calyx-tube, with an
 CCCLXXXIX.

E. B. 481.

Yicia eu-lutea. Rough-podded Yellow Vetch.

 LEGUMINIFER^. 93

oblong-oval lamina. Pods spreading or spreading-rcflexed, stipitate

on a gynopliore shorter than the calyx-tube, oblong, scarcely com-
pressed, acuminated at the apex into a rather long sharp beak,
curved downwards, clothed with rather long hairs with papillae or
tubercles at their bases, rarely glabrous. Seeds globular-compressed,
smooth with shallow distant punctures hilum oblong, three times
;

as loni? as broad and one-fifth of the circumference of the seed.

Sub-Species I.— Viola eu-lutea.

Plate CCCLXXXIX.
V. Intea, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 481. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 85. Benth. Handbook
Brit. Fl. p. 179.

Plant sparingly clothed with short hairs. Upper stipules

usually blotched with purple. Calyx-teeth very unequal, the upper-
most about half as long as the tube. Pod hairy, hairs with papillye
or tubercles at their bases.
On stony banks and shingly sea-beaches. Very local. I have
only seenit from Shoreham, Sussex Weymouth, Dorset ; ; Dunure,
Ayr North Queensferry, Pife ; and St. Cyrus, Kincardineshire
;

but it is reported also from Cornwall, Somerset, Devon, and

Suffolk.
England, Scotland. Annual. Summer and Autumn.
Plant growing in tufts, with the stems 3 to 18 inches long, pro-
cumbent or prostrate, at least in the stations where I have seen it,
though doubtless it would climb by its tendrils if there were sup-
port "within reach, which is not the case on a pebbly sea-beach.
Leaflets i to | inch long, those of the lowest leaves frequently oval,
but the upper ones much narrower. Plowers very long and narrow,
f to 1 inch long, straw-coloured, often tinged with purplish
lead-
colour or entirely of the latter colour standard scarcely spreading,
;

longer than the wings and much longer than the keel. Pods 1 to
1^ inch long, nearly black when ripe, with a falcate beak. Seeds
J to ^ inch in diameter, globular, slightly compressed, rather dim,
very finely punctured, blackish-brown or paler marbled with black.
Plant greyish-green, with rather long distant hairs, especially on
the petioles and margins of the leaves.
The Eifeshire and Ayrshire plants are smaller and more ca^spi-
tose, with the tendrils simple or even rudimentary, the flowers
smaller, more inclining to lead-colour than straw-colour, the pods
smaller, and the seeds shorter while the specimens from St. Cyrus
;

and Shoreham are larger and stouter, with the tendrils branched,
the flowers longer, straw-colour with or without a lead-coloured
tinge on the standard towards the base, and the pods and seeds
94 ENGLISH BOTANY.

larger. The plant from Weymouth, in Smith's Herbarium, has

the pods more nearly glabrous, and evidently approaehes the next
sub-species.
Hough-podded Yellow Vetch.
French, Vesce Jauiie. German, Gelbe Wicke.

Sub-Species? II.—Vicia laevigata. Sm.

Plate CCCXC.
V. sativa, var. Benth. Handbook Brit. Bot. p. 179. Hook. & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viiL

p. 111?.

Plant entirely glabrous. Stipules all green. Calyx-teeth un-

equal, but rather less so than in the preceding sub-species. Pods
without hairs, quite smooth or faintly papillose-tuberculated.
On the pebbly beach at Weymouth, Dorset, but now extinct.
[England.] " Perennial," (Sm.) Summer and Autumn.
Extremely like V. eu-lutea but smaller, and glabrous, with the
stems less striated, the leaflets rather blunter at the apex, firmer
in texture, and deeper green. Seeds larger and more mottled.
" Elowers pale blue or whitish, seldom yellowish." (Smith.) This
writer also says that the calyx-teeth are generally more equal in
length but on examining the specimens in his Herbarium I can
;

see but little difi^erence in this respect between the two plants.
I have seen no specimens besides those in the Smithian Her-
barium, which contains both the wild plant from Weymouth and
larger cultivated examples from Dr. Goodenough's garden. The
Weymouth specimens of V. lutea in Smith's Herbarium approach
V. laevigata, and it is very desirable that this resemblance should
be further investigated by botanists in that neighbourhood.
Mr. Bentham places V. laevigata under V. sativa, to which it
bears no resemblance, so that I conclude he has not examined
Smith's specimens.
Smooth-podded Sea Vetch.

SPECIES IX.— VICIA HYBRIDA. Linn.

Plate CCCXCI.

Kootstock none. Stems weak, climbing or trailing. Leaves with

5 to 7 pair of oblong-obovate or oblong-oblanceolate leaflets, more
or less deeply notched at the apex, with a small point in the centre
of the notch ; common -petiole terminating in a branched tendril.
Stipules half-hastate. Elowers axillary, solitary, erect or ascending.
Pedicels shorter than the calyx-tube. Calyx membranous, slightly
hairy ; tube gibbous at the base on the upper side ; teeth unequal,
 cccxc.

E.B. 483.

Vicia laevigata. Smootli-podded. Sea Yetch.

 CCCXCI.
I

E.B. 482.

Yicia tybrida. Hairy-flowered Vetch.

 LEGUMINIFERJi:. 95

all subulate, the upper pair rather shorter than the calyx-tube, the
3 lower ones a little exceeding it. Standard hairy on the outside,
three or four times as long as the calyx-tube, with an oblong-oval
lamina. Pods spreading or spreading-reflexed, substipitate, on a
gynophore much shorter than the calyx-tube, oblong, scarcely
compressed, acuminated at the apex into a rather long sharp beak
curved downwards, clothed with long hairs but without papillie,
at length glabrous. Seeds globular, smooth, with shallow punc-
tures hilum oval, twice as long as broad, one-sixth the circumfer-
;

ence of the seed.

formerly found at Glastonbury Tor Hill, Somerset, where it
grew with V. lutea but it appears to be now lost.
;

[England.] Annual. Summer and Autumn.

E-esembles V. lutea, but is stouter, with the leaflets broader
towards the apex, where they are retuse or notched. Calyx with
the teeth more slender, longer, and less unequal. Flowers 1 inch
long, yellow, frequently veined with purple; the standard always
hairy. The seeds, for which I am indebted to Mr. H. C. Watson,
are larger than those of the last species. I only possess cultivated
specimens raised from seed sent by Mr. T. B. Elowcr, said to be
derived from the descendants of the Glastonbury Tor plant.

Hairy Flowered Vetch.

SPECIES X— VI CIA SATIVA. Lhm.

Plates CCCXCII. CCCXGIII. CCCXCIV.
llootstock none. Stems rather weak, climbing, trailing or
ascending. Leaves with 4 to 7 pairs of obovate, elliptical, or linear
leaflets, notched, truncate or abruptly acuminated and mucronate

at the apex ;common petiole terminating in a branched tendril.

Stipules half-hastate or lanceolate, denticulated or entire. Flowers
axillary, solitary or ascending or spreading-ascending.
in pairs,
Pedicels much shorter than the calyx-tube. Calyx herbaceous,
slightly hairy ; tube gibbous at the base on the upper side teeth ;

equal, subulate, about as long as the tube standard glabrous,

;

thrice as long as the calyx-tube, with the lamina roundish. Pods

ascending or spreading, sessile, sub-cylindrical, comjiressed, acumi-
nated at the apex into a rather long sharp beak, slightly curved
downwards, clothed with very short hairs but without papillae.
Seeds sub-globular, compressed, smooth, dim; hilum linear, one-
fifth the circumference of the seed.
96 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Sub-Species I.—Vicia eu-sativa.

Plate CCCXCII.
V, aativa, Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 47. Kvch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 217
ar. k Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 458.
V. sativa, var. o, Jiitb. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 85. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 179.

Hook k Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viiL p. 111.

Stems Leaflets of all the leaves obovate or oblong-

stout.
oblanceolate, notched at the apex. Stipules frequently with a
purplish blotch. Flowers nearly 1 inch long, with the standard
lilac and the wings deep purple. Pods 2 to 3 inches long, gene-
rally erect or ascending, pale reddish-brown when ripe, with
imperfect fibrous cellular partitions between the seeds, which pro-
duce strongly - marked bosses on the exterior of the pod. Seeds
nearly J inch in diameter.
On the margins of fields and amongst corn ; not unfrequent, but
only in places where the vetch is cultivated, and having no claims
to be considered indigenous.

[England, Scotland, Ireland.] Annual. Spring to Autumn.

Stem climbing or decumbent, 18 inches to 3 feet long, slightly

branched towards the base. Leaflets ^ to 1 inch long, variable in
breadth. Standard with the lamina broader, more reflexed, and
more suddenly contracted into the claw than in any of the pre-
ceding species, longer than the wings, and much longer than the
keel. Keel with a purple blotch at the apex. Pod rupturing the
calyx, sparingly clothed with short weak hairs, which remain even
until maturity. Seeds brown, sometimes spotted with black, rarely
white. Plant bright-green, slightly hairy.

Common Cultivaied Vetch.

French, Vesce CuUivee. German, Scuit Wicke.

From very ancient times the Vetch has been grown in Southern and Central
Europe as a fodder- plant, and in England has been commonly cultivated certainly as
far back as the time of Ray. Gerarde does not attribute any good qualities to it, but
(juotes Galen, who says :
" I have known some who in time of famine have fed hereof,
esi)ecially in the spring, it being but greene ;
yet it is hard of digestion, and it is mani-
fest that the nourishment that corameth thereof hath in it no good juice at all, but
ingendereth a thick blood, and become melancholy." This species is known as
ai)t to

the Tare as commonly as the Vetch ; in fact, it appears as though it was indifferently
called one or the other by the farmers. Ray informs us that in 1686 it was then sown
all over Europe, and that itwas chiefly used in England, mixed with peas and oats^
to feed horses, but that it was sometiu)es sown separately for soiling cattle, and was
reputed to cause milch-cows to yield much milk. The Tare, Brown observes, is of
 CCCXCII.

Vicia eu-sativa. Common Cultivated Vetch.

 CCCXCIIl.

E.B. 2614

Vicia angustifolia, var. a segetalis. Common Wild Vetch, var. a.

 LEGUMINIFEIIJ3. 97

hartly growth, and when sown upon rich land will return a large supply of green fodder

for the consumption of horses or for fattening cattle. In the county of Sussex, Young
observes, " Tare crops are of such use and importance that not one-tenth of the stock
could be maintained without them ; horses, cows, sheep, hogs, all feed upon them ; hogs
are soiled upon them without any other food." Upon one acre of Tares, Danes main-
tained four horses in much better condition than ui)on five acres of grass ; upon eight

acres he has kept twelve hoi'ses and five cows for three months without any other food
whatever. No artificial food is equal to this excellent plant. A writer who quotes
this opinion observes that " this statement must be coupled with the usual produce of
turnips in Sussex, ten or fifteen tons per acre ; hence the superiority of Tares to every
other green crop." Tares cut green. Professor Thaer observes, draw no nourishment
from the soil whatever, while, made into hay, they afford a fodder preferred by cattle to

peas-straw, and more nutritive than hay or any other herbage. The seeds of the Tai'e
are much used as food for pigeons and poultry. The plant is sometimes cultivated with
this object, being generally sown with beans, and the two threshed out together when
ripe. The seeds, like those of most Eux'opean legumes, have been used as human food,
but are neither very palatable or digestible, though extremely nutritious.

Sub-Species II.—Vicia angustifolia. Roth.

Plates CCCXCIIL CCCXGIV.

Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 47. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 217,
Gr. k Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 459.
V. sativa, /3 angustifolia, Hooh. k Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii, p. 111.

Stems rather stout, or slender. Leaflets of the lower leaves

ohovate or oblong-oblanceolate, emarginate or truncate at the
apex; those of the upper leaves oblong-oblanceolate or linear,
truncate or abruptly acuminated and mucronate at the apex.
Stipules generally green. Plowers ^ to f inch long, with the
standard reddish-purple or crimson. Pods 1 to If inch long, gene-
rally spreading, black or deep olive-brown when ripe, without
imperfect cellular partitions between the seeds, which produce
only indistinct bosses on the exterior of the pod. Seeds i inch
in diameter or less.

Yar. a, segetalis. Koch.

Plate CCCXCIIL

V. sativa, var. /3, Seringe, in D. C. Prod. Vol. II. p. 361.

V. sativa, ft,
angustifolia, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 85. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl.

p. 179. Sm. Eng. Fl. Vol. III. p. 281.

V. angustifolia, Forster, in E. B. S. No. 2614.

Stems rather stout. Upper leaves oblong. Plowers mostly in

pairs. Pods IJ to 2 inches long, splitting the calyx.
VOL. III. o
 ;

98 ENGLISH BOTAKV.

Var. 3, Bobartii. Koch.

Plate CCCXCIV.

V. sativa, var. y, Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 85. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. ji. 179.
V. Bobartii, Fmster, in E. B. S. No. 2708.
V. angustilolia, Sm. Eng. Fl. Vol. III. p. 282.

Stems slender. Upper leaves strap-sliaped or linear. Plowers

often solitary. Pods 1 to IJ inch long, not splitting the calyx.

Var. a on the borders of fields, amongst corn, by roadsides,

and in recently disturbed ground or in light rich soil. Var. |3 in
dry pastures, hedge-banks, and by roadsides. Both forms are
common and generally distributed in England more rare in Scot- ;

land, where they do not extend North of Moray.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Spring and Summer.

Very like V. eu-sativa, but smaller. Stems from 6 inches to

2 feet high. The upper leaves very narrow in var. /3, while those
of var. a approach those of V. eu-sativa in shape and size, though
generally narrower, and less deeply notched at the apex. The
flowers are smaller, and have the standard not much paler than
the wings, and usually of a bright crimson. The pods are more
spreading, smaller, more cylindrical, black and usually glabrous
when ripe, and they have the imperfect partitions of cellular tissue
between the seeds only rudimentary. The seeds are much smaller,
and rather less compressed. The two varieties pass insensibly into
each other, and intermediates often occur.

Common Wild Vetch.

French, Vesce a Feuilles Etroites. German, SchmalbUittrige Wicke.

SPECIES XT.—V ICIA LATHYROIDES. Linn.

Plate CCCXCV.

Kootstock none. Stems decumbent, spreading. Leaves with

2 to 4 pairs of wedgeshaped-obovate, oblanceolatc, or oblong leaflets,
notched or truncate and apiculate at the apex common petiole ;

terminating in a subulate point or short simj^le tendril. Stijiules

half-sagittate. Elowers axillary, solitary, ascending. Pedicels
much shorter than the Calyx herbaceous, slightly
calyx-tube.
hairy tube filiform, not gibbous at the base of the upper side
;

teeth equal, subulate, nearly as long as tlie tube. Standard gla-

brous, rather more than twice the length of the calyx-tube, with
the lamina roundish-oval. Pods ascending or spreading, sessile,
 A
/
CCCXCIV.

E. B. 2708.

Vicia angustifolia, var. /B Botartii. Common "Wild Vetch, var. /3.

i
 cccxcv.

E.B. 30.

Ticia lathyroides. Spring Vetch.

 LEGUMINIFEll^E. 99

cylindrical, compressed, acuminated at the apex into a rather long

sharp beak slightly curved downwards, glabrous. Seeds roundisli-
cubical, compressed, granulated with small prominent points
hilum oval, one-twelfth the circumference of the seed.
On sandy and gravelly pastures and waste places. Uather
scarce, but generally distributed, except in the extreme North of
Scotland.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Spring and Summer.
Very like small specimens of Y. angustifolia, but more branched,
with the stems prostrate, 2 to 8 inches long, and thickly clothed with
spreading hairs. Leaflets generally about ^ inch long, more hairy
than in the last, and with the apiculus or mucro at the apex shorter.
Plowers smaller, J to f inch long, pale-purple, with the calyx gra-
dually attenuated to the base, and not swollen on the upper side.
Pods ^ to 1 inch long, glabrous even when young, becoming olive-
black when ripe, not bossulated by the seeds. The most striking
difference between this plant and V. angustifolia is in the seeds,
which are greyish-brown, with minute raised tubercles and a very
short hilum. Plant greyish-green, more or less hairy.
Spring! Vetch.

French, Vesce Fausse Gesse. German, Platterhsenartige Wicke.

Section IY.— AEACHUS. IlecUc,

Leaves with 1 or 2 pairs (rarely 3 pairs) of Peduncles

leaflets.
axillary, elongated, or short, 1- to 3-flowered. Plowers in short
racemes or solitary. Style bearded with a tuft of long hairs below
the stigma on the outer side. Pods shortly sti^Ditate, rather short.

SPECIES XII.— VICIA BITHYNICA. Limi.

Plate CCCXCVL
Lathyrus Bithynicus, Lam. Die. Vol. IT. p. 706,

Kootstock none. Stems weak, trailing or climbing. Lower leaves

Avith 1, the others with 2 pairs or 3 pairs of elliptical, or linear-
strapshaped leaflets, rather obtuse or acute and mucronate at the
apex ; common petiole terminating in a branched tendril. Stipules
large, half-sagittate ; Peduncles
inciso-dentate on both margins.
axillary, shorter than the leaves, or more rarely equalling them, 1-
or in the latter case 2- or 3-flowered. Pedicels rather longer than
the calyx. Calyx herbaceous, hairy, the tube more swollen on
the upper than on the lower side ; teeth unequal, triangular-sub u-
100 ENGLISH BOTANY.

late,the uppermost pair the shortest, about equal to the tube, the
lower ones exceeding it. Standard glabrous, thrice as long as the
calyx-tube, with the lamina oblong-oval. , Pods spreading, stipitate,
with the gynophore much shorter than the calyx-tube compressed, ;

acuminated at the apex into a rather long sharp beak, hooked

downwards, sparingly clothed with short w^oolly hairs, with papillae
or tubercles at their basis. Seeds sub-globular, compressed, indis-
tinctly pitted ; hilum oval, one-sixth the circumference of the seed.

Var. a, latifolius.

Leaves oval or elliptical. All the stipules deeply toothed.

Var. 3, angustifoUus.

Leaves strap-shaped, elliptical or linear, very acute; upper

stipules sparingly toothed.

On grassy banks, especially near the sea and on and bushy cliffs

places. Very local. Reported from the counties of Devon, Somer-

set, Dorset, Sussex, Kent, Essex, Gloucester, Worcester, Glamorgan,

and Denbigh but I have met with it myself only near Leigh,
;

Essex, and between Eolkestone and Sandgate, Kent the broad- ;

leaved plant I possess from several places near Bristol, Somerset,

and from Budleigh Salterton, Devon.

England. Annual. Spring to Autumn.

Stems growing in tufts from the crown of the root, branched

only at the base 6 inches to 2 feet long. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches
;

long, in var. a often -| inch broad, but in var. ^ sometimes not

more than \ inch. Peduncles J to 2 inches long, generally 1-fiow-
ered, but having sometimes a pair. Elowers f inch long. Standard
pale dull-purple wings white, with a blue blotch near the base.
;

Pods 1^ to If inch long, reddish-brown, varying to brownish-

black when ripe reticulated, faintly bossulated by the seeds.
;

Seeds ^ inch in diameter, dull-brownish, sometimes marbled with

black. Plant dull-green, slightly glaucous, glabrous or slightly
pubescent.
This plant has sometimes quite the habit of a Lathyrus, and
has repeatedly been mistaken for Lathyrus hirsutus, but the wing-
less stem, and the leaflets of the upper leaves more than one pair,
as well as the shorter peduncles and longer and narrower flowers,
furnish obvious distinctions, in addition to the diirerencc of generic
character.
Bithynian Vetch.
 CCCXCVI.

jfc'.B. 1842.

Vicia Bithynica. Bithvnian Vetch.

 CCCXCVII.

Lathyrus Aphaca. Yellow Vetchling.

 LEGUMINIFEUyE. 101

GUNUS xriL—L A T H Y R U S. Linn.

Calyx campanulate, 5 - tootlied, the 2 upper teeth shorter.

Standard sub-orbicular, spreading, at right angles to the rest of
the flower. Stamens diadelphous, or sub-monadelphous, with the
tube transversely truncate. Style bent upwards at right angles to
the ovary, or curved towards the standard channelled at the base,;

dilated and compressed toward the apex, hairy on the upj)er or

inner side (sometimes apparently on the lower from the style twist-
ing on its own axis). Pod elongated compressed, many-seeded.
Herbs, generally climbing, and scarcely distinguishable from the
genus Vicia by their habit, though generally the leaflets are much
larger, and only in one or two pairs sometimes there are none.
;

Plowers on elongated axillary peduncles, solitary, subsolitary, or

racemose, generally large, with a very broad spreading lamina to
the standard.
The origin of the name of this genus of plants is somewhat obscure. One author
says it comes from Xadvpog of Theophrastus, which is said to be from Xo {la), augmen-
tative, and BovpoQ {thouros), anything exciting, in reference to the qualities of the seeds.

Another writer suggests that it comes from \o9w, " to lie hidden " but that does not
;

obviously apply to the habit of the plant.

Section I.— APHACA. Toimief.

Petioles reduced to tendrils. Leaflets only present on the first

leaves of seedlings, and not always even there. Calyx-tube equal
and attenuated at the base ; teeth longer than the tube.

SPECIES I.— LATH YRUS APHACA. Linn.

Plate CCCXCVII.

E-oot annual. Stem climbing or trailing, angular, not winged.

Leaflets none. Tendrils branched or simple. Stipules very large,
ovate, truncate and slightly hastate or hastate-sagittate at the base
with short auricles, obtuse at the apex. Peduncles axillary, 1-
flowered. Piowers erect. Calyx -teeth strapshaped - lanceolate,
nearly equal, much longer than the tube. Corolla not much
longer than the calyx. Pods linear-oblong, compressed, falcate.
In cultivated ground, and waste places which have been recently
disturbed rare.
; In Devonshire, Dorset, Sussex, and Kent, north-
ward to Worcestershire, Warwickshire, and Lincolnshire.

England. Annual. Early Summer to Autumn.

102 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Stems weak, 8 inches to 3 feet long, sparingly branclied, and

that chiefly at the base. Leaflets very small, oval-elliptical, and
only to be found on very young plants, all the later leaves beini^
reduced to sliglitly-branched or simple tendrils. Stipules J to 1^
inch long, resembling pairs of opposite leaves. Peduncles longer
than the tendrils, 1^ to 2 inches long. Mowers about ^ inch long,
pale-yellow, with the keel whitish. Calyx equal at the base, with
a short tube and very long segments, the lowest one a little exceed-
ing the others. Standard only slightly spreading. Pods 1 to 1^ inch
long, dark-brown or nearly black when ripe, ascending, slightly
curved upwards, abruptly acuminated into a short sharp beak at
the apex ; the sides reticulated. Seeds few, roundish-cubical, com-
pressed, smooth, slightly shining, black, or yellow mottled with black;
hilum about one-tenth the circumference of the seed. Plant pale-
green, rather glaucous, glabrous.

Yelloio Vetchling.

French, Gesie sans Feuilles. German, NehenblUttrige Platterhse.

The pppcies of this genus claim kindred with the well-known Sweet Pea of our
gardens, which is a native of Sicily, and whose showy flowers and sweet scent render it
such a favourite everywhere. The British representatives of the family, though less
attractive in appearance, are not without their charms. Our present species is often
found in fields in the eastern counties, and may be considered in some measure as a
useful plant, the seeds and pods having been eaten when green, made into bread, or put
in broth. When ripe they are not wholesome, however, often occasioning sickness and
headache.

Section II.— NISSOLIA. Toiirnef.

Petioles all reduced to grasslike phyllodia, without leaflets or

tendrils.

SPECIES II.— LATH YR US NISSOLIA. Linn.

Plate CCCXCVIII.

Hoot annual. Stems erect or ascending, not climbing, angular,

not winged. Petioles linear, without leaves or tendrils. Stipules
very small, subulate. Peduncles axillary, 1- (rarely 2-) flowered.

Calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, unequal, rather shorter than the

tube. Corolla three times as long as the calyx. Pods narrowly
cylindrical, scarcely compressed, straight, glabrous.
In grassy places and amongst low bushes. Hather rare, and
confined to the South of England, apparently not wild to the North
of Norfolk, Derbyshire, and Herefordshire, although it has occurred
as far North as Dundee, but doubtless introduced.

England, [Scotland]. Annual. Spring and Summer.

 CCCXCVIII.

E.n. 11 2.
y>

J
Lathyrus Nissolia. Grass-leaved Vetchling.
 CCCXCIX.

.^

<l •
E.B. 1255,

Lathynis hirsutus. Haiiy Vetchling.

 LEGUMINIFEK^. 103

Stems several from the crown of the root, slightly curved at the
base, then erect, rather stilf, 1 to 3 feet high, simple or slightly
branched. Petioles 3 to 7 inches long, resembling blades of grass.
Peduncles slender, 1 to 4 inches long, bearing rarely more than 1
spreading flower. Elowers ^ to f inch long, bright-crimson witli
the keel paler. Calyx gibbous at the base above, the 3 lower teeth
longer than the upper 2 standard with the lamina orbicular,
;

spreading with the sides slightly reflexed, longer than the wings
and keel. Pod slightly drooping, 1^ to 2^ inches long, about the
thickness of a crow-quill, the sides with longitudinal anastomosing
veins. Seeds maroon or reddish-black, roundish, compressed,
slightly shining, covered with small tubercles hilum oblong, one- ;

ninth the circumference of the seed. Plant green, the leaves

glaucous above.
Before this plant comes into flower it is scarcely possible to
detect it, from its close resemblance to the grasses among which it
grows the petioles, however, do not sheathe the stem as the leaves
;

of grasses do.
Grass-leaved Vetch.

French, Gesse sans Vrilles. German, Blattlose Platterhse.

The specific name of this plant was given to it in honour of M, G. Nissole, a

French botanist, whose zeal induced him to adopt the ingenious expedient of searching
the siftings of grain imported from foreign parts, by growing which he obtained many
curious exotics. The leaves of the plant are so like grass, that unless it be in blossom
it may readily be overlooked and mistaken for it.

Section III.— EU-LATHYRUS. Seringe, in D. C. Prod.

Petioles all bearing leaflets and terminating in tendrils. Calyx-

tube gibbous at the base above.

SPECIES III— LATH YRUS HIRSUTUS. Linn.

Plate CCCXCIX.

Root annual. Stems weak, climbing or trailing, winged.

Leaves with 2 or 4 pairs of elliptical or linear-elliptical leaflets,
mucronate at the apex common petiole terminating in a short
;

branched tendril. Stipules rather small, half-sagittate. Peduncles

longer than the leaves, generally 2- (but sometimes 1- or 3-)
flowered. Calyx-teeth ovate-acuminate, as long as the tube.
Corolla twice as long as the calyx. Pods oblong, compressed,
straight, hairy the hairs with tubercles at the base.
;

In bushy places and borders of fields. Very rare, and appa-

rently confined to the southern part of the county of Essex, where
it occurs in several places. I have only seen it at Hadleigh Castle,
101 ENGLISH BOTANY.

near Soutlicnd. A
specimen has been sent me labelled " Vicia
Bithynica, Budleigli Salterton, Devon," in the handwriting of
Miss Carpenter but probably there has been some transposition
;

of labels.
England. Annual. Summer and Autumn.
Stems 1 to 1 feet high, angular, and furnished with 2 rather
narrow herbaceous strij)s or wings. Petioles very short. Leaflets
1 to 2 inches long, varying much in breadth, frequently there is
only a single pair, but if there be a second, the leaflets are smaller
than those of the lower pair ; tendrils bent downwards. Stipules
rather small, slender, with long acute auricles parallel to the stem.
Peduncles 2 to 5 inches long, generally 2-flowered, with one flower
a little above the other. Pedicels about as long as the calyx.
Flowers spreading, ^ inch long, bright-crimson, with the keel and
wings paler ; standard with the lamina roundish, spreading at right
angles to the claw, and having the sides folded back. Style much
dilated towards the stigma. Pods shortly stipitate, 1 to li inch long,
much compressed. Seeds few, roundish, compressed, brown, gran-
ulated with elongate papillse hilum oval, one-twelfth the circum-
;

ference of the seed. Plant greyish-green, slightly hairy, the pods

clothed with rather long hairs with papillae at the base.

Sairy Vetchling.
French, Gesse Velue. German, Behaarte Platterhse.

SPECIES IV.— LATH YRUS PRATENSIS. Linn.

Plate CCCC.

Bootstock extensively creeping. Stems climbing or trailing,

slightly winged. Leaves with 1 pair of elliptical or strapshaped-
elliptical acute leaflets common petiole terminating in a simple
;

or branched tendril. Stipules large, lanceolate-ovate or lanceolate,

acuminate, sagittate at the base with slender acute auricles.
Peduncles axillary, longer than the leaves, 3- to 12-flowered.
Plowers spreading, in a compact raceme. Calyx-teeth triangular,
subulate towards the apex, slightly unequal, about as long as the
tube. Corolla more than twice as long as the calyx. Pods linear-
oblong, compressed, nearly straight, when mature glabrous, or
clothed with short curled hairs without papillae at their base.
In meadows, pastures, hedges, and borders of woods. Very
common, and generally distributed.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.

Stems angular, with wings narrower than its diameter, much
 7
cccc.

grill
^

i
i

Xi)

E.B. 670.

Lathyrus pratensis. Meadow Vetchling.

i
 CCCCI.

Lathynis tuberosus. Tuberous Vetchling.

 LEGUMINIFERiE. 105

branched, 1 to 3 feet long. Leaflets on young plants oval, -f to

I inch long on mature specimens narrower, and J to If inch long,
;

very acute at the apex. Stipules nearly as long as the petiole

exclusive of the tendril. Peduncles 1^ to 8 inches long, terminatin"*
in a compact somewhat unilateral raceme, 1 to 2 inches long.
Plowers bright-yellow, f to | inch long standard with the lamina ;

sub-orbicular, spreading at right angles to the claw and having

the sides reflexed, longer than the wings and keel. Style not
twisted. Pods sessile, 1 to 1^ inch long, sometimes slightly curved
upwards, reticulated with oblique anastomosing veins on the sides,
clothed with short curled white hairs when young, turning black
and frequently becoming glabrous when ripe. Seeds globular,
smooth, dim, dark-brown, or yellowish-olive marbled with black,
hilum oblong, one-sixth the circumference of the seed. Plant
pea-green, slightly glaucous, sparingly clothed with short adpressed
hairs.
Meadow Vetchling.
Frenoh, Gesse des Fres. German, WieseJi Platterhse.

This species has been recommended as a new plant for experimental agriculturists,
and premiums have been offered for its cultivation. It does not, however, seem to be
very palatable to cattle, for they prefer any other fodder that is within their reach.
Usually the Yetchling is regarded only as a noxious weed ; and Parkinson tells us that
it was called " the Ramping Wild Vetch by the country people, because it is the most
pernicious herbe that can grow on the earth, killing and strangling come or any other
good herbe it shall grow by." Most farmers on moist lands would probably be of his
opinion, as it runs very much, and is very difficult to extirpate.

SPECIES v.— LATH YR US TUBEROSUS. Linn.

Plate COCCI.

Rootstock extensively creeping, furnished with sessile ovate-

ovoid tubers. Stem climbing or trailing, not winged. Leaves with
1 pair of obovate-oval rounded apiculate leaflets ; common petiole
terminating in a branched tendril. Stipules small, lanceolate-acute,
with a slender acute auricle. Peduncles
half- sagittate at the base
axillary, longer than the leaves, 2- to 5-flowered. Plowers spread-
ing, in a lax raceme. Calyx-teeth triangular, unequal, about as
long as the tube. Corolla more than three times as long as the
calyx. Pods sub-cylindrical, glabrous.
In cornfields and round their borders. Very local. Known to
occur only about Pyfield, near Chipping Ongar, Essex, where it

was first discovered by Mr. Corder in 1859 but the farmers in the ;

neighbourhood had noticed it for about sixty years. The Rev.

W. "VV. Newbould has found specimens in the Sloane Herbarium in
the British Museum, gathered by the Rev. J. Sedgwick in the
VOL. III. p
 — ;;

106 ENGLISH BOTANY.

neighbourhood of Lincoln, " in the north field of Blankncy, near

the road to Lincoln."
England. Perennial. Late Summer and Autumn.
Stems weak, slender, with raised lines, but without wings, 2 to
4 feet long. Leaflets f to 1^ inch long, widest rather beyond the
middle. Stipules about as long as the petiole exclusive of the
tendril. Peduncles 2 to 5 inches long. Lowest calyx-tooth longer
and narrower than tlie others. Plowers f to J inch long, bright-
crimson. Standard with the lamina orbicular, slightly emarginate,
spreading at right angles to the claw and with the sides reflexed,
a little longer than the wings and keel. Style curved upwards and
twisted on its own axis. Pods f to IJ inch long, often clavate in
the Pyfield plant, from the seeds towards the base being abortive
the sides have anastomosing longitudinal oblique veins. The ripe
seeds I have not seen, as the corn is cut before the pods have time
to arrive at maturity but the seeds set, so that Dr. Walker- Arnott
;

is mistaken in saying the flowers fall off without bearing fruit.

(Brit. PL ed. viii. p. 606.) Plant pea-green, glabrous.
This plant is remarkable for the subterranean tubers, which are
1 to 2 inches long, broadest at the sessile base, and tapering to the
apex.
Tuberous Vetchllng.
French, Gesse Tubereuse. German, Erdnusa.

This showy pea is cultivated in Holland for its edible roots. Gerarde calls it the
Peas-earthnut.

SPECIES yi.— LATH YR US SYLVESTRIS. Linn.

Plate CCCCII.

Hootstock creeping, without tubers. Stem climbing or trailing,

with wings as broad as or broader than itself. Leaves with 1 pair
of elliptical-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate acute mucronate leaflets
common petiole with a wing nearly as broad as itself, terminating in
a much-branched tendril. Stipules lanceolate, half-sagittate at the
base with a slender acute auricle. Peduncles axillary, longer than
the leaves, 3- to 10-flowered. Plowers spreading, in a lax raceme.
3 lower calyx-teeth triangular, about as long as the tube the ;

upper pair deltoid and much shorter than the tube. Corolla more
than twice as long as the calyx. Pods cylindrical-oblong, com-
pressed, glabrous. Seeds transversely globular-ovoid, compressed,
dim, black, faintly tuberculated with the tubercles separate ; hilum
one-half the circumference of the seed.
In bushy places, woods, and hedges, or on rocks. Local.
Pound in most of the English counties, but very rare in Scotland.
 L
^v-i^%.-t^ v'^^^. CCCCII.

\.-^\

^t^A.^
\J^y

E.B. 805.

Lathyrus sylvestris. Narrow-leaved Everlasting Pea.

I
 CCCCIII.

E.n. 1108.

Lathyrus latifoliiis. Broad-leaved Everlasting Pea.

 LEGUMINirERJ]:. 107

The most northern stations, in which it is certainly wild, are on

the cliffs of the south shore of the Isle of Mull ; and near the Red
Head, Eorfarshire.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer
and Autumn.
Stems much branched, rather stout, broadly winged, 3 to 6 feet
long. Leaflets 2 to 6 inches long, variable in breadth, 3- or 5-nerved.
Stipules rather small, shorter than the petiole. Peduncles 1^ to 10
inches long, terminated by a lax unilateral raceme. Plowers f to
I inch long ; standard witli the lamina sub-orbicular, slightly emar-
ginate, longer than the wings and keel, rose-coloured within, rose
stained with green on the outside; wings purplish towards the
apex ; keel greenish-white. Style curved upwards, twisted on its
own axis. Pods sessile, li to 3 inches long, with the upper margin
convex at the base, and the lower one convex at the apex. Seeds
numerous, ^ inch in diameter, rough, with irregular tubercular
ridges projecting little above the surface. Plant deep-green,
slightly glaucous, glabrous.

Narrow-leaved Everlasting I*ea.

French, Gesse Sauvage, Fois Eternel. German, Wald Platterhse.

SPECIES VII.— LATH YRUS LATIPOLIUS. Linn.

Plate CCCCIII.

Hootsock shortly creeping, without tubers. Stem climbing or

with wings as broad as or narrower than itself. Leaves
trailing,
with 1 pair of oval-elliptical or elliptical leaflets common petiole ;

with a wing broader than itself, terminating in a much-branched

tendril. Stipules lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, half-sagittate at the
base, with a slender acute auricle. Peduncles longer than the leaves,
5- to 10-flowered. Plowers spreading, in a rather compact raceme.
3 lower calyx-teeth triangular, about as long as the tube the ;

upper pair a little broader and shorter. Corolla more than twice
as long as the calyx. Pods linear-cylindrical, slightly compressed,
glabrous. Seeds globular, greyisli, with the tubercles contiguous
liilum linear, one-fourth the circumference of the seed.
In woods and on rocky debris. Hare, and no doubt in all its
stations escaped from cultivation. In many of the localities
recorded for it, a broad-leaved form of L. sylvestris has probably
been mistaken for it. I liave myself only seen it on Salisbury
Craigs, Edinburgh.

[England, Scotland.] Perennial. Summer.

108 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Extremely like L. sylvestris ; but the leaflets and stipules are

usually broader in proportion to their length, which is 2 to 4 inches.
TJie wings of the stem are not quite so broad, and those of the petiole
a little broader. The flowers are more numerous, in a more compact
raceme, and a little larger, being from f to 1 inch long, entirely
purplish-rose, with the keel paler. The pod is longer, 3 to 4 inches
in length, more cylindrical, more acuminated at the apex. The
seeds paler, with the tubercles more elevated, and all run together so
as to present a brain-like aspect ; the hilum is also considerably
shorter. The plant is also paler green, and more glaucous.
Broad-leaved Ecerlasting I*ea,
French, Gesse ct larges Feuilles. German, Breithlatterige Platterbse.

This pretty and favourite climbing plant is often seen covering the doorways of
cottages, the trellis-work of gardens, or creeping round the windows of some village

school-house, where its beautiful flowers are with difficulty kept from marauding fingers,
or its ripening pods from the omnivorous mouths that pass to and fro underneath its

hanging Nothing can be prettier than this well-known plant. Its broad
tendrils.

leaves and juicy stems yield good fodder, and its cultivation has been recommended for
this purpose ; but it does not seem to be better adapted for field culture than any other
of its family.

SPECIES VIII.— L ATHYRUS PALUSTRIS. Linn.

Plate CCCCIV.

Rootstock extensively creeping. Stems climbing or trailing,

nearly simple, winged, with the wings nearly as broad as the stem.
Leaves with 2 to 3 pairs of elliptical or linear-elliptical mucronate
leaflets common petiole terminating in a branched tendril. Stipules
;

lanceolate, very acute, half- sagittate at the base, with a triangular

auricle. Peduncles axillary, longer than the leaves, 2- to 8-flowered.
Plowers spreading, in a lax raceme. 3 lower calyx- teeth trian-
gular, nearly as long as the tube the upper pair deltoid, and much
;

shorter than the tube. Corolla nearly three times as long as the
calyx. Pods linear-oblong, compressed, glabrous. Seeds globular,
smooth hilum J circumference of the seed.
;

In fens and boggy places. Very local. I possess it from Burtle

Moor, Somerset; Belton Pen, Yarmouth; Monks Wood, Hun-
tingdon ; and the Murrow of Wicklow. It is reported, on satis-
factory authority, also from the counties of Ilants, Norfolk,
Carnarvon, Cambridge, Lincoln, and York.
England, Scotland*?, Ireland. Perennial. Late Summer
and Autumn.
Stems slender, 2 to 4 feet high. Leaflets 1^ to 2| inches long,
varying in breadth. Stipules usually extending beyond the point
 CCCCIV.

E.B. 169.

Lathyrus palustris. Marsh Vetchling.

I
 ccccv.

E.B. 1046.

Lathyrus maritimiis. Sea Pea.

 LEGUMINIFERiE. 109

where the first leaflets are placed. Peduncles 2 to 4 inches long.

Plowers f to f inch long, purple, fading to hlue. Standard with
the lamina oval-orhicular, spreading nearly at a right angle with
the claWj a little longer than the wings and keel. Style suddenly
hent upwards at the extremity of the ovary, not twisted on its own
axis. Pod shortly stipitate, 1^ to 1^ inch long, rounded at the
apex below, reticulated on the sides. The mature pods I have not
seen, but the seeds have been sent me by the late Mr. Thomas Clark
they are ^ inch in diamet(;r, olive-yellow prettily marbled with black.
Plant glaucous-green, glabrous.
Harsh VetchUiig, Duckling Vetch.

French, Gesse des Marais. German, Sumpf Platterbse.

SPECIES IX.— LATH YRUS M ARITIMUS. Bigd.

Plate CCCCV.
Pisum maritimum, Linn. Sm. Eng, Bot. No. 1046.

Pootstock very long, woody, creeping. Stems prostrate, quad-

rangular, striate but not winged. Leaves with 3 to 5 pairs of
broadly oval or elliptical leaflets common petiole terminating in a
;

branched or simple short tendril. Stipules broadly ovate, acuminate,

hastate or hastate- sagittate at the base with the 2 auricles deltoid-
triangular and of unequal size. Peduncles axillary, shorter than the
leaves or more rarely equalling them, 4- to 10-flowered. Plowers
spreading, in a compact raceme. Three lower calyx-teeth trian-
gular, about as long as the tube ; the upper pair deltoid, acuminate,
much shorter than the tube. Corolla three times as long as the
calyx. Pods linear-oblong, scarcely compressed. Seeds globular,
smooth hilum one-third the circumference of the
; seed.

Var. a, genuinus.

Leaflets broadly oval, rather blunt.

Var. 3, acutifoUiis. Bab.

Leaflets elliptical, acute. Stems more slender than in var. a.

On shingly sea-beaches. Pare. Var. a on the coasts of Dorset,

Sussex, Kent, Suff'olk, and Lincolnshire and formerly near Pen-
;

zance, Cornwall, and in the Isle of Wight. Var. |3 in the Island of

Unst, Shetland, and possibly in Orkney. A form somewhat inter-
mediate between varieties a and ^ is found at Posbegh, county
Kerry.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer
and Autumn.
110 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Kootstock thick, black, extending many feet down tlirougli the

shingle, branching above, the branches mostly starting from the same
point, slender and creeping. Stems 6 inches to 3 feet long, lying
flaton the ground. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, mostly alternate,
and diminishing in size towards the apex of the petiole, thick and
somewhat fleshy, directed upwards, particularly in the evening;
common curved backwards, terminating in a very
petiole generally
short tendril. Stipules very large, ^ to 1 inch long, with auricles
on both sides of the base. Peduncles 1^ to 3 inches long ; raceme
f to 1 inch long, Elowers f to |^ inch long, purplish-crimson fading
to blue. Style straight, ascending at an obtuse angle with the
stigma, slightly dilated upwards and hairy. Pods reflexed, shortly
stipitate, IJ to 2 inches long, brown when ripe, nearly straight,
their width nearly as great as the depth between the 2 sutures.
Seeds y inch in diameter, dusky-brown, paler towards the hilum,
slightly shining. Plant glabrous and glaucous.
Sea Pea.
French, Pois Maritime. German, Meerstrands Platterhse.

This species of Lathyrus grows on shingly beaches, chiefly on the Eastern coast of
England, but not very abundantly anywhere. The seeds are bitter in taste, and very
tinpalatable ; but, in the year 1555, the people in the neighbourhood of Aldborough and
Orford, in Suffolk, were kept alive during a time of famine by eating the seeds of this
j)lant, which grew abundantly on the sand-hills of the district. Its existence had not
been noticed by the inhabitants before, and they attributed its sudden appearance to
an interposition of Providence for their sustenance. Some, less willing to believe in
mii'acles, traced the origin of the plant to the wreck of a vessel laden with })eas on the
coast during the previous year ; but, as the Sea Pea is nowhere cultivated, this seems
xinlikely. It is more probable that the plant had grown there for centuries ; but the
seeds being nauseous in flavour, and botany not being studied in this district at this
period, no one had recollected the circumstance, until pressed by want to seek food
among the wild herbs of the neighbouring waste. With the necessity, the estimation
of the plant that had relieved it ceased, and it is now as little used as many others
which might be of equal value under similar circumstances.

Section IV.— OEOBUS. Linn.

Petioles all bearing leaflets, but terminating in a linear or subu-
late point, not a tendril. Calyx gibbous at the base on the upper
side.

SPECIES X.— L ATHYRUS MACRORRHIZUS. Wimm.

Plate CCCCVI.
L. montanus, Bernh. Gorcke Fl. v.N. & Mit-Deutschl. ed. vi. p. 112,
Orobus tuberosus, Zmn. Snu Eng. Bot. No, 1153. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv.
ed. ii.
J).
225. Fries, Sum. Veg. Scarid. p. 46.
Hootstock creeping, stoloniferous, bearing small enlarged tubers
or knots. Stems erect or ascending, frequently decumbent at the
 CCCCVI.

Lathynis macron-hizus. Tuberous Bitter Vetch.

 LEGUMINIFEHJ]:. Ill

base, narrowly winged. Leaves with 2 to 3 (rarely 4) pairs of ovate-

elliptical, elliptical, oblong, or linear-oblong mucronate leaflets
common petiole terminating in a setaceous point. Stipules lance-
olate, half-sagittate at the base, with a triangular-acute auricle.
Peduncles longer than or equal to the leaves, 2- to 6-flowered.
Plowers drooping, in a lax raceme. 3 lower calyx-teeth ovate-
acuminate, sliorter than the tube the upper pair much shorter,
;

and directed uj)wards. Corolla three times as long as the calyx.

Pods oblong-linear, sub-cylindrical, slightly compressed. Seeds
globular, smooth hilum about one-fourth the circumference of
;

the seed.
Var. a, genuinus.

Leaflets varying from oval-elliptical to elliptical or oblong.

Var. ^, tenuifolius.
Orobns tenuifolius, Roth. Fl. Germ. Vol. I. p. 305.

Leaflets varying from strap-shaped to linear.

In woods and thickets, amongst heath and in grassy places.

Very common, and generally distributed. Yar. ^ not so frequent
as var. a.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring and Summer.

Kootstock black, with enlargements at intervals from the size
of a pea to that of a small cherry. Stems 8 to 18 inches high.
Leaflets in var. a 1 to 2 inches long, blunt or suddenly acuminate
at the apex —
in 3, sometimes 3 inches long, tapering gradually
and very acute. Stipules J to f inch long. Peduncles 1 to 5 inches
long. Plowers -J to f inch long, pale dull-crimson fading to blue,
and at length tinged with green. Pods sessile, spreading or slightly
reflexed, 1^ to 2 inches long, black when ripe, nearly as wide as the
depth between the sutures. Seeds \ inch in diameter, reddish-
brown, slightly shining. Plant deep-green, slightly glaucous, espe-
cially on the under side of the leaves, glabrous, or with a few short
scattered hairs on the stipules.
This plant usually (but not always) turns black in drying.

Tuberous Bitter Vetch.

French, Ordbe tubereux. German, Berg Platterbse.

SPECIES XL— LATH YRUS NIGER. IFmw.

Plate CCCCVII.
Orobus niger, Linn. Hook, in Eug. Bot. Sup. No. 2788. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et
Helv. ed. ii, p. 226. Fries, Sum. Yeg. Scand. p. 46.
112 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Hootstock short, M'itliout tubers or stolons. Stem erect,

branched, angular, but not winged. Leaves with 4 to G pairs of
broadly elliptical or oblong mucronate leaflets common petiole ;

terminating in a setaceous point. Stipules small, linear-lanceolate,

half-sagittate or hastate-sagittate at the base, with a small acute
auricle. Peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves, 3- to 8-flow-
ered. Flowers drooping, in a rather lax raceme. 3 lower calyx-
teeth deltoid-triangular, not half the length of the tube the upper ;

pair much shorter. Corolla three times as long as the calyx.

Pods linear, sub-cylindrical, slightly compressed. Seeds quadrate,
compressed, smooth ; hilum about one-fourth the circumference of
the seed.
In rocky copses in mountainous districts. Very rare. In the
Den of Airly, twelve miles west of Porfar; and in the Pass of
Killicrankie, Perthshire ; also said to occur on Craiganain, a rock
within two miles of Moy House, Inverness-shire.
Scotland. Perennial. Summer.
Stem slender, almost wiry, erect, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaflets
| to 1^ inch long, usually lanceolate-elliptical, but variable in
breadth, though not nearly to the same extent as in the last species.
Stipules of the lower leaves ^ inch long those of the upper very
;

minute. Peduncles 2 to 4 inches long. Plowers ^ inch long, with

the claw of the petals longer than the lamina, dull purplish-crimson
fading to livid blue. Pods drooping, 2 inches long, black when
ripe. Seeds ^ inch across, reddish-black. Plant deep-green, gla-
brous, always turning brownish-black when drying.

Black Bitter Vetch.

French, Orohe noirdssant. German, Schwarze Platterhse.

BXCLVDJEB SFBCIUS.
MEDICAGO MURICATA. WiUd.
Sm. Eng. Fl. Vol. III. p. 320.

Said to have been found by Ray on the coast at Orford,

Sufl'olk but the Uev. W. W. Newbould informs me that Hay's
;

plant was M. denticulata, on the faith of the specimens in the old

Herbaria.
TRIFOLIUM PARVIFLORUM:. MrhA
Mr. A. G. More finds that Dr. Mackay's specimens of the plant
calledby him " Trifolium maritimum," from near Kilbarrack
 CCCCVIL

E.B. 2788.

Lathyrus niger. Black Bitter Vetch.

 ROSACE Ji:. 113

church, CO. Dublin, belong to this species ; as, however, it is likely

to be a casual introduction, it is considered best for the present to

exclude it until its present existence in Ireland be ascertained.

CORONILLA VARIA. Linn.

Eeported to have been found at Berry Head and Linton,

Devonshire, and also in the Lake district but these statements ;

require confirmation before so conspicuous a plant can be admitted

into the British list.

OBDEB XXVL— ROSACEiE.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate simple or compound
leaves. Stipules usually conspicuous, free or more or less
adhering at the base to the petiole. Blowers regular, often yellow
or white, solitary, or in simple or compound corymbose cymes
or panicles, more rarely in racemes, spikes, heads, or umbels. In-
florescence generally terminal. Sepals 5, more rarely 4 or 3 (or
double these numbers by the addition of an epicalyx exterior to
the calyx), more or less united at the base, valvate or imbricated
in aestivation, the odd one superior or turned towards the axis of
the inflorescence. 5, more rarely 4, perigynous, caducous,
Petals
sometimes absent. Stamens indefinite, rarely definite, distinct,
perigynous, inserted immediately wdthin the petals. Ovary free
from the calyx, consisting of 1 carpel, or of few or numerous
distinct ones or of 2 to 5 united to each other and adhering
;

to the calyx-tube. Ovules 1, 2, or several, anatropous. Styles

lateral or terminal, free, rarely united. Bruit consisting of achenes
sometimes a drupe or a pome.
or follicles, Seeds 1 or more
albumen none embryo nearly straight.
;

SuB-OnDER I.—AMYGDALE^.
Trees or shrubs, with simple undivided leaves, having stipules
not adhering to the petiole and persistent only on the barren shoots,
deciduous on the flowering ones. Calyx inferior (free from the
ovary), splitting in a circumcissile manner, and the greater portion
deciduous. Petals white or pink. Stamens indefinite. Carpels
solitary, containing 2 ovules. Style terminal. Bruit a drupe, with
VOL. III. Q
114 ENGLISH BOTANY.

the exterior portion of the pericarp fleshy or dry, separating when

mature from the inner layer, which is woody and forms the
so-called stone of the fruit which incloses the seed or kernel. Seed
mostly solitary.

GENUS L—V R U N U S. Linn.

Calyx with the tube urceolate-hemispherical, 5-toothed, the

segments imbricated in a3stivation, the upper part deciduous.
Petals 5, spreading, inserted in the throat of the calyx. Stamens
15 to 30, inserted close within the petals. Drupe fleshy, with
the stone smooth or furrowed, containing a single seed.
Trees or shrubs, with leaves varying from obovate to oblong or
elliptical, serrate or crenate at the margins, generally furnished
with glands on the petiole close to the base of the lamina. Stipules
small. Plowers produced early, solitary, in pairs, or in umbels or
racemes.
The name of this genus of plants is said to be of Asiatic origin, the wild plant,
according to Galen, being called ttjoov^i'oc (jjroumnos) in Asia. The Greek name for
the plum is Trfjovyrj {j^roune) : it occurs in Theophrastus.

Sub-Genus I.— EU-PRUNUS.

Young Plowers lateral, solitary or in pairs,
leaves convolute.
produced from flower-buds distinct from the leaf-buds, expanding
before the leaves or at the same time with them. Drupe covered
externally with a whitish bloom stone compressed, somewhat ;

sulcated at the margins, slightly rugose on the faces.

SPECIES T.—PRUNUS COMMUNIS. Iluds.

Plates CCCCVIII. CCCCIX. CCCCX.

Leaves oblong-oblanceolate, elliptical, oblong-obovate, or obovate,

coarsely and bluntly serrated, appearing after the flowers or along
with them. Peduncles solitary or in pairs (rarely 3 or 4 together).
Pruit ovoid or globose.

Sub-Species I.— PrunUS Spinosa. Linn.

Plate CCCCVIII.
P. communis, a spinosa, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 91. Benlh. Handbook Brit.
Fl. p. 185. Hook & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 118.
 CCCCVIII.

Prunus spinosa. Black-thorn.

 110SACE.E. 115

A small busily shrub with twisted branches, most of the old

ones terminating' in spines, the younger ones usually pubescent.
Leaves elliptical or elliptical-oblanceolatc, at length glabrous
beneath. Peduncles mostly solitary, glabrous. Flowers usually
expanding before the leaves begin to appear. Petals obovate.
Pruit small, sub-globular, erect.

Var.
Var. a, gemiiiia.
(jenuina.

Flowers expanding before the leaves appear

Var. 3, coetcmea.

Plowers appearing with the leaves.

In thickets, woods, and on commons ; common, and generally
distributed, but not reaching Orkney.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Spring.

Arigid bush, commonly from 3 to 4 feet high, but sometimes

8 or 10, with irregular divaricate branches, most of them termi-
nating in spines ; bark smooth, dark-grey, or nearly black.
Suckers numerous. Leaves shortly-stalked, 1 to 2 inclies long,
rather finely serrated. Plowers usually produced before the leaves,
from buds situated on the short lateral branches or spurs.
Peduncles rather long, mostly solitary, but sometimes in pairs
from each bud, -| to f inch in diameter, white. Calyx-segments
broadly triangular, obtuse, often slightly serrated on the margins.
Petals obovate, much longer than the calyx-segments. Filaments
long, white ; anthers reddish. Drupe usually a little longer than
broad, about ^ inch in diameter, bluish-black, with a glaucous
bloom pulp very austere, adhering to the stone, which is roundish,
;

slightly compressed, with a marginal furrow and a rugose surface.

Young leaves slightly downy below, at length glabrous, dark-green
with the veins depressed above.

Blackthorn Sloe.
French, Prunier Jtjpineux. German, Schlehen PJlaume.

The appearance of this tree is almost too well known to need description ; and as
we write in the budding spring-time, we see the pi-etty white blossoms of this early-
flowering tree decking its black thorny polished bonghs, as yet leafless, but destined to
be covered with green in a few weeks more. Perhaps we ought not to speak of the
Blackthorn as a tree, for only under very favourable circumstances does it attain such
dimensions : ixsitally it is only a bush or shrub. Loudon tells us that in Eastwell Park,
in Kent, he has seen it growing thirty feet in height. In August the fruit, known as
the JSloe, is ripe ; it is covered with a bluish bloom, and looks as it hangs on the trees
very tempting ; but its taste is peculiarly harsh and acid, and it is only appetites sharp-
 G — —

11 ENGLISH BOTANY.

ened by hunger or the omnivorous capacities of a schoolboy, that would choose to take
a second berry. The old poet calls thcin

" Sloes austere,

Hard fare, but such as boyish appetite disdains not."

"When tempered with sugar, they are not so uneatable, and in some districts in the

North of Euro})e a very tolerable couserve is made from them. The juice of the Sloe
expressed is said to enter largely into the manufacture of British port wine. In France
a beverage is made by fermenting the fruit with a certain quantity of water ; it is acid
and astringent, more especially if the fruit has been gathered before it is quite ripe.
The habitual use of this drink is said to be injurious to health. The inspissated juice
of the Sloe forms a nearly indelible ink used for marking linen in Germany. The
leaves of this .«hrub dried have been made into a substitute for Chinese tea, and some
years ago an extensive manufactory of this Sloe-leaf tea was carried on in this country,
upwards of four millions of pounds of this substance having found its way into the market.
It was discovered, however, that the chief use of this tea was for purposes of adultera-
tion, and
its manufacture was consequently speedily suppressed by the excise autho-

rities. In France the unripe fruit is pickled in salt and vinegar as a substitute for
olives, and in Germany and Russia the fruit is crushed, mixed with water, and a sjiirit

distilled from it. Medicinally, the bark is considered to be a febrifuge, and the leaves
an agreeable and useful astringent. The flowers, like all those of the native plums, are
mildly aperient, and are recommended in infusion by some people as a safe and useful
medicine. The wood is very hard, and in colour resembles that of the peach, though
without its beauty. On account of its hard, tough nature, it is sometimes used for the
teeth of rakes and such-like purposes, but it never attains size sufiicient to be applied
to many other uses.
The Blackthorn or Sloe has formed a subject for many of our British song-writei's,
and we must always associate it with the lines of the Suffulk poet Bloomfield, in which
he so touchingly describes the disappointment of the poor bird-boy over his feast of
roasted sloes :

" Keen blows the blast, or ceaseless rains descend,

The half-sti'ipt hedge a sorry shelter lends.
Oh for a hovel, e'er so small or low,
Whose roof, repelling winds and early snow.
Might bring home comforts fresh before his eyes !

On whitethorns towering and the leafless I'ose

A frost-nipped feast in bright vermilion glows
Where clustering Sloes in glossy order rise.
He crops the loaded branch, a cumbrous prize.
And o'er the flame the sputtering fruit he rests,
Placing green sods to seat his coming guests ;
His guests by promise, playmates young and gay ;

But ah fresh pastimes lure their steps away.

!

He sweeps his hearth, and homeward looks in vain.

Till, feeling disappointment's cruel pain.
His fairy revels are exchanged for rage ;
His banquet marred, grown dull Ids hermitage.
The fields become his prison till on high
Benighted birds to shadiest coverts fly.
 CCCCIX.

E.B. 841.

Prunvis insititia. Bullace.

 ROSACEA. 117

Look then from trivial up to greater woes,

From the poor bird-boy with his roasted Sloes,
To where the dungeoned mourner heaves the sigh,
Where not one cheering sunbeam meets his eye.
Though ineffectual pity thine may be,
No wealth, no power to set the captive free,
Thy slights can make the wretched more forlorn,
And deeper drive affection's barbed thorn.
Say not, '
I'll come and cheer thy gloomy cell

With news of dearest friends, how good, how well ;

I'll be a joyful herald to thine heart,'

Then fail, and i)lay the worthless trifler's part."

Sub-Species II.— Prunus insititia. Linn.

Plate CCCCIX.
P. communis, ft insititia, Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 91. Benth, Handbook Brit.
Fl. p. 185. Hook & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 118.

A large
shrub with nearly straight brandies, only a few of the
old ones terminating in spines, the younger ones downy. Leaves
oblong-obovate or obovate, pubescent beneath. Peduncles mostly
in pairs, downy. Plowers expanding as the leaves begin to appear.
Petals roundish. Pruit large, globular, drooping.
In thickets, woods, and hedges not uncommon in England, ;

more rare in Scotland, and probably not wild north of the Perth
and Clyde.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Spring.
Very like the common sloe, which appears to pass into it by
insensible gradations. The present sub-species, however, is gene-
rally of larger growth, with the leaves and flowers considerabl}'-
larger the former broader with the broadest part generally beyond
;

the middle, and the underside remaining pubescent tlie latter ;

f inch in diameter. The peduncles are not so often solitary, but in

both forms they vary from 1 to 3 or 4. The petals are broader, the
fruit much larger —
f inch or more, and drooping from its weight,
bluish-black, rarely yellow it has not the austere taste of the sloe.
;

Bullace.
French, Prunier Sauvage. German, Haferscldclie.

When in blossom, this tree can hardly be distinguished from the Blackthorn, and
the fruit is very similar, having the same acid qualities, but not so rough, and when
boiled with sugar it is by no means unpleasant. A variety yields white fruit, so that
we have the white and the black Bullace. The fruit of this plum is known in Dau-
])hine under the name of cdfatores, and in Provence they are called siharelles, because
it is impossible to whistle after having eaten them, from their sourness. The wood,
the branches, and the entire plant are used throughout France for the same purposes
as that of the Sloe.
lis ENGLISH BOTANY.

Sub-Species III.— PrunUS domestica. Linn.

Plate CCCCX.

P. coramuuis, y domestica, J]ab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 91. Beath. Handbook Brit.

Fl. p. 185. Hook. & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 119.

A small tree with rather straight branches without spines, the

young ones glabrous. Leaves obovate, at length glabrous beneath
except on the midrib. Peduncles mostly in pairs, glabrous.
Plowcrs usually expanding as the leaves begin to appear. Petals
roundish. Pruit large, ovoid, or sub-globular, drooping.
In hedge-rows, not uncommon, but having very little claim to
be considered as truly native.

[England, Scotland, Ireland.] Tree. Spring.

This form bears nearly the same relation to P. insititia as the

latter does to P. spinosa. The leaves are broader than those of
P. insititia, and 3 inches long. The flowers 1 inch in diameter
and the fruit nearly as much across.

Wild JPlum.
French, Prunier Domestique. German, Gemeine PJlaume.
This tree, so common in its cultivated state in all our gardens, is found apparently
wild in woods and hedges in England ; but the circumstance that it was not known to
the early inhabitants of our island leads to the supposition that it is not truly of native
growth. The variety called the Orleans Plum appears to have been brought from
France shortly after our conquest of that country under the Plantagenets, and was
probably for some time the only kind grown, though in 1573 Tusser enumerates ten
varieties as being cultivated Gerarde, some twenty years later, had sixty sorts growing
:

in his garden in Holborn. Most of our older varieties of Plums have been introduced
from France ; that known as " Greengage," from the name of its first cultivator, was
brought by him from the garden of the Chartreuse in Paris, liaving been originally
introduced by Claude, the queen of Francis I. and hence it is still known in France
;

us " Reine Claude." The number and variety of the Plums which are cultivated in
gardens, and which appear on our tables, are too great even to mention. Besides being
eaten fresh, and forming a delicious dessert. Plums are extensively grown on the Conti-
nent for the purpose of drying, and are then known by the name of Prunes, or Fiench
Plums. The best Prunes are made near Tours, of the !St. Catherine Plum and the
Prune d'Agen, and the best French Plums are made in Provence of the Perdrigon Plum
and the Bignole. Prunes are prepared by being gathered from the trees when just
ripe enough to fall when the tree is shaken. They are then laid on frames and exposed
to the sun until they become as soft as ripe medlars, after which they are put in a cool
oven, shut quite close, and left for twenty-four hours (this process is repeated three
times); they are then left to get cold, and rounded by the hand. The common sorts of
I'ruues are made from windfalls and the fruit which falls from the trees after shaking ;

but the best French Plums are gathered in the morning befyre the sun rises, care being
 CCGCX.

E.B. 1783.

Prunus domestica. Wild Plum.

¥
 CCCCXI.

Prunus Avium. Wild Cherry.

 I10SACE.E. 119

taken that only tlie stalk is tonclied, and the fruit gently laid on vine-leaves in a
basket. When the baskets are filled so that the Plums touch each other, they are
removed into the fruit-room and treated in the way described before, but so carefully
that the bloom is retained on the fruit even after it is dry. Prunes have a medicinal
reputation, and are retained in the British Pharraacopceia in the preparation known as
Lenitive Electuary. They are also frequently used in domestic medicine as gentle and
pleasant aperients with senna and such-like combinations. In some parts of Germany
a spirit is distilled from Plums, known by the names of Zwetschen Wasser and Raki,
Both these liquors resemble Kirsch Wasser. Raki is made by fermenting apples,
ground or crushed, with bruised Plums. The spirit produced it said to be very agree-
able to the taste, and, though not so strong, to be more wholesome than brandy. In
the south of France an excellent spirit is obtained from the bruised pulp and kernels
of Plums fermented with honey and flour by distillation in the usual manner. The
wood of the Plum is very compact and hard, and is used for many purposes, especially
in the manufacture of musical instruments but it does not often attain, a large size. The
;

bark yields a yellow dye which is readily taken by woollen fabrics.

Sub-Genus II.— CERASUS. Tournef.

Young leaves simply folded. Plowers lateral or pseudo-terminal,

in pairs, umbels, or racemes, expanding at the same time as the
young leaves or after them. Drupe glabrous externally ; stone sub-
globular, smooth.

Section I.—EU-CEEASUS. Torreij & Gray.

Elowers from lateral leafless buds appearing before or with the

leaves. Pedicels umbellate, fascicled.

SPECIES II.— P R U N U S AVIUM. Linn.

Plate CCCCXI.
BromfieU, Fl. Vect. p. 142.
P. Cerasus, var. Avium, Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 185.

A tree producing a few Leaves flaccid, drooping, oval

suckers.
or obovate-oval, abruptly acuminate-cuspidate at the apex, irregu-
larly crenate-serrate on the margins, hairy on the veins beneath.
Umbels sessile, lax, mostly aggregated round the leaf-buds, sur-
rounded by scales, of which the inner ones are not truly leaf-like.
Calyx-tube turbinate, contracted at the top. Segments oblong,
entire, sub-acute. Petals flaccid, spreading in the form of a cup.
In woods and hedges, not uncommon, and generally distributed,
except in the extreme North of Scotland.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Tree. Spring.

120 ENGLISn BOTANY.

A
tree not unfreqiicntly 20 to 30 feet high, and sometimes
considerably more, with a sinirle trunk covered with smooth
greyish bark. Brandies spreading, arranged so as to form a
rounded head. Leaf-stalk shorter than the lamina, with a gland at
the base of each side of the latter, which is 2 to G inches long,
widest usually a little beyond the middle coarsely serrate, with ;

the serratures rounded and tipped by a gland. Stipules linear-

triangular, ciliated, with stalked glands, deciduous. Flowers
expanding very shortly after the young leaves appear white, ;

f inch across. Peduncles 3 to 5 together, 1^ to 2 inches long,

drooping. Calyx-segments reflexed. Petals more or less deeply
notched, very fugacious. Pruit f inch long, red or black, sub-
globular, in dented at the apex, bitter; stone sub-globose, slightly com-
pressed, smooth, adhering to the pulp. Leaves bright-green, flaccid.
Wild Cherrij. Gean.
Fi'encb, Cerisler Mer'xsier. German, Voyelkirsche.

This tree is the parent of many of our gai'den Cherries, and is found commonly in
woods and thickets in many parts of Great Britain. The cultivated Cherry was intro-
duced into our island by the Eomans at an early period of their occupation ; for Pliny
says :
" The Cherry did not exist in Italy until the victory of Lucullus over Mithridates,
in the year of the city 680. He was the first to introduce this tree from Pontus, and now,
in the course of 120 years, it has travelled beyond the ocean, and arrived even in Bri-
tannia." It is probable that the wild Cherry is indigenous to both Europe and Asia, but
it is unquestionable that the improved and cultivated variety came from the East. It is

said that the Cherries originally brought into Italy by Lucullus came from Cerasus or
Cherasond, in Pontus ; but it is doubtful whether the Latin name Cerasus was derived
from that place, or whether the town did not owe its own appellation to the abundance
of Cherries in its neighbourhood, for the Persian word for the fruit is keras. It is very
likely that many of our wild Cherries in the southern counties have grown from kernels
scattered by birds, which are very fond of the fruit, the blackbird especially being a
well-known depredator of the Cherry orchard. In the time of Evelyn the tree was as
common in the woods as it is now : he speaks of it as " frequent in the hedges, and
growing wild in Hertfordshire and many places." Tradition says that the first Cherry
orchards were planted in Kent, a county still celebrated for its beautiful Cherries.
Lydgate, who wrote in 1415, speaks of Cherries being exposed for sale in the London
market. Gerarde, in his "Herbal," published in 1597, says there were numerous vari-
eties of Cherries in his time. Among others he mentions the black wild Cherry, the
fruit ofwhich he says had a " harsh, unpleasant taste," and the Flanders or Kentish
Cherry, of which he says, when they are thoroughly ripe, " they have a better juice,
but watery, cold, and moist." In the survey and valuation made in 1 649 of the manor and
mansion belonging to Henrietta Maria, queen of Charles I., at Wimbledon, in Surrey,
previous to its sale during the Commonwealth, it appears that there were upwards of

two hundred Cherry-trees in the garden. The number of varieties now cultivated in
our gardens and sold in the great fruit markets of England must be very great. Some
years ago forty different sorts were enumerated, and no doubt their number has now
increased. In Don's " Gardener's Dictionary," indeed, we find fifty sorts mentioned
under the names of Bigareaus Hearts.
 ROSACEyE. 121

In Franco the Cherry is highly prized, not only as a fruit pleasant and delicious to
the taste, but as affording food to the poor, and a law was passed so long ago as 1GG9
commanding the preservation of all Cherry-trees in the royal forests. This edict caused
such a superabundance of Cherry-trees as to allow no room for the growth of under-
wood, when, going to the other extreme, all the fruit-ti'ees were cut down excepting
some young saplings ; and Bose tells us that this great calamity for the poor caused
considerable distress to many who had months of the year directly
subsisted for several
or indirectly on the produce of the merisier. Soup made of the fruit with a little bread
and a little butter was the common food of the woodcutters and charcoal-burners of the
forest during the winter. Cherries enter much more largely into the diet of our continental

neighbours than into our own. We constantly hear of Cherry cakes and Cherry wine,
and the common spirit of the Continent, Kirschwasser, is distilled from them after
fermentation. For the manufacture of this spirit, which is made chiefly in Alsace in
France, in Urtemberg in Germany, and in Berne and Basle in Switzerland, the wild
black-gean is preferred. Maraschino is also made from the Cherry, much in the same
way as Kirschwasser. The kind of Cherry preferred for this purpose is a small acid
fruit called marasca, which abounds in the north of Italy, at Trieste, and in Dalinatia.
The chief difference in the manufacture of Maraschino from Kirschwasser is the mix-
ture of honey with the distilled juice in the former. Loudon tells us that genuine
Maraschino is as difficult to meet with as genuine Tokay, and that a large quantity of
such as is sold is nothing more than Kirschwasser mixed with honey and water.
Noyau and Ratafia are flavoured with the kernels of the Cherries, and we believe that
the leaves are often admitted into the preparation, and add to the flavour and perfume.
In this country we use Cherries as pleasant additions to the luxuries of our table,
not only freshly gathered from the trees, but in the shape of Cherry brandy, preserved
Cherries, and " Cherry pie," so celebrated in nursery song, as the promised treat to Jenny
Wren, when Cock Robin says,
" If you will but be mine.
You sliall dine on Cherry pie, and drink nice currant wine."

In nursery mythology the Cherry-tree is a favourite tree, and for some unknown reason
is associated with the cuckoo. It is still the custom in some districts for children to
dance round a Cherry-tree singing :

" Cuckoo Cherry-tree,

Come down and tell to me
How many years I have to live."

Each child then shakes the tree, and the number of Cherries that fall is supposed to be
the answer to the question. One of our earliest English games was called Cherry-pit,
and consisted of pitching cherry-stones into a little hole, much as marbles are some-
times played. Shakespeare alludes to it in " Twelfth Night." Sir Toby Belch says :

" 'Tis not for gravity to play at cherry-pit with Satan."

The gum of the Cherry-tree has the same properties as gum-arabic, but differs from
it in not dissolving in cold water. It is known to chemists as cerasin. Hasselquist
relates that a hundred men wei'e kept alive during a siege of two months by the gum
of the Cherry alone : this is highly incredible, however, as it contains little or no
nitrogenous matter.
The wood of the wild Cherry is fine, close-grained, strong, and of a reddish colour-
It is easily worked, and takes a fine polish. It is much sought after by cabinet-makers
and turners, particularly in France, where mahogany is not so common as in Britain.

YOL. III. R
122 ENGLISH BOTANY.

As a treo tlie wild Cherry is valuable not only for its timber, but for the food
which it supplies to birds, by the increase of which little creatures the insects which
attack trees and grain of every kind are destroyed. The folly which would exterminate
these feathered friends, grudging them a share of the abundance of an orchard, is well
repaid by a plague of insects of every kind which devastate whole acres of cultivated
land, and desti'oy far more than an army of little birds would require to refresh and
gladden us with their sweet songs, as well as to rid us of the swarms of insects which
without their aid are so sure to multiply and infest our gardens and orchards. On the
Continent Cherry-trees are much used as roadside trees, particularly in the north of
Germany, where the apple and the pear will not thrive. In some countries the road
passes for miles through au avenue of Cherry-trees ; and Loudon tells us that he tra-
velled for several days through an avenue of Cherry-trees from Sti-asburg by a circuitous
route to Munich. These avenues in Germany are planted by desire of the respective
governments, not only to shade the traveller, but to afford him refreshment on bis
journey. All persons are allowed to partake of the Cherries, on condition of their not
injuring the trees ; and when it is desired by the proprietor of the land on which they
grow to retain the fruit of any particular tree, the fact is notified by tying a wisp of
straw on one of the conspicuous branches ; and this indication is almost universally
respected.
The Cherry-tree has always been a favourite with poets and lovers of song. The
whiteness and profusion of the blossoms, the rich bright colour of the fruit, and the
vigorous nature of its growth, are all sources of attraction. The old English song of
" Cherry ripe " is familiar to us all, and had its origin in one by Herrick. In Cam-
bridgeshire, at Ely, when the Cherries are ripe, numbers of people repair, on what they
call Cherry Sunday, to the Cherry-orchards in the neighbourhood, where, on the pay-
ment of sixpeuce each, every one is allowed to eat as many Cherines as they choose. A
similar y^/e is held at Montmorency. A like festival is also annually held at Ham-
burg, called the Feast of Cherries, during which troops of children parade the street
with green boughs ornamented with Cherries. The origin of the/ete seems to have been
thus : —In 1432, when the city of Hamburg was besieged by the Hussites, one of the
citizens, named Wolf, proposed that all the children in the city between seven and
fourteen years of age should be clad in mourning and sent as suppliants to the enemy.
Procopius Nasus, chief of the Hussites, was so moved by this spectacle, that he not only
promised to spare the city, but regaled the young suppliants with Cherries and other
and the children returned crowned with
fruits, leaves, shouting " Victory," and holding
boughs laden with Cherries in their hands.

SPECIES III— PRUNUS CERASUS. Linn.

Plate CCCCXII.
Jiromfield, Fl. Vect. p. 144.

A busliy shrub, producing very numerous suckers. Leaves

firm, erect, oval or obovate-oblong, rather gradually acuminate or
acuminate-cuspidate at the apex, very irregularly erenate-serrate
on the 'margins, at length nearly glabrous. Umbels mostly scat-
tered, fastigiate, surrounded by scales, of which the inner ones
become leaf-like. Calyx-tube bcllshaped-obconical, not contracted
 CCCCXII.

Pninus Cerasus. Dwarf Cherry.

 ROSACEA. 123

at the top. Segments oblong-ovate, serrated, very blunt. Petals

firm, spreading very widely.
In hedges, thickets, and on bushy slopes. Local and rare,
except in the South of England. It occurs in the counties of
Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Hants, Sussex, Kent, Surrey, Bucks,
Essex, Cambridge, Salop, Pembroke, Denbigh, Leicester, Cheshire,
and Cumberland.
England, Ireland. Shrub. Spring. '/TiU^^
/
This shrub bears much
general resemblance to P. Avium, but the
mode of growth is quite different, being a bush with numerous much-
branched stems the bark is redder, the leaves stiffer, more shortly
;

stalked, shorter, generally not above 3 or 4 inches long, less abruptly

pointed, more finely and more unequally serrated, every second or
third tooth being twice or thrice as deep as the others the veins ;

are also less downy beneath. Peduncles stiffer, and consequently

not drooping. Elowers rather larger and more open. Calyx-tube
more open at the mouth ; segments broader, blunter, and serrated.
Petals less notched. The fruit I have not seen, but it is said to be
" subdepresso- globose, scarcely cordate, red, juicy, and acid."
(Bromfield, El. Vect. p. 146.)

Dwarf Cherry.
French, Prunier Cerise. German, Sauerldrsche.

This appears to be the origin of the Morello Cherry of the gardens. In its wild
state the fruit is very small and acid in flavour. It is a mere shrub, seldom more than
eight or ten feet high. The large white flowers appear with the leaves early in May.

Section II. — PADUS. Torrey & Gray.

Elowers in racemes terminating leafy branches, appearing after

the evolution of the leaves.Leaves deciduous.

SPECIES IV.— PRUNUS PADUS. Linn.

Plate CCCCXIII.

A largeshrub or small tree. Leaves ovate or obovate-ovate,

notched at the base, abruptly acuminate, cuspidate at the apex,
finely and sharply serrated on the margins. Elowers numerous,
in racemes which are at first erect, afterwards pendulous, and again
erect in fruit.
In woods and thickets. Sparingly but generally distributed
throughout the kingdom, though possibly introduced in many of
its stations. It does not extend to Orkney.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Tree. Early Summer.

124 ENGLISH BOTANY.

A free or shrub generally 10 to 20 feet high, with smooth pur-

plish-brown bark. Leaves shortly stalked, 2 to 4 inches long,
unequal and generally subcordate at the base, much more finely
and sharply serrated than in any of the preceding, glabrous except
in the axils of the lateral veins beneath. Stipules linear, fringed,
deciduous. Hacemes 3 to 5 inches long, with a few leaves at the
base. Elowers white, |- inch across, very numerous, on short erect
pedicels, ^ to ^ inch long. Calyx very open at the mouth, with
reflexed deltoid fringed segments. Petals roundish-ovate, erose.
Eruit I inch long, black, bitter stone sub-globose, uneven.
;

J^li'd Cherry.
French, Prunier cl Grappes. German, Ahlkirsche.

The Bird Cherry is a small tree with long pendulous racemes of white flowers,
opening in May. and fields, on a dry soil, but it is
It gi'ows well in woods, groves,
more abundant in the northern than in the southern counties. The fruit is small,
black, and austere but, though bitter and unpleasant when eaten, it is used in Scot-
;

land to give flavour to gin, whiskey, and other spirits. Birds relish the fruit greatly ;

hence its common name and caterpillars are said to attack the leaves of this tree more
;

than those of any other of the genus. In Belgium, where the tree is particularly
abundant in the woods, and where caterpillars are collected at certain seasons, in con-
formity with the provincial laws established for the preservation of forests, this tree is
always found to have suffered most from their depredations. Hence, a writer in a
Belgian agricultural journal recommends planting in orchards one Bird Cherry in every
square of 100 or 200 yards, to which tree, he s lys, all the moths and butterflies will be
attracted, and on which they will lay their eggs. The appearance of the Bird Cherry,
he says, will soon become hideous, but the fruit-trees will be safe.

A decoction of Bird Cherries is astringent, and has been used successfully in

medicine. The leaves yield a quantity of Prussic acid by distillation. When the tree
attains a sufficient size, the wood is valuable, being beautifully veined, and is much
sought after in France by cabinet-makers and turners, who increase the beauty of its

markings by sawing the trunk diagonally instead of parallel with its length.

Sub-Order II.— EOSE^.

Herbs or shrubs, with simple or compound leaves. Stipules
adhering to the petiole, persistent. Calyx inferior (free from the
ovary), persistent or more rarely the segments deciduous. Petals
yellow, Avhite, pink, or red. Stamens indefinite or definite. Carpels
free, distinct, usually numerous, rarely reduced to 2 or 1, each
carpel containing 1, 2, or more ovules. Styles often lateral. Pruit
composed of distinct achenes, which are usually dry, often numerous,
and arranged upon a conical, hemispherical, or rarely an excavated
receptacle, more rarely of a number of small drupes cohering toge-
ther, or of several dehiscent follicles.
 CCGCXIII.

^/

SB. 1383.

Prunus Pad us. Bird Cherry.

 ROSACEiE. 125

Tribe I.— SPIR^ID^.

Shrubs or herbs, with simple or interruptedly pinnate leaves.
Calyx widely bell-shaped. Petals white. Stamens indelinite. Carpels
in a single whorl, generally 5, but sometimes reduced to 1 or 2.
Fruit consisting of follieles, dehiscent on the inner suture, or
splitting into 2 valves. Styles terminal. Seeds 2 to G (more rarely
1 to 10) in each carpel.

GENUS II— S P I R iE A. Linn.

Mowers perfect or sometimes polygamous. Calyx-tube concave

or bell-shaped, 5-cleft, persistent, the segments separate in aestiva-
tion, without an epicalyx. Petals 5, obovate or roundish, with
short claws inserted in the throat of the calyx, spreading. Stamens
10 to 20, more rarely 30 to 60, exserted. Carpels 5, more rarely
3 to 12, free, sessile or shortly stipitate. Pruit of as many follicles

as there are carpels.

Shrubs with simple, entire, serrate, or lobed leaves, with or
without stipules; or herbs with interruptedly -pinnate or palmate
leaves with stipules or herbs with tripinnate leaves and no
;

stipules.

The derivation of the generic name of these plants is said to be from speira, a cord,
in reference to the flexibility of the branches of some of the species, or from the Greek
tTTreipaio [speirao), I become spiral, or wreath, in allusion to the titness of the plants to
be twisted into garlands.

Section I.— EU-SPIU^A. Torrei/ & Gray.

Shrubs with entire or serrate shortly stalked exstipulate leaves.

Plowers perfect, in corymbs or panicles. Ovaries free at the base,
containing numerous ovules. Ovules pendulous. Disk combined
with the tube of the calyx, free at the margin, mostly crenate,
with glandular teeth or lobes. PoUicles not inflated. Seeds gene-
rally with a loose membranous testa, attenuate at each end.

SPECIES L—S PI R^ A SALICIPOLIA. Lhm.

Plate CCCCXIV.

A busily shrub, producing numerous suckers. Loaves shortly-

stalked, elliptical or lanceolate-elliptical, sharply serrate at the
margins, glabrous beneath, without stipules. Plowers in dense
terminal panicles, which have the branches short and with the
 *
126 ENGLISU BOTANY.

ilowcrs arranged on them in very short dense racemes. Calyx-

segments deltoid, reflexed. Carpels 5, glabrous.
In moist woods and thickets, and by the sides of streams.
Rare, and probably not native, though occurring in many of
the northern counties of England, and still more frequently in
Scotland.
[England, Scotland.] Shrub. Late Summer
and Autumn.

A bushy shrub with slender branches, clothed with smooth

reddish-brown bark. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, on petioles about
^ inch long margins sometimes simply serrated, sometimes un-
;

equally or doubly so, with the teeth generally acute, tipped by a

callous point. Panicles terminating the branches, 2 to 5 inches
long. Elowers f inch across, pink or nearly white [in the white
variety the lateral branches of the panicle are usually more elon-
gated, and the leaves doubly serrated]. Calyx-segments about as
long as the cup-like tube, deltoid-ovate, ciliated, with short curled
hairs. Leaves bright-green, nearly glabrous, those at the base of
the branches of the panicle, bracts, axis of the inflorescence, and
peduncles more or less woolly.
JVdlow-leaved SpircBct.

F]-ench, Sjnree a Feidlles de Scmle. German, Ileidenhlatlriger Sjnerstamle.

This species has long been cultivated in gardens and shrubberies under the name
of Spiraea frutex.

Section II.— ULMAE.IA. Jlonch.

Herbs with interruptedly - pinnate stipulate leaves. Elowers

perfect, in paniculate or corymbose cymes. Ovaries free at the
base, containing about 2 pendulous ovules. Disk obsolete. Eol-
licles not inflated, straight or contorted.

SPECIES II.— SPIRiEA ULMARIA. Linn.

Plate CCCCXV.
Ilerbaceous. Uoot-fibres not enlarged. Leaves pinnate, with
5 to 9 pairs of unequal leaflets ; larger leaflets ovate, acute, doubly
serrate, or slightly lobed and serrate, the alternate ones very small,
roundish, inciso-dentate, the terminal one larger than all the others,
3-cleft, all pubescent, and usually hoary tomentose beneath. Sti-
pules of the radical leaves with an elongated acute free apex, those
of the stem-leaves half-ovate, cordate, sharply dentate.
Elowers in
a compound corymbose cyme, with the lower branches erect, much
 CCCCXIV.

U68.

Spiraea salicifolia. Willow-leaved Spiraea.

 ccccxv.

v\i/;
firths-

E.B. 960.

Spinea Ulmaria. Meadow-sweet.

 KOSACEiE. 127

longer than the upper, and overtopping them. Petals with the
lamina orbicular. Follicles 5 to 9, glabrous, contorted.
In wet meadows and by the side of water. Common, and
generally distributed.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.

Rootstock shortly creeping. Stem erect, furrowed, purplish,
2 to 4 feet high, simple or slightly branched. Padical leaves often
very long, with the leaflets distant ; larger leaflets 1^ to 3 inches
long, the smaller ones ^ to ^ inch, the terminal one resembling 3
of the larger leaflets united together. Stem-leaves much shorter
than the radical ones, with the leaflets closer together and smaller.
Cyme 4 to 8 inches long, with the exterior branches long and
naked at the base, ascending so as to appear a continuation of the
stem, so that the inflorescence at first sight appears to be a panicle.
Plowers J to f inch across, cream-white. Calyx- segments ovate,
reflexed. Stamens longer than the petals. Carpels falcate, con-
torted, olive-green. Stem glabrous, branches of the panicle pubes-
cent. Leaves deep-green, sub-glabrous above, usually white with
a dense covering of felted hairs beneath ; but the radical leaves
are sometimes destitute of this hoary covering, and are merely
pubescent especially on the veins.
Meadow-sweet, Queen-qf-the-lfeadow.
French, iSjnree Heine des Pres. German, A elites Mdclesiiss.

We find in Dr. Prior's work on the " Popular Names of British Plants," that the
name " Meadow-sweet " is ungrammatical and ridiculous, a corruption of Mead wort —the
mead or honey-wine herb. Hill tells us, iu his " Herbal," that " the flowers mixed with
;
mead give it the flavour of the Greek wines " and this is unquestionably the source of

the word. Nemnich also says that it gives beer and various wines and other drinks an
agreeable flavour. The Latin Eegina jf'rati, meadow's queen, seems to have misled our
herbalists to form a strangely compounded name now in use. Mead and the old German
meclo an intoxicating drink, and a woi'd that indicates the Asiatic origin of " the
is

beverage of the North." This may be very proper criticism, but we are inclined to
think that there is no difliculty in common name of this plant to
accounting for the
any one who has inhaled its sweet perfume in the meadows where it grows. Surely its
little flowers do render the " meadows sweet ;" and if we read old Gerarde's opinion,

we easily trace the very early origin of this suggestive name, and we can sympathize
with our ancestors, who prized such fragrant herbs as perfumed their chambers, before
the more costly custom of carpets was introduced. He says :
" The leaves and flowers
far excel all other strowing herbs for to decke up houses, to strowe in chambers, hals,
and banketting houses in the summer time, for the smell thereof maketh the hart
merrie, deligliteth the senses ; neither doth it cause headache, or loathsomnesse to
meate, as some other sweete-smelling herbes do."

" 'Mid sweets as varied as the scene.

Distinct is thine, fair Meadow's Queen,
With buds of pearly dye.
 ;

12S ENGLISH BOTANY.

Graceful thy foliage and tliy hue,

In softest shades of green and blue,
Attracting still a closer view,
They fix the admiring eye."

The green parts of the herb parfake of the aromatic character of the flowers, when
rubbed or chewed. The flowers infused in boiling water give it a very fine flavour,

which i-ises in distillation. Gerarde tells us :

" It is reported that the floures boiled
in wine and druuke, do take away the fits of a quartaine ague, and make the heart

merrie. The distilled water of the floures dropped into the eies, taketh away the burning
and itching thereof, and cleareth the sight."

SPECIES III.— S PI RiE A PILIPENDULA. Linn.

Plate CCCCXVI.

Herbaceous. Root-fibres with ovoid tubercular enlargements.

Leaves pinnate, with very numerous pairs of unequal leaflets

larger leaflets oblong or strap-shaped, pinnatifid, with the segments

frequently toothed, the smaller ones merely toothed (sometimes the
large ones are opposite each other, and alternate with the small
ones ; more frequently each small one is placed opposite a large one,
and the arrangement of each kind is alternate) ; all glabrous beneath.
Stipules of the radical leaves wholly adnate, oblanceolate, those of
the stem-leaves half-oblong, cordate, dentate. Elowers in a com-
pound corymbose cyme, with the lower branches ascending, not
much overtopping the interior ones. Petals with the lamina
obovate. Pollicles 6 to 12, downy, straight.
In dry pastures and among bushes, especially in calcareous and
trap districts. Not uncommon becoming rarer towards
in England,
the North-west. Scarce in Scotland, where it is confined to the
East coast, though extending as far North as Eorfarshire.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.

Hootstock emittim? numerous fibres with clavate or bead-like

enlargements. Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, deeply striated, green
or purplish. Uadical leaves numerous, with very many pinnce ;

larger leaflets ^ inch long, the alternate small ones to J inch, the -§-

terminal one trifid but not equalling 3 of the larger leaflets as

its lateral divisions are smaller than the central. Cjmie more
evidently corymbose than in S. Ulmaria, the lower branches 1\ to
5 inches long. Elowers J to f inch across, cream-white, frequently
tinged" with reddish on the outside. Calyx-segments ovate, blunt,
reflexed in flower. Stamens shorter than the petals, which are
attenuated into short but conspicuous claws. Eollicles not con-
 P^U^^
CCCCXVI.

f » (\

Spinea FDipendu'a. Dropwort.

 ROSACEyE. 129

torted, clothed with short bristly hairs. Calyx-segments slightly

hairy inside. Plant otlierwise glabrous, deep-green.
Dropivort.
French, Spiree Filipendule. German, Knollentragendes Mcidesiiss.

Dr. "Withering says that the common name of this plant is suggested by the
tuberous pea-like roots hanging by slender threads, which, when dried and reduced to
powder, make a kind of bread, which in times of scarcity is not to be despised. Hogs
are very fond of these roots. In cultivation this plant is a pretty addition to the
flower-garden, and will grow in any kind of soil, preferring, however, a moist situation.

Tribe II.— S ANGUISORBEiE.

Herbs, rarely undershrubs or shrubs, with simple, digitate, or
more commonly pinnate leaves. Calyx bell-shaped or funnel-shaped,
contracted at the throat segments persistent. Petals none, or
;

rarely present and then yellow. Stamens definite, 1, 2, or 4 in

number, or indefinite. Carpels 1 to 4, enclosed in the tube of the
calyx, but not adhering to it. Style lateral or terminal. Pruit of
1 to 4 dry achenes, enclosed in the indurated tube of the calyx.

GENUS III—A GRIMONIA. Tournef.

Plowers perfect. Calyx-tube turbinate, with an annular con'

traction at the throat extending on the outside into a ring bearing
numerous rows of slender hooked spines, 10-furrowed and indurated
at maturity ; segments 5, connivent after flowering, in a single
row. Petals 5, inserted in the throat of the calyx. Stamens 12
to 20, inserted immediately within the petals. Ovaries 2, rarely 3.
Styles terminal, exserted. Achenes 1 or 2, rarely 3, enclosed in the
hardened tube of the calyx.
Perennial herbs, with alternate interruptedly-pinnate leaves,
and foliaceous stipules adnate to the petiole. Plowers yellow, in
terminal spike-like racemes.
The derivation of the name of this genus is variously given by different writers.

I Perhaps the most reliable statement is that it comes from the word aypvoq, wild, from
its abundance in fields and hedges. It is said also to be a corruption of argemone, a
name given by the Greeks to a plant which was supposed to cure cataract of the eye,
from apyoQ {argos), white, the cataract of the eye being a white film.

SPECIES I.— AG HI MONI A EUPATORIA. Linn.

Plate CCCCXVII.

Stem simple or slightly branched. Leaves pinnate, with

erect,
the alternate pairs of leaflets much smaller than the others ; leaflets
VOL. III. s
130 KNGLTSII EOTANY.

oblong-oval or elliptical, inciso-crenate-serratc, downy above and

more densely so beneatb, wbere tbey are pilose on the veins but
without £;:lands. Stipules half-lunate, inciso-serrate. Pruit-calyx
cylindrical-obconic, with 10 deep furrows extending nearly to the
base, surmounted by a ring bearing several roAvs of hooked spines,
containing usually only a single acliene ; segments connivent, sub-
acute.
In dry thickets, hedge-banks, sides of fields, and waste places.
Not uncommon, and generally distributed, except in the extreme
North of Scotland.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer and
Autumn.
Hootstock flexuous, not creeping. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, an-
gular, branched in large specimens. Leaves numerous, situated
principally towards the base of the stem leaflets increasing in size ;

towards the apex of the leaf, where they are 1 to IJ inch long, witli
5 to 9 deep incisions on each side between the teeth, which are sub-
acute, but with rounded sides. Stipules large, very slightly adnate.
Racemes terminal, short while in flower, but lengthening much in
fruit, till the principal one occupies half the height of the plant.
Pedicels extremely short, at first erect, but recurved after flowering,
springing from the axils of small trifid bracts, and having 3 or 4.
bracteoles at the apex, which embrace the base of the calyx-tube.
Plowersf inch across, brightyellow. Petals oblong-obovate. Stamens
shorter than the petals. Pruiting-calyx w^oody, about ^ inch long
and nearly as wide at the mouth, with the sides nearly straight and
deeply furrowed, surmounted by an enlarged ring armed with spines,
of which the exterior ones are shorter and spreading, the interior
ones longer and erect. Achene pale. Plant deep-green, hairy.

Common Agrimony.
French, Aigremoine Eupatoire. German, Gemeiner Odermennig.
This plant was one of the favourite remedies of the old herbalists, and the miilti-
tnde of diseases for which it is said to be a remedy would almost fill a medical diction-
aiy. Gerarde tells us that a " decoction of the leaves is good for them that have
iimighty livers." Dioscorides adds, that " it is a remedy for them that have bad livers,

and for such as are bitten with serjjents." For the stoppage of hemorrhages a somewhat
appalling prescription is given :
— "Agrimony, pounded frogs, and human blood ;" the
latter ingredient savouring of homceoijathic ingenuity. As a cooling "diet drink," as it

is called, Agrimony is still esteemed in rural districts, also as an appli-

infused in water,
cation to ulcers. In North America it is said to be used in fevers with great success.
Withering, on the authority of Dr. Hill, recommends "an infusion of six ounces of the
crown of the root in a quart of boiling water sweetened with honey, and half a pint of it
drank three times a day," as an effectual remedy for the jaundice. It was sometimes given
as a vermifuge. The dried leaves are used in rural districts as a sort of tea. The plant
 CCCCXVII.

Agrimonia Eupatoria. Common Agrimony.

I

I
 ccccxviir.

E.B.S. 2982

Agrimonk odorata. Fragrant Agrimony.

 IIOSACE^E. 131

was at one time called " Pliilanthropos ;" according to some old writers, on account of
its beneficent and valuable properties ; others say that the name arose from the cir-
cumstance of the seeds clinging to the garments of passers by, as if desirous of accom-
panying them. Gei'arde inclines to this interpi-etation of the name. The whole plant
yields a yellow dye ; when gathered in September, it produces a uaukeen-colour ; later

in the year the dye is of a darker hue.

y. SPECIES ? II.— A G HI M O N I A ODORATA. MilL

Plate CCCCXVIII.
A. Enpatoria, var. odorata, Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 198.

Stem erect, usually branched. Leaves pinnate, with the alternate

pairs of pinnae much smaller than the others ; leaflets oblong-oval
or elliptical, inciso-crenate-serrate, downy above and more densely
so beneath, where they are pilose on the veins and sprinkled with
small yellowish sessile glands. Stipules half-cordate-ovate, acu-
minated, incised. Eruit-calyx bellshaped-hemispherical, with 10
obsolete furrows not extending below the middle of the tube,
surmounted by a ring bearing several rows of hooked spines, con-
taining usually 2 achenes segments connivent, acuminated.
;

In thickets and waste places. Hare. I have only seen it from

the Isle of Wight, Hants; the neighbourhood of Tunbridge Wells,
Kent Staunton Harold, Leicestershire Welchpool, Montgomery-
; ;

shire and county Kerry

; but it occurs as far North as the Lake
;

district, and is probably often passed over, from its similarity to the
common species.

England, Ireland. Perennial, Summer and Autumn.

This plant has quite the aspect of large specimens of A. Eupa-
toria, of which it ought probably to be considered merely a sub-
spi^cies. The stems are frequently 3 or 4 feet high, and the
leaflets 2 or 3 inches long. The racemes are more dense, the
flowers larger, the fruitinii; calyces considerably larger and much
more widened out towards the mouth of the tube, with the furrows
rudimentary or even quite undistinguishable. A¥hen there is only
a single achcne, it is nearly globular; but when there are 2, they
are compressed. The glands on the underside of the leaves exhale
a resinous odour.
Fragi^ant Agrimony.
French, Aigremoine Odorante. German, Wohlriechendtr Odermennig.

GENUS ir.S ANGUISORBA. Ziim.

Elowers perfect, rarely polygamous. Calyx-tube turbinate,

with an annular contraction at the throat, 4-wingcd and indurated

.^^
132 ENGLISU BOTANY.

at maturity; segments coloured, deciduous, 4, in a single row.

Petals none. Stamens 4, inserted in the throat of tlie calyx,
much exserted. Ovary solitary, or rarely 2, with a terminal
style. Stigma dilated, papillose or fimbriate. Achene solitary,
enclosed in the calyx-tube.
Perennial herbs, very rarely annuals, with interruptedly-pinnate
leaves and leaf-like stipules aduate to the petiole. Plowers pur-
plish, olive, or white, in dense terminal spikes.
The generic name of these plants comes from the two words sanguis, blood, and
sorbere, to absorb, fi*om the supposed vulnerary properties of the species.

SPECIES I— SANGUISORBA OFFICINALIS. Linn.

Plate CCCCXIX.

Stem erect, slightly branched, leaves pinnate; leaflets stalked,

ovate or oblong-oval, sub-cordate at the base, inciso-serrate.
Plower-heads erect, dark purple, ovoid. Stamens as long as the
calyx. Plant glabrous.
In damp meadows. Pare except in the midland and northern
counties of England, not extending North of the counties of Berwick
and Kirkcudbright.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer and Autumn.
Pootstock somewhat woody, rather thick, slightly branched,
1-| to 4 feet high, producing tufts of radical leaves and solitary
flowering-stems. Leaves with an odd terminal leaflet, 4 to 6 pair
of pinna?, which increase a little in size towards the apex of the
leaf, where they are from J to 2 inches long. Lower stipules wholly
adnate, scarious ; those of the upper leaves with a semi-lunate
denticulated free harbaceous portion in luxuriant specimens the :

separate leaflets have frequently small rhomboidal denticulated

stipels. Plower-heads varying from nearly globose to cylindrical-
ovoid, J to IJ inch long. Calyx-tube with 4 winged angles;
segments spreading, ovate, dark-purple, petaloid. Achene pointed
at both ends, brownish, smooth and slightly shining, closely
invested by the hardened tube of the calyx. Leaves deep-green,
paler and glaucous beneath.

Great Burnet.
French, ii'anguisorbe Officinale. German, Gemeiner Wiesenknopf.

This, plant is cultivated to a considerable extent in Germany for fodder, and has
been grown here with that view ; but it is not a favourite with English farmers. It was
formerly in much repute as a vulnei-ary, and we read that " Burnet is a singular good
herb for wounds j it stauchcth bleeding, and therefore was named sawjuisurba, as well
 i-^-^c-t^'^ '-^ •'

^^

r;-\ ^^
wB

E.B, 860.

Poterium Sanguis ort a. Common Salad Bnmet.

 ccccxx.

E.B.S.

Poterium muricatum. Muricated Salad Burnet.

 E-OSACE^E. 133

taken inwardly, as outwardly applied;" also, "the leaves of Burnet steeped in wine
and drunken comfort the heart and make it merrie,and are good against the trembling
and shaking thereof" We are incredulous enough to believe that without the pro-
scribed medication, wine will still, as of old, " gladden the heart of man," and sometimes
cause him to forget that all good gifts n)ay be abused.

GENUS r.— POTERIUM. Linn.

Plowers always polygamous or monoecious. Calyx-tube turbi-

nate, with an annular contraction at the throat, indurated and
tetragonal or 4-winged at maturity; segments deciduous, 4, in a
single roAV. Stamens absent in the upper flowers of the spike,
20 to 30 in the lower ones, inserted in the throat of the calyx,
much exserted. Ovaries 2, rarely 3. Styles terminal, exserted.
Stigma penicilliform. Achenes 1 to 3, enclosed in the calyx-tube.
Herbs or under-shrubs, more rarely shrubs, with alternate
interruptedly-pinnate leaves and adnate foliaceous stipules.
Plowers purplish-brown or olive, in dense terminal spikes.
The name of this genus of plants is derived from the use to which one of the
species is applied, jjoterium meaning a driuking-cup, into the contents of which, in
ancient times, this plant often entered ; or, according to some writers, the form of the
flowers may have suggested the analogy, and the word Tor/j/jtor {poterion), a cup, may be
the origin of the name.

SPECIES L— POT ERIUM SANGUISORBA. Linn.

Plate CCCCXX.
P. dictyocarpum, Spach, in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. III. Vol. V. p. 34. Gr. &, Godr. Fl. de
Fr. Vol. I. p. o62.

Stems herbaceous, erect or ascending, often curved at the

base. Leaflets oval or oval-oblong, inciso-serrate. Elower-hcads
terminal, sub-globular or shortly ovoid, with the male or perfect
flowers at the base, and the female towards the apex of the head.
Pructiferous calyx with 4 longitudinal entire slightly-elevated thin
wings, the intermediate spaces with a network of slightly prominent
veins.
On dry pastures, borders of fields, and
open places in woods, in
especially on a chalky soil. Not uncommon
in England, scarce
and possibly not wild in Scotland, although it has been recorded
as far North as the neio-hbourhood of GL^su'ow
o and the countv of
Porfar. In the latter country I have only seen it near Perth.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer

and Autumn.
13i ENGLISH BOTANY.

Rootstock thick, somewliat fleshy with a woody centre, pro-

ducing numerous radical leaves and stems (3 inches to 2 feet higli,
sometimes quite erect, sometimes almost decumhent. Leaves
with 4 to 12 pair of leaflets, which slightly increase in size towards
the apex, where they are to f inch long. ^
Stem-leaves with
narrower divisions their stipules with a semi-lunate deeply
;

incised, herhaceous, free portion. Flower-heads J to '} inch long.

Calyx-segments oval, spreading, somewhat scarious, dull-purplish,
margined with olive. Fructiferous calyx about inch long, ovate- -J-

ovoid, with 4 rather thin wings and numerous anastomosing

veins, pale olive-brown. Achenes blackish, closely invested by the
indurated calyx, indistinctly striate. Plant glabrous, except somo
times towards the base. Leaves deep-green, often tinged with
reddish, paler and frequently glaucous beneath.

Common Salad Burnet.

French, Piniprenelle Sanguisoo'be. German, Wieseiiknopf.

The Salad Burnet forms much of the turf on some of the dry chalky downs in our

southern counties. It was originally brought into notice by Rocque, a gardener at

Waltham Green, near London, who found means to recommend it to the Dublin and
other agi'icultural societies, and succeeded in getting it largely used. It does not ajjpear

that the attempt to introduce it into agriculture has permanently succeeded. Its

produce is seldom very great, it lasts but a short time, and cattle do not appear to relish
it very much, especially when fully grown. It was at one time largely used as a salad
])lant, and was an ordinary ingredient in " cool tankards." The leaves, when bruised,
taste and smell like cucumber, and are very refreshing. The whole herb is slightly
astringent, and possesses many of those qualities which are so valuable in vegetable
food when eaten in an uncooked state. We may here remark on the desirability of
giving encouragement to the consumption of fresh salad-herbs of all soi'ts, the greater
the variety the better ; and although those who live in London have little or no
opportunity of extending their vegetable dietary beyond the routine supply introduced
into Covent Garden market, those who are in the country may without expense provide
a constant variety of health-giving salad plants for the table. It will appear reasonable
to all who care to think on the subject, that gi'een fresh plants contain in their tissues
certain salts and other constituents intended by nature to enter into the human system,
and adapted for it. By boiling or otherwise cooking these plants, all these valuable
substances are lost, unless, indeed, the water in which they are dissolved be drunk with
the vegetable, a proceeding which we cannot recommend as jjalatable. Gerarde says :

" The lesser Burnet is pleasant to be eaten in sallads, in which it is thouglit to make
the heart merry and glad, as also being i)ut into wine, to which it yeeldeth a ceitaine
grace in the drinking."

K SPECIES IL— POTERIUM MURICATUM. Spack

Plate CCCCXXI.
P. Sanguiaorba, var. muricatum, Benth. Handbook Brit. Bot. p. 198.
P. polygamum, Waldst. und Kit. Koch'i Syn. Fl. Germ, et Ilelv. ed. ii. j). 258.

Stem herbaceous, erect. Leaflets oval or oblong, deeply inciso-

 CCCCXXI.

E.B. 1312.

Sangiiisorba officinaUs. Great Bumet.

 IIOSACE^. 135

serrate. Flower-heads terminal, roundish or ovate-ovoid, with the

male or perfect flowers at the base, and the female flowers towards
the apex of the head. Fructiferous calyx with 4 longitudinal
entire or toothed elevated rather thick wings, the intermediate
spaces with a network of strongly-elevated and generally denticu-
lated ridsres.
Var. a, i^laUjlophlmn.

P. platylophium, Jord. Frag. VII. p. 22.

Fruit ovate-fusiform, \ inch long, with the wings very hroad,

with blunt denticulated edges ; the faces muricated with very pro-
minent sharply denticulated anastomosing ridges.

Var. 0, stenolopMum.
P. stenoloj)hmm, Jord. Frag. VII. p. 22.

Fruit broadly ovate-ovoid, about \ inch long, with the wings

very prominent, with sharp, entire edges ; the faces with elevated
rather bluntly denticulated anastomosing ridges.
On the chalky borders of fields and in cultivated sainfoin and
grass-fields, inwhich it is no doubt generally, if not always, in-
troduced with seed from the Continent. Ptather rare. The variety
a I have from Combe Down, Bath, Somerset Bembridge, Isle of ;

Wight Kenilworth, Warwickshire variety 3 from Newmarket,

; ;

Cambridge, and St. Margaret's, Kent. The species has also been
found in the counties of Kent, Hants, Surrey, Essex, Suffolk, Cam-
bridge, Berks, and Hereford but, as the two varieties have not,
;

so far as I know, been distinguished in this country, I am unable

to give the separate localities for each, except when specimens
have come under my own observation.
England. Perennial. Summer and Autumn.
Usually a considerably larger more branched and less rigid plant
than P. Sanguisorba, frequently 2 or 3 feet high, with the leaflets
larger, those of the stem longer the flower-heads larger and more
;

elongate the fruit consideral3ly larger, with the wings much more
;

conspicuous, and what are merely veins on the faces in P. San-

guisorba are elevated into more or less denticulated ridges in the
P. muricatum.
I judge of M. Jordan's names from the specimens in Billot's
collection. There is so much difference between the fruits of the
two forms, that very probably they ought to be separated as sub-
species. Var. a somewhat resembles P. Magnolii, Spach but ;

that has the facial ridges produced into acute tubercles projecting
13G ENGLISH liOTANY.

ns far out as the wings, while in both the forms wliich I liave here
placed under P. muricatum they arc less prominent than the
\vings. I strongly suspect that neither of the varieties can claim
to be ranked as truly indigenous.

Murlated Salad Burnet.

GENUS rZ—ALCHEMILLA. Tournef.

Flowers perfect. Calyx-tube urceolate, with an annular disk in

the throat, 8-ribbed and scarcely indurated at maturity ; segments
persistent, 8, in 2 row^s (outerrow an epicalyx of bracts), the outer
4 smaller than the inner. Stamens 4, sometimes 2 or
Petals none.
1, inserted in the throat of the calyx anthers 1-celled, opening by a
;

transverse slit. Ovaries 1 to 4. Style from nearly the base of the

ovary. Stigma capitate. Achenes 1 to 4, enclosed in the calyx-tube.
Small perennials, rarely annuals, with alternate roundish or
reniform, mostly palmately-lobed or digitate leaves, with adnate
foliaceous stipules, which are generally united so as to form a
sheath or ochrea surrounding the stem. Plowers greenish, in
small axillary or terminal corymbose cymes frequently disposed into
lax panicles or corymbs.
The name of this genus of plants conies from the word alkemelyeh, the Arabic
name for one of the species ; another author says it is so named on account of its virtues
being in repute with alchemists.

Section I. —APHANES. Lin7i.

Annuals, with the flowers sessile, in axillary glomerules.

Calyx with the outer row of teeth very small or abortive. Eertile
stamens generally only 1 or 2.

SPECIES I.— AL CHE MILL A ARVENSIS. Scop.

Plate CCCCXXII.
Aphanes arvensis, Linn. Sp. Plant, p. 179.

E/adical leaves none. Leaves wedgeshaped-semicircular or fan-

shaped in outline, very deeply 3-cleft, with the segments again
divided half-way down into linear-oblong blunt lobes. Stipules
of all the leaves except the lowest with the free portion palmately
cut. Plowers in small sessile clusters opposite the leaves.
In .cultivated fields and w^aste places, and on hedge-banks.
Very common, and generally distributed.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Spring to Autumn.
 CCCCXXII.

(XKo-Ofl
^^

\t»

E.B. 1011.

Alchemilla aivensis. Parsley-Piert.

 rosacete. 137

Stems numerous, nearly simple, slender, procumbent, spreading

2 to 8 inches long. Leaves shortly-stalked, J to -^ inch long,
with the lamina gradually narrowed into the petiole, which thus
becomes winged. Stipules foliaceous, embracing the stem and
adnate to the petiole, the free portion divided into segments like
those of the leaves, those of the lower leaves frequently without
the palmate portion. Plowers about the size of grains of sago,
inclosed in the tube formed by the union of the stipules, sessile.
Calyx-tube campanulate, the inner row of segments 4, rarely 5, in
number, the outer ones rudimentary. Fruiting-calyx swollen,
ovoid. Plant greyish-green, with long scattered hairs. Lower
leaves soon decaying.

Tarsley Tiert, Field Lach/s-Mantle.

French, AlchemiUe des Champs, Perce-Pied. German, Feld Sinau.

The common name of all the species of this genus is suggested by a fancied resem-
blance to such an article of clothing in the shape and vandyked edge of the leaf. It is

also called in some parts of the country Breakstone. The leaves are somewhat astrin-

gent, and when dried and powdered have been given in agues. It is mentioned by
Gerarde under the name of Wild Tansie, and is highly recommended for its " many
good vertues." In addition to its medical properties, he ?ays :
" The distilled water
takes away freckles, spots, pimples in the face, and sunburning ; but the herb laid to
infuse or steep in white wine is far better ; but the best of all is to steepe it in strong

white wine vinegar, the face being often bathed or washed therewith."

Section II.— EU-ALCHEMILLA. Coss. & Germ.

Perennials, with the flowers stalked, in terminal corymbose

cymes, which are often arranged in panicles. Calyx with the outer
row of teeth conspicuous. Eertile stamens generally 4.

SPECIES II.— ALCHEMILL A VULGARIS- Lhm.

Plate CCCCXXIII.

Eootstock thick, somewhat woody, producing numerous ascend-

ing or decumbent stems slightly branched above. Ptadical leaves
on long stalks, reniform-orbicular, plicate, green beneath, 7- to
9-lobed ; lobes extending about one-third way down, semicircular
or ovate, serrated throughout their whole length ; stem-leaves
shortly-stalked, usually 5- or 7-lobed. Lower stipules tubular, with
a very short denticulate free portion upper stipules resembling a ;

pair of connate leaves, narrowly iobed cut. Plowers stalked, in and

small irregular cymes with shortly racemose branches ; cymes com-
bined so as to form a lax panicle.
VOL. III. T
 ;

138 ENGLISH BOTANY.

'
Var. a, genuina.

Petioles and underside of leaves sub-glabrous.

Yar. /3, montana. AVilld.

A. montana, Willd. Eiium. 170.

A. vulgaris, ft
subsericea, Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii, p. 256. Bab. Man. Brit.
Bot. ed. V. p. 93.

and underside of leaves pilose.

Petioles
In pastures and by the sides of streams. Common in the
North of England and Scotland, but rare in the South of the
former country, and apparently absent from all the South-eastern
counties except Surrey and Essex. Eor var. 3 I am indebted to
the Hev. W. W. Newbould, who has found it at Bent's Green,
Sheffield.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring to

Autumn.
Hootstock blackish, shortly creeping. Stems numerous, decum-
bent at the base and then ascending, 3 to 18 inches long. Petioles
of the root-leaves 2 inches to 1 foot long lamina plicate, 1^ to ;

5 inches in diameter, with the lobes approximate, wholly serrated,

with ovate-acute teeth stem-leaves much smaller, rarely more than
;

1 to 2 inches across. Inflorescence at first compact, but very lax in

fruit. Elowers \ inch across, greenish-yellow. Pedicels about as
long as the calyx-tube, which in fruit becomes ovoid-campanulate
segments about as long as the tube, the 4 outer ones a little shorter
and half as broad as the inner ones. Achene ovate-ovoid, pale-
yellowish, very finely striated and roughened with reddish glandular
points. Whole plant greyish-green, with the stems and veins of
the leaves beneath hairy, or, in var. /3, the whole of the underside
of the latter.
Common Ladif s-Mantle.
French, AlcMmille Vulgaire. German, L'&wenfuss.

This plant is astringent in its properties. It is given in Sweden medicinally in

the form of a tincture in spasmodic complaints. In dry pastures it abounds, and is

eaten by cattle readily; would scarcely answer as a fodder plant. It was called
but it

Alkemelych by the Arabian physicians and Hoffman and others affirm that it has the
;

power of restoring feminine beauty, however faded, to its earliest freshness,

Lightfoot tells us that the inhabitants of the Hebrides have subsisted for months
together on this plant in times of scarcity, and that they frequently tear up the roots
for food. They are simply boiled or roasted, and are said to taste like parsnips. The
roots are eaten greedily by pigs. /
 CCCGXXIII

l". B, 597.

Alcheiuilla vulgaris. < lornmon Liicly's-Mantle.

 ccccxxiv.

E.B.S. 2983.

Alchemilla conjuncta. Silvery I^dys-Mantle.

 ROSACEA. 139

SPECIES III.— ALC HE MILL A CONJUNCTA. Bah.

Plate CCCCXXIY.
A. alpina, van /5, Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 19G. Houh. & Am. Brit. Fl. p. 132.

llootstock rather slender, scarcely woody, producing several

ascending or decumbent stems slightly branched above. Radical
leaves on long stalks, orbicular, shining-silvery and silky-white
beneath, 5- to 9-partite ; lobes extending two-thirds or three-quarters
way down, broadly oblong-elliptica], serrated for one-third or half-
way down from the apex the exterior ones contiguous. Lower
;

stipules tubular-funnelshaped, acutely lobed at the apex ; upper-

most ones widely funnel-shaped, with a palmately-cleft free portion.
Elowers stalked, in small irregular cymes arranged in interrupted
spikes, which form the branches of a lax irregular panicle. Achene
ovate-ovoid, gradually acuminated, smooth without glandular dots.
OnAlpine rocks. Very rare, if really occurring wild in
Britain said to have
; been found at Borrowdale, Cumberland,
by Mr. Bowman, but he himself stated that the plant was A.
alpina ; Glen Sannox, Arran (Dr. Tyaclie), but I have not seen
the specimens Clova Mountains (Don), but the specimens are
;

apparently cultivated ones also in the latter station by Mr. A. 0.

;

Black, from whom I have examples. One of these, which is in

flower, is certainly A. alpina besides this there are a few tufts of
;

root-leaves, which I believe to be A. conjuncta, though the leaves

are less silvery beneath, the lobes rather narrower and serrated
only towards the apex in all which points they approach A. alpina.
;

The true plant was found by Sir Walter Trevyllian, in the Peroe
Islands and, according to Mr. H. C. Watson, in Switzerland by
;

Mr. T. Twining; so that there is no improbability of the plant

occurring in this country.

Scotland (?). Perennial. Summer.

The following description is drawn up from cultivated speci-
mens :

Bootstock branched. Stems several, decumbent at the base,

then ascending, 6 to 15 inches long, silky. Root-leaves on petioles
2 to 6 inches long lamina 2 to 3 inches in diameter lobes blunt
; ;

and rounded at the apex, sharply serrated nearly half-way down,

plicate when young, flat when mature, deep-green above, with an
edging of silky hairs, brilliant silky beneath ; the basal lobes
scarcely more separated than the other, so that the leaf appears
peltate stem-leaves reniform.
; Stipules of the lower stem-leaves
 ;

140 ENGLISH BOTANY.

sub-membranous, silky, with a few large triangular teeth at the

apex those of the uppermost leaves with the free portion entirely
;

herbaceous, and longer than the tubular part. Flowers ^ inch

across, greenish-yellow, w'ith the segments ovate, spreading in the
form of a cross. Calyx and pedicels silky. Achene nj inch long,
broadest a little above the base, then narrowing gradually to the
point.
This plant grows freely in gardens about London, in the open
ground and ripens its seeds while A. alpina can scarcely exist
;

except under the treatment necessary for Alpine plants.

Silvery Lady^s-Mantle.

SPECIES IV.— ALCHEMILLA ALPINA. Lian.

Plate CCCCXXV.
E/Ootstock rather slender, elongated, somewhat woody, produc-
ing several ascending or decumbent stems slightly branched above.
E-adical leaves on long stalks, reniform, silvery and silky-white
beneath, divided into 5 to 7 lobes ; lobes distinct to the base,
oblong, serrated only close to the apex ; the exterior ones sepa-
rated by an angle greater than a right angle. Lower stipules
tubular-funnelshaped, acutely lobed at the apex uppermost ones ;

widely funnel-shaped, with a palmate-cleft free portion. Plowers

stalked, in small irregular cymes arranged in interrupted spikes,
which form the branches of a lax irregular panicle. Achene oblong-
ovoid, suddenly acuminate, roughened with minute glandular points.
On Alpine rocks. Common, and often brought down from the
mountains by rivers to the low grounds.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer

and Autumn.
Rootstock branched. Stems several, decumbent at the base,
then ascending, 2 to 8 inches long pilose. Uadical leaves on
;

petioles, 1 to 4 inches long lamina f to If inch across, with the

;

lobes blunt, but scarcely rounded at the apex sharply serrated for
;

a very short way down plicate when young, flat when mature
;

deep-green above, with an edging of silky hairs, slightly shining,

silky beneath. Stipules of the lower stem-leaves sub-membranous,
pilose, with a few large acute teeth at the apex those of the upper-
;

most leaves with the free portion entirely herbaceous and longer
than the tubular part. Plowers ]r inch in diameter, greenish-yellow,
with the segments ovate, spreading in the form of a cross. Calyx
and pedicels pilose. Achene about pj i^<^l^ long, nearly the same
width for about two-thirds from the base, after which it is sud-
 ccccxxv.

Alchemilla alpina. Alpine Lady's- Mantle.

1

I
 kosacetE. 141

denly acuminated to the apex, sprinkled with very minute reddish

points.
A. alpina is distinguished from A. conjuncta by having the
rootstocks longer and more woody the stems and petioles slender
;

and more wiry the lobes of the leaves separate to the base, con-
;

siderably narrower and more attenuated towards the apex, less

brilliantly silvery beneath, having fewer serratures, and these con-
fined to the immediate vicinity of the apex ; the exterior lobes
even of the root-leaves not contiguous ; the stems, pedicels, calyces,
and stipules rather pilose than silky ; the outer and inner calyx-
segments more unequal in size ; the achene larger, narrower in
proportion at the base, and less perfectly smooth ; but the cha-
racters taken from the calyx and achene, require to be examined
in wild specimens before they can be relied on to distinguish these
two plants.
Alpine Lady^s- Mantle.

French, Alchemille des Alpes. German, Gebergs Sinau.

Tribe III.— DRY ADEiE.

Herbs or shrubs, with digitate, pinnate, or more rarely simple
leaves. Calyx-tube very short, saucer-shaped, not contracted at
the throat segments persistent. Petals generally present, yellow,
;

white, rose-colour, or red. Stamens indefinite, rarely definite.

Carpels indefinite, in many whorls on a conical or hemispherical
receptacle, very rarely definite. Style lateral, more rarely terminal.
Pruit consisting of a number of dry achenes, or of small fleshy
drupes cohering together.

Sub-Tribe I.—PRAGAEIEJE.

Calyx flattish. Segments valvate in aestivation. Ovules at-

tached near the base of the style. Styles lateral, short, deciduous
or withering. Achenes dry, numerous (rarely only 5), inserted on
a dry or succulent receptacle. Seed solitary.

GUN US FZL— POTENT ILL A. Linn.

Calyx flattish or slightly concave, 10- or 8-partite ; segments 10,

more two rows (the outer row an epicalyx of bracts),
rarely 8, in
those in the outer row smaller than those in the inner. Petals 5,
more rarely 4, sometimes absent. Stamens numerous, rarely 5 to
10. Carpels numerous, rarely 5 to 12. lleceptacle convex, or
 ;

142 ENGLISH BOTANY.

nearly flat, dry, rarely conical and spongy, not separating from the
calyx. Achenes dry, with the styles deciduous.
Herbs, mostly perennial, rarely shrubs, with ternate, digitate, or
pinnate leaves. Stipules of the lower leaves adnate to the petioles.
Plowers yellow, white, or more rarely red or purple, solitary or
in terminal cymes.

The name of this genus comes from the word potens, powerful, from the supposed
medical qualities of some of the species.

Sub-Genus I.— SIBBALDIA. Zinn.

Petals strap-shaped and entire, or none. Stamens definite, 5

to 10. Receptacle concave, dry. Carpels 5 to 10.

SPECIES I— POTENTILLA SIBBALDIA.

Plate CCCCXXVI.
Sibbaldia procumbens, Linn. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v, p. 94. Benth. Handbook
Brit. Fl. p. 195. Ilooh k Am. Brit. Fl. ed. vui. p. 132. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 897.
Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 244. Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 45. Gr. &
Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 521.

E-ootstock branched, each division terminating in a barren leafy

tuft. Flowering-stems lateral. Badical leaves ternate; leaflets
obovate or oblong, truncate and 3-toothed at the apex, entire on
the margins. Flowers few, in terminal compact corymbose cymes,
frequently with 1 or more small cymes beneath, so as to form a
very short panicle. Petals linear, sometimes absent. Stamens
commonly 5 to 7.

On rocky debris and on the rounded summits of mountains ;

common in the Scotch Highlands, extending from Peeblesshire and

Stirlingshire to Shetland.

Scotland. Perennial. Summer.

Bootstock woody, tortuous, branched, clothed with brown scales,
the remains of the stipules of the leaves of preceding years. Leaves
in a tuft terminating the rootstock, on petioles 1 to 3 inches long.
Leaflets -J inch to 1 inch long, the central one shortly stalked
apex nearly as broad as the broadest part of the leaflet, truncate, with
3, rarely 4 or 5, large nearly equal teeth. Flowering-stems from
the axils of the leaves of the preceding year (and consequently
from below the tuft of barren leaves), leafless, or with one or more
ternate leaves like those of the barren tuft, or with the leaflets
 CCCCXXVI.

Potentilla Sibbaldia. Procumbent Sibbaldia.

 CCCCXXVII.

\^ I,

E.K. 1785.

Potentilla Fragaria&tnini. Barren Strawbeny.

 llOSACEiE. 143

oblanceolate acute and not toothed. Stipules with the free

portion ovate-lanceolate-acuminate. Flowers J inch across, 3 to 9
.

in the terminal corymb. Calyx-tube hemispherical-cupshaped

segments lanceolate, acute, outer ones linear - strapshaped.
Petals when present linear-oblanceolate, pale yellow. Pvcceptacle
hairy. Achenes ovoid, pale yellow, shining. Plant dull glaucous-
green, more or less thickly clothed with long rather stiff hairs.
Mr. W. Wilson is surely right in referring this plant to the
genus Potentilla. It was natural for Linngeus and the botanists
who followed his system, to separate it, on account of the fewer
stamens and pistils but as the number of these is not constant,
;

there can be no doubt it is merely a Potentilla with the number

of these organs diminished.

Procumbent Sibbaldia.
French, Sihhaldie couchee.

Sub-Genus II.—EU-POTENTILLA.
Petals obovate or orbicular, notched or rounded at the apex.
Stamens more than 10, generally very numerous. Receptacle
more or less convex, dry. Carpels very numerous.

Section I.—LATERALES. Doll.

Elowering-stems annual, lateral, produced below a barren shoot

or tuft of leaves, which terminates each division of the rootstock.

SPECIES II.— POTENTILLA PRAGARI ASTRUM. Mrh.

Plate CCCCXXVII.
P. sterilis, Garcke, Fl. v. N. & Mit. Deutschl. ed. vi, p. 132.
Fragaria sterilis, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1785.

Elowering - stems Leaves ternate

elongated, procumbent. ;

leaflets rhomboidal-oval, crenate-serrate or serrate. Elowers few,

solitary, opposite the leaves and terminal, on long peduncles.
Outer calyx- segments shorter than the inner. Petals slightly
longer than the calyx, obovate, notched. Receptacle with long
hairs. Achenes faintly reticulated, downy at the base.
In open woods and on hedge-banks, and in gravelly waste places.
Common in England, more scarce in Scotland, where it has not
been recorded North of Ross-shire.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Early Spring.
144 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Rootstock woody, branched branches terminating in a barren

;

shoot having a lew leaves on stalks 1 to 8 inches long. Leaflets

1 to 2 inches long, resembling those of a strawberry, but without
the lateral veins being distinctly depressed above as in that plant.
Plowering-stems produced below the barren tuft, from the axils of
the leaves of the previous season, at first short, but afterwards
lengthening until they are sometimes G inches to 1 foot long, fur-
nished with shortly stalked ternate leaves or the upper ones with
the lateral lamina suppressed and the remaining one oval. Stipules
of the lower stem-leaves with the free portion roundish-ovate, blunt,
those of the upper lanceolate-acute. Cyme so lax that the flowers
appear solitary. Mowers J inch across, white. Inner calyx-seg-
ments triangular, outer ones strap-shaped and shorter. E-ecep-
tacle with the hairs longer than the other British species, except
P. fruticosa. Plant greyish -green, more or less pilose ; the young
leaves silky beneath.
Barren Strawberry.
French, Potentille Fraisier. German, Erdbeerhldttriger Gcbuerich.

SPECIES III.— P OTENTILLA VERNA. Linn.

Plate CCCCXXVIII.

Plowering-stems short, procumbent. Radical leaves digitate, with

5 (more rarely 7) wedgeshaped-obovate leaflets ; leaflets truncate
and 3-toothed at the apex, serrated on the margins towards the apex.
Stij^ules of the radical leaves with the free portion linear-subulate,
those of the stem-leaves with it Plowers few,
ovate-lanceolate.
on rather long erect peduncles, in lax terminal cymes. Outer seg-
ments of the calyx elliptical, shorter than the inner. Petals longer
than the calyx, obovate, notched. Receptacle hairy. Achenes
smooth, glabrous.
On dry banks and rocks. Rather rare. Sparingly distributed
from Devonshire as far North as Porfarshire.

England, Scotland. Perennial. Early Summer.

Rootstock woody, much branched, the divisions terminating in
a barren shoot. Plowering-stems 1 to 6 inches long. Radical
leaves on stalks J to 2 inches long, with the central segment the
largest, J to f inch long, truncate at the apex, from the central
tooth being smaller than the others; stem-leaves small, lower
ones with 3 leaflets, upper with 1 3-cleft leaflet. Plowers usually
3 together, but sometiriaes solitary, f inch across, bright yellow.
Inner calyx-segments ovate, outer ones oblong-elliptical. Petals
longer than broad. Receptacle with hairs shorter than the achenes.
Achenes reniform. Plant dull greyish-green, the stems, peduncles,
 CCCCXXVITI.
(/^JUl^i^^^

E.B.M.

Potentilla veru.a. Spring Cinquefoil.

 CCCCXXIX.

PotentUla alpestris. • Yellow Alpine Cinquefoil.

 ROSACEA. 145

calyces,and margins of the leaves pilose the surface of the leaves

:

and the calyx-segments with scattered hairs.

Spring Cinquefoil.
French, Potentille du Printemps.

SPECIES IV.— POTENTILLA ALPESTRIS. Hall. Jib.

Plate CCCCXXIX.
P. aurea, Svi. Eng. Bot. No. 5G1 (uon Linn.).
P. verna, var. Benth. Handbook Brit. Bot. p. 194.
P. salisburgensis, Henke, in Jacq. Collect. Vol. II. p. G8, GarcJce, Fl. v. N". & Mit.
Deutschl. ed. vi. j). 132.

Elowering- stems elongated, ascending. Radical leaves digitate,

with 5 wedge-shaped leaflets leaflets rounded at the apex, serrated
;

on the margins towards the apex. Stipules of the radical leaves with
the free portion lanceolate, those of the stem-leaves with it ovate-
elliptical. Plowers rather few, on very long peduncles, in very
lax terminal cymes. Outer segments of the calyx strap-shaped,
shorter than the inner. Petals much longer than the calyx, broadly
deltoid-obovate, notched. Receptacle hairy. Achenes smooth and
glabrous.
On ledges of rock and grassy slopes on mountains. Rather
rare. and is certainly to be found in
It is said to occur in Wales,
Yorkshire, and probably in Westmoreland, and it is not uncommon
in the Breadalbane and Braemar mountains in Scotland.

England, Scotland. Perennial. Summer.

Very like P. verna, but of a brighter green colour, not at all
opaque, as is usually the case in that species. The flowering-stems
are erect or ascending from a decumbent base, 3 to 10 inches
high the petioles of the root-leaves sometimes 4 or 5 inches long,
;

and the leaflets themselves 1 inch long, more coarsely toothed the ;

apex of the leaflet is much less truncate, from the central tooth
being little smaller than those on each side of it. The lower stipules
are broader and the upper ones rather narrower than those of P.
verna, the flowers more numerous, on longer peduncles, larger,
being 1 inch across, more showy from the petals being broader at
the apex, and the calyx-segments are more unequal in size.

YelloiD Alpine Cinquefoil.

French, Potentille Alpestre. German, Salzburgischer Gdnsericli.

VOL. III. TJ
 '

140 ENGLISH BOTANY.

SPECIES v.— P OTENTILLA TORMENTILLA. Schenk.

Plates CCCCXXX. CCCCXXXI.

Rootstock thickened, ^lowering- stems elongated, ascending,
decumbent or procumbent, sometimes rooting at the nodes, branched
towards the top. Radical leaves generally decayed at the time of
flowering, ternate or digitate-quinate leaflets wedge-shaped or ;

oblanceolate, pointed or somewhat obtuse at the apex, coarsely and

acutely serrated in the apical half stem-leaves mostly ternate, the
;

uppermost ones sub-sessile. Stipules obovate, cleft, or the upper

ones elliptical and nearly entire. Elowers on long peduncles in
the forks of the stem or opposite the upper leaves, arranged in
a very lax cyme, mostly tetramerous. The 4 outer calyx-segments
nearly as long as the inner ones but narrower. Petals much longer
than the calyx, deltoid - obovate, notched. Receptacle hairy.
Achenes glabrous, reticulated or finely tuberculate.

^ J^^
'^^^^

%^'j
Sub-Species I.— Potentilla sylvestris.
Plate CCCCXXX.*
Neck.

Garclce, Fl. v. N. & Mit. Deutschl. ed. vi. p. 131.

P. Tormentilla, Sihtli. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 239. Fries, Sum. Veg.
Scaud. p. 45. Gr. k Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 530.
P. Tormentilla, var. a, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 95. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl.

p. 131. Hook, k Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 193.

Tormentilla officinalis, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 863.
T. erecta, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 716.

Stems erect or ascending, not rooting at the nodes. Stem-

leaves ternate, all sessile. Plowers in a terminal corymbose cyme.
Achenes reticulated when dry.
On heaths and in open woods and gravelly pastures. Very
common throughout the kingdom.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer and Autumn.
Hootstock much thickened, terminating in a barren shoot,
which, however, is merely in the state of a bud when the flowers
appear. Stems numerous, lateral, decumbent at the base, fre-
quently ascending or sub-erect at the apex, flexuous, repeatedly
forked, especially towards the top. P^adical leaves stalked, with 3
broadly wedge-shaped divisions, of which the lateral ones are again
cleft, and sometimes so deeply that the leaf becomes quinate leaf- ;

* Named " P. eu-Tormentilla " on the plate.

 -^.
'sJn.^^^ UL^4^vC'^-c-
>• i-'^'
L--
^^'^'i-ix
ccccxxx.

r \

4
E.B. 863.

Potentilla ^Tormeotii^ . C ommon Tormentil.

X
X
o

a
B
u
o
H
bC
.S
o.
<u
(O
u
O

a
3

o
 ROSACEA. 147

lets J to 1 inch long, with a few large equal teeth stem-leaves ;

sessile orvery shortly stalked, with the leaflets narrower than those
of the radical leaves. Stipules palmately cut at the apex, those of
the upper leaves with a single incision or entire. Flowers |^ to f
inch across, bright yellow. Inner calyx-segments lanceolate-trian-
gular, outer ones strapshaped-elliptical. Achcnes kidney-shaped,
keeled and reticulated when dry, but these markings are not dis-
cernible in a fresh state. Plant bright green, slightly shining,
sparingly clothed with adpressed hairs on the leaves, and short
curled hairs on the stem i)eduncles and calyces more hairy.
;

I have never seen this form with more than 4 petals.

Common Tormentil.
French, Tormentille rampante. German, Tormentillwurz.

The root of the Tormentil is a very old article of the Materia Medica, but it is

difficult to assent to the doctrine of Sprengel, that it was the root of the TrtvTa<pv\\ov of
the Greeks, the description of which by Dioscorides does not correspond with the
modern Potentilla Tormentilla. It is a very common plant on dry hilly pastures in
this and other Eurojiean countries. It has a tuberous root, about the thickness and
length of the upper joint of the fore finger, tough, woody, and provided with numerous
radicles. It is deep brownish-red externally, and flesh-red within. Its taste is strongly

astringent, and it contains more tannin than the best oak bark ; indeed, it is said that
seven pounds of the latter are equal only to one pound of Tormentil roots — they are
superior to everything but galls and catechu in this respect. The roots are still used
in some countries for tanning, and, according to Lightfoot, it was largely used in the

Hebrides, in his time, for this purpose. According to the latest analysis, Tormentil
roots contain 17 per cent, of tannic acid, a colouring and gummy matter, and a trace
of volatile oil ; however, included in the present British Pharmacopoeia.
it is not, It

is, nevertheless, in constant use in veterinary practice. It is said that sheep are never
attacked with the rot where the Tormentil grows, and it may possibly have a beneficial
effect on them. It has been recommended to plant the Tormentil in damp pastures
where the prevalent among flocks.
disease is The gummy matter becomes developed by
long boiling, and in consequence the roots have sometimes been eaten in times of scarcity.
In the islands of Tirce and Col the people tore up the pastures so in seeking
for the roots, that the landowners were compelled to forbid the search for them. In
Lapland they are used for dyeing skins of a red colour. Mr. Young informs us that
pigs are fed on them at Killarney.

Sub-Species II.— Potentilla procumbens. SiUh.

Plate CCCCXXXI.
Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 239. Fries, Sum. Yeg. Scand. p. 45. Or. & Godr.
Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 531.
P. Tormentilla, var. /5, Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 95. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl.

p. 193. Hook tArn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 131.

Tormentilla reptans, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 716. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 864.
Stems procumbent, generally rooting at the nodes in the latter
part of the season. Stem-leaves ternate or quinate, most of them
148 ENGLISH BOTANY.

stalked. Cyme so lax that the flowers often appear solitary and
opposite the leaves. Achenes finely tuberculate when dry.
In hedge-banks, borders of fields, and woods. Not uncommon,
but much less frequent than P. eu-Tormentilla.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer and Autumn.

Generally a much larger plant than the last, with a more
slender rootstock, and stems often 1 to 2 feet long. Leaflets some-
times 1 or 1^ inch long, broader than those of P. eu-Tormentilla,
and with a greater number of serratures. Stipules more often
elliptical and entire. Plowers considerably larger, f inch across,
in a less evident cyme, from the peduncles being further apart,
sometimes pentamerous.
P. mixta, Nolte (Koch, I. c. p. 239) is a puzzling plant, which is
sometimes confounded with the above. Professor Babington con-
siders it as a hybrid between P. Tormentilla and P. reptans, both of
which it resembles ; approaching the former in its rather small
tetramerous flowers, while it comes near the latter in the leaves
being stalked, with 5 oblanceolate rather finely serrated leaflets.
The stipules are entire, as in P. reptans, but much narrower
ellij)tical instead of ovate, resembling those of the upper leaves of
P. eu-Tormentilla, and those of most of the stem-leaves of P. nemo-
ralis, but it is more hairy than either of these forms.

Creeping Tormentil.
French, Fotentille coucUee. German, Gestreckler Ganserich.

SPECIES VI.— P OTENTILLA REPTANS. Zimi.

Plate CCCCXXXII.

Rootstock slender. Lateral stems or runners elongated, pro-

cumbent, rooting at the nodes, simple. Leaves all similar, stalked,
digitate, with 5 oblanceolate leaflets leaflets rounded at the apex,
;

rather finely serrated or crenate. Stipules ovate, or ovate-elliptical,

entire. Plowers on long peduncles opposite the leaves, pentamerous.
The 5 outer calyx- segments resembling in shape and size the 5
inner. Petals much longer than the calyx, roundish - obovate,
notched. Heceptacle hairy. Achenes glabrous, rough with small
points.
In meadows, pastures, and by road-sides. Common in England
and the South of Scotland, but scarce beyond the Eorth and Clyde,
thougli found as far North as Aberdeenshire and Argyleshire.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer and

Autumn.
 CCOCXXXII.

JS.B. 862.

Potentilla reptans. Creeping Oinquefoil.

 OCCCXXXIll.

^»
It

KB. 861.

Potentilla anserina. Silver-weed.

 ROSACEA. 149

Flowering-stems at length many feet long, rooting at the joints,

and forming separate plants by the decay of the intermediate por-
tions. Leaves on stalks 2 to 4 inches long, in small tufts at each
node, as well as from the crown of the rootstock leaflets 1 to 3 ;

inches long, varying from oblanceolate to obovate, serrated often

nearly to the base. Peduncles usually longer than the leaves.
Flowers f to 1 inch across, bright yellow.
This plant closely resembles some of the forms of P. procumbcns,
and still more strikingly large examples of P. mixta, but the stems
are more constantly rooting, not at all branched, the leaves with
longer stalks, leaflets with a more rounded outline, with finer and
less acute serratures, the flowers larger, the calyx-segments more
nearly equal, the stipules broader than the entire ones of the above-
mentioned forms, and the achenes more distinctly tuberculated.
Creeping Clnquefoil.
French, Quintefeuille. German, Kriechender Giinserich.

This plant is as abundant as the Tormentil, and possesses the same qualities. It
has been applied to similar purposes. It appears to have been the officinal plant of
the ancients, and is the ttevtckPvWov of Theophrastus (ix. 19), and of Dioscorides (iv.

42). Pliny mentions it as Quinquefolium {25, 9, 27, 10). On account of its astrin-
gency, it was frequently administered in agues. Turner says, " Dioscorides sayeth, but
methynk that it smelleth of superstition, that in a quartayn the lives of four stalks
ought to be taken, in a tertian the lives of three, and in a quotidian the lives of one
stalk." We suppose our author must mean the leaves, which are undoubtedly astringent.

SPECIES VII.— PO TEN TILL A ANSERINA. Linn.

Plate CCCCXXXIII.

E/Ootstock slender. Lateral stems or runners elongated, pro-

cumbent, rooting at the nodes, simple. Leaves all similar, pinnate,
with 6 to 10 pair of lateral leaflets ; leaflets oblong-elliptical or
oblong-lanceolate, deeply inciso-serrate or pinnatifid, silky and
silvery-white on both sides or only beneath. Stipules membranous,
with the free portion small, ovate, in those of the runners herba-
ceous, incised. Flowers solitary, on long peduncles from the nodes
of the stem, pentamerous. The 5 outer calyx-segments narrower
than the inner, but nearly as long. Petals much longer than the
calyx, roundish-obovate, slightly notched. Receptacle hairy.
Carpels oval, glabrous, and smooth.
In damp meadows, pastures, and ditch-banks, also by road-
sides, and waste places overflowed in winter. Very common, and
generally distributed.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring and

Summer.
150 ENGLISU BOTANY.

Rootstock terminating in a tuft of leaves, from the axils of

which stems are given ofl' which lie on the ground and soon take
root at each joint, where smaller tufts of leaves are produced.
Leaflets increasing in size towards the apex of the leaf, so that
the outline of the whole leaf is oblanceolate terminal leaflet ^ ;

to 21 inches long, the teeth very deep and sharp, commonly green
on the upper side, but sometimes white and silvery there as well
as on the underside. Plowers really terminal, the runner being
evidently continued from an axillary bud on the stem. Peduncles
2 to 6 inches long. Outer sepals elliptical, often cut, inner ones
roundish ovate-acuminate. Carpels large in comparison with those
of the other species of this genus, but often abortive. Whole
plant more or less silky hairy.

Silver-weed.
French, A'tiserine, Argentine. German, Gemeiner Ganserich.
The common name of this plantis caused by the silvery hairs with which the

under-sideof the leaves are clothed, giving the whole plant a bright shining appearance.
In some of the Hebrides the inhabitants have often been supported by the roots for
months together ; they frequently tear them up by the plough for use. They are
simply prepared by roasting or boiling, and are said to taste like parsnips. In some
places they answer in a measure the purposes of bread, and it is said that when once
partaken of they become a favourite article of food. The leaves are somewhat astrin-
gent, and when dried and powdered have been given in agues. Withering recommends
a spoonful to be taken every three hours between the fits.

Section II.—TERMINALES. mil.

Elowering-stems annual, terminating the divisions of the root-
stock.

SPECIES VIII.-PO TEN TILL A RUPESTRIS. Linn.

Plate CCCCXXXIV.
Stems erect, slightly branched in the upper part. Radical
leaves on long stalks, pinnate, with 2 to 3 pairs of lateral leaflets
and a larger terminal one ; leaflets oval-obovate or roundish, irre-
gularly crenate-serrate or incised, with the divisions crenate-
serrate; stem-leaves ternate, shortly stalked or sub-sessile. Stipules
with the free portion very large, ovate or lanceolate, often incised.
Plowers in a lax irregular terminal cyme. Outer calyx-segments
about half the length of the inner and much narrower. Petals
white, orbicular, entire. Receptacle hairy. Carpels glabrous,
smooth.
On limestone rocks, very rare. On Craig Breidden, Montgo-
meryshire.
England. Perennial. Early Summer.
 <.'0CCXXX1V.

I \^

^.^.2058.

Potentilla rupestris. Strawberry-flowered Cinquefoil.

 occcxxxv.

'\
D
E. B. 89.

Potentilla argentea. Hoary Cinquefoil.

 ROSACEA. 151

Rootstock woody, branched, some of the divisions terminating

in tufts of leaves, others in flowering-stems 1 to 2 feet high from
the centre of one of these tufts. Radical leaves commonly with 2
pair of leaflets besides the terminal one, which is approximate to
the upper pair, both pairs unequal at the base, with the outermost
side the largest ; terminal leaflet f to 2^ inches long. Stipules of
the radical leaves with the free portion entire, very small, those of
the stem-leaves with a large cut herbaceous portion. Flowers
rather few, white, f to 1 inch across. Plant sparingly hairy below,
more so above, densely so on the pedicels and calyces.
This species is very unlike any of the other European forms of
Potentilla.
Strawberry -flowered Cinquefoil.

French, Fotentille des Eochers. German, Felsen Gdnserich.

SPECIES IX.— P O T E N T I L L A ARGENTEA. Linn.

Plate CCCCXXXY.
Stem ascending, tomentose. Radical leaves (as well as the lower
and middle stem-leaves) stalked, digitate, with 5 narrowly wedge-
shaped leaflets ; the base, coarsely serrated or pin-
leaflets entire at
natifid in the apical half, with the extreme margins reflexed, hoary-
white beneath ; uppermost stem-leaves with linear-
sessile, ternate,
elliptical leaflets.Stipules with the free portion long, narrowly
triangular, entire. Plowers in dichotomous cymes. Outer calyx-
segments nearly as long as the inner, but narrower. Petals yellow,
not much longer than the calyx, obovate, nearly entire. Recep-
tacle hairy. Carpels glabrous, smooth.
On dry gravelly pastures and by roadsides. Rather rare.
Pretty generally distributed in England, but in Scotland confined
to the East coast, in which
found in scattered localities as far
it is

North as Moray. Not included in Professor Dickie's Elora of

Ulster, but marked in Dr. Moore's list of Irish plants.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer and

Autumn.
Rootstock woody, producing few or numerous stiff stems, 6 to
18 inches long, simple below, corymbosely branched at the apex.
Leaflets \ to IJ inch long, very narrow, but widening out towards
the apex, with the sides nearly straight to the point where the
lobing commences. Elowers ^ inch across, numerous, in a com-
pact or lax slightly irregular dichotomous cyme, with opposite
ternate leaves or bracts at the forks. Calyx-segments oblong-
 152 ENGLISH BOTANY.

lanceolate. Stem purplish, clothed with a hoary tomentum, under-

side of the leaves, pedicels, and calyces hoary-white.
Hoary Cinquefoil.
French, Potentille argentee. German, Silberweiser Gdnserich.

Section III.— FRUTICOSJE. Doll.

Stems woody, perennial.

SPECIES X.-POTENTILLA FRUTICOSA. Linn.

Plate CCCCXXXVI.
Stems woody, branched. Leaves stalked, pinnate, with 2, rarely
3 pairs of lateral leaflets leaflets elliptical, entire, mucronate,
;

with the margins revolute, all approximate, the uppermost pair

confluent with the terminal one. Stipules with the free portion
long, elliptical, entire. Plowers terminal, in a corymho-paniculate
cyme, or sub-solitary. Outer calyx-segments as long as the inner,
but narrower. Petals obovate, rounded at the apex. Receptacle
with long hairs. Carpels hirsute.
In stony and bushy places in mountainous districts. Very
local. Abundant Upper Teesdale, on both the Yorkshire and
in
Durham sides of the river Tees at Wastdale Screes, Cumber-
;

land and by the Don, west of Doncaster in counties Galway

; ;

and Clare, Ireland also reported from the falls of the Clyde, in
;

Scotland, but no doubt planted in that locality.

England, [Scotland,] Ireland. Shrub. Summer and Autumn.

A shrub 1 to 4 feet high, much branched, with the bark sepa-
rating in long flaky strips from the older branches. Leaves
numerous, rather shortly stalked. Leaflets nearly equal in size
(often so closely placed that the leaf appears to be digitate), -I to 1
inch long. Flowers large, yellow, 1 to IJ inch across. Sepals
long, the inner ones broadly lanceolate-triangular, the exterior ones
linear-elliptical, more rarely with sub-foliaceous tips. Carpels, as
well as the receptacle, completely covered with very close long
bristly hairs. AVhole plant dull-green, with rather long hairs,
which are remote, except on the pedicels and base of the calyx,
where they are placed close together.
Shrubby Cinquefoil.
French, Foteutille Ligneuse. German, Kleinbliithiger Gdnserich.

The leaves of this species, as well as those of P. rupestris, are used in Siberia for
makinc: tea.
 OCCCXXXVI.

Potentilla fruticosa. Shnxbby Cinquefoil.

 CCCCXXXVII.

E.B. 172.

Potentilla Comarum, Marsh Cinquefoil.

 ROSACEA. 153

Sub-Genus III.— COMAEUM. Linn,

Petals oblanceolate, acuminate. Stamens very numerous. Pruit-

receptacle conical, spongy. Carpels very numerous.

SPECIES XL—POTENTILL A COMARUM. Nestl

Plate CCCCXXXVII.
Benth. Handbook Brit. Bot. p. 195.

Comarum palustre, Linn. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 96. ITooJ:. k Am. Brit. FI.
ed. viii. p. 128.
Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Ilelv. ed. ii. p. 235. Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 44. Gr. & Godr.
Fl. de Fr. Yol. I. p. 535. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 172.
Potentilla palustris, Scop. D. G. Prod. Vol. II. p. 583.

E/Ootstock extensively creeping. Lower leaves stalked, pinnate

with 2 to 3 pairs of lateral leaflets ; leaflets approximate, elliptical
or oblong-elliptical, obtuse or acute, coarsely and evenly serrate,
glaucous beneath upper ; leaves subsessile, often ternate. Stipules
with the free portion large, ovate-cuspidate, frequently incised.
Outer calyx-segments strap-shaped, inner ones broadly ovate,
abruptly acuminated. Petals oblanceolate, acuminate. Ptecep-
tacle finely downy, at length elongate-conical, spongy. Carpels
glabrous.
In marshes and spongy peat-bogs. Common in mountainous
but generally distributed throughout Britain, though rare
districts,
in the South of England.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.

Eootstock blackish, creeping amongst the mud, branched, the
divisions terminatinoj: in elonsrated flovverin2:-stems or in barren
shoots. Stems decumbent at the base, then erect or ascendmg,
1 to 2 feet high. Leaflets 1 to 3 inches long, generally all approxi-
[mate, so that the leaf appears to be digitate, with large acute serra-
[tures rounded on their outer margin. Elowers dark-purple, 1 to
1.^ inch across, in a terminal cyme. Inner calyx-segments very
large, much longer than the petals, dull-purple within. Petals
narrow, dark-purple. Stamens and styles purple. Disk woolly,
as well as the spongy receptacle, which becomes longer than
broad. Carpels minute, very numerous, brownish, smooth, with
the styles persistent. Whole plant sparingly hairy. Leaves
glaucous underneath.
Harsh Cinqnefoil.

French, Comarct des Marais. German, Sump/ Blutauge.

VOL. III. X
154 ENGLISH BOTANY.

The whole of this herb is powerfully astringent. The roots have been used in
tanning, but other materials have supersciled them. They yield a reddish or dull-yellow
dye, and the Irish are said to staiu their uiilkpails with it, in order to give a richer

appearance to the ujilk.

GENUS r///.— FRAG ARIA. Linn.

Calyx flattish, or sliglitly concave, 10-partite. Segments 10,

in 2 rows, those of the outer row (or epicalyx of bracts) smaller
than those of the inner. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Carpels
numerous. Ileceptacle convex or conical, fleshy or pulpy, at length
separable from the calyx. Achenes dry.
Herbs with ternate leaves and runners. Stipules aduate to the
peduncle. Flowers white, frequently imperfectly dioecious in ter-
minal cymes. Eeceptacle reddish or white, edible.
The name of this genus of plants comes from the word fragrans, fragrant, in
allusion to the pleasant perfume of the fruit. Lord Bacon gives the leaves credit for
possessing this quality also, and gives the whole genus a high place in his catalogue of
" those flowers and plants that do best perfume the air."

SPECIES I.— FRAG ARIA VESCA. Linn.

Plate CCCCXXXVIII.

Leaves ternate lateral ; leaflets generally sessile. Scapes hairy,

with the hairs spreading. Pedicels with the hairs ascending or
adpressed. Plowers perfect. Calyx spreading or reflexed after
flowering. Pruit-receptacle globular or ovoid-conical, broad at
the base, bearing carpels throughout.
In woods and shady hedge-banks. Common, and generally dis-
tributed, extending as far North as Orkney.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Early Summer.

Rootstock terminating in a barren tuft, sendin2:out lonir slender

reddish runners, wdiich take root at the nodes, where small leafy
tufts are produced. Leaves radical, stalked. Leaflets oval-rhom-
boidal, 1 to 3 inches long, unequal at the base, with the lower side
most developed all somewhat plicate, coarsely and deeply serrate,
;

the serratures with curved sides. Stipules scarious, with a lanceolate

free portion. Scapes lateral, generally leafless, 3 inches to 1 foot
high, terminating in a corymbose cyme of white flowers. Lowest
bract sometimes resembling the leaves, but most frequently reduced
to a single leaflet, with a pair of stipules upper bracts tripartite
;

from the leaflet, being as small as the stipules. Elowers erect,

white, "I to J inch across. Outer calyx-segments nearly as long as
 i/n^U^ jJA/^^A-ay
CCCCXXXVIII.

^H. 1524.

Fragaria vesca. AVild Strawberry.

 rosacetE. 155

the inner, but narrower. Petals obovate-roundisli, entire, white,

with the claw indistinct. Pruitinc^-receptacle ^ to f inch long,
fleshy, red or white, closely studded witli small yellowish-brown
glabrous carpels. Plant deep-green, clothed with rather long soft
hairs.
JJ^lld Strawberry.

French, Fraisier Commun. German, Gemeine Erdbeere.

To inquire into the origin of the name of tliig familiar and delicious fruit seems
almost unnecessary ; but it is curious to analjze the meaning of even our household
words, and to revert to their original use. In old English, -we read of the " Streow-
berie ; " and Dr. Pryor tells us that this name was siiggested either by its straw-like
halms —the little seeds situated on the delicious red juicy receptacle we like so much
or from the fruit lying strewn on the ground, or from the custom of laying straw
between the rows to prevent the fruit being soiled. Some have supposed that the
name is derived from the custom in some parts of England to sell the wild ones
threaded on grass straws. But the name dates from a much earlier time than any at
which Wild Strawberries are likely to have been marketable. We learn from several
old writers that Strawberries were cultivated in England from a very early period.
They were much grown in London, a fact mentioned by HoUingshead ; and Shakes-
peare alludes to them as growing in the garden of the Bishop of Ely in Holborn.
Gloucester says, in the play of " Eichard the Third,"

" My Lord of Ely, when I was last in Holborn,

I saw good strawberries in your garden there ;

I do beseech you send for some of them.

Ely. Marry, and will, my lord, with all my heart.
Where is my lord Protector ? I have sent for these strawberries.
Ilast. His grace looks cheerfully and smooth this morning."

Strange as it may now seem connect the names of Holborn and Ely Place
to us who
with all that is dingy and unattractive, given up to busy trade or
dusty and nois}'-,

duller law, not longer ago than the time of Shakespeare " good sti-awberries" grew there,
and rural scenes and pastimes flourished ; and so, as time goes on, and men increase
and spread in this great metropolis of ours, will it be with many a wild district or
blooming garden when we have passed away. The Wild Wood Strawberry is the
parent of all our cultivated varieties of Alpine Strawberries, as distinguished from the
Hautboys, or latter sort of Strawberry, which seems originally to have come from
the high woods of Bohemia. In their native uncultivated state, the Wild Strawberries
are without much flavour, very small, but extremely charming objects : amidst their
dark rich green leaves, the pi'etty bright berries cannot fail to attract the admiration
of even those whose palates are too highly cultivated to appreciate such rustic delicacies.
With cream and sugar, however, we can afiirm that they are not despicable, only their
minute size reduces the feast to very moderate dimensions. The Strawberry is perhaps
the most wholesome of and may be eaten by most people when qiute ripe with
fruit,

impunity. They are said to promote perspiration, and are undoubtedly very cooling.
HoS'man thought them beneficial to consumptive people ; and Gerarde tells us that
"the berries quench thirst, and do allay the inflammation or hcate of the stomach."
156 ENGLISH BOTANY.

SPECIES II.— F RAGARIA ELATIOR. Ehrh.

Plate CCCCXXXIX.
F. moschata, "Duchesne."" Lindley, Syn. Brit. Fl. p. 96.
F. magna, Thuill Gr. t Godr. FL de Fr. Vol. I. p. 536. GarcTce Fl. V. N. & M.
Deutschl. ed. vi. p. 128.

Leaves tcrnate lateral leaflets often stalked. Scapes densely

;

hairy, with the hairs reflexed-spreading. Pedicels with the hairs

spreading, reflexed. Plowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx spreading
or reflexed after flowering. " Fruit-receptacle ovoid, contracted
and deprived of carpels at the hase." (Gr. & Godr. I. c.) —
In woods and hedgerows, hut only where it has escaped from
cultivation.
[England, Scotland, Ireland.] Perennial. Early Summer.
Very like E. vesca, but a stouter and more hairy plant, often
destitute of runners. The leaflets more truly oval, and the lateral
ones ovate, less deeply and less sharply serrated, with the teeth
more rounded on the margins. Corymb more compact, and with
more numerous and larger floAvers, wliich are imperfectly poly-
gamous through abortion, the stamens being imperfect in some
plants. The petals are larger, broader, more contracted at the
claw, which is yellow. But the best mark of distinction between
the two plants is the dense clothing of spreading hairs on the pedi-
cels, and the more hairy calyces. The fruit of the subspontaneous
plant I have never seen.
Scmtbois Strawberry,
French, Fraisier eleve. German, Ilohe Erdheere.
The mysteries of horticulture, and the varieties of fruits of all sorts which are
produced by the skill of the gardener, increase so rapidly that our native fruits, in
which they originate, can scarcely be recognized as related to the beauties which
adorn our tables. We and admire the superb Myatt's seedlings and British Queens,
see
and can hardly trace in their luscious richness the likeness of their humble parents.
Strawberry plants multiply spontaneously every year, as well by suckers from the
parent stem as by numerous runners, all of which, rooting and forming a plant at every
joint, require only to
Each of these
be removed to a bed where there
few
is room for them to flourish. I
will bear a fruit the following season ; but it is in the second year
that we may expect a crop. Neill says, with regard to the situation of a Strawberry-bed,
"Strawberries are generally placed in a quarter of the garden by themselves, and it should
be one which is freely exposed to sun and air. They are sometimes, however, planted
in single rows as edgings to borders, and in this way they often produce large crops.
In either case, care must be had to replace them every fourth or fifth year at the
fixrthest.** Mr. Keen, of Isleworth, who is one of the most successful growers of this
iruit, tells ns that a bed of Strawberries should be formed from runners which have
been planted out for this purpose the preceding year : it is a bad plan to form a new
 CCCCXXXIX.

Fragaria elatior. Hautboia Strawberry.

 UOSACEiE. 157

bed with old plants. After the beds are planted, they should be kept as free from
weeds as and the runners cut about three times a season. In the autumn,
possible,
he says that he has the space between the rows dug up, and, where practicable,
some fresh manure laid in. He tells us, also, that different kinds of Strawberries
require different sorts of soil. The Pine Strawberry, which is the most difficult one
from which to secure a good crop, requires a light loamy soil, while the Hautbois, or
" Hautboy," as it is commonly called, thrives best in a light soil well manured. The
Wood Strawberry is best raised from seed ; the Alpine variety also must always be
raised from seed, which should be sown in a bed of rich earth early in the spring.
This sort of Strawberry exceeds all others in quickness of bearing, for it yields a good
crop at the end of one year.
Mr. Atkinson describes a method of making Strawberry-beds which he saw at
Chatham, and which he thought excellent. The beds were upon flat ground, each
about three feet wide, and between them were trenches nine inches wide, and four-
inch walls of brick on each side of the trenches to keep the earth up : these trenches
wei'e about the depth of two or three layers of bricks, and were for the purpose of

\ the plants were in

pump whenever the ground was dry while
holding water, which was supplied from a
By
means a much larger crop of fruit was obtained,
fruit. this
and the plants continued bearing much longer than in beds where there Avere no
trenches for water.
According to this plan, a very large extent of Strawberry-ground is watered with
very little labour, and it has the advantage of letting the water to the roots of the
plants, so as to keep the ground moist without hardening the surface, as is the case
when the tops of beds are watered with watering-pots.
In all treatises on horticulture, we have extensive directions as to the methods
of forcing Strawberries in hothouses and pits some kinds will afford a crop of fruit
:

in a hothouse early in the spiing, and if carefully removed and placed in the open
ground, will yield another crop in September.

SuB-TiiiBE II.— DALIBAUDE^.

Calyx sliglitly concave or flattish ; segments usually valvate in

aestivation. Ovules 2, attached near the style. Styles nearly ter-
minal, deciduous or withering. Pruit of numerous small drupes
cohering together, inserted on a dry receptacle. Seed solitary.

GENUS 7X— RUBUS. Linn.

Calyx concave or flattish, 5-partite ; segments all in one row,

without an epicalyx of bracts. Petals 5. Stamens numerous.
Carpels numerous, with 2 collateral suspended ovules (one of which
is abortive) in each. Styles nearly terminal, deciduous. Recep-
tacle conical or cylindrical, spongy. Achenes pulpy and drupa-
ceous, persistent or sometimes deciduous.
Shrubs or undershrubs, with procumbent arched or erect stems,
which are usually prickly and biennial. Leaves digitate or pinnate.
 158 ENGLISH BOTANY.

with 5 or 3 leaflets, or simple and more or less deeply palmately

lobed. Flowers white, pink, red, or purple, in corymbose cymes,
which arc often combined so as to form a panicle. Fruit pulpy,
edible.
The name of this genus speaks for itself even to English ears : ruber, red, indicating
the colour of the fruit.

SPECIES I.-RUB US CHAM^MORUS. Linn.

Plate CCCCXL.

Rootstock extensively creeping. Stems herbaceous, simple,

leafless at the base, the upper part with 1 to 4 leaves. Leaves
simple, roundish, 5- to 7-lobed, deeply cordate at the base, with
the basal lobes contiguous. Flowers solitary, terminal, dioecious.
Petals oblong-oval, spreading. Fruit not separating from the recep-
tacle, consisting of rather few large very juicy drupes with a very
tender skin, pale orange w^hen ripe.
On peaty moors in mountainous districts. In North "Wales,
Derbyshire, Teesdale, the Lake district, and all the mountainous
tracts in Scotland.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.

Rootstock somewhat woody, creeping at some depth below the
surface, much branched. Stems 3 to 8 inches high, erect. Stipules
'oval, those of the lowest nodes without leaves. Leaves stalked, 1-J
to 3 inches across, plicate, rugose, lobed from a quarter to half-Avay
down, the lobes themselves again very slightly lobed, and serrate
or crenate-serrate. Sepals oval, acuminated, unequal in breadth,
generally tinged with red. Flowers J to 1^ inch across, pure white.
Fruit f to 1 inch long, with the fruiting-calyx adpressed to its base;
drupes rather numerous, containing faintly reticulated stones. Plant
dull-green, with the leaves })aler below. Stems generally tinged with
red, and, as Avell as the petioles, peduncles, and calyces, thickly
clothed with small curled hairs ; leaves sub-glabrous above, sparingly
hairy beneath.
Cloudberry Roebuck-berry.i

French, Bonce. German, Zwergmaulheer, Bronweere.

Knowtberry of the Scotch Knot or Knotberry, old English.
;

The fruit of this plant is sometimes called the Mountain Ilaspberry. It grows on
alpine turfy bogs in elevated situations : hence its common name Cloudberry. The
plant flowers in June, soon after the snow has melted, and the pleasant-looking fruit
scarcely, ripens in August before it is again overwhelmed with its winter covering. Its
very hardihood makes it extremely diflficult to cultivate, and its wild mountainous
habits are as difficult to reconcile to civilization as those of tlie animal creation by
which it is surrounded in its native districts. The snow preserves the fruit, and is
 CCCCXL.

^.B. 716.

Kubus Cliamaemoi-us. (Jloudberry.

i
 CCCCXLl.

E. B. 2233.

Rubus saxatilis. Stone Bramble.

 ROSACE.E. 159

used by the Laplanders as well as by the Scottish Highlanders for that purpose. By
Northern nations the Cloudberry is esteemed as a most grateful and useful fruit.

Its taste is and very delicious when

pleasant, superior to that of wild strawberries,
boiled with sugar into a preserve. under the snow, and
The Laplanders bury the fruit

thus preserve it fresh for a long period. They bruise the berries, and eat them with
the milk of the reindeer, and sometimes make a jelly of them boiled with fish. In
Norway and Sweden the Cloudberry is exceedingly abundant, growing even near the
North Cape. In the autumn the berries are collected and sent to Stockholm, where
they are in great esteem, not only as an article of diet, but as a medicinal remedy. In
Sweden, vinegar is made by fermenting the berries. Dr. Clarke, the celebrated traveller,
mentions the Cloudberry several times in his " Northern Wanderings." In Lapland,
he says, " Whenever we walked near the river, we found whole acres covered with these
blushing berries (at first crimson, afterwards becoming yellow), hanging so thick that
we could not avoid treading on them." He
The same plant is found upon
also says :
"

some of the highest mountains and in some of the great bogs of the North of England,
on which account, perhaps, it is called Cloudberry in our own island." He ascribes his
own recovery from a dangerous fever to the beneficial efiects of this fruit, and says :

" Mr. Grape's childien came into the room, bringing with them two or three gallons of

the fruit of tlie Cloudberry, or Bubus Chamceinorus. This plant grows so abundantly
near the river, that it is easy to gather bushels of the fruit. As the large berry ripens
— which is as big as the top of a man's thumb — its colour, at first scarlet, becomes yellow.
When eaten with sugar and cream, it is cooling and delicious, and tastes like the large
American hautboy sti'awberry. Little did the author dream of the blessed efiects he
was to experience by tasting of the ofiering brought by these little children, wlio, proud
of having their gifts accepted, would gladly run and gather daily a fresh supply, which
was as often blended with cream and sugar by the hands of his mother, until, at last,
he perceived that his fever rapidly abated, his spirits and his appetite returned, and,
when sinking under a disorder so obstinate that it seemed incurable, the blessings of
health were restored to him when he had reason to believe he should have found his grave.
The symptoms of amendment were almost instantaneous after eating of these berries."
It has been suggested that the gardener might find means to render this plant
a valuable and useful addition to the kitchen garden by crossing the flowers with those
of the bramble and the raspberry, and thus overcoming the tendency to flourish only
away from cultivation.
Asprig of the Cloudberry is the badge of the Highland clan McFarlane.

SPECIES IL— RUB US SAXATILIS. Linn.

Plate CCCCXLL ,-;

Eootstock creepiDg, stoloniferons. Stems herbaceous, simple,
the flowering ones erect, the barren shoots (often absent) procum-
bent, unarmed or prickly ; prickles none, or very small. Leaves
stalked, ternate ;green below, rhomboid-oval, the
leaflets thin,
lateral ones ovate, coarsely and irregularly serrate the serratures ;

with rounded margins. Stipules free, strapshaped - lanceolate.

Elowers few, in a terminal corymbose cyme. Petals strapshaped-

oblanceolate, narrower than the sepals, erect. Pruit not separating
 .

IGO ENGLISH BOTANY.

from the receptacle, consisting of a few large juicy drupes with a

very tender skin, shining red when ripe.
Among rocky dcln-is in woods, and hy the sides of streams in
hilly countries. Local, but occurring where the conditions for its
growth are found, from Glamorganshire, Gloucestershire, and Derby-
shire, to Orkney and Shetland.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.

Kootstock woody, shortly creeping, much branched. Flowering-

stems angular, produced from the rootstock, 6 to 18 inches long,
the barren shoots (when present) from the base of the flowering-
stems the former erect or decumbent, sometimes 2 or 3 feet, and
;

quite prostrate. Leaves few leaflets 1 to 3 inches long, i^licate,

;

variable in shape and in the dentition of the margins the central ;

leaflet stalked. Stipules very slightly adnate. Elowers erect, f inch

across, white, in a very compact corymb, more rarely with a few
branches beneath it so as to resemble a panicle. Calyx-segments
triangular-lanceolate. Pruit claret-colour, about ^ inch long,
consisting of seldom more than 3 or 4 drupes, containing large
pitted reticulated stones. Sepals reflexed in fruit. Plant pale-
green, underside of the leaves a little paler. Stems, petioles,
pedicels, and veins of the leaves clothed with short scattered
woolly hairs. Prickles straight, patent or slightly declining, from
a small compressed base.

Stone Bramble Roehuck-berry

i

French, Ronce des Rockers. German, Fdsen Bromheere.

This plant resembles the strawberry more than the raspberry. The fruit is very
small, but has a pleasant flavourwhen mixed with sugar to subdue its acidity. In
Russia the berries are fermented with honey, and made into a strong spirit.
The Stone Bramble is the badce of the Highland McNabs. i

SPECIES III— E, UBUS ID^US. Linn.

Plate CCCCXLII.

Pootstock stoloniferous. Stem biennial, erect, round, pruinose,

prickly prickles very small and weak, those of the flowering-shoot
;

deflexed from a compressed and elongated base. Leaves pinnate,

with 2 pairs of leaflets, or tcrnate ; leaflets ovate or oval, acuminate,
irregularly and sharply serrated, hoary-white beneath. Stipules
adnate. Plowers terminating the lateral branches and the main
stem, in small corymbose cymes. Sepals roundish-ovate, acuminate,
and cuspidate. Petals strapshaped-oblanceolate, erect. Pruit sepa-
rable from the receptacle when ripe, consisting of numerous small
 i^
Ijv^y^ e^ piy^ /->^-'- \
CCCCXLII.

%
h-'M^

E, B. 2442.

Rubus Idseiis. Raspberry.

1G2 ENGLISH BOTANY.

leaflets subscssilc, roundish-ovate, the basal ones overlapping the

terminal ones, irregularly serrate, hoary-white beneath, those at
the base of the panicle often roundish-cordate and simple. Sti-
pules adnate for two-thirds of their length. Flowers terminating
the lateral branches and the main stem, in small corymbose cymes.
Sepals triangular-lanceolate, cuspidate. Petals strapshapcd-oblan-
ceolate, erect. Fruit (?) " small, bright-crimson when ripe." —
(Lees, I. c.)

In stony sub-alpine woods. Kare. Ilford Bridges, near Bren-

don, Devon, where was found by Mr. Lees Dunster, Somerset,
it ;

by the Be v. W. H. Colman and Professor Babington.

England. Perennial. Summer.
A very remarkable which I have only seen growing in
plant,
the Cambridge Botanical Gardens, and there in habit it is exactly
intermediate l3etween the Baspberry and the Brambles. The habit
in dried specimens is much nearer the Baspberry, with which it also
agrees better in its technical characters but the prickles have a
;

less dilated base, the leaflets are much rounder and with the central
leaflet rarely stalked, as is commonly the case with B. Idseus. The
floral leaves resemble the ordinary leaves of B. Chamsemorus, while
the barren stem is exceedingly similar to that of the fruticose Bubi.
It may be a hybrid form, but I cannot think it probable that the
species is a variety of B. Idssus. Mr. Lees states that he has only
once found the fruit, and that the petals are often multiplied to 12
or 16. Professor Babington informs me that he has seen on garden
plants of B. Leesi fine drupes, but without seeds in them.

Lees' Uaspherry.

. SPECIES v.— RUBUS PRUTICOSUS.* Linn.

Plates CCCCXLIV. to CCCCLVI.

Bootstock slightly or scarcely stoloniferous. Stems shrubby,

biennial, usually arching during the first year, when they are
barren, frequently rooting at the extremity late in the season,
and flowering the second summer ; prickles comparatively large
and strong. Leaves stalked, digitate with 5 or 7 leaflets, or ternate,

* I have placed the fruticose Brambles under a single super-species, because, although
the extreme forms are widely different, they are so completely connected by intermediate
ones, that I find it utterly impossible to separate them into any groups answering to
the usual idea of a species. Professor Babington's long and attentive study of this
genus entitles him to be considered as the leading authority in Britain upon this sub-
 ;;

ROSACEiE. IGl

juicy drupes with a very tender skin, dim-red or ochrcous wlien

ripe.
In woods, thickets, and on heaths. Common, and pretty gene-
rally distrihuted.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Early Summer.

Stem 2 to 3 feet high, the first year producing nothing but

leaves, the second floAvering-shoots, after which it decays. Leaflets
^i . variable in size, shape, and degree of dentition, the terminal one
,'
the largest, f to 4 inches long. Stipules adnate for more than half
their length, the free portion strapshaped-subulate. Elowers droop-
ing, white, f inch across. Sepals deltoid-ovate, cuspidate. Pruit
in the wild plant J to f inch long ; stones pitted, denticulated
fruiting-calyx reflexed.
Maspherry^

French, Ronce Framboisier. German, Ilwibeere.

The general appearance and taste of the fruit of this plant, which is in all respects
a bramble, are too well known to need description, though it may not be known that
cultivation does not appear to have improved its flavour, though greatly increasing its

size. We read in old writers that this shrub grew on Mount Ida, of classical celebrity :

hence its specific name. The pleasant taste of the fruit is well known, and as a pi-eserve,
boiled with sugar, it is especially delicious. Other prepai-ations of the fruit, such as
syrup and raspberry vinegar, are well known to housewives. There are two great
varieties of llaspberries in cultivation, — the red and the white or yellow kinds. Of the
red Raspberries there are some twenty sub-varieties, and of the pale-coloured sorts
some three or four. Raspberry-bushes prosper most and bear the finest fruit in a
light rich loamy soil. They are in their prime about the third or fourth year, and if well
managed, continue in perfection five or six years ; after which they are apt to decline
in growth, and the fruit to become small. The fruit of the different varieties comes in
from the end of June or July till October or later. As it ripens, it should be quickly
gathered for immediate use, because when fully ripe it will not keep above two or three
days before it moulds or becomes maggoty, and unfit to be used.
The Ras2)berry and the Strawberry form each interesting examples of the nature
of fruits botanically considered ;
—the Strawberry which we eat being the fleshy recep-
tacle on which are placed the little yellow fruits, and the Raspberry consisting of such
fruits, soft and juicy, surrounding the hard woody receptacle, which is thrown aside.

These examples can be understood and appreciated by the youngest observer.

SPECIES (1) IV.— RUBUS LEE SIX. Bah.

Plate CCCCXLIII.
Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 97. Lees, in Phyt. Ser. I. Vol. IV. p. 930.

Pootstock stoloniferous. Stem biennial, sub-erect or arching,

round, minutely tomentose, prickly ;
prickles numerous, slender,
straight, from a compressed bulbous base. Leaves ternate
VOL. III. Y
 .

(!CJCCXLIII.

E.B.S. 2V'>81.
Ujx.spl)«'n\
llwbns TiPesii. i-«'<^«'
 ROSACEA. 163

rarelyand only accidentally pinnate with 2 to 3 pairs of leaflets

and an odd one leaflets firm, green or white below, variable in
;

shape, serrated. Basal portion of the stipules adnate. Plowers

numerous, in small cymes combined into panicles. Petals oval-
oblong, as broad as or broader than the sepals, spreading. Emit
not separating from the receptacle, consisting of usually numerous
juicy cohering drupes with a rather firm skin, shining black when
ripe, more rarely dull lurid-red, or of a few drupes with a thinner
skin and a glaucous bloom on the surface.

Common Bramhle, Blackherry.

French, Ronce Comimme. German, Verschieden/aubige Jiromheere.

In Worcestershire the Brambles are known by the name of " lawyers ; " why we
can scarcely say but we can imagine that those who have been unfortunate enough
;

to come within the grasp of the law may mentally experience some of the pricking and
tearing consequent on an incautious approach to a Bramble-bush. Who, however, has
not, in his day, been a Blackberry-gatherer, and braved the perils of scratched hands

ject. I have therefore followed his division of the Brambles, only calling his sj^edes
sub-species, although I must confess that it appears to me in some cases arbitrary to stop
where he does, for his species contain, in several cases, various groups of forms as distinct
from each other as his species themselves. The limits of the diiSEerent groups can never
be satisfactorily settled until they have been extensively raised from seed, in order to
observe if any of the forms actually produce some of the othei-s within a limited period
of time. I understand that the experiment is being tried in the Cambridge Botanical
Garden under the auspices of Professor Babington, and the results will no doubt appear
in his anxiously-expected " Monograph of the British Rubi."
Considering the close resemblance of the sub-species, and the impossibility of
representing theii- distinctive characters in plates of the size of those in " English

Botany," it has been thought that it would add needlessly to the expense of the work
to figure each of the forms mentioned in the text. The plates of the original work and
supplement are retained in the present edition, and two others added, which were
required in order that each of the sections into which they are divided by Professor
Babington might be represented.
My warmest thanks are due to the Eev. A. Bloxam (whose knowledge of this

difficult genus is second only to Professor Babington's) for the assistance he has kindly
rendered me, without which I could not have relied on the nomenclature of my speci-
mens. Mr. Bloxam has not only named my very numerous specimens of Brambles,
and sent me examples of most of those which were absent from my herbarium, but has
also supplied me with numerous notes upon the more obscure forms.

For Professor Babington's latest views on the genus I have trusted to the large
collection of Rubi of the late Mr. Borrer, in the Kew Herbarium, which have been
named by Professor Babington, When these appear to differ from the species of the
"Manual" (ed. v.), I have, however, still followed the latter as the latest 'published
authurity.
 ;

16tfc ENGLISH BOTANY.

and torn dresses to secure the ri])e black fruit so much prized by youthful appetites 1
We can -well remember with what joy we have set forth on a bright September day,
crooked stick in hand, and an em})ty basket slung over the arm, to return in the evening
with hands and face dyed with the purple juice, and enough fruit to furnish the larder
with tarts and pies for many a day. We can speak with certainty of the advantage of
a few slices of apple mixed with the Blackberries in tarts, and we have eaten a delicious

jam or " rob " made any other fruit. This

in Scotland of Blackberries, not inferior to
species of Bramble is more common than any other, and also attains a greater size.
The fruits are called in some parts of England " bumblekites," and in othera " scald-

berries," from the notion that they give children the " scald head ;" but, as they have
been eaten abundantly by young folks since the time of Pliny, we doubt the
imputation. In some parts of Fi-ance they are called mures sauvages (wild mul-
berries), and are used for colouring wine : and the red muscat of Toulon is so coloured.
In French Guiana, the fruit is gathered and given to pigs. The leaves are sometimes
used for feeding silkworms, as a substitute for mulbeny-l eaves. In the hot summer of
1858, a number of cocoons of the silkworm were found upon some Brambles in Kent, the
caterpillars having probably been hatched from some eggs accidentally scattered there.
The silk produced was of good quality. The caterpillars seemed to have fed on various
wild plants in the vicinity, as well as on the Bramble-leaves. Whether silkworms
could be successfully reared here in that manner in ordinary seasons is very doubtful ;

but it would be worth a trial. The strong stiff stems of the Bramble make the best
standards for kites, according to country boys, and the pliable ones are used for binding
down thatch, being pegged down to prevent the straw being blown away by the wind,
and also for the same purpose in beehives. In country churchyards we find them used
for binding down graves, in the manner of osier-twigs. The green branches yield a
black dye, which has been used to dye woollen and silk. According to Gerarde, a
decoction of the leaves with honey makes a good and astringent gargle. The other
species of Eubus yield edible fruits.

Group I.— SUBEEECTI. Bab.

Barren stems usually sub-erect, not rooting at the end,

glabrous or with distant hairs, destitute of gland-tipped setoe;
prickles nearly uniform. Sepals with a narrow white-felted border
externally.

Sub-Species I.— Rubus SUberectuS. Anders.

Plate CCCCXLIV.
Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 97.

Barren stem erect or sub-erect, not rooting at the apex,

angular with the angles obtuse at the top, smooth prickles ;

mostly confined to the angles of the stem, few, small, straight,

from a narrow compressed base. Leaves of the barren stem
quinate, ternate, or accidentally pinnate (from the central leaflet
being divided into 3); leaflets thin, flat, rather finely serrate;
terminal leaflet ovate, cordate at the base, acuminate at the apex
 CCCCXLIV.

t^m..p^} »,

K. B. 2572.

Rubus suberectus. Suberect Bramble.

 eosacetE. 105

basal leaflets sub-scssilc ; lateral leaflets of the flowering-shoot

narrowed towards the base. Plowers in a nearly simple raceme,
or a 2^anicle with corymbose branches; rachis and pedicels
sparingly pilose. Fruit dark red, with the sepals reflexed.
In boggy woods. Pteported as common in Scotland and the
West of England more rare in the South, and not recorded from
;

the eastern counties. This appears to be the only fruticose

bramble that reaches as far North as Orkney but as U. sub-;

erectus and R. fissus are not generally distinguished, much doubt

rests on the distribution inferred from the localities given for
H. suberectus.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.

Stems 2 to 8 feet high, at first erect, but trailing when weak,
in which case, when it flowers the second year it produces numerous
short fastigiate branches from the axils of the old leaves, as
remarked by Mr. Lees in " Phytologist " for 1853, p. 929. Leaves
rather flexible, green, rarely ternate except in the flowering-shoots.
Emit small, lurid red in all the fresh examples I have seen, but,
according to Mr. Lees, becoming at length " raven-black."

Suh-erect Bramhle.

Sub-Species II.—RubUS fissus. Lindley.

Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 97.

Barren stem erect or sub -erect, not rooting at the apex,

angular with the angles obtuse, smooth prickles not confined to
;

the angles of the stem, numerous, small, straight, from a large

oblong compressed base. Leaves of the barren stem quinate, or
accidentally pinnate (from the central leaflet being divided into 3),
"with coriaceous plicate leaflets" (Bab.), rather finely serrate;
terminal leaflet ovate, cordate at the base, acuminate at the apex ;
basal leaflet sessile ; lateral leaflets of the flowering-shoot narrowed
towards the base, " often gibbous at the base " (Bab.). Elowers in
a simple raceme, or a panicle with corymbose branches; rachis
and peduncles sparingly pilose. Eruit dark red, with the sepals
" erect-patent " (Bab.).
On boggy Apparently not uncommon ; for although
heaths.
in the " Manual " Professor Babington apparently restricts the
name B. fissus to the plants found at Almond Park and West
Eelton, Salop, and Londonderry, Ireland, yet in the Kew Herbarium
he applies that name to others from Argyleshire, Cumberland,
1G6 ENGLISH BOTANY.

"Westmoreland, Lancashire, Yorksliire, and Sussex. In a recent

letter he adds various localities, from Forfar to the East High-
lands.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.
This plant ought probably to be combined with K. suberectus,
as done by Mr. Lees. Mr. Bloxam makes this note on my
is
specimens of U. fissus —
" I cannot see much difference between
:

R. suberectus and fissus." Indeed, the larger and more numerous

prickles and usually thicker leaflets appear to be the only differences
between them.
Erom the specimens named H. fissus by Professor Babington,
in the Herbarium of the late Mr. Borrer at Kew, it is evident that
he has relinquished, as distinctive, the characters taken from the
consistence of the leaves and the direction of the fruit-calyx, as the
plant from North-east Yorkshire, collected by Mr. Mudd, and sent
by Mr. Baker, which agrees in these points with the normal state
of R. suberectus, he there names B. fissus.

Lesser sub-erect Bramble.

Sub-Species III.— RubuS plicatUS. Weihe & Nees.

Plate CCCCXLV.
Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 97.

Barren stem sub-erect, angular with the angles very obtuse,

smooth prickles confined to the angles of the stem, strong, hooked
;

or nearly straight from a large oblong base. Leaves of the barren

stem quinatc leaflets rather thin, plicate, sparingly pilose beneath,
;

finely and sharply irregularly dentate-serrate ; " terminal leaflet

cordate acuminate, basal leaflets usually sub-sessile; lateral leafletsof
the flowering shoot rhomboidal-ovate, dilated at the base" (Bab.).
Elowers in a raceme or panicle with rather short sub-corymbose
branches ; rachis and peduncles sparingly pilose. Eruit black when
ripe, with the sepals reflcxed.
In heathy places and in woods. Not very common, but widely
distributed from Hants, Sussex, and Devon to Aberdeen, according
to Professor Babington in " Cybcle Britannica," Vol. III. p. 339,
though the last locality may belong to B. fissus.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.
Prickles considerably larger, more liooked, and less uniform in
size than in B. suberectus and fissus. Eruit larger and becoming
quite* black.
Professor Babington in the Kew Herbarium has confined the
name 11. plicatus to plants which have the terminal leaflet ovate,
 CCCCXLV

S.B.S. 2714.

Rubus plicatus. Plaited-leaved Bi amble.

 HOSACE.E. 1G7

rounded or narrowed at the base, and rather long-stalked, the

lateral leaflets shortly stalked : the j^lants formerly named 11.
plicatus, which have cordate leaflets, he appears now to refer to
11. fissus.
Tlaited-leaved bramble.

Sub-Species IV.—RubUS affinis. Weihe & Nees.

Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 98.

Barren stem sub-erect, or arching but not rooting at the apex,

angular with the angles somewhat rounded, smooth; prickles
confined to the angles of the stem, very strong, hooked or declining
from a large compressed base. Leaves of the barren stem quinatc
with the leaflets sub-coriaceous, "wavy towards the end" (Bab.),
opaque above, pale green and softly and densely pubescent beneath,
finely, acutely, and irregularly dentate- serrate terminal leaflet oval,
;

acuminate, rounded at the base basal leaflets stalked

; lateral ;

leaflets of the flowering-shoot often narrowed towards the base.

Plowers in a compound panicle, with the lateral branches as-
cending, often elongated, corymbose rachis and peduncles pilose.
;

Pruit black when ripe, with the sepals spreading or reflexed.

On heaths and in open woods. Not uncommon and pretty
generally distributed, being found, according to Professor Babington
in "Cybele Britannica," Vol. 111., from Sussex to Perth and
Argyle.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.
This species forms the connecting link between the Suberecti
and the Bhamnifolii, between which it is intermediate in habit.
It is a larger and stronger plant than B. plicatus, and with the
leaves much more softly pubescent beneath. The fruit is con-
siderably larger, with the sepals at first reflexed, but afterwards
rising until they are spreading, or spreading-ascending.
Professor Babington considers B. lentiginosus of Lees (Phyt.
1853, p. 927), which has narrower more glabrous sharply cut
leaflets and smaller petals, as a form of the above.

Intermediate Bramble.

Group IL—BHAMNIEOLII. Bab.

Barren stems arching and rooting at the end, slightly pilose

with rather distant hairs, not felted nor glaucous, and destitute
of gland-tipped seta3 ;
prickles nearly uniform. Sepals felted, con-
colorous.
 ;

1G8 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Sub-Spectes v.— Rubus Lindleianus. Lp.e.s.

Bab. :Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 98.

R. nitidus, Bell Salt. Bah. olim, non W. k, N.

Barren stem arching or sub-erect, rooting at the apex, angular,

furrowed, hairy at the base, sub-glabrous towards the apex ; prickles
confined to the angles of the stem, strong, declining or hooked,
from a large much-compressed base. Leaves of the barren stem
quiuate; leaflets sub-coriaceous, shining above, greyish-green,
opaque and pubescent, and often whitish-felted beneath, finely and
unequally dentate-serrate ; terminal leaflet rhomboidal-oval or
rhomboidal-elliptical acuminate, wedge-shaped at the base ; basal
leaflets stalked, not overlapping the intermediate ones. Plowers
in an elongate compact compound panicle, with rather short
spreading corymbose branches ; rachis and peduncles densely
pubescent, very prickly.
In hedges and thickets. Not uncommon, occurring from Hants
to llenfrew. — (Bab. in Cyb. Brit.)
England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.
This plant has somewhat the habit of U. plicatus, but besides
having the barren stem more arching, the panicle has more
numerous, more spreading and shorter lateral branches, and the
leaflets are paler, often felted beneath. The flowers are smaller
than those of B. plicatus, the fruit about the same size, but smaller
than that of B. aflinis.
lAndley^s Bramble.

Sub Species VI.— RubuS rhamnifolms. Weihe k Necs.

Tlate CCCCXLVI.
Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 98.

II. cordifolius, W. & N.

Barren stem arching, angular, furrowed, smooth; prickles

confined to the angles of the stem, strong, declining or spreading,
from a large compressed base. Leaves of the barren stem quinate ;

leaflets coriaceous, flat, shining above, opaque, greyish-green and

pubescent or often whitish-felted beneath, very finely acutely and
irregularly dentate-serrate; terminal leaflet roundish or oval
rhomboidal, cordate or rounded at the base, shortly cuspidate
basal leaflets stalked, not overlapping the intermediate ones.
Flowers in an elongate compound panicle compact at the apex,
with rather short spreading-asccnding corymbose upper branches.
 CCCCXLVI

J^.B.S. 26(H.

Rubus rhamnifolius. Buckthorn-leaved Bmmble.

 llOSACEiE. 169

lower brandies frequently elongate and distant racliis slightly ;

pubescent, branches and pedicels densely so, sparingly prickly.

In woods and hedges. Common from Hants to Arran but as ;

in the 5tli edition of the Manual Professor Babington considers it

restricted to England, it is probable he thinks the Scotch localities,

given previously by him in " Cyb. Brit.," do not belong to this

form.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.

H. rhamnifolius bears considerable resemblance to R. Lind-

leianus, but has the stem smoother, generally reddish, with the
prickles shorter, more distant and not so suddenly contracted
above the base the leaflets are generally broader though very
;

variable in shape, more finely and evenly serrate the branches ;

of the panicle are less spreading, the lower ones usually remote
and elongated on large examples. The flowers and fruit are
larger.
Buchthorn-leaved Bramble.
German, Straussartige Bromheere.

Sub-Species VII.— Rubus incurvatus. Bab.

Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 98.

Barren stem arching-prostrate, angular, scarcely furrowed,

hairy ; prickles confined to the angles of the stem, rather strong,
spreading or declining, from a rather small base. Leaves of the
barren stem quinate ; leafl.ets coriaceous, with " incurved wavy
edges," shining above, with a few scattered hairs, opaque, and whitish-
green-felted beneath, very irregularly dentate-serrate ; terminal
leaflet broadly ovate or roundish, cordate, cuspidate or acumi-
nate ; basal leaflets stalked, slightly overlapping the intermediate
ones. Elowers in a rather short slender panicle, with very short
ascending corymbose branches ; rachis and pedicels densely pu-
bescent, sparingly prickly.
On heaths and in open woods. Rare,— in Sussex, Pembroke,
Carnarvon, and Westmoreland, and to these localities, in the fifth
edition of the Manual, Professor Babington adds Scotland a spe- ;

cimen from Dunoon, Argyleshire, being apparently referable to

R. incurvatus.
England, Scotland. Shrub. Summer.

I am
acquainted with this bramble only from dried specimens,
which I owe to the kindness of the Bev. W. W. Newbould. These
have the underside of the leaves more densely and velvety pubescent
VOL. III. z
170 ENGLISH BOTANY.

than in any of the preceding. The panicle is narrower and more

crowded; the leaflets irregularly toothed and as broad as in the
broadest forms of 11. rhamnifolius, from which it further differs,
according to descriptions, by having the edges of the leaves in-
curved.
Incurved-leaved Sramble.

Sub-Species VIII.— Rubus irabricatus. Jiort.

Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 89.

Barren stem arching-prostrate, angular; prickles confined to

the angles of the stem, small, declining, from along compressed base.
Leaves of the barren stem quinate leaflets coriaceous, "convex,"
;

opaque and nearly glabrous above, paler and with scattered hairs
beneath terminal leaflet broadly ovate or roundish, cordate,
;

cuspidate basal leaflets overlapping the intermediate, and the

;

intermediate the terminal one. Elowers in a slender lax panicle

with elongate racemose branches; rachis and pedicels slightly
pubescent and sparingly prickly.
In open places in woods by the banks of the AVye below Mon-
mouth, in the counties of Gloucester and Monmouth.
England. Shrub. Summer.
1 have seen this plant only in a dried state in Mr. Borrer's
herbarium at Kew.
Imbricated'leaved bramble.

Sub- Species IX.— Rubus latlfolius. Bah.

Bah. Man, Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 99.

" Barren stem arcuate-prostrate angular, furrowed prickles ;

small, slender, compressed, slightly declining from a very long

compressed base. Leaves quinate, leaflets thin, pilose on both
sides, coarsely and doubly dentate, not felted beneath terminal ;

leaflet cordate-acuminate ; basal leaflets sessile, imbricate ;

panicle
short, leafy, hairy, with ascending few-flowered corymbose branches,
its top and pedicels felted and hairy, its prickles slender, declining.''
— (Bab. Man.,
Open woods and
Lc.)
hedges. Cramond Bridge and Collinton near
J
Edinburgh, Ealls of Acliarn, Perthshire, and Monmouth.

England, Scotland. Shrub. Summer.

Of this I have seen no specimens.
Broad-leaved Bramble.
 CCCCXLVII.

X3

£.B, 715.

Rubus discolor. Common Bramble.

 llOSACEiE. 171

Giiour III.— VILLICAULES. Bab.

Barren stems arching and rooting at the end, generally pilose,

often felted, and having sub-sessile glands rarely with a few gland-
tipped seta3 ;
prickles confined to the angles of the stem, nearly
uniform, or with a few smaller ones between the rows.

Sub-Group I.— DISCOLOE.es. Bab.

Stem Avitli short copious pubescence ;

prickles strong, uniform.
Leaves when mature white beneath with felted pubescence.

Sub-Species X.— Rubus discolor. Weilie & Nees.

Plate CCCCXLYII.
Bah. Man. Brifc. Boi",. ed. v. p. 99.
R. fruticosus, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 715.

Stem arching, angular, furrowed, more or less thickly clothed

with short white scattered stellate pubescence ; prickles strong,
declining, from, a large slightly compressed base. Leaves of the
barren stem quinate leaflets coriaceous, often deflexed at the
;

margins, glabrous and slightly shining above, white beneath, with

very compact short close felt, irregularly or doubly serrate ter- ;

minal leaflet oblong-obovate, cuspidate basal leaflets stalked, not

;

overlapping, sometimes joined to the intermediate ones. Elowers

in a long narrow panicle with the lateral branches short, spreading
corymbose, the lower ones often elongate, ascending, and racemose
rachis and pedicels densely white-felted, and with strong hooked
prickles. Calyx entirely white-felted. Petals pink.
In hedges and thickets. Very common, and generally distributed
in England apparently rare in Scotland, except in the southern
;

counties.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.

A well-marked and handsome form readily distinguishable by

the leaflets being pure white underneath, and with the edges
generally deflexed, and by its large pink flowers.
This is one of the commonest, if not the commonest, bramble in
England, but I do not remember seeing it in Scotland except iu
Dumfriesshire and Kirkcudbright.
172 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Sub-Species XT.— Rubus thyrsoideus. Wimm.

Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. jx 100.

Barren stem arching-erect, angular, furrowed, sub-glabrous;

prickles rather strong, spreading or declining, from a large slightly
compressed base. Leaves of the barren stem quinate leaflets sub- ;

coriaceous, flat, glabrous above, grey-felted beneath* with longer

scattered hairs amongst the felt; sharply irregularly or doubly
serrate ;terminal leaflet rhomboidal-oval, acuminated. Flowers
in a long narrow panicle, with the lateral branches spreading,
corymbose, the lower ones but slightly elongated, ascending, and
corymbose ;rachis and peduncles felted, with numerous longer
hairs amongst the felt, and with strong hooked prickles. Sepals
with lons:er hairs amonojst the felt. Petals white.
felted
In hedges and thickets, sparingly but widely distributed
throughout England.
England.

This form resembles the last, but has the leaflets attenuated at
the apex, not pure white beneath, and with all the felted parts
interspersed with longer hairs. The flowers also are white instead
of pink.
Professor Babington considers B. macroanthus (Bloxam) as a
large-flowered form of B. thyrsoideus.

Thyrsus-flowered Bramble.

Sub-Group II.-SYLVATICI. Bab.

Barren stem with spreading woolly hairs, often dense, and fre-
quently deciduous. Prickles moderately strong, mostly uniform.
Leaves generally green, more rarely white-felted beneath.

Sub-Species XIT.— Rubus leucostachys. Sm.

Plate CCCCXLVIIL I
Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 100.

Barren stem prostrate-arching, angular, densely clothed with

woolly hairs; prickles numerous, spreading or slightly deflexed,
from a slightly dilated- much-compressed base. Leaves of the
barren stem quinate; leaflets subcoriaceous, flat, glabrous and
slightly shining above, and greyish-felted beneath, with longer hairs
interspersed, stifily-hairy on the veins, finely and irregularly den-
 CCCCXLVIII.

E.B.if. 2631.

Rubus leucostachys. Loug-clustered Bramble.

 OCCCXLIX.

I
-.
/'

M.B.S. 2664.

Rubua Grabowskii. Grabowski's Bramble.

 kosacetE. 173

tate-serrate ; terminal leaflet roundish or broadly obovate-cuspidate.

Plowers an elongate panicle with very short few-flowered
in
spreading lateral branches rachis and pedicels felted and densely
;

stiflly-hairy, having long slender spreading or slightly declining

prickles and a few aciculi and gland-tipped setse. Sepals felted
and stiffly-hairy.
CL.

Prickles uniform, confined to the angles of the stem. Terminal

leaflet rounded or slightly narrowed towards the base.

^, R. vestitiis. Weihe.

Prickles unequal, scattered; leaflets roundish, cordate.

In hedges and thickets. Not uncommon, and generally distri-

buted in England.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.

I A
well-marked form, easily known from the two preceding by
its densely hairy stem and much broader leaflets, and by having
the felt intermixed Avith numerous stiff hairs, which are especially
abundant on the veins of the leaves beneath and on the branches
of the panicle.
Long -clustered l^ramhle,

Sub-Species XIII.— Rubus Grabowskii. Weihe.

Plate CCCCXLIX.

Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 100.

B. cai-pinifolius, Borrer in E. B. S. No. 2664.

Barren stem arching, angular, sub-glabrous prickles numerous, ;

rather strong, deflexed, from a large slightly comj)ressed base.

Leaves of the barren stem quinate leaflets sub-coriaceous, plicate,
;

glabrous and opaque above, grey-felted beneath, with longer

hairs interspersed, pilose on the veins, finely and irregularly denti-
culate terminal leaflet roundish or transversely ovate, cordate at
;

the base, abruptly cuspidate. Elowers in an elongate leafy

panicle, with short ascending branches, the upper ones corymbose,
the lower sub-racemose; rachiswith scattered hairs, pedicels
densely felted and pilose, having very numerous long, slender,
slightly-declining prickles. Sepals felted and pilose.
In hedges and thickets. Eare. At Cadeby, Leicestershire. The
 — ;

174 ENGLISH BOTANY.

plant figured in English Botany is stated by Mr. Borrer to be from

Ilenfield, Sussex.
England. Shrub. Summer.
Kemarkable from very broad, shortly cuspidate, plicate
its
below, and from the very numerous prickles
leaflets S2)aringly felted
on the rachis, petioles, partial petioles and midribs of the leaves.
Of this plant I have only seen dried specimens.

Gi^abowskl's bramble.

Sub-Species XIV. Rubus Colemanni. niox.

Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 101.

R. fusco-ater ft
Colemanni, Bab. olim.

Barren stem arching, angular, sub-glabrous prickles numerous, ;

rather strong, slightly deflexed, from a large much-compressed

base. Leaves of the barren stem quinate; leaflets rather thin,
convex, sub-glabrous and opaque above, green beneath, with
scattered hairs most abundant on the veins finely and irregularly ;

dentate; terminal leaflet roundish, cordate at the base, shortly

acuminate. Elowers
an elongate leafy panicle with short
in
ascending branches, the upper ones corymbose, the lower ones
sometimes sub-racemose; rachis and peduncles w^ith short hairs,
gland-tipped setae, and numerous very unequal slender straight
slightly- deflexed prickles.
Hedges near Coventry, Warwickshire ; and Packington, Leices-
tershire.
England. Shrub. Summer.
Of this plant I have seen only dried specimens. Its position
appears to be doubtful, but Professor Babington considers it to be
most allied to Pi/. Grabowskii.

Colemait's JBramhle.

Sub-Species XV.— Rubus Salter!. Bab.

Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 101.

Barren stem arching-prostrate, slightly angular, sub-glabrous

prickles numerous, slender, spreading, or slightly deflexed, from a
comparatively small compressed base. Leaves of the barren stem
quinate leaflets thin, glabrous and green on both sides, with a
;

few scattered hairs on the veins and marsjins both above and
beneath, acutely doubly dentate-serrate terminal leaflet oval, ;
 ROSACEiE. 175

sub-cordate at the base, abruptly acuminate or cuspidate. Plowers

in a long lax panicle, leafy below, with rather short spreading
corymbose branches, or the lower ones longer, ascending and sub-
racemose racliis and pedicels pilose, sometimes with a few short
;

gland-tipped setae, with numerous strong, straight, and hooked

prickles. Calyx felted and pilose.

a, R. Salteri, Bab. olim.

Leaflets lobed or doubly serrate. Kachis of cylindrical panicle

nearly straight ; branches corymbose, patent, a few sunken setse on
the panicle and calyx. Sepals erect-patent. Petals white.

0, R. calvatus. Blox. (in PI. Leicester, p. 42).

and doubly dentate-serrate. Panicle lax, with

Leaflets coarsely
the rachis flexuous, upper branches corymbose, spreading, lower
ones ascending and sub-racemose; numerous short gland-tipped
setae on the rachis and branches. Sepals slightly reflexed. Petals
pink "or deep rose-colour " (Bab.).
Open woods, hedges, and on heaths. Bare, a in Apse-Castle
Wood, near Shanklin, Isle of Wight; 3 in Shropshire, Leicestershire,
and Surrey.
England, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.

The form a I have never seen, but Professor Babington considers

itand R. calvatus as the extremes of one species, while the Rev.
A. Bloxam says " R. calvatus is very distinct from R. Salteri
:

as a species." However this discrepancy may be explained, as

Mr. Bloxam has kindly sent me a specimen, on the ticket of which
is written " Sent to me as R. Salteri, and much resembling a
:

specimen so named by Dr. Bell Salter." I should have had no

hesitation in referring this specimen to R. Balfourianus, and
Dr. Bell Salter confounded the two. (Bot. Gazette, Vol. II. —
pp. 119, 120.)
Salterns Bramhle.

Sub-Species XVI.— RubUS carpinifoliUS. Wdha & Nees.

Bab. Man, Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 101.

Barren stem erect-arching angular, sub-glabrous; prickles

numerous, slender, declining, from a long compressed base. Leaves
of the barren stem quinate leaflets thin, sparingly pilose above,
;

paler and densely pilose on the veins beneath, finely and evenly
176 ENGLISH BOTANY.

acutely serrate ; terminal leaflet obovate-oval or oval, rounded or

sub-cordate towards the base, shortly acuminate at the apex.
Plowers in a narrow panicle, with short erect-spreading corymbose
branches throughout raehis and pedicels densely pilose, with
;

straight declining unequal prickles, and a few setse about as long

as the hairs. Calyx felted and pilose, loosely reflexed in fruit.
In open places in hilly districts. Apparently rare.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.

A doubtful plant, about which Professor Babington and the
Rev. A. Bloxam do not agree I have described specimens named
:

by the former.
ILornheam-leaved Brmnble.

Sub-Species XVII.— RubUS viUicaulLs. Weihe k Kees.

Jiab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 101.

R. villicaulis & pampinosua, Bab. olim.

Barren stem arching, angular, sparingly pilose with spreading

hairs prickles numerous, strong, short, nearly spreading, from a
;

slightly dilated much compressed base. Leaves of the barren stem

quinate ; leaflets thin, sub-glabrous above, pale green, softly
pubescent, and densely setose-hairy on the veins beneath, doubly
serrate ; terminal leaflet obovate or roundish-obovate, rounded or
sub-cordate at the base, abruptly acuminated. Flowers in a long
lax panicle with spreading ascending corymbose branches ; raehis
and peduncles felted and stifiiy-hairy, with numerous slender de-
clining prickles. Sepals felted, stiffly-hairy, loosely reflexed in
front.
In woods and hedges. Apparently widely distributed through-
out England, and also given as Scotch and Irish by Professor
Babington.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.
I am but imperfectly acquainted with this species, knowing it
only from dried specimens, having probably confounded it when in
the fields with some of the forms of II. macrophyllus. Professor
Babington considers B. vulgaris (Lindley) a form of this with more
aciculi and strong deciduous-headed setae on the stem.

Filose-stemmed Bramble.
 CCCCL.

E.B.S. 2625.

Kubus macrophyllua. Large-leaved Bramble.

 ROSACEiE. 177

Subspecies XVIII.— Rubus macrophyllus. Weifie.

Tlate CCCCL.
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 102.

Barren stem arcliing-prostratc, angular, sparingly pilose with

spreading hairs, prickles numerous, slender, short, deflexed, from a
dilated slightly compressed base. Leaves of the barren stem qui-
nate or ternate ; leaflets thin, sub-glabrous or pilose above, green,
felted beneath or densely hairy only on the veins ; terminal leaflet
oval, obovate, sub-rhomboidal or roundish, rounded, sub-cordate or
narrowed at the base, shortly acuminate or cuspidate at the apex,
doubly or irregularly and often bluntly serrate. Plowers in a
slender panicle, with the upper branches short, spreading or corym-
bose, the lower ones sometimes longer and sub-racemose ; rachis
and peduncles more or less densely pilose, with a few gland-
tipped setaj and numerous slender, straight, declining prickles.
Sepals felted, stifily-hairy, loosely reflexed.

" a, It. umhrosus. Arrhenius.

" Prickles slender from a large base. Leaves quinate ; leaflets
doubly and 'patently dentate, velvety or slightly felted beneath
terminal leaflet broadly obovate cuspidate ;
panicle with slender
prickles. Tip of sepals linear. Corolla rose-coloured. R. car-
pinifolius (Blox.). Terminal leaflet sometimes divided into three.

" 3, M. macrophyllus. Weihe & Nees.

" Prickles small, short, from a very large base. Leaves quinate
or ternate leaflets irregularly dentate- serrate, hairy only on the
;

veins, and rarely felted beneath terminal leaflet elliptical or

;

broadly obovate ;
panicle with slender prickles. Sepals leaf-pointed.
Corolla white. (R. G. 12.) Leaflets often very large. Stem often
with a few aciculi and setae. A very variable plant.

" 7, R. Schlechtendalii. Weihe & Nees.

'*
Leaves usually
Prickles short, small, from a very large base.
quinate leaflets doubly and patently dentate, usually hairy only
;

on the veins, not felted beneath terminal leaflet long, obovate,

;

acuminate, wedge-shaped or sub-cordate at the base panicle with ;

strong prickles. Sepals with a linear point. Corolla white.

(R. G. 11.) Hardly distinguishable from var. 16.
VOL. III. 2 A
 ;

178 EXGLISn BOTANY.

" 6, Ii. amplificatns. Lccs.

"Prickles short, from n very large base. Leaves usually quinate ;

leaflets somewhat doubly patently dentate, hairy only on the veins

heneathi not felted ; terminal leaflet broadly obovatc, acuminate.
Panicle very large, its prickles strong, compressed from a very
large base. Sepals usually leaf-pointed. Corolla white or pinkish.
Pemarkable for the very strong prickles with exceedingly long
compressed bases on the panicle.

" e, glahratus. Bab.

*'
Prickles short from a very large base. Leaves quinate ; leaflets
irregularly or rather doubly dentate, slightly hairy on the veins
heneathy terminal leaflet roundly cordate or broadly obovate, sub-
cordate ; panicle with slender prickles. Sepals (apparently) leaf-
pointed. Leaves nearly glabrous beneath ; terminal leaflets very
round." — (Bab. Man. I. c.)

"Woods and copses. Common, and generally distributed.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.

A very variable plant, but yet I cannot think that all the
forms referred to it by Professor Babington are mere varieties.
I judge of these from the specimens named by him in the Kew
Herbarium, many of w^hich I am unable to refer to any of the
varieties given in the Manual, especially one with the leaflets
white beneath, wdiich I suppose he would include under var. a.
Between vars. and y I see little if any difference, judging from
the specimens so named. 3 aj)pears to be one of the commonest
forms ; e I have never seen at all.
Large-leaved Bramble.

Sub-Group III.— SPECTABILES. Bab.

Barren stem with the pubescence usually dense and often
deciduous also generally with a few gland-tipped setae and aciculi
;

prickles rather unequal. Leaves green beneath, not felted.

Sub-Species XIX.— Rubus mucronulatUS. Boreati.

Plate CCCCLI.
Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 103.
R. iniicronatus, Blox. iu FJ. Leicester, p. 43 j and Bah. olini (uou Scringe).

Barren stem arching, bluntly angular or nearly round, with

 CCCCLI.

Rubus mucronulatus. Cuspidate-leaved Bramble

I
 nosACE^. 179

spreading pubescence. Prickles very few, weak, straiglit, declining,

from a small oblong Loaves of the barren stem quinate, or
base.
more rarely ternate ; green on both sides,
leaflets rather thick,
with a few scattered hairs above, rather densely hairy on the veins
beneath, finely irregularly and sharply serrate ; terminal leaflet
roundish or roundish-obovate cordate at the base, and abruptly cus-
pidate. Panicle small, narrow, Avith ascending branches, the upper
ones often simple and 1-flowered, the lower ones corymbosely 2- or
rarely 3-flowered; racliis felted and setose, with numerous long
gland-tipped setae and a few small declining straight slender
prickles.
In woods, thickets, and hedges. Apparently rather rare. It is
known to occur in Shropshire, Warwickshire, Leicestershire, York-
shire, and Argyleshire.
England, Scotland. Shrub. Summer.
A well-defined form, recognizable by its abruptly cuspidate
leaflets, and nearly simple panicle Avith numerous gland-tipped
seta?. Petals pale pink. Eruit-calyx reflexed.

Cuspidate-leaved Bramble.

Sub-Species XX.— RubuS Sprengelii. Weihe.

Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 103.

Barren stem prostrate, rounded, with remote sprcadijig pubes-

cence prickles numerous, unequal, rather small, straight or slightly
;

hooked, from a rather large much compressed base. Leaves quinate

or ternate; leaflets thin, green on both sides, sub-glabrous above,
[Sparingly hairy on the veins beneath, rather finely unequally or
doubly serrate terminal leaflet oval or obovatc-oval, acuminate,
;

[rounded or sub-cordate at the base, scarcely cuspidate. Plowers

[in a lax panicle with short spreading-ascending corymbose branches ;•
[rachis and peduncles densely hairy, with a few short gland-tipped
jseta) and slender slightly hooked compressed spines.

a, U. Borreri. Bell Salt.

Barren stem arching-prostrate, rather stout, with a few

[scattered seta3 and aciculi. Leaves mostly quinate. Panicle many-
I
flowered.
/3, U. Sprengelii. AYeihe.

Barren stem prostrate, slender with scarcely any seta) or aciculi.

[Leaves usually ternate. Panicle few-flowered, lax.

180 ENGLISH BOTANY.

7, It. ruhicolor. Blox. MS.

Barren stem very stout, prickles numerous, nearly
arcliing,
destitute of gland-tipped setae and aciculi. Leaves quinate ; ter-
minal leaflet oblong obovate-cuspidate. Panicle lax, many-
ilowercd ; racbis more densely setose, witb numerous strong prickles

and a few aciculi and gland-tipped seta3.

On lieaths and in woods. Not uncommon in tbe West of Eng-
land, from tbe Isle of Wigbt to Westmoreland. 7 near Man-
setter, Warwicksbire (Rev. A. Bloxam), from wbicb place he bas
kindly furnisbed me witb an example.

England. Sbrub. Summer.

A well-marked plant. 3 ratber a weak state tban a variety.
7, wbicb Mr. Bloxam considers distinct, a mucli larger, redder, and
more bairy plant tban a and 3, witb tbe panicle longer and more
slender and interrupted, and tbe racbis more densely bairy, witb
more numerous spines and gland-tipped bairs ; sepals narrower
and more decidedly reflexed.
SprengeVs Bramble.

Sub-Group IV.— EADUL^.

Stem pubescent, witb deciduous gland-tipped setae and aciculi,
wbicb are situated on small points tbe latter remain and render
;

tbe stem rough after tbe setae have disappeared; pricldes nearly
equal.

Sub-Species XXI.— Rubus Bloxamil. Lees.

Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 103.

Barren stem arcbing-prostrate, bluntly angular, witb scattered

woolly bairs ; prickles small, straight, somewhat spreading, from a
slightly dilated base ; aciculi and gland- tipped setae short, numerous.
Leaves of tbe barren stem quinate or ternate leaflets thin, sparingly
;

hairy above, densely so on tbe veins bencatb, coarsely doubly

dentate-serrate; terminal leaflet roundish-obovate, sub-cordate at
tbe base, abruptly cuspidate. Elowers in a long leafy panicle,
corymbose at the top ; branches elongated, erect, or patent, panicu-
late ; racbis shortly and densely bairy, and witb numerous slender
declining or hooked prickles and aciculi, and very numerous gland-
tipped setae.
 ROSACE.E. 181

In woods. E^atlicr rare ;

principally in the south and west mid-
land counties.
England. Shrub. Summer.
A large coarse plant with a very compound panicle, sometimes
2 or 3 feet long, and leafy nearly to the summit. Stem with very
numerous stout rather short prickles.

BloxarrCs Bramble.

Sub-Species XXII.—Rubus HystriX. Weilia.

Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 103.

Stem arching-prostrate, bluntly angular, stiffly-hairy ; prickles

very numerous, unequal, small, straight, somewhat spreading, from
a rather small much compressed base ; aciculi and gland-tipped
setoD numerous. Leaves quinate or ternate ; leaflets sub-coriaceous,
green on both sides, sparingly hairy above, densely so beneath,
especially on the veins, sharply and irregularly or doubly serrate
or dentate-serrate ; terminal leaflet broadly oval or obovate-oval,
rounded at the base, acuminate-cuspidate. Elowers in a long leafy
panicle with the branches short, spreading or the lower ones ascend-
ing,corymbose rachis densely pubescent and stiffly-hairy, with very
;

numerous unequal gland-tipped seta) and aciculi, and numerous

unequal slender subulate somewhat spreading or declining prickles.
Sepals lanceolate-acuminate, " loosely adpressed to the fruit."
(Bab.)
In hedges and thickets. Not uncommon in England.

England, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.

Sedgehog Bramble.

Sub-Species XXIIL— RubuS rosaceus. Weihe.

Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 104.

Barren stem arching-prostrate, angular, hairy; prickles very

unequal, rather small, straight, slightly declining, from a rather long
compressed base ; aciculi and gland-tipped setae numerous. Leaves
quinate or ternate leaflets rather thin, green on both sides, spar-
;

ingly pilose above, densely so on the veins beneath, unequally and

sharply serrate ; terminal leaflet oval or oval-obovate, sub-cordate
Elowers in a leafy sub-pyramidal
at the base, acuminate-cuspidate.
truncate panicle, with the upper branches spreading, simple or
corymbose, the lower ascending and sometimes racemose rachis ;
182 ENGLISH BOTANY.

and pedicels stillly-liairy with very numerous gland-tipped seta?,

aeiculi, and numerous slender subulate declining or spreading
prickles. Sepals lanceolate-acuminate, loosely applied to the fruit.
In woods and hedges. Apparently rare.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.

A
doubtful plant. Professor Babington thinks it is perhaps
not distinct from li. Ilystrix, differing chielly in its abrupt pyra-
midal panicle, and more unequal prickles, the smaller ones scarcely
exceeding the aeiculi in length. The llev. A. Bloxam also con-
siders it as very closely allied to II. Ilystrix.

Bose-Jlowered Bmmhle,

Sub-Species XXIV.—BubuS pygmaeus. Weike.

Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. eel. v. p. 104.

R. hirtus /3 Menkii, Bab. olim.

Barren stems arching-prostrate, roundish, hairy prickles very ;

numerous, slender, declining, from a slightly dilated base ; aeiculi

and gland-tipped setai very numerous and unequal. Leaves of the
barren stem quinate ; leaflets green on both sides, paler below,
sparingly hairy below, more densely so on the veins beneath,
coarsely and unequally doubly serrate terminal leaflet oval,
;

rounded or sub-cordate at the base, acuminate. Elowers in a long

narrow leafy panicle, with short sj^reading corymbose branches;
rachis and pedicels with very numerous hairs, gland-tipped
seta), aeiculi and slender declining prickles. Sepals ovate-acu-
minate, with aeiculi and long rather-stiff hairs, loosely reflexed
from the fruit.
In hedges and borders of woods. Bare. At Eridge, near Tun-
bridge Wells, and near Pinner, Middlesex.

England. Shrub. Summer.

Of this plant I have only seen the specimens from Tunbridge
Wells, in the collection of the late Mr. 13orrer, at Kew.

Dwarf Bramble,

Sub-Species XXV.— Rubus SCaber. IFeiVie.

Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 104.

11. Babingtouii, Hell Salt.

Barren stem arching-prostrate, bluntly angular, furrowed, spar-

ingly hairy prickles numerous, nearly equal, short, strong, hooked,
;
 hosace/t:. 183

from a loni^ oomprossod base; sctsiR and acioiiH few and short.
Leaves of tlic ])arren stem ternatc or quinate leaflets thin, green;

on both sides, sparingly pilose above and on the veins beneath,

doubly dentate- serrate terminal leaflet oval, sub-cordate, acu-
;

minate. Flowers in a large pyramidal blunt-topped panicle with

corymbose branches, the upper spreading, the lower ascending
rachis and pedicels densely stiffly-hairy, with very numerous gland-
tipped seta3, aciculi, and a few unequal subulate declining prickles
from long bases. Sepals lanceolate-acuminate, reflexed from the fruit.
In open woods. Apparently rare, but occurring from Ilants
aad Somerset to Carnarvon and Leicester.
England. Shrub. Summer.
A large state of this plant is the R. Babingtonii, Bell Salter.

Rough Brcmihle.

Sub- Species XXVI.— Rubus rudis. Weilie.

Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 10-5.

Barren, stem arching, angular, sparingly pilose ; nume-

prickles
rous, nearly equal, strong, straight or slightly hooked, somewhat
spreading or slightly declining from a rather small compressed
base ; aciculi and sette rather few and short. Leaves of the barren
stem quinate ; green and roughened wdth
leaflets sub-coriaceous,
small points above, greenish-white-felted beneath with longer
hairs amongst the felt on the veins, doubly and irregularly den-
tate-serrate or slightly lobed-serrate ; terminal leaflet roundish-oval,
rounded or sub-cordate at the base, longly
oval, or rhomboidal-oval,
acuminate or acuminate-cuspidate. Elowers in a long leafy panicle,
with the upper branches spreading and corymbose, the lower ones
ascending and sub-racemose; rachis and pedicels felted, stiffly-
hairy, wdth rather numerous unequal gland-tipped sette, and
unequal declining or deflexed prickles from long bases. Sepals
ovate-cuspidate.
In hedges and thickets. Common, and generally distributed.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.

A variable form, with the leaflets often much cut, the felt
beneath varying from green to nearly white. The Eicv. A. Bloxam
fmds a curious small-leaved variety, mlerophyllas^ with the terminal
leaflet rhomboid-ovate, cuspidate, finely and acutely doubly serrate.

Coarse Bramble.
 ;

181 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Subspecies XXVIT.— Rubus Radula. Weihe.

Plate CCCCLII.

J!ah. :^^an. Brit. Bot. cd. v. p. 105.

Barren stem arching-angular, sparingly hairy prickles unequal,

;

rather slender, declining, from a rather short compressed base

aciculi and gland-tipped setcc rather numerous, short, unequal.
Leaves of the barren stem quinate; leaflets rather thin, green
above, sparingly pilose greenish-white-fclted beneath, with a few
longer hairs on the veins, finely and doubly dentate; terminal
leaflet oval, obovate-oval, or oblong-obovate, rounded or sub-cor-
date at the base, abruptly acuminate or cuspidate. Flowers in a
long narrow leafy panicle with short spreading corymbose branches;
racliis and pedicels felted, stiffly-hairy, with numerous short unequal
gland-tipped seta), aciculi, and spreading or declining subulate
prickles from long bases. Sepals ovate cuspidate, loosely reflexed
from the fruit.
a, it. Radula. Weihe.
Prickles on the barren stem unequal, terminal leaflet oval or
obovate, doubly dentate-serrate, acuminate.

/3, Leightonii. Lees.

Prickles on the barren stem nearly equal. Terminal leaflet

oval or obovate, cuspidate, sharply and doubly dentate-serrate.

y, denticulatus. R. apiculatus. "Weihe ?

Prickles on the barren stem unequal, with a few aciculi and

gland-tipped setoe, and occasionally a few scattered hairs. Terminal
leaflet broadly oval-oblong, cordate, abruptly cuspidate, finely and
irregularly denticulate ; rachis and pedicels densely felted, sparingly
bristly-hairy, with numerous gland-tipped setai and aciculi passing
gradually into prickles.
In hedges and woods, a and ^ common, y rare near Sheffield, ;

whence I am favoured with specimens by the llev. W. W. New-

bould, and where it has also been found by Mr. Bloxam.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.

A
large coarse plant varying in the colour of the felt on the
underside of the leaves from white to green, according to the
degree of exposure to the sun. The plant placed as 7, denticulatus,
Mr. Bloxam considers the B. apiculatus of continental botanists.
 CCCCLIJ

Rubus Radula. File-stemmed Bramble,

 OCCCLIII.

E.B.S. 2605.

Rubus Kijhlerl Kohler's Bramble.

 ROSACEiE. 185

The vestiture of the stem and panicle is so different from that of

ordinary R. Hadula, that it cannot well be retained in its present
position, irrespective of the peculiar shape of the leaflets, which
have also shorter felt beneath intermixed with scarcely any longer
hairs. Professor Babington, who has seen only an imperfect spe-
cimen, thinks that it seems to belong to the Kohleriana) close to
E,. diversifolius adding that U. Eadula approaches the Kohlerianse,
;

and that probably this form is the connecting link.

File-stemmed Bramble.

Group IY.— GLANDULOSI. Bab.

Barren stem arcbing-prostrate or prostrate, rooting at the end,
hairy prickles numerous, usually not confined to the angles of the
;

stem, very unequal, passing gradually into aciculi and gland-tij)ped

setae, which are very numerous.

Sub-Group I.— KCEHLERIANI. Bab.

Leaves mostly quinate ;
prickles very numerous, scattered.

Sub-Species XXVIIL— RubuS KoMeri. Weihe.

Plate CCCCLIII.
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 105.

Barren stem arcbing-prostrate, roundish or bluntly angular,

pilose prickles very unequal, strong, spreading or slightly deflexed,
;

I
from an elongate compressed base aciculi and gland-tipped setae
;

numerous and very unequal. Leaves of the barren stem quinate ;

[leaflets rather thin, smooth above, paler and hairy only on the veins

I
or more rarely felted beneath, finely acutely and irregularly dentate-
serrate; terminal leaflet oval, sub-cordate or rounded at the base,
acuminate; basal leaflets stalked, not imbricated. Plowers in a
long narrow leafy often interrupted panicle with very short ascend-
i
ing-spreading corymbose branches; rachis and pedicels sparingly
stiffly-hairy with numerous gland-tipped setae, aciculi, and very un-
I

equal subulate slightly deflexed prickles. Sepals ovate-acuminate,

I

I
reflexed in fruit.
a, R. Kohleri. Weihe.

Barren stem with very numerous prickles, aciculi, and gland-

[tipped setae. Leaflets rough, hairy only on the veins beneath;

I
panicle lax, truncate, with the terminal peduncles shorter than the
[lateral ones.
VOL. III. 2 B
 ;

186 ENGLISH BOTANY.

3, infestiis. Bab.

Barren stem with very numerous prickles, aciculi, and gland-

tipped seta3. Leaflets soft, hairy only on the veins beneath panicle ;

broad, compact, the terminal peduncles shorter than the lateral

ones.
y, H. pallidas. Weihe.
Barren stem with rather few prickles, aciculi, and gland-
tipped setae. Leaflets soft, greyish, felted beneath, as well as hairy
on the veins panicle narrow, rounded at the top, with the ter-
;

minal peduncles frequently as long as or longer than the lateral

ones.

In hedges and thickets. Common, and generally distributed.

The form R. pallidus apparently the most abundant.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.

A very prickly plant. Var. y has a different aspect, from the
fewer prickles and leaflets felted beneath.

Kohlers Bramble.

Sub-Species XXIX.— RubUS fuSCO-ater. Weilie.

Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. lOG.

Barren stem arching-prostrate, angular, hairy prickles unequal, ;

slightly deflexed,from a very large compressed base aciculi and ;

gland-tipped seta3 numerous, unequal. Leaflets irregularly or

doubly dentate-serrate, even above, green and hairy beneath
terminal leaflet roundish ovate, sub-cordate, acuminate or acumi-
nate-cuspidate ; basal leaflets stalked, imbricated so as to overlap
the intermediate ones. Mowers in a long leafy sub-pyramidal
panicle, with short ascending-spreading corymbose branches, or
with the lower ones longer and sub-racemose rachis and pedicels ;

bristly-hairy, with numerous unequal gland-tipped setre, aciculi,

and slightly declining prickles. Sepals ovate-acuminate, spreading
or adpressed to the fruit.
On heaths. Bare.
England. Shrub. Summer.
The only specimens I have seen are from Kidderminster, in
Mr. Borrer's herbarium at Kew.

Broicnlsh-hlack Bramble.
 ROSACEiE. 187

Sub-Species XXX.— RubuS diversifoliUS. Llndky.

Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. lOG.

R. fusco-ater, Bah. olira.

Barren stems arcliing-prostrate, angular, very sparingly hairy ;

prickles numerous, unequal, spreading or slightly deflexed, from an

elongate much compressed hase ; aciculi and gland-tipped seta)
numerous and unequal. Leaves of the harren stem quinate;
leaflets sub-coriaceous, rugose above, paler and frequently felted
beneath with short setose hairs on the veins, unequally or doubly
dentate-serrate; terminal leaflet broadly oval or oval-obovate,
subcordate, acuminate basal leaflets sub-sessile, imbricated, over-
;

lapping the intermediate ones.

In hedges. Not uncommon, and pretty generally distributed
in England.
England. Shrub. Summer.
Judging from the two specimens in Mr. Borrcr's herbarium,
which Professor Babington now considers as B. fusco-ater, there
appears to me little difference between this and the preceding, but
I have no other acquaintance with the plant.

Various-leaved Bramble.

Sub-Species XXXI.— RubuS Lejeunil. Weihe k Nees.

Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p, 106.

Barren stem arching - prostrate, bluntly angular, rather

sparingly hairy prickles few, unequal, mostly small, declining,
;

from an elongate compressed base aciculi very short, gland-tipped

;

setae rather few, unequal. Leaves pedate-quinate leaflets thin, ;

opaque and sparingly pilose above, paler and abundantly hairy on

the veins beneath, unequally or doubly dentate-serrate terminal ;

leaflet oval, subcordate-acuminate or acuminate-cuspidate ; basal

leaflets stalked, not imbricated. Elowers in a broad lax leafy
panicle, with the upper branches rather short, corymbose, spreading
at right angles to the rachis, the lower ones ascending-spreading;
rachisand pedicels felted with numerous short gland-tipped setae,
a few aciculi and small slightly declining prickles. Sepals ovate-
lanceolate, reflexed.
In hedges. Bare. Occurring from Sussex to York.

England. Shrub. Summer.

188 ENGLISH BOTANY.

This appears to have little affinity with the other Kohleriani,

though the armature of the stem agrees best with them.

Lejeiine's Bramble.

Sub-Group II.— BELLAKDIANI. Bah.

Leaves mostly ternate, prickles chiefly confined to the angles of
the stem, which has very numerous aciculi and gland-tipped setae.

Sub Species XXXII.— Rubus pyramidalis. Bah.

Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 107.

Barren stem almost prostrate, roundish, sparingly hairy ;

prickles numerous, short, strong, deflexed, from a rather elongate
compressed base ; aciculi and gland-tipped setae rather numerous,
siiort, and nearly equal. Leaves of the barren stem mostly ternate
or more rarely pedate-quinate ; "leaflets convex" (Bab.), coria-
ceous, opaque, sub-glabrous above, sparingly pilose on the veins
beneath, finely and irregularly denticulate- serrate ; terminal leaflet
oval-obovate, truncate or sub-cordate at the base, cuspidate.
Plowers in a pyramidal panicle, leafless and racemose above, with
the branches short, spreading-ascending and simple, the lower
ones elongate racemose rachis straight, rigid, and as well as the
;

pedicels densely and stiffly-hairy, with very numerous

felted
unequal gland-tipped setae and aciculi, and a few slender declining
unequal prickles. Sepals broadly lanceolate, cuspidate, loosely
adpressed to the fruit.
Onthe borders of woods. Rare. In the counties of Somerset,
Worcester, Monmouth, and Carnarvon.

England. Shrub. Summer.

The only specimens of this form which I have seen are those
sent me by the Bev. W. W. Newbould from Llanberis. They
appear to be quite unlike any others of the section, from the stiff
rachis of the pyramidal panicle.

Byramidal-flowered Bramble.

Sub-Species XXXIII.— Rubus Guntherl. Weihe.

Bab. Man. Brit, Bot. ed. v. p. 107.

Barren stem arching-prostrate, round, sparingly hairy ; prickles

rather few, very unequal, slender, hooked or declining, from a
rather long, scarcely compressed base; aciculi and gland-tipped
 ROSACEA. 189

setae rather numerous, unequal. Leaves mostly ternate, more

rarely quinate-p.edate ; leaflets sub-coriaceous, flat, opaque, and

sparingly pilose above, paler and more hairy or slightly felted

beneath, finely and irregularly dentate-serrate ; terminal leaflet
oval-obovate or subrhomboidal-obovate, truncate or sub-cordate at
the base, acuminate-cuspidate. Flowers in a long narrow sub-
racemose panicle, with the branches short spreading-ascending,
simple or sub-corymbose; rachis flexuous and with the pedicels
finely felted, with the felt intermixed with longer hairs, and with
short unequal gland-tipped setae, a few aciculi and slender declining
prickles. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, reflexed in fruit.
In shady woods. Kare. Reported from Cornwall, Herts,
Worcester, Warwick, Monmouth, and Essex.

England. Shrub. Summer.

A form well marked by the few j)i'ickles, the flexuous rachis of
its narrow panicle and the narrow petals.

Giinther^s Bramble.

Sub-Species XXXIV.— Rubus humifusus. Welli^.

Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 107.

R. birtus, var. a, Bab. olim.

Barren stem arching-prostrate, round, stiffly-hairy ; prickles

numerous, very unequal, slender, spreading or slightly deflexed,
from a rather long much compressed base aciculi and gland-tipped
;

setae numerous and unequal. Leaves ternate or quinate-pedate

leaflets thin, green on both sides, pilose above, paler and
densely pubescent or felted beneath, where they are also stifily-
hairy on the veins, very sharply and irregularly denticulate-serrate
terminal leaflet oval, rounded or sub-cordate at the base, abruptly
acuminate. Elowers in a leafy panicle, often sub-racemose, with
the branches spreading-ascending, the lower ones mostly corym-
bose; rachis and pedicels felted and densely stifily-hairy, with
very numerous unequal gland-tipped setae, aciculi, and very slender
declining prickles. Sepals lanceolate-ovate, acuminate, with gland-
tipped setae, loosely reflexed in fruit.

In woods and thickets. Eare. Reported from the counties of

Herts, Kent, Worcester, Warwick, Salop, and Dumfries.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.

Stem with more numerous hairs, gland-tipped setae, aciculi,
 ;

190 ENGLISH BOTANY.

and slender prickles, than in the allied species; panicle rather

small, frcqueutly simple ;
petals broad.

Trailing Bramble.

Sub-Species XXXV.— RubuS folioSUS. Weilie.

Bah. Alan. Brit. Tot. ed. v. p. 10<S.

R. liirtus, var. y, Bah. olim.

Barren stem arcliing-prostrate, slightly angular, sparingly

hairy ;
prickles rather numerous and slender, slightly hooked or
dcflexed, from a rather long much compressed base ; aciculi and
gland-tipped setae few, unequal. Leaves pedate-quinate ; leaflets
sub-coriaceous, green on both sides, opaque and sj)aringly pilose
above, paler and densely pubescent or felted beneath, where
they are stiffly-hairy on the veins, finely irregularly denticulate-
serrate ; terminal leaflet roundish-ovate, cordate, cuspidate-acumi-
nate. Elowers in a long very leafy narrow compact panicle, with
short spreading-ascending branches; the upper ones simple or
corymbose, the lower sub-racemose rachis thick, slightly flexuous
;

and as well as the pedicels very densely stiffly-hairy, the hairs inter-
mixed with rather numerous aciculi, gland-tipped setae, and slender
spreading or declining prickles. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, stiffly-hairy, with gland-tipped setae and aciculi, loosely
reflexed from the fruit.
On heaths and in woods. Kare, and apparently confined to
Warwickshire.
England. Shrub. Summer.

Of this form, the only specimens I have seen are some kindly
given me by the Rev. A. Bloxam, from Annesley coalfield Heath,
near Atherstone. The panicle leafy up to the top and the very
thick rachis give the plant a very peculiar aspect. Professor
Babington considers it closely allied to R. humifusus, but the stem
is much less thickly clothed with hairs, gland-tipped setae, aciculi,
and prickles.
Leafy -flowered Bramble.

Sub-Species XXXVI.— RubUS glanduloSUS. Bellard.

Plate CCCCLIV.
Bah. Man. Brit. Bot, ed. v. p. 108.

Barren stem arching-prostrate, nearly round, very hairy

prickles unequal, small, weak, slightly hooked or declining, from
a small compressed base ;
gland-tipped setae and aciculi numerous,
 CCCCLIV

^.5.^.2883.
Rubus glandulosxw. Glandular-stemmed Bramble.
 ROSACEtE. 191

short, nearly equal.Leaves ternate, rarely quinate leaflets rather ;

thin, green on both sides, sul)-glabrous above, hairy on the veins

beneath, finely and unequally serrate terminal leaflet oblong-
;

oval, oval, or obovate-oval, sub-cordate at the base, cuspidate-

acuminate. Plowers in a short rather compact leafy panicle, sub-
racemose towards the apex; upper branches short, spreading,
mostly simple, lower ones sub-racemose rachis flexuous, felted, with
;

longer rather-stiff hairs, very numerous gland-tipped setae, aciculi,

and a few slender declining prickles. Sepals ovate-triangular, with

gland-tipped seta) and aciculi, spreading or loosely applied to the
fruit.

a, R. Bellardi. Weilie.

Leaves mostly ternate, with the leaflets nearly equal, tlie lateral
ones divaricate, finely and bluntly serrate, almost crenate-serrate
with an apiculus to each crenature; panicle short, rachis very
flexuous, and the lower branches of the panicle distant. U. den-
tatus, Blox., is a form ofwith the stem more angular, the
this,
leaflets greyish beneath, acuminate-cuspidate, sub-cordate at the
base. Hairs on the whole plant shorter and less numerous than
in/3.

3, M. liirtus. Waldst. & Kit. H.fuscus. Lees (not "Weihe).

Leaves mostly quinate, coarsely and unequally dentate-serrate
hairs longer and more numerous than in a. Panicle often elongated,
with the rachis only slightly flexuous. H. rotundifolius, Blox.,
has the stem slightly angular, the leaves often ternate, the leaflets
much broader, less sharply serrate and sub-cuspidate.
In woods and hedges. Not common, the form E/. hirtus being
apparently the most abundant.

England, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.

The typical forms Bellardi and hirtus or fuscus, are so difi'erent
that they could scarcely be combined, were it not for the inter-
mediates which link them together.
GlandulaT'Stemmed Bramble.

Geoup v.-— C^SII. Bab,

stem arching - prostrate or prostrate, roundish or
Barren
obtusely angled, generally with a glaucous bloom ; prickles unequal
aciculi and gland-tipped setae few or none.
 ;

192 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Sub-Species XXXVII.—Rubus Balfourianus. Bhx.

Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 108.

Barren stem arching-prostrate, round, sparingly hairy prickles ;

few, unequal, slender, straight, spreading, from a rather short

slightly compressed base. Leaves of the barren stem mostly
quinate leaflets thin, green on both sides, rugose and sparingly
;

pilose above, pubescent but not felted beneath, finely and irregu-
larly dentate-serrate; terminal leaflet rhomboidal-ovate, rounded
or sub-cordate at the base, shortly acuminate or cuspidate-acumi-
nate; lateral leaflets Elowers in a lax
sub-sessile, imbricated.
leafy sub-corymbose panicle, the upper branches short and nearly
simple, the lower longer and corymbose or racemo-corymbose
rachis and pedicels felted, with long woolly hairs intermixed,
and numerous short unequal gland-tipped setae, a few aciculi,
and small slender slightly declining prickles. Sepals ovate-
acuminate, with gland-tipped setae, erect-spreading. Styles pale
flesh-coloured.
In hedges. Probably not uncommon, as it occurs from Hants
to York.
England, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.
A very variable form, approaching in some of its states to
U. U. caesius, but generally a very luxuriant
corylifolius, in otliers to
plant, with large leaves, paler beneath. Petals pale pink ; fruit of
rather numerous drupes.

Balfour's Bramble.

Sub-Species XXXVIII.— Rubus corylifolius. *S'wi.

Plate CCCCLV.
Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 109.

Barren stem arching-prostrate, round or bluntly angular, nearly

glabrous, slightly glaucous ;
prickles rather few, short, straight,
spreading or slightly declining, from a rather short slightly-com-
pressed base. Leaves of the barren stem mostly quinate, if ternate,
with the lateral leaflets 2-partite or -cleft; leaflets thin, green on both
sides, rugose and sparingly pilose above, paler and densely pubes-
cent or felted beneath, acutely and irregularly or doubly dentate-
serrate; terminal leaflet roundish-ovate, sub-cordate at the base,
abruptly acuminate ; lateral leaflets sub-sessile, imbricated. Plowers
in a lax rather short panicle, sub-corymbose at the apex, where the
 CCCCLV.

i'H
E.B. 827.

Rubus corylifolius. Hazel-leaved Bramble.

 ROSACEiE. 193

branches are somewhat spreading ; lower branches frequently

remote, elongated, and corymbose ; rachis and pedicels fmely
felted or pubescent, with short hairs and a few gland-tipped seta?,
usually confined to the uppermost branches ;
prickles few, unequal,
slender, subulate. Sepals ovate, abruptly acuminate, mostly
without gland-tipped setae, reflexed from the fruit, which is black.

a, It. suhlustris. Lees.

Barren stem nearly round, green, tinged with red prickles ;

slender, mostly spreading, from a short base leaflets felted, greyish- ;

green beneath. E^achis nearly straight, with few prickles.

^, conjungens. Bab. R. Wahlbergii. Bell Salt.

Stem round at the base, angular above, green tinged with red ;

prickles strong, slender, somewhat spreading, from a rather long

base. Leaflets densely pubescent or ashy-felted beneath. Bachis
nearly straight, with few prickles.

y, purpureus. Bab. JR. Wahlbergii. Arrh.

Stem angular, purple, often slightly hairy; prickles strong,

spreading or slightly deflexed, from a rather long base. Leaflets
pubescent or white-felted beneath. Bachis slightly flexuous, with
numerous rather strong prickles.

In hedges and thickets. Very common, and generally dis-

tributed.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.
A large plant, varying considerably, but having a peculiar look,
which, though difl&cult to describe, when once known is easily
recognized. This sub-species flowers earlier than most of the
Bubi, except B. csesius. The flowers are large, white or pink.

Hazel-leaved Bramble.

Sub-Species XXXIX.— Rubus althseifolius. Host.

Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 109, & Fl. Camb. p. 305.
R. Wahlbergii /3 glabratus, Bell Salt., in Bot. Gaz. Vol. II. p. 129.

Barren stem prostrate, roundish, with scattered hairs prickles ;

numerous, unequal, slender, straight or slightly hooked, from a

rather short compressed base; gland-tipped setae few. Leaves
of the barren stem ternate, with the lateral leaflets of the lower
leaves retrorsely 2-partite, rarely quinate leaflets thin, green on ;

VOL. III. 2 c
191 ENGLISH BOTANr.

both uneven, and with a few scattered hairs above, and

sides,
more numerous ones or greyish-green felt beneath, doubly ser-
rate ; terminal leaflet rhomboidal-oval or obovate-oval, rounded
at the base, acute or slightly acuminate; basal leaflets of the
quinate leaves not overlapping the intermediate pair, nor the
lateral pair the terminal one. Plowers in a small lax leafy
panicle, with the upper branches short corymbose, the lower ones
longer ; rachis and pedicels felted with very short hairs, with a
very few short setae and slender spreading or declining prickles.
Sepals ovate-acuminate, with a few short gland-tipped setae, loosely
applied to the fruit, which is black and composed of few drupes.
In hedges. Apparently rare, being only reported from Hants,
Middlesex, Cambridge, and York.

England. Shrub. Summer,

Of this plant I have only seen two or three imperfect dried
specimens.
Mallow-leaved Bramble.

Sub-Species XL.— Rubus tuborculatus. i?«6.

Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 110, & Fl. Camb. p. 306.
E,. nemorosus 2 ferox, " Leightooi" Bab. olira.

R. dumetomm " Blox." Bab.

Barren stem arching-prostrate, with rounded angles, sparingly

hairy ; prickles very numerous, unequal, short, slender, spreading,
from a short slightly-compressed base ; aciculi and setae rather
numerous, unequal. Leaves of the barren stem quinate, or ternate
with the lateral leaflets 2-partite leaflets sub-coriaceous, green on
;

both sides, uneven, with a few short scattered hairs above, and
more numerous ones beneath, irregularly dentate-serrate ; ter-
minal leaflet roundish or roundish-ovate, sub-cordate, cuspidate
or acuminate-cuspidate; basal leaflets of the quinate leaves not
overlapping the intermediate ones. Elowers in an elongate
narrow leafy panicle, the upper branches very short, corymbose,
the lower longer and sub-racemose. Rachis felted with short hairs,
with very numeous unequal gland-tipped setae, aciculi, and very
numerous slender slightly-declining prickles. Sepals ovate-
acuminate, with aciculi and gland-tipped setae, loosely adpressed to
the fruit, which is black and composed of few drupes.
In hedges. Probably not uncommon.
England, Ireland.
 / CCCCLVI.

E.B. 826.

Rubns csesius. Dewberry.

 ROSACE.^. 195

A very prickly plant, with more numerous gland-tipped sctse

than the other Eubi ca^sii. Professor Eabington states that the
prickles of H. tubcrculatus are from an oblong tubcrculiform or
oval cushion-shaped base while in R. althscifolius they are from
;

an oblong compressed base ; and he also states that the foliage of

the latter has a pale glaucous tint not found in the latter. In both
forms the larger prickles have proportionately longer bases than,
the smaller ones. Both occur with ternate leaves and have the
leaflets on the barren stem generally hairy only on the veins,
while the ternate leaves of the flowering-shoot seem to be always
felted beneath. Professor Pabington has not stated in the fifth
edition of the Manual what he now considers a, (6, y of his
former II. nemorosus.
Tubercular 'Bramble.

Sub-Species XLI. — RubUS CSDSiuS. Linn.

Plate CCCCLYI.
Bah. Man, Brit. Bot. ed. v.

Barren stem prostrate, glaucous, sub-glabrous or sparingly

hairy; prickles numerous, very small, unequal, weak, deflexed,
rather long, from a compressed base ; aciculi and setae few. Leaves
ternate, with the lateral leaflets entire, or more rarely 2-cleft, or
rarely pinnate, from the terminal leaflet being divided into 3;
leaflets thin,green on both sides, uneven above, paler and more
or less hairy or even slightly felted beneath, often lobed, doubly
or unequally serrate ; terminal leaflet ovate or rhomboidal-ovate,
sometimes 3-lobed; lateral leaflets not overlapping the terminal
one. Plowers in a nearly simple often small and sub-corymbose
panicle, with the pedicels usually rather long. Bachis and
peduncles thinly felted with short hairs, and more or less numerous
aciculi, and slender declining prickles. Sepals ovate-lan-
setoe,

ceolate, with aciculi and gland-tipped setae, applied to the fruit,

which is covered with a glaucous bloom, and is composed of a few

> large drupes.

" a, agrestis.

R. csesius, a aquaticus and /3 agrestis, W. A: N. E-ubi Germ. PI, xlvi. a.

*'
Stem very slender; prickles few, small. Leaflets flat, lobate-
serrate, rather piloseon both sides terminal leaflet rhomboidal- ;

ovate, acuminate, rounded below. Panicle often nearly simple,

or its branches rarely more than once divided, but often very
Ion"",
 ;

196 ENGLISH BOTANY.

" 3, B. tenuis. Bell Salt.

" Stem very slender ;
prickles many, strong, but small, nearly
equal, dcflexecl. Leaflets flat ? doubly serrate, pilose on both sides,
or villose beneath ; terminal leaflet obovate or cordate-obovate,
acuminate. Truit black, *
not glaucous.'

" y, ulmifolius. Bab.

R. csesius, var. ft pseudo-C£esius, W. & N. Rubi Germ. PI. xlvi. b.

" Stem slender, purplish ; prickles many, small, deflexed, or

declining; aciculi, setee, and hairs few, short. Leaflets rather
rugose, lobate-serrate, pilose only on the veins, or hairy, or slightly
ashy-felted beneath ; terminal leaflet round or cordate, acuminate,
often 3-lobed or rarely divided into 3 sessile leaflets, of which the
terminal one is narrowed below. Often much larger than Var. a
or ^. Stem thicker ; leaves very broad.

" 8, intermedins. Bab.

" Stem thicker, greenish-purple ; prickles many, slender, very
unequal, sub-patent ; aciculi and setae few, strong, very short.
Leaflets lobate-serrate, pilose on the veins beneath ; terminal
leaflet triangular cordate, acuminate, 3-lobed or 3-partite, or
divided into 3 sessile leaflets, of which the terminal is narrowed
to the base.
" e, H. pseudO'Idceus. Lejeune.
" Stem thick, green, slightly glaucous ;
prickles slender, violet-
coloured, sub-patent ; aciculi and setae few, very short. Leaves
ternate or quinate-pumate ; leaflets doubly serrate, ashy-felted
beneath ; lateral leaflets all sessile ; terminal leaflets stalked,
roundly-cordate. I have only seen one specimen of this variety,
found at Hunsdon, Herts.
" ^, Mspidus. Bab.
" Stem slender, green ;
prickles short, many, subulate, unequal
setoe many, short, rigid. Leaves ternate leaflets lobate-serrate, ;

pilose on the veins beneath lateral leaflets with a large backward

;

lobe terminal leaflets obovate-acuminate, sub-cordate below ; pedi-

;

cels and sepals very setose, felted, scarcely hairy." (Bab. Man. ed. v.) —
Hedges, roadsides, waste places, and thickets.
•
Very common,
and generally distributed.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Early Summer.

 UOOCLVII.

Geiim urbaniim. "Wood Avens.

 ROSACEiE. 197

The smallest and earliest flowering of the fruticose hramhles.

Very variable. I am, however, unable to distribute the specimens
I have seen into the varieties given by Professor ]3abington, so I
have been obliged to copy his descriptions of them.
Dewberry.
French, Bootee BleuCdrc. German, Kratzheere.
The fruit of the Dewberry is very superior to that of any other species. It is

larger and finer, and of a bluish colour ; and we may believe that in Shakespeare's time
it was esteemed as a rural delicacy fit for the favourite of the queen of fairies to feed
upon. Titania, in her fit of infatuation for Bottom, says :

" Be kind and courteous to this gentleman ;

Hop in his walks, and gambol in his eyes

Feed him'with apricocks and dewberries,
With purple grapes, green figs, and mulberries,"

Sub-Tribe III.— EIJ-DKYADEJ3.

Calyx flattish, campanulate, or turbinate. Segments valvate

in aestivation. Ovules attached by the point which is furthest
from the base of the style. Styles terminal, elongated, generally
persistent and plumose after flowering. Achenes dry, numerous,
inserted on a dry receptacle. Seed solitary.

GENUS X— G E U M. Linn.

Calyx flattish, or slightly concave at the base, with 10, rarely 5

segments ; segments in 2 rows, the 5 outer ones smaller than the
5 inner. Petals emarginate or obtuse.
5, obovate, Stamens
numerous. Receptacle conical or cylindrical, dry. Achenes dry,
terminated by the elongated, more or less hairy styles, which are
frequently jointed and bent above the middle, with the terminal
portion deciduous.
Perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves, the terminal segment
usually the largest. Plowers in irregular terminal cymes, yellow-
brownish, white, or red.
The origin of the name of this genus of plants appears to be in the word yevw {genA)),

I give a relish, in allusion to the roots of G. urbanum.

SPECIES I— GEUM URBANUM. Linn.

Plate CCCCLVII.

Padical leaves stalked, irregularly lyrate-pinnate, with 2 to 4 pairs

of leaflets, and a large terminal one, which, as well as those of the
198 ENGLISH BOTANY.

uppermost pair, is much larger than the others ; stem-leaves ternate

or S-lobed, with very large foliaceous stipules which are broader than
the lateral leaflets. Calyx-segments reflexed after
Plowers erect.
flowering. Petals spreading, oblong-obovate, rounded at the apex.
Fruit-receptacle sessile. Achenes with the lower part of the tail
falcate-spreading, glabrous the part above the articulation about
;

one-fourth the length of the lower, and glabrous, sometimes with

a few hairs near the base, deciduous.
In hcdgebanks, borders of woods. Common, and generally
distributed, though more scarce in the North of Scotland.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn.

Hootstock short, terminating in a tuft of leaves 4 inches to 1 foot
long. The radical leaf may perhaps be best described as a ternate
leaf, with oval or roundish slightly-lobed and bluntly-toothed
leaflets, with a few very much smaller leaflets placed on the petiole
beneath it. Stems erect or ascending, 8 inches to 3 feet high, with
shortly-stalked ternate leaves, with rhomboidal-obovate slightly-
lobed and bluntly-serrated leaflets. Stipules reniform-roundish,
with acute triangular lobes and teeth. Plowers few, in long
rather rigid peduncles, yellow, ^ to f inch in diameter. Calyx
with the inner segments triangular acuminate, the outer ones half
as long and strapshaped-lanceolate. Petals about as long as the
sepals. Heceptacle hispid. Achenes ovoid, compressed, sparingly
hispid, contracted into a falcate beak about ^ inch long, sharply
hooked round, about one-fifth from the apex, where the appendage
commences ; the latter is also hooked at the base, but with its hook
enclosed in that of the lower portion, and soon deciduous. Plant
green, with short scattered hairs. Leaves thin and flaccid.
Wood Avens.
French, BenoUe Commune. German, Gemeine Nelkenwurz.

The common Avens or Herb Bennett is abundant in most woods, thickets, and
shady hedge-banks. The latter name is derived from Uerha henedicta, " blessed herb."
Platearius tells us " that where the root is in a house the devil can do nothing, and
flies from it ; wherefore it is blessed above all other herbs." He adds, that if a man
carries this root about him, no venomous beast can harm him. The author of the
" Ortus " says further, that where it is growing in the garden no venomous beast will
approach within scent of it. It is slightly astringent and aromatic. The roots dug up in the
spring are used in some parts of England to put into beer to give it an aromatic flavour,
and prevent it from turning sour. Steeped in wine, the same part of the plant has
been considered useful in dysentery. The active properties of the plant difier according
to the situation in which it gro.ws : when procured from a damp shady place, it is often
found to be quite inert. Haller tells us that the root infused in water has occasioned
delirium in some cases of fever. Gerarde extols the virtues of this plant, and says :

" The decoction of Avens made in wine is commended against cruditie or rawnessc of
 (JOCCLVIII.

Geum mtermedium. Intermediate Avens.

 ROSACE /E. 199

the stomacke, paine of the collicko, and the biting of venomous beasts." From the
aromatic nature of the roots, resembling in some measure cloves, the plant is called by
some writers CaryophjUata.

SPECIES (?) IL— G EUM INTERMEDIUM. Ehrh.

Plate CCCCLVIII.
G. urbano-rivale, " G. MeyPA-y Garcke, Fl. v. N. & M. Deutschl. ed. vi. p. 117.

Kadical leaves stalked, irregularly lyrate-pinnate, with 2 to 4

pairs of leaflets, and a terminal one, which, as well as those of
uppermost pair, is much larger than the others; stem-leaves ternato
or 3-lohed, with large foliaceous stipules which scarcely exceed the
breadth of the lateral leaflets. Plowers drooping. Calyx-segments
adpressed to the receptacle after flowering. Petals sub-erect,
roundish-obovate, retuse at the apex, narrowed into a wed"-e-
shaped claw. Pruit-receptacle sessile or sub-sessile. Achenes
with the basal part of tail ascending-spreading, glabrous; the
part above the articulation about one-third the length of the
lower, plumose from the base to the middle, glabrous at the apex,
deciduous.
In moist woods. Not uncommon in the North of Ensrland and
Scotland ; more rare in the South, where, however, has occurred
it

in the counties of Essex, Cambridge, Hants, and South Wales.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Early Summer.

This plant is readily distinguished from G. urbanum by the

drooping flowers, and the calyx-segments not reflexed after flower-
ing, generally tinged w^ith red the petals deeper yellow, broader
;

at the apex, and more suddenly contracted into the claw. The tails
of the achenes are more slender, more erect, with the apical joint
distinctly plumose at the base, and longer in proportion. The
pedicels are also longer, less rigid and more erect, except at the
apex. The rootstock is longer. The stipules of the stem-leaves are
considerably smaller in proportion, but deeply toothed as in G.
urbanum. It is indeed quite intermediate in appearance between
that and the following species, between which it may be a hybrid.
The late Dr. Bell Salter obtained a hybrid Geum by fertilizing
the stigmas of G. rivale by the pollen of G. urbanum, and obtained
an intermediate form, which he states as quite identical with the
wild G. intermedium. The seeds of this hvbrid he found to be
fertile.— (Phyt. Ser. 1, Vol. IV. p. 737.) I have often found G.
intermedium growing with G. rivale, but seldom with G. urbanum.
Intermediate Avens.
French, Henoite Interimdiaire. German, Mittleres Nelkenwv/rz.
 ;

200 ENGLISH BOTANY.

SPECIES III.— GEUM RIVALE. fAnn.

Plate CCCCLIX.

Iladical leaves stalked, irregularly lyrate-pinnate, with 2 to 4

pairs of leaflets,and a terminal one which is often 3-lobed, and
which, as well as those of the uppermost pair or two pairs, is much
larger than the others stem-leaves ternate or 3-lohed, more rarely
;

with a small pair of pinnae besides, with small foliaceous stipules,

which are generally much less than the lateral leaflets. Elowers
drooping. Calyx-segments adpressed to the receptacle after flower-
ing. Petals sub-erect, obovate, with a transverse retuse limb,
abruptly contracted into a long narrowly wedge-shaped claw.
Eruit-receptacle on a stalk about as long as the calyx-segments.
Achenes with the basal part of the tail spreading, glabrous, the
part above the articulation nearly half the length of the lower,
plumose from the base to within one quarter of the distance to the
apex, deciduous.
In moist woods, and by the sides of streams and ditches.
Common, and generally distributed in the North, but more sparingly
so in the South of England, where it appears to be absent from
Cornwall, Kent, Surrey, and a few other counties.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Early Summer.

This plant resembles the two last, but is generally stouter, with
thicker leaves, and with the pinnae less unequal in size. The
flowers larger, dull brownish-orange, streaked and tinged with pale
lurid-purple, with the lamina much broader than in either, the
calyx-segments more erect, dull-purple, the stipules much smaller
but the most remarkable difference results from the presence of a
stalk which raises the receptacle until, by the time the fruit is ripe,
it is completely clear of the calyx ; this stalk, as well as the carpels
and receptacle, is hispid. Leaves deep-green. Plant sparingly
hairy, densely so on the pedicels and calyx- segments.

Water Avens.
French, Benoite des Euisseaux. German, Bach NeXkemjwurz.

This an elegant and beautiful plant, and possesses the same properties as tho
is

Herb Bennett. In North America it is esteemed as a febrifuge and tonic. It was

often used in olden times to flavour ale and other liquors. The root is the most
active part of the plant.
 CCC(JLIX.

! VII

Geum rivale. Water Avens.

 CUCCLX.

m^^

Dryas octopetala. Mountain Avens.

 JlOSACEyT^. 201

GENITS XI.—D R Y A S. Linn.

Calyx flattish or slightly concave at the hase, 8- to 10-partite.

Segments nearly equal and in a single row. Petals 8 or 9, more
rarely fewer, oval or oblong, entire. Stamens numerous. Recep-
tacle flattish or concave, dry. Achenes dry, terminated by the
elongated very plumose styles, which are neither jointed nor bent.
Undershrubs with decumbent branches, and simple ovate-oblong
or elliptical crenate or entire leaves, white beneath. Elowers
large, solitary, white or yellow. Styles with white hairs.

The name of this genus of plants was given to it by Linnfeus, from the dryads or
nymphs of the oak, in consequence of the leaves bearing some resemblance to those of
the oak.

SPECIES I—DRYAS OCTOPETALA. Linn.

Plate CCCCLX.

Leaves oblong-ovate, truncate at the base, crenate-lobed,

hoary white beneath, with the mid-rib prominent and not white.
Sepals strapshaped or oblong. Petals white.

Var. a, genuina.

Sepals strapshaped, sub-acute.

Var. jS, depressa.

D. depressa, Bah. Ann. Nat. Hist. Sei-. 1, Vol. X. p. 183. v

Sepals oblong, blunt and rounded at the apex.

On rocks and stony debris on mountains, particularly partial to

limestone. Var. a in Wales, the North of England, and Scotland,
extending to Hoy Hill, in Orkney; and in Clare, Galway, and
the North of Ireland. Var. ^ on Ben Bulben, county Sligo.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.

A small prostrate much-branched shrub, with dark-brown bark
peeling off from the old branches. Leaves stalked lamina J to 1 ;

inch long, abrupt and occasionally sub-cordate at the base, blunt at

the apex, with 5 to 8 large blunt teeth or small lobes on each side,
extreme margins reflexed midrib more or less pilose, and fre-
;

quently clothed with small fringed scales. Stipules scarious,

adnate for two-thirds of their length, the free portion lanceolate,
ciliated with woolly hairs. Peduncles terminal, 1 to 3 inches high
in flower, in fruit lengthening to 2 to 5 inches. Elowers 1 to If
inch in diameter, white. Calyx- segments generally 8, reddish,
VOL. III. 2 D
202 ENGLISH BOTANY.

clothed with dark purple or black gland-tipped hairs intermixed

with white woolly ones, w^hich arc most abundant on the margins.
Petals usually 8 in number, longer than the calyx, oblong-elliptical
or oval. Achenes oblong, convex on the outer side, pointed, hispid,
terminating in a long tail from 1 to 2 inches long, which is plumose
with long white spreading hairs. Leaves rugose, deep-green,
shining above, pure white beneath (except on the veins) from a
dense felt of white hairs. Petioles and under side of the veins with
woolly hairs. Peduncles with white woolly hairs and stouter
reddish purple gland-tipped ones, similar to those on the sepals,
but numerous.
less
Id I have not seen.
Var. The calyx in the common plant is
quite as often flat and truncate as not, so that character is of no
importance Professor Pabington now considers it a variety of D.
:

oetopitala.
Mountain Avens.
French, Dryacle a huit Petals. German, Achthlattrige Dryade.

Tribe IV.— ROSIDJE.

Prickly shrubs with regularly pinnate leaves, with a few pairs of
pinnae, very rarely none. Calyx-tube urceolate-ovoid or subglobose ;

segments sometimes deciduous in fruit. Petals large, generally

pink, red, or white, moreStamens indefinite. Carpels
rarely yellow.
numerous, in several whorls, arranged on the concave disk which
lines thetube of the calyx. Styles lateral. Pruit consisting of
dry achenes enclosed in the tube of the calyx,* w^hich becomes
fleshy at maturity and gives it the appearance of an inferior fruit.

GENUS XII—"R O S A. Tournef.

Calyx with an urceolate or subglobose tube (the excavated

apex of the peduncle ?) contracted at the mouth by a fleshy ring ;
segments 5, rarely 4, herbaceous, frequently pinnatifid, persistent
or deciduous. Petals as many as the calyx-segments, inserted into
the throat of the calyx. Stamens numerous, inserted with the
petals. Ovaries included in the calyx-tube ; ovules solitary, pen-
dulous ; styles lateral, coming through an aperture in the centre
of the disk which closes the mouth of the calyx-tube. Achenes

*' Although the fleshy sac which encloses the carpels is usually called the tube of
the calyx, it is quite probable that it really consists of the excavated apex of the
peduncle or thalamus.
 CCCCLXI.

E.B. 187.

Rosa spinosiasima. Common Bumet-Rose.

 IIOSACE^E. 203

numerous, enclosed in the fleshy or cartilaginous calyx-tuhe, bony,

hairy at the side opposite the style.
Leaves pinnate, with few pairs of pinnae
Shrubs, often prickly. :

stipules adnate to the petiole.Plowers large, terminal, solitary or

several in a simple corymbose or umbellate cyme.*
The name of this well-known genus of plants is one which is adopted into most
modern languages of Europe. It evidently conies from the Greek word (jolov (rodon),
red and tlie rose of the ancients was undoubtedly one of a dee]) crimson colour,
;

which probably suggested the fable of its springing from the blood of Adonis.

Section I.— SPINOSISSIM.E.

Rather low bushes, plentifully stoloniferous, with erect or slightly

arching stems, with the branches mostly short ; shoots with the
prickles verynumerous, crowded, unequal, passing gradually into
aciculi,and having a greater or less number of gland-tipped setae.
Leaves glabrous or slightly hairy, with few or no glands. Styles
not united. Pruit mostly subglobose, with truly persistent sepals.

SPECIES I.— ROSA SPINOSISSIMA. Linn.

Plate CCCCLXI.
liciker, in Nat. 1864, p. 15.

Prickles much crowded, slender, nearly straight, spreading, very

unequal, passing gradually into aciculi and gland-tipped setae.

Leaflets f roundish or oval, obtuse, simply and equally serrated,

glabrous and without glands on both sides. Pedicels solitary and
without bracts, mostly glabrous. Eruit erect, subglobose, rarely
ovoid, glabrous or rarely prickly at base, purplish-black when mature,

* la this difficult genus I have followed Mr. J. G. Baker in his valuable papers
on tlie Poses of the Nortli of England, publishing iu the " Naturalist," of which, how-
ever, the whole series is not yet in print ; but Mr. Baker has kindly furnished me
with his manuscripts on the subject. I have followed his arrangement, not having
paid that special attention to the genus which he has bestowed upon it ; though, had
I felt justified in following my own bias, I incline towards Mr. Bentham's views of the
genus. It seems to me that we have not more than five or six species or super-species

of British Eoses ; but combination of sub-species into super-species can be safely ven-
tured upon only by those intimately acquainted with all the minute differences which
distinguish the forms which are to be combined.
For reasons similar to those given iu the note on the genus Pubus, it has been
considered advisable to give plates of the more cons})icuous forms only.
t The shape uf the leallets is described from the terminal one throughout the
whole of the yeuus Posa.
204) ENGLISH BOTANY.

rarely red. Sepals persistent, not leaf-pointed, entire, naked on the

baek.
On sandy sea-shores, heaths, and hills of chalk or trap rock.
Eathcr common, and generally distributed throughout the kingdom.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Early Summer.

A
well-marked species, with much-branched very prickly stems,
1 to 4 feet high. Leaflets rather rigid, J to f inch long, deep
green, paler beneath ; scrratures deep, most of them simple, occa-
sionally one or two of them with an accessory tooth. Elowers large
for the size of the plant, IJ to 2 inches across, white, rarely pink.
Calyx-tube subglobose, glabrous, purple on one side; segments
shorter than the petals, entire, mostly erect in fruit.
A
form with ovate fruit has been gathered by Mr. Eobertson in
Castle Eden Dean, Durham, and one .with the peduncle and lower
part of the fruit with prickles and gland-tipped setee, at Brighton,
by Mr. Borrer.
Common Burnet Hose.
French, Rosier fres-ejnneux. German, Steinpeterleinbldttrige Rose.

This species is also known as the Pimpernel Rose, or Scotch Rose, and is frequently-
cultivated in gardens. A great many varieties have been raised from it. The first

double variety was found in a wild state in the neighbourhood of Perth, and from this
one were produced above fifty others. All nursery-men have a large selection of this
particular rose.The ripe fruit of the wild kind is a favourite with children, and is not
injurious.The juice diluted with water dyes silk and muslin of a peach-colour, and
mixed with alum produces a deep violet hue. The plant is much liked by French
horticulturists, and they have no less than 123 distinct varieties. This was the only
Rose found by Sir W. Hooker in Iceland.

SPECIES II.— ROSA RUBELLA. Sm.

Plate CCCCLXII.
BaTcer, in Nat. 18Gi, p. 17.

Prickles few, scattered, slender, nearly straight, spreading,

nearly equal ; gland-tipped setcG very numerous. Leaflets roundish
or oval, simply and equally serrated, glabrous and without glands
on both sides. Pedicels solitary and without bracts, with numerous
aciculi and gland-tipped setae. Emit drooping, urceokite-ovoid,
with gland-tipped setcc near the base, red. Sepals persistent,
slightly leaf-pointed, entire, glandular on the back.
On the sea-shore. Very rare, and probably now extinct. Eound
on the Durham coast by Mr. Winch.

England ? Shrub. Early Summer.

 CCCCLXII.

Rosa rubella. Eed fruited Burnet-Rose.

1
 CCCCLXIII.

E.B. 219G.

Rosa hibernica. Irish Burnet-Rose.

 ROSACEvE. 205

Of this plant I have seen no specimens, hut Mr. Baker has

examined those in Mr. Winch's collection at Newcastle, and con-
siders them quite distinct from 11. spinosissima, receding from it in
the direction of H. alpina. Similar plants are found on the Swiss
Alps, which are considered hy M. lleuter as hyhrids hetween these
two species possibly there may have been some mistake about the
:

locality of Mr. Winch's specimens as all the other British speci-

;

mens supposed to belong to U. rubella belong to 11. spinosissima.

Jted-friuted Burnet Hose.

SPECIES III.— ROSA HIBERNICA. Sm.

Plate CCCCLXIII.
J]aJcer, in Nat. 1864, p. 22.

Prickles scattered, rather few and slender, straight or curved,

unequal, passing gradually into aciculi and few gland-tipped seta3.
Leaflets oval, acutely and nearly equally serrate, glabrous on both
sides, orwith the principal veins hairy beneath, serratures occa-
sionally gland-tipped. Pedicels solitary or several together, with
bracts when more than one, glabrous. Pruit erect, urceolate sub-
globose, glabrous, red. Sepals persistent, leaf -pointed, frequently
on the back.
slightly pinnatifid, without gland-tipped set?e
Mr. Baker distinguishes the following forms :

1. Bosa eu-hibernica. Baker, 1. c. p. 24.

Peduncles naked. Petioles hairy. Leaves hairy beneath.

Vale of Lorton, Cumberland ; near Belfast, and County Down ?
2. Bosa glabra. Baker, 1. c. p. 24.

Peduncles naked. Petioles and leaves liairlcss.

Yorkshire, Cheshire, and Surrey.

3. Bosa cordifolia. Baker, 1. c. p. 24.

Peduncles with aciculi and gland-tipped seta?. Leaflets broader,

more bluntly serrate, hairy beneath, those of the barren shoots
subcordate at the base. Peduncles hairy.
Dale of the Coquet, Northumberland, found by Professor
Oliver.
England, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.

A doubtful plant, intermediate between Vv. spinosissima and

B. Sabini, resembling the former in the shape and serration of the
leaflets, the latter in general habit, the prickles, the flowers not
 ;;

20G ENGLISH BOTANY.

truly solitary and being pale pink, also in the shape of the fruit,
and the pinnate sepals. If the form eordifolia really belong to this
species, I do not see how it can be kept distinct from R. Sabini
but I have only seen one specimen kindly sent by Mr. Baker, and
this, but for Mr. Baker's opinion, I should have had no hesitation
in referring to Wilsoni or Sabini rather than hibernica.

Irish Burnet Rose.

This Rose was discovered by Mr. John Teiupleton, in the county of Down, growing
abundantly about Belfast harbour ; he consequently became entitled to the reward of
£50 offered by the jjatrons of botany at Dublin for the discovery of a new Irish
plant.

SPECIES IV.— ROSA WILSONI. Borrer.

Tlate CCCCLXIV.
Baher, in Nat. 1804, p. 21.

Prickles usually crowded, stout, straight or slightly curved,

unequal, passing gradually into aciculi and setae, which are nu-
merous. Leaflets oval or ovate, frequently sub-cordate at the base,
rather unequally but scarcely doubly serrate, hairy on the veins
and with scattered glands beneath, serratures occasionally gland-
tipped. Pedicels solitary, or 2 or 3 together, with bracts when more
than 1, thickly clothed with gland-tipped setae. Pruit erect, globular
contracted into a neck at the apex, with a few gland-tipped aciculi,
red. Sepals persistent, leaf-pointed, entire, with gland-tipped seta)
on the back.
On the banks of the Menai Straits, near Bangor.
England. Shrub. Summer.
Of this plant I have only seen dried specimens, and, judging
from them, I should have called the plant a slight variety of li.
Sabini, of which Mr. Baker is inclined to think it is a sub-species
the only diifercnce between the two being that the leaves are less
distinctly doubly serrate.
Wilsoii's Hose.

SPECIES v.— R OSA SABINI. (

Wooih), Baher.

Plate CCCCLXV.
Baher, in Nat. 18Gi, p. 18.

somewhat crowded, stout, straight or slightly curved,

Prickles
gradually passing into numerous aciculi and seta3. Leaflets oval
or ovate, sub-cordate at the base, doubly serrate, sparingly hairy
above, densely so, and with scattered glands beneath, secondary ser-
ratures generally gland-tipped. Pedicels solitary or 2 or 3 together,
 CCCCLXIV.

E.B.S. 2723.

Rosa Wilsoni. Wilson's Rose,

 / /T
CCCCLXV.

E.B. 2001.

Rosa Sabini. Sabiiie's Rose.

 ROSACEiE. 207

often with ovate bracts, usually with gland-tipped aciculi. Fruit

erect, subglobose, generally with aciculi and gland-tipped aciculi,
red. Sepals persistent, leaf-pointed, entire or slightly pinnatifid,
witli gland-tipped seta3 on the back.
Mr. Baker distinguishes three forms :

1. Rosa coronata {Crepiti), including R. Sabini {Woods,

K B. S. 2594), Doniana (Woods, E. B. S. 2601), and
gracilis (
Woods, —
E. B, 583, excl. fruit).
Pedicels and calyx-tubes with aciculi and gland-tipped aciculi.
Leaves with conspicuously compound teeth, hairy on both sides and
more or less glandular beneath.
Frequent, and extending from Sussex and the Isle of Wight to
Clova, in Forfarshire, and Braemar, in Aberdeen.

2. Rosa involuta. Sm. {E. B. 2068).

Pedicels and calyx-tube with aciculi and gland-tipped aciculi.
Leaves imperfectly doubly serrate, nearly glabrous above, hairy on
the veins, and nearly destitute of glands beneath.
In the Hebrides and West Highlands of Scotland.

3. Rosa Robertsoni. Ba^cer.

Pedicels with aciculi and gland-tipped aciculi. Calyx-tul)e

nearly smooth. Leaves imperfectly doubly serrate, sub-glabrous
above, hairy on the veins, and sparingly glandular beneath.
In Korthumberland and Yorkshire.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.

A variable
plant, 2 to 6 or even 8 feet high, with the leaves
more downy than in the preceding, the flowers usually larger, vary-
ing from pink to white. It has a somewhat resinous scent, from
the presence of glands.
Mr. Baker is doubtless correct in considering that R. Sabini,
Pt. Doniana, and R. gracilis of English authors are undistinguish-
able; they seem to be mere states induced by circumstances of
growth. Mr. Bentham is inclined to refer R. involuta to R.
spinosissima but, judging from descriptions (not having seen
;

specimens), Mr. Baker appears to be right in placing it under R.

Sabini.

Sabine's Rose.
208 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Section II.— VILLOSiE.

Large bushes with sub-erect or somewhat arching stems shoots ;

with the prickles scattered, uniform gland-tipped setfe often few.

;

Leaves more or less hairy above, conspicuously so, and usually with
reddish resinous glands beneath. Peduncles in a corymbose cyme,
commonly with aciculi and gland-tipped aciculi. Styles not united.
Pruit mostly globose, with truly persistent or sub-persistent
sepals.

SPECIES VI.— ROSA MOLLISSIMA. Fries.

Plate COCCLXVI.
Balcer, in Nat. 1864, p. 33.

R. villosa, Auct. Angl.

R. moUis, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 2459.

Prickles uniform, nearly straight, spreading or declining.

Leaflets broadly ovate, doubly serrate, rugose, greyish-green and
with a thick coating of soft white hairs above, paler more hairy
and with a few glands beneath. Pedicels very short, with oval
bracts, and with aciculi and gland-tipped aciculi. Pruit often
nodding, sub-globose, rarely ovoid, glabrous or with gland-tij^ped
aciculi, scarlet when ripe, which is in the end of summer or
early autumn. Sepals truly persistent, leaf-pointed, entire or
slightly pinnatifid, with gland-tipped aciculi on the outside.
In hedges, bushy places, and woods. Common, especially in
the North, though extending in range from the Isle of "Wight
to Orkney.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.
A
shrub 3 to 8 feet high, with rather large prickles, and soft
greyish very downy leaflets, the secondary serratures gland-
tipped. Plowers 1^ to 2 inches across, varying from deep rose-
colour to white. Pruit f to f inch in diameter, ripening nearly a
month earlier than that of the other British species.
Soft-leaved Mose.
French, Rosier velu. German, Weichhldtterige Rose.

SPECIES VII.— R OSA TOMENTOSA. Smith.

• Plate CCCCLXVII.
Baher, in Nat. 1864, p. 36.

Prickles uniform, straight or curved, spreading or declining.

Leaflets ovate or elliptical, doubly serrate, slightly rugose, greyish-
 CCGOLXVI.

Koga mollissima. Soft-leaved Rose.

 CCCCLXVII.

E.B. 990.
Roga tomentosa. Downy-leaved Rose.
 ROSACEiE. 209

green and more or less thickly coated with hairs above, paler more
hairy and frequently glandular beneath. Pedicels rather short,
with oval bracts, and with aciculi and gland- tipped aciculi. Fruit
ovoid, urceolate-ovoid or more rarely subglobose, glabrous or with
gland-tipped aciculi, scarlet when ripe, which is in the middle or
towards the end of autumn. Sepals sub-persistent, i.e. deciduous
before the fruit is ripe, leaf-pointed, pinnatifid, with gland-tipped
aciculion the outside.
In hedges, bushy places, and woods. Common, but not known
to extend further North in Scotland than Aberdeenshire.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.

I cannot bring myself to think that this is more than a sub-
species of the preceding ; the fruit ripening later and the sepals
falling before winter being the only tangible points of difference
between them indeed R. mollissima (Fries), R. pomifera (Ilerm.),
;

and R. tomentosa (Sm.), seem to be all sub-species of the Linnseau

R. villosa. Generally speaking, R. tomentosa may be distinguished
by its narrower and more pointed leaves, less rugose and less softly
hairy than in R. mollissima, and also by the more elongate pedicels,
longer calyx-tube and fruit, and more evidently pinnate segments.
The flower varies in colour, as in the preceding species, from deep
rose to white, and the fruit from smooth to slightly bristly. Mr.
Baker does not consider that R. scabriuscula (Sm. Eng. Bot.
No. 1896) and R. subglobosa (Sm. Eng. Fl. Vol. III. p. 384i) can
be distinguished even as varieties.

Downy-leaved Rose.
French, Rosier cotonneux. German, Filzige Rose.

Section III.— RUBIGINOS^.

Small or moderately large bushes, with sub-erect or arching

stems. Shoots with the prickles scattered or somewhat crowded,
uniform or slightly unequal, often intermixed with aciculi and a
few gland-tipped setse, but not passing gradually into these.
Leaves glabrous, or slightly hairy above, hairy and with numerous
viscous often fragrant glands beneath. Pedicels in a corymbose
cyme, commonly with aciculi and gland-tipped aciculi. Styles
not united. Fruit ovoid or roundish-pyriform, with sub-persistent
or deciduous petals.

VOL. III. 2 E
 — — '

210 ENGLISH BOTANY.

SPECIES VIII.— ROSA RUBIGINOSA. Linn.

Plate CCCOLXVIII.
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. GO.

Prickles numerous, large, curved, rather unequal, intermingled

with aciculi, and occasionally a few gland-tipped setae. Leaflets
oval or roundish, doubly serrate, bright green, glabrous or sub-
glabrous above, pale green hairy on the veins and thickly covered
with sticky fragrant glands beneath. Pedicels short, with oval
bracts, usually with aciculi and gland-tipped aciculi. Styles
sparingly hairy. Pruit obovate-globose, rarely ovoid, scarlet
when ripe. Sepals sub-persistent, leaf-pointed, usually pinnatifid,
with numerous aciculi and gland-tipped setae on the back.
In hedges, bushy places, and sandy sea-shores. Eather
sparingly distributed from Cornwall, Devon, Hants, and Kent, to
Aberdeen and Moray, though very probably not native in many
of its stations.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.

An
erect bush, from 2 to 4 feet high, with rather short compact
branches. Leaflets small, somewhat shining above, very fragrant.
Larger prickles sometimes ^ inch long, and much curved, smaller
ones slender and nearly straight. Plowers about IJ inch in diameter,
rose-colour. Pruit ^ to f inch in diameter, not ripening till
October, by which time the sepals have generally fallen.
A
plant found by Mr. Baker at Swaledale, Yorkshire, has the
calyx-tube ovoid-urceolate, and the glands on the under side of the
leaves less numerous, thus showing an approach to H. micrantha.

Common Sweetbriar, Eglantine.

French, Rosier a Feuilles odorantes. German, Weinrose.

Who does not know the Sweetbriar of our hedges, with its pretty pink roses and
bright red fruits 1 It is prized alike in wild bouquets, in village gardens, and in the
parterres of the wealthy. Poets have sung its pi-aises, and in spite of its thorny stems,
it is gathered for its sweet-smelling leaves. It bears clipping well, and makes a good
hedge ; but Sir Walter Scott deprecates this practice, and says :

" Cherish the tulip, prune the vine.

But freely let the woodbine grow,
And leave unti-imm'd the eglantine."

Bums, the poet of nature, sings of the Sweetbriar in strains which, while writing of
it, we cannot but quote :

"0 bonnie was yon rosy brier.

That blooms sae far frae haunt o' men,

 (X'CCLXVin.

/j^^ffWfti

E.B. 991.

Rosa rubigiuosa. Common Sweet-briar.

 ( JCCCLXIX.

E.B. 2490.

Rosa micrantha. Small-flowered Sweet-briar.

 ROSACEJi:. 211

And bonnie she, and all how dear !

It shaded frae the e'enin' sun.

" Yon rose buds in the morning dew,

How pure amang the leaves sae green ;

But purer was the lover's vow

They witness'd in their shade yestreen.

" All in its rude and prickly bower,

That crimson rose how sweet and fair !

But love is far a sweeter flower,

Amid life's thorny path o' care,"

Pliny mentions the briar-rose root as a cure for hydrophobia, and affirms that men
derived their knowledge of it from a dream, of which he tells the story.
The Eglantine has been so long and so frequently eulogized by poets, that we could
not here give half the instances that occur to us. The picture of rural beauty sug-

gested by Sir Walter Scott seems, however, very appropriate :

" Boon nature scatter'd free and wild

Each plant and flower, the mountain's child,

Here eglantine embalm'd the air,

Hawthorn and hazel mingled there ;
The primrose pale and violet flower.
Found in each cliff a narrow bower ;

Foxglove and nightshade side by side,

Emblems of punishment and pride,
Grou])'d their dark hues with every stain.
The weather-beaten crags retain."

SPECIES IX.— ROSA MICRANTHA. b'm.

Plate CCCCLXIX.
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. G2.

Prickles few, moderate, curved, uniform, not intermixed with

aciculi and gland-tipped setae. Leaflets oval, doubly serrate, bright
green and sub-glabrous above, hairy on the veins and with scattered
sticky slightly fragrant glands beneath. Pedicels short, with oval
bracts and numerous gland-tipped aciculi. Styles glabrous.
Pruit urceolate-ovoid, scarlet when ripe. Sepals deciduous,
fallingby the time the fruit is ripe, leaf-pointed, entire or slightly
pinnatifid,with numerous gland-tipped setse on the outside.
In hedges, bushy places. Not uncommon in the South, but
apparently not reaching Scotland.

England, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.

A large straggling plant, often 6 or 8 feet high, with arching
stems having fewer and smaller prickles than R. rubiginosa ; leaflets
 s

212 ENGLISH BOTANY.

thinner in texture witli fewer glands beneath and a mucli fainter

scent ; flowers smaller, about 1 inch across, pale rose-colour, calyx-
tube ol)long-ovoid. Fruit regularly ovoid, contracted into a short
neck at the top.
This plant appears to be truly distinct from U. rubiginosa,
receding in the direction of R. canina, which it resembles in its
mode of growth.
Small-flowered Sweethriar.

SPECIES X.— R OSA SEPIUM. « ThuU." Lindl&y.

Plate CCCCLXX.
Baker, in Nat. 18G4, p. G7.

Prickles numerous, large, curved, rather unequal, intermingled

with aciculi and occasionally a few gland-tipped setae. Leaflets
doubly serrate, dark green and slightly hairy
oval or elliptical,
above, paler hairy and wdth numerous slightly fragrant glands
beneath. Pedicels short, w^itli oval bracts and a few gland-tipped
aciculi. Styles
hairy. Pruit narrowly urceolate-ovoid, scarlet
when " Sepals persistent" (Borrer), leaf-pointed, entire or
ripe.
sub-pinnatifid, " hairy on tlie outside, and fringed with gland-
tipped teeth" (Borrer).
At Bridport, Warwickshire, and possibly Heyford, Oxfordshire.

England. Shrub. Summer.

Of this plant I have only seen the specimens in Mr. Borrer'
herbarium at Kew, which are very imperfect. Mr. Baker has not
seen any specimens of the British plant. It appears more nearly
allied to R. rubiginosa in size, mode of growth, and armature of stem
than to any of the other British species but the dried specimens in
:

Mr. Borrer's herbarium are very similar to those of B. micrantha in

habit, so that it might be very readily passed over as that species.

Small-leaved Sweethriar.

French, Rose dea Haies German, Zaun Rose.

SPECIES XL— ROSA CRYPTOPODA. Baker.

Baker, in Nat. 18G4, p. 06.

" Prickles somewhat unequal, the larger ones uncinate and

moderately robust below. Leaves 3 to 3^ inches from the base to
the terminal leaflet, which is oval or elliptical, either rounded or
somewhat narrowed toward the base, and measures rather more than
1 inch long by | inch wide. Leaflets greyish or glaucous-green.
 COCCLXX.

lU>sa sepiuni. SmalMeaved Sweet-briar.

 ROSACEA. 213

glabrous on the upper surface, still greyer beneath, hairy only on the
midrib and principal veins, but thinly scattered all over with green
viscous glands, the serratures open but not deep, each furnished
with several line gland-tipped teeth, the petioles pubescent and
setose and furnished with 2 or 3 falcate aciculi. Stipules glandular
on the back or even a little pubescent, the upper ones and the
bracts very large, when the plant is in flower quite hiding the
short peduncles, the bracts also glandular on the back but not hairy,
Peduncles very short and quite naked.
all finely setoso-ciliated.

Calyx-tube broadly ovate or subglobose, quite naked, glaucous,

and tinged with purple. Sepals f to f inch long, naked on the
back but somewhat hairy towards the edges, the more luxuriant
ones furnished with 3 or 4 erecto-patent toothed pinna; on each
side, all copiously setoso-ciliated. Petals deep red, the flowers
measuring about 1 inch across. Styles villose. Pruit subglobose,
not at all narrowed at the neck, measuring about f inch each way,
ripening in September, by which time the erecto-patent sepals
have all fallen.
" Pound by Mr. S. King in the neighbourhood of Luddenden
near Halifax, in West Yorkshire."

England. Shrub. Summer.

Of this plant I have seen no specimen, so I have extracted Mr.
Baker's description from the " Naturalist," not venturing to write a
description contrasting it with the other species without having
specimens or drawings of the plant before me.
Mr. Baker considers it as coming near R. sepium, but differing
in the size, shape, and colour of the leaves, with hairy ribs and peti-
oles also in its peculiar bracts, stipules, and peduncles, subglobose
;

fruit, slightly hairy sepals, and villose styles.

Short-pedicelled Rose.

SPECIES XII.—R OSA JUNDZILLIANA. Besser.

Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 65.

Prickles rather numerous, large, slightly curved, nearly equal,

not intermingled with aciculi and gland-tipped setae. Leaflets
oval, very acutely doubly-serrate, dull greyish-green and sparingly
pubescent but becoming glabrous when mature above, pale hairy
on the veins and with numerous viscous glands beneath. Pedicels
rather long, with oval bracts, thickly clothed with gland-tipped
aciculi. Styles sparingly hairy. Pruit subglobose or broadly
 214 ENGLISH BOTANY.

urccolatc-ovoid, thickly clothed with gland-tipped aciculi, " or

nearly naked." — (leaker.) Sepals deciduous, falling before the
fruit is ripe, leaf-pointed, generally sparingly pinnate, clothed with
gland-tipped seta3.

Gathered by Mr. E. M. Webb and Mr. H. S. Fisher, in a hedge

near Morton, Cheshire only one bush actually known. Erom this
;

some doubts may be entertained of its being native.

England ? Shrub. Summer.

I am indebted to Mr. Baker for a specimen of this plant. It

agrees in general appearance with R. tomentosa, but the prickles
resemble those of 11. Borreri, and the leaves are more glandular
and less thickly pubescent than those of the Villosse group. Mr.
Baker describes it as a vigorous bush with arching stems, about
6 feet in height, the flower pink and about the size of B. tomen-
tosa. The fruit f to f inch long by J broad, with the sepals
falling before it changes colour. He says that the Cheshire plant
agrees well with the Erench plant sent him by M. Dcseglise,
except that the prickles are more robust.

JundziVs Rose.

French, Rose de Jundzil.

/
SPECIES XIII.— ROSA BORRERI. Woods.

Plate CCCCLXXI.

Balcer, in Nat. 18G4, p. 63. Woods, Trans, of Linn. Soc. Vol. II. p. 210.
E. dumetorum, Sm. Eng. Bot. No, 2579.
K, inodora, " Fries" Borrer, in E. B, S. No. 2G10, note.

Prickles numerous, large, curved, uniform, not intermixed with

aciculi and gland-tipped set£e. Leaflets oval or elliptical, sharply
serrate, with the serratures again very faintly serrated, deep green
above where they are sparingly hairy when young but glabrous
when mature, paler more hairy and with a few sticky almost scent-
less glands beneath. Pedicels short, with large oval bracts, and
clothed with a few aciculi and gland-tipped aciculi. Styles hairy.
Eruit urceolate-ovoid, scarlet when ripe. Sepals deciduous, falling
by the time the fruit is ripe, leaf-pointed, entire, or slightly pin-
natifid, " varying from almost naked to a good deal glandular
on the outside." (Baker.) —
In hedges and thickets. Apparently not common. Only known
^^i^^^^-'^-hM I^J^'Vi ^r'"'^u^-^^
(jc(;<jLxxi.

Rosa Borreri. Scentless Briar.

 ROSACETE. 215

certainly to occur in Sussex, Kent, Worcestershire, and Yorkshire,

and possibly Northumberland.
England, Scotland ? Shrub. Summer.
This plant forms one of the connecting links between E.
micrantha and R. canina, differing from the former in its larger
size, much fewer glands on the leaflets, larger stipules, fewer
aciculi and gland-tipped setae on the pedicels, and more hairy
styles. The sepals are also more broadly triangular and with a
shorter leaf-point.
I suspect that this should stand as a sub-species of R. canina if
the Canina? Sub-rubginosce of Mr. Baker be rightly referred to that
species.
The Northumbrian plant gathered in a hedge at Spring Gardens,
near Newcastle, by Mr. Robertson, " differs from Borreri in having
a few setaceous aciculi and a few setae intermixed with its prickles,
leaves more glandular beneath and the glands faintly odorous, the
terminal leaflet being nearly as broad as long and much rounded at
the base, by its deeper coloured flowers, more elongated calyx-tube
—
and fruit, and more persistent sepals." (Baker, /. c. p. G4.) Mr.
Baker thinks this may be the true U. inodora of Eries, of which he
has not seen an authenticated specimen.

Borrer^s Rose.

Section IV.— CANINiE.

Large bushes with arching or sub-erect main stems and rather
slender branches. Shoots with the prickles scattered, uniform, not
intermingled with aciculi or gland-tipped setae. Leaves glabrous
or hairy, without glands or with a few on the under side.
Pedicels on a corymbose cyme, usually naked. Styles not united.
Fruit ovoid, with deciduous or sub-persistent sepals.

SPECIES XIV.— ROSA CANINA. Linn.

Plates CCCCLXXIL CCCCLXXIII. CCCCLXXIII.* CCCCLXXIV.

Baher, in Nat. 1864, p. 93.

Prickles scattered, large, curved or hooked, uniform, not

intermingled with aciculi and gland-tipped setae. Leaflets ellip-
tical or oval, doubly or simply serrate, varying from glabrous to
sparingly hairy, sometimes with a few sticky not fragrant glands
beneath. Pedicels short with oval bracts, usually naked. Styles
glabrous or hairy. Pruit ovoid or subglobose, scarlet when ripe.
Sepals deciduous or sub-persistent, leaf-pointed and usually more
210 ENGLISH BOTANY.

or less pinnatifid, generally glabrous, but sometimes with gland-

tipped setae on the outside.*
Mr. Baker distinguishes the following forms, which he arranges
under four groups.

Group I.— SUBRUBIGINOS^E.

Leaves sparingly glandular beneath, either all over or only on
the principal veins. Pedicels naked or with aciculi. Fruit various.
The plants of this group are placed by M. Deseglise in the
section Bubiginosse. They appear to me to be best placed with
B. inodora and Borreri, except B. vinacca, which appears to be a
true Dog-rose.

1. Rosa Blondaeana. Eipa/rt.

Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 103.

Stem with divaricate branches ;

prickles moderate, slightly
curved. Leaflets elliptical or obovate-elliptical, glaucous above,
glabrous and glaucous with scattered glands (which are most
abundant on the midrib beneath), sharply doubly serrate, with the
secondary serratures gland-tipped. Petioles glandular, destitute of
hairs. Stipules and bracts glabrous, ciliated with gland-tipped
setse. Pedicels with a few aciculi and gland-tipped seta}. Styles
thickly hairy. Fruit naked, obovate or subglobose, turning
scarlet in September. Sepals leaf- pointed, pinnate, with gland-
tipped seta3 on the outside, some of them falling by the time the
fruit changes colour.
and Mr. Baker
In hedges. Kilvington, North-east Yorkshire ;

has gathered a very similar plant in the counties of Perth and

Aberdeen.

* I am indebted to Mr. Baker for specimens of the greater number of the forms
of the Dog-roses which he has so carefully worked out and compared with Continental
specimens named by M. Deseglise. come to any
I however feel myself quite unable to
satisfactory conclusion as to how many of the forms ought to be regarded as sub-species ;

indeed this, as iu the case of the Rubi, can only be ascertained by continued cultivation
from seed, so as to ascertain what forms are really permanent, as it is impossible to
determine cl priori what characters invariably descend unchanged from the parent to
the offspring.
 CCCCLXXIII.

Rosa Bakeii. Baker's Briar.

 EOSACE^. 217

2. Rosa Bakeri. Desigiise.

Plate CGCCLXXIII.
Desigiise, in Journ. of Bot. 1864, p. 267.
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 102.

Main stem scarcely arching, with short spreading branches

prickles moderately strong, slightly curved. Leaflets oval or
elliptical-oval, firm, softly and thinly hairy above, thickly hairy
and with numerous small green scattered glands beneath, doubly
serrated, the secondary serratures tipped with gland-tipped hairs,
and ciliated with short woolly hairs ; petioles with woolly hairs and
numerous gland-tipped setae and a few prickles. Stipules and
bracts densely pubescent and thickly glandular, ciliated with short
gland-tipped Pedicels short, naked or with a few aciculi
setae.

and gland-tipped setee. Styles woolly. Pruit glabrous, ovoid,

ripening early in September. Sepals leaf-pointed and pinnate,
ciliated with gland-tipped setae, and with a few scattered on the
outside, remaining until the fruit changes colour.
In hedges at Sowerby, North-east Yorkshire.
Baker's Hose.

3. Eosa tomentella. Lenmn.

Bak&t, in iSTat. 1864, p. 102.

Branches short, flexuous ;

prickles strong, much curved.
Leaflets roundish-ovate, or ovate, rather firm, very thinly hairy
above, paler and rather densely so, especially on the veins, and with
a few scattered glands beneath, doubly serrate, with the serratures
gland-tipped, and ciliated with woolly hairs ; petioles with numerous
woolly hairs, and a few short gland-tipped setae and prickles.
Stipules and bracts pubescent beneath, ciliated with short gland-
tipped setae. Pedicles very short, naked. Styles woolly. Pruit
subglobose, glabrous, turning scarlet in October. Sepals leaf-
pointed, pinnate, nearly naked on the back, with a few gland-tipped
setae on the margins, falling before the fruit changes colour.
In hedges in North Yorkshire and in Warwickshire.

4. Eosa arvatica. Pnget.

Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. lOl.

Stems arched, with rather slender branches; prickles stout,

hooked. Leaflets elliptical or oval-elliptical, glabrous above, paler

VOL. III. 2 F
218 ENGLISH BOTANY.

hairy and glandular on the veins beneath, acutely doubly serrate,

with the secondary scrratures gland-tipped, without hairs ; petioles
hairy, w^ith rather numerous gland-tipped setse, and a few prickles.
Stipules and bracts sub- glabrous, with a few scattered glands,
closely ciliated with gland-tii)ped setae. Pedicels naked. Styles
sub-glabrous. Emit subglobose-ovoid, turning scarlet in October.
Sepals leaf-pointed and copiously pinnate, slightly glandular on the
outside, ciliated with gland-tipped setjB, falling before the fruit
changes colour.
In hedges at Sowerby and Kilvington, North Yorkshire, and
near Newcastle.

5. Rosa vinacea. Baher.

Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 101.

Stems arched, with rather slender branches ;

prickles stout,
hooked. Leaflets elliptical, glaucous-green, firm, glabrous above,
paler, glabrous and glandular on the principal veins beneath, very
acutely doubly serrate, with the secondary serratures gland-tipped ;

petioles glabrous, with gland-tipped seta3, and a few small prickles.

Stipules and bracts glabrous, closely ciliated with gland-tipped
setfB. Pedicels very short, naked. Styles hairy. Fruit subglobose,
glabrous, turning scarlet in October. Sepals slightly leaf-pointed,
entire, or sparingly pinnate,with a few gland-tipped set^e, most
numerous on the margins, falling before the fruit changes colour.
In hedges at Thirsk, North Yorkshire.
This seems to be a glandular form closely allied to R. dumalis,
as far as I can judge from seeing only a single dried specimen.

Group II.— HISPID^. Baker.

Leaves without glands beneath pedicels more or less densely

;

clothed with aciculi and gland-tipped aciculi. Calyx-tube occa-

sionally with gland-tipped aciculi.

6. Rosa csesia. Sm.

Plate CCCCLXXIII.*
Baher, in Nat. 18G4, p. 100.

Leaflets oval, firm, glaucous-green and glabrous above, more

glaucous and hairy (especially on the veins) beneath, sharply and
nearly simply but somewhat irregularly serrate ; petioles woolly,
with numerous gland-tipped seta; and a few prickles. Stipules and
 CCCCLXXIII.6{«.

E.B. 2367.

Rosa Cajsia, Glaucous-leaved Docf-Rose.

 ROSACE.E. 219

bracts slightly hairy beneath, closely ciliated with gland-tipped

setoD. Peduncles with numerous aciculi and gland-tipped aciculi.
Calyx-tube naked. Sepals leaf-pointed, sparingly pinnate, glandu-
lar on the outside.
In Highland valleys in Perthshire and Inverness-shire. Mr.
Baker considers a plant found by the Uev. W. M. Ilind, near
Stapenhill, Derbyshire, to be closely allied to H. cassia, differing
only in the leaves being slightly hairy above and the calyx-tube
and sepals aciculate.

7. Rosa verticillacantha. Merat? t/w^A^u^,l:

BaJcer, in Nat. 18G4, p. 100. 0U^ ^

Leaflets elliptical, firm, bright green and glabrous above, paler

and glabrous beneath, sharply doubly serrate, with the secondary
serratures gland - tipped petioles glabrous, with gland-tipped
;

aciculi and a few small prickles. Stipules and bracts glabrous,

ciliated, with gland-tipped setfB. Pedicels with numerous aciculi
and gland-tipped aciculi. Styles sparingly hairy. Pruit elliptical-
ovoid, not ripening till October. Sepals " somewhat glandular on
the back, and densely setoso-ciliated, deciduous by the time the
fruit changes colour." — (Baker, /. c.)

In hedges at Myton, Warwickshire, and Twycross, near

Ather stone, Warwickshire and a similar plant with a densely
:

prickly calyx-tube was found by the late Mr. T. Clark in Somer-

setshire.
8. Rosa andegavensis. Bastard.

Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 100.

R. caniua y, Woods.

Leaflets broadly oval, firm, glabrous on both sides, sharply and

nearly simply but somewhat irregularly serrate ;
petioles glabrous,
with a few gland-tipped and prickles. Stipules and bracts
seta3

glabrous, sparingly ciliated with gland-tipped seta?. Pedicels and

base of calyx with numerous aciculi and gland-tipped aciculi. Styles
woolly. Sepals leaf-pointed, pinnate, glandular and prickly on the
outside, but scarcely ciliated.
Pass of Lanrick (Mr. Borrer) and Braemar (Mr. H. C.
Watson).

Group III.— SUBCIIISTAT.E. Baker.

Leaves without glands beneath. Pedicels naked, or only acci-

dentally with a few aciculi or gland-tipped aciculi. Pruit pliable
220 ENGLISH BOTANY.

when grcjen, ripening early in September. Sepals erect-spreading

after the petals fall, and usually adhering till after the fruit
changes colour.
9. Rosa celerata. Baker.

Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 99.

Stems arching ; prickles stout, hooked. Leaflets broadly ovate,

thin, firm, green and glabrous above, paler and hairy on the
principal veins beneath, shallowly doubly serrate, the secondary
serratures gland-tipped petioles shortly pubescent, with numerous
;

short gland-tipped setce. Stipules and bracts glabrous, ciliated

with gland-tipped set^. Pedicels naked, as long as the bracts.
Styles hairy. Pruit subglobose, smooth, turning scarlet early in
September. Sepals leaf-pointed and copiously pinnate, glabrous in
the middle on the outside, and ciliated with gland-tipped set^e,
remaining until after the fruit changes colour.
Thickets in Holywell Dean, Northumberland.

10. Rosa coriifolia. FHea,

Plate CCCCLXXII.*
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 98.

R. bractescens. Woods, et Auct. Angl.

Stems arching ; prickles rather slender, very slightly curved.

Leaflets roundish-ovate, thick, greyish green and hairy above,
paler and softly pubescent beneath, shallowly serrated, without
gland-tipped set^ ;
petioles woolly, nearly destitute of gland-tipped
seta3,and with few prickles. Stipules and bracts densely pubescent
beneath, with scarcely any gland-tipped setje on the margin.
Pedicels naked, extremely short, much shorter than the bracts.
Styles woolly. Sepals leaf-pointed, and copiously pinnate, naked
on the outside but usually tomentose towards the edges, nearly
destitute of gland-tipped setfB at the edges.
TJlverstone, Lancashire (Mr.Woods), and Castleton of Braemar
(Mr. H. C. Watson), and a less hairy form is plentiful in hedges at
Thirsk, North Yorkshire.
A specimen collected by Winch, near Newcastle-on-Tyne, has,
according to Mr. Baker, the large bracts and short peduncles of

* The plate is taken from a drawing made by Mrs. Baker from Mr. Watson's
specimens, which unfortunately perished in the disastrous fire which took place ou
Mr. Baker's premises on Dth May, 18G4.
 CCCCLXXII.

Rosa coriifolia. Leathery-leaved Briar.

 ROSACEiE. 221

R. coriifolia, but the shape, vestiture, and serration of the leaves

bear a greater resemblance to those of E/. Watsoni.

Leathery - leaved Briar,

German, Ledderbldttrige Rose.

11. Rosa Watsoni. Baker.

Baker, in Nat. 18G4, p. 98.

R, bractescens /3, Woods.

" Leaves glabrous on the upper surface, the teeth sharper and
closer than in K. coriifolia, not always simple, the accessory serra-
tions gland-tipped, somewhat hairy beneath the terminal leaflet ;

ovate ; the petioles villose, but hardly at all setose. Stipules and
bracts nearly glabrous on the back, slightly setoso-ciliated, not
peculiarly large, nor hiding the peduncle as in R. coriifolia.
Peduncle naked. Calyx-tube ovate-urceolate. Sepals erecto-patent
after the petals fall, leaf-pointed and fully pinnate, glandular all over
the back." — (Baker, I. c.)

Ambleside, Westmoreland (Woods), and between Dalwhinnie

and Etrisk, Inverness- shire (Mr. H. C. Watson).

12. Eosa subcristata. Baker.

Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 97.

R. tomentosa y, Woods.

Stem arching ; prickles stout, curved. Leaflets oval or elliptical,

leathery, glaucous-green and glabrous above, more glaucous and
glabrous beneath, sharply and irregularly or imperfectly doubly
serrate, some of the smaller serratures gland-tipped ; petioles with
scattered hairs, gland-tipped setae, and a few prickles. Stipules and
bracts glabrous, ciliated with gland-tipped setae. Pedicels naked,
very short, shorter than the bracts. Styles woolly. Pruit turning
scarlet early in September. Sepals glabrous or glandular on the
outside, leaf-pointed, sparingly pinnate, more or less ciliated with
gland-tipped setae, mostly adhering until the fruit is fully ripe.

In hedges and thickets. Yorkshii-e, Cheshire, Northumber-

land, Perthshire.
Mr. Baker finds at Keld, in Swaledale, Yorkshire, a rose with
deep red flowers, pedicels with a few gland-tipped aciculi, and
sepals glandular on the outside, which in other respects agrees with
his B. subcristata.
222 ENGLISH BOTANY.

13. Rosa Crepiniana. Deseglise.

Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 97.

Stems arching ;
prickles stout, hooked. Leaflets oval or ellip-
tical, glaucous-green and glahrous above, more glaucous and
glabrous beneath, sharply and simply or imperfectly doubly ser-
rate, scarcely any of the serratures gland-tipped; petioles nearly
destitute of hairs or gland-tipped seta3, but with a few prickles.
Stipules and bracts glabrous, sparingly ciliated with small gland-
tipped teeth. Pedicels glabrous, short, rather shorter than the
bracts. Styles densely woolly. Eruit turning scarlet early in Sep-
tember. Sepals leaf-pointed and copiously pinnate, naked or with
a few gland-tipped setae on the outside, tomentose on the margins,
scarcely or not at all ciliated A^dth gland-tipped setse, mostly adhering
until the fruit is fully ripe.
Hedges in North-east Yorkshire.
Mr. Baker finds plants similar to the above, but with a few
gland-tipped aciculi on the pedicels, at Wood-end, Thirsk, and
Chesterholme, Northumberland.

Group IV.— EU-CANIN^E. Baher.

Leaves without glands beneath. Pedicels naked, or only acci-

dentally with a few aciculi or gland-tipped setse. Eruit stone-hard
when green, ripening in the end of September or October. Sepals
reflexed after the petals fall, and deciduous before the fruit change^
colour.

14. Rosa canescens. Baker.

Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 97.

Stems arcliing ; prickles stout, hooked. Leaflets oval-elliptical,

firm, sparingly hairy when young but sub-glabrous and greyish-
green when mature above, paler and closely pubescent beneath,
sharply and shallowly doubly serrate, with the secondary serratures
gland-tipped petioles thinly woolly, with a few gland-tipped setae.
;

Stipules and bracts pubescent beneath, ciliated with gland-tipped

setae. Pedicels naked, longer than the bracts. Styles hairy.
Eruit roundish-ovoid, ripening in October. Sepals leaf-pointed
and copiously pinnate', pubescent on the outside, ciliated with
gland-tipped sette, falling before the fruit is ripe.
Near Thirsk, Yorkshire.
 ROSACE.E. 223

Mr. Baker remarks that this plant has a resinous scent, and
tliat the leaves resemhle those of E.. tomentosa, while the fruit is

that of normal R. canina.

15. Rosa pruinosa. Baker.

Baker, in Nat. 18G4, p. 96.

R. C£esia, Borrer, in Hook. Brit. Fl. (in part, not E. B.).

Stem slightly arching ; prickles rather slender, slightly curved.

Leaflets broadly ovate, rather thin, sparingly hairy when young but
sub-glabrous and glaucous-green when mature above, glaucous and
thinly-hairy beneath ; petioles with woolly hairsand a few gland-
tipped setae. Stipules and bracts sub-glabrous, " hairy on the
back" (Baker), sparingly ciliated with gland-tipped setoe. Pedicels
naked, as long as or shorter than the bracts. Styles sparingly
hairy. Pruit subglobose, ripening in the end of September.
Sepals leaf-pointed and pinnate, glabrous on the outside, with
tomentose edges, sparingly ciliated with gland-tipped setee, falling

before the fruit is ripe.

Marrick Moor, and by the Swale near Keld, Yorkshire, also by

the bridge between Swallwell and Axwell Park, Durham.
The form from thickets by the side of the Swale has the sepals
glandular all over the outside.

16. Rosa dumetorum. "ThuilV Woods.

Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 96.

Stem arching prickles stout, hooked. Leaflets elliptical or

;

oval, more or less acuminate, moderately thick, thinly-hairy when

young but sub-glabrous and greyish-green when mature above, grey
and thinly-hairy (especially on the veins) beneath, simply but irre-
gularly and shallowly serrate, the serratures not gland-tipped but
ciliated with woolly hairs ;
few gland-
petioles woolly, with very
tipped setae. Stipules and bracts sub-glabrous (pubescent in one
of the specimens sent me by Mr. Baker, authenticated by
M. Crepin), sparingly ciliated with very short gland-tipped setse
and woolly hairs. Pedicels naked, as long as or shorter than the
bracts. Styles thinly-hairy. Pruit usually large, ovoid-urceolate,
" sometimes subglobose" (Baker, I. c), ripening in the end of Sep-
tember. Sepals leaf-pointed and copiously pinnate, glabrous on the
outside, tomentose on the edges, scarcely ciliated with gland-tipped
setse, falling before the fruit ripens.
224 ENGLISH BOTANY.

In hedges. Common near Thirsk, Yorkshire, and probably

generally distributed.

17. Rosa uncinella. Bess.

Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 95.

" Habit of growth and prickles of the normal U. canina. Leaves

flat, grey-green, slightly-hairy on the upper surface when young, but

glabrous when mature, greyer still and hairy all over beneath, so
that the edge is ciliated, firm in texture, the serrations simple,
spreading and open, as broad as they are deep, callous at the tips,
the terminal leaflet broadly oval or obovate, much rounded at the
base ; the petioles villous, but hardly at all glandular, furnished
usually with 2 or 3 hooked prickles. Stipules and bracts slightly
hairy on the back, but hardly at all gland-ciliated.
dentate
Peduncles naked. Calyx-tube and fruit large, broadly elliptical or
subglobose, the green fruit rather more pliable than in R. platy-
phylla. The sepals reflexed after the petals fall, leaf-pointed and
fully pinnate, tomentose, and slightly glandular on the back, hardly
at all setoso-ciliated. Styles villous." — (Baker, I. c.)

Banks of the Yore, at Aysgarth Force, North-west Yorkshire.

18. Rosa platyphylla. Ran.

Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 95.

Stem arching ;
prickles stout, hooked. Leaflets broadly oval or
obovate-oval, rather firm, flat, greyish-green and glabrous above,
glaucous and thinly -hairy beneath, sharply deeply and irregu-
larly serrate, the serratures not gland-tipped ; petioles thinly
woolly, with gland-tipped setae and prickles. Stipules and bracts
thinly-hairy on the back, with a few gland-tipped setae on the
margins, but not regularly ciliated. Pedicels naked, as long as or
shorter than the bracts. Styles villose. Sepals leaf-pointed, pin-
nate, nearly destitute of gland-tipped setae on the edges. The
mature fruit has not been seen either by Mr. Baker or myself, but
is described by M. Deseglise as ovoid, with the sepals falling before

maturity.
At Giggleswick and Settle, West Yorkshire.
Of this plant I have only seen imperfect specimens.
 CGCCLXXIV.

E.BS. 2611.

Rosa canina. Common Dog-Rose.

 EOSACE^E. .
225

19. Rosa Urbica. Leman.

Plate CCCCLXXIV.
Baker, in Nat. 186 1, p. 94.

R. Forsteri, Sm. Borrer, in E. B. S. No. 2611.

R collina />, Woods, in Trans, of Linn. Soc. Vol. XII. p. 219.

Stems arching; pricklesstout, hooked. Leaflets ovate-oval,

rather firm, not green or slightly glaucous and glabrous above,
flat,

paler and downy on the veins beneath, deeply, sharply, and irregu-
larly but simply serrate, the serratures destitute of gland-tipped
setae, but ciliated with woolly hairs ; petioles woolly, with a very

few gland-tipped setae and prickles. Stipules and bracts sub-

glabrous or sparingly pubescent beneath, ciliated with gland-tipped
setae and woolly hairs. Pedicels naked, as long as or shorter than
the bracts. Styles hairy. Emit urceolate-ovoid, or subglobose,
ripening in October. Sepals leaf-pointed and copiously pinnate,
with a very few gland-tipped setae on the edges, falling before the
fruit is ripe.
In hedges and thickets. Very common, and generally distri-

buted.
A closely-allied plant from Hawnby bank and hedges at
"
Sowerby, near Thirsk, with slightly double serrations, peduncles
a little aciculate, sepals not fully reflexed and a little glandular on
the back, is referred doubtfully by M. Deseglise to E-. platyphyl-
loides, Eipart." —
Baker, I. c.

20. Rosa dttmalis. Beclist.

Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 94. ^

E,. sarmentacea, Woods. Borrer, in E. B. S. No. 2595.

Stem arching prickles stout, curved. Leaflets ovate or ellip-

;

more or less acuminate, rather firm, not flat, green or glau-

tical,

cous-green and glabrous both above and beneath, deeply and

acutely doubly serrate, the secondary serratures gland-tipped
petioles sub-glabrous, with a few gland-tipped setae and small
prickles. Stipules and bracts closely ciliated with gland-tipped
setae. Pedicels short, naked. Styles hairy. Pruit varying from
ovoid-urceolate to sub-globose, ripening in October. Sepals leaf-
pointed and copiously pinnate, glabrous on the back, more or less
densely ciliated with gland-tipped setae, falling before the fruit is

ripe.
In hedges and thickets. Very common, and generally distri-

buted.
VOL. III. 2 G
22G ENGLISH BOTANY.

Tliis is distinguislicd from all tho preceding Dog-roses by the

leaflets being quite glabrous both above and beneath.

21. Rosa lutetiana. Zeman.

Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 94.

li. canina, DtsajUse, Essai IMonogr. de Rosiers de la Fi-ance, p. Gl.
Woods, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 992.

Stem arching ;
prickles stout, hooked. Leaflets oval or elliptical,
rather firm, not flat, green or glaucous-green and glabrous on both
sides, closely deeply sharply and irregularly but simply serrate,
the serratures without gland-tipped setae ;
petioles glabrous, nearly
destitute of gland-tipped setse, but with a few small hooked prickles.
Stipules and bracts glabrous, usually not ciliated with gland-
tipped setae. Pedicels short, naked. Styles slightly hairy. Fruit
urceolate-ovoid or subglobose, ripening in October. Sepals leaf-
pointed, copiously pinnate, sub-glabrous on the outside, more or less
ciliated with gland-tipped setse, falling before the fruit ripens.
Very common throughout the kingdom.
In hedges and thickets.
This is distinguishable from the last by the leaves having the
serratures closer and simple, i.e. without small gland-tipped teeth
upon them. Prom all the other Dog-roses the leaves glabrous on
both sides is sufficient to separate it.

It is any accurate distribution of

utterly impossible to give
these forms of the Dog-rose many of them will, no doubt, be found
;

to be much more widely spread than has been indicated.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.

The greater number of the plants included under R. canina have
arching stems 6 to 10 or 12 feet high, with very large uniform
mostly curved prickles. Leaves and leaflets about the size of those
of H. tomentosa the flowers generally 2 or 3 together, IJ to 2
;

inches across, most commonly pale pink.

Common Dog-rose,

French, Rosier IJylantler. German, Ilunds Rose.

The Wild Roseof our hedges is of the same family as many of our most attractive
garden favourites and although these have a more rich and striking beauty, there are
;

those svho prefer the simple charms of the common Dog-rose. All the numerous
varieties of double Rose cultivated in our gardens possess the same properties
as this plant. The fruit of the Dog-rose, or "hips" as they are called, has long
 ROSACEiE. 227

been used to make a conserve with sugar, and is an article included in the Phar-
macopoeia. The so-called fruit is truly the enlarged persistent calyx enclosing the
real fruits, which are numerous small achenia, clothed, as well as the inside of the
calyx, with silky hairs. In preparing them for officinal use, the hairs and achenia
are to be carefully removed, and the fleshy calyx beaten to a pulp, to which,
gradually, thrice their own weight of white sugar is to be added. The employ-
ment of heat in the preparation of this conserve is directed in the i'harmacopoeia ;

but it is better omitted. The pulp consists chiefly of malic and citric acids, in
combination mostly with some salts, tannin, resins, a small quantity of volatile and

fixed oils, woody and a large quantity of sugar. The action on the stomach is
fibre,

slightly refrigerant and aperient, its sweetness recommending it to children, and as

a vehicle for other medicines. It is apt to candy or concrete by keeping. The fresh
hips, freed from the fruit and hairs, bruised, and having a little sugar added, yield,

by having hot water poured on them, a cooling mildly-astringent drink, which would
be grateful to the poor sufiering from autumnal fevers. In former times, when garden
fruit was scarce, these hips were esteemed for dessert. Gerarde assures us that the
hips of the rose " maketh the most pleasante meats and banqueting dishes, and tarts
and such-like, the making whereof" he commits to the "cunning cooke and teethe to
eate them in the riche man's mouth." The Germans still use them as an ordinary
preserve ; and this, as well as a preserve of the blossom, is employed in our own village
confectionary. The flowers still form an article of luxury among the Chinese ; and Sir
John Davis, in describing a feast given to him at Shanghae, mentions a ragout of the
flowers of the common China Rose dressed whole, which celestial and ambrosial dish
he, however, declares to have been a mixture of salt, sour and other indescribable
flavours, such as forbade a repetition ; being therein of a difierent opinion from Master
Gerarde, who afiirms that they are greatly to be desired as a culinary vegetable, " as
well for their virtues and goodness in taste, as also for their beautiful colour." Gerarde
hints at " divers other pretty things made of roses and sugar, which are impertinent
unto our historic."
Pliny, Galen, and others have dwelt much on the virtues of the tufty spongioles
which we often find growing on the branches of wild Roses, and which children call
" Robin's pincushions." All sorts of medicinal qualities have been attributed to them,
and they were supposed to be parts of the Rose itself ; but we know now that they are
excrescences produced by the insect powers of the Cynips Roste, a little insect which
deposits its eggs in the miniature bud, and thus arrests its development.
Of the Roses we have many varieties which are favourites in the garden. R. Indica^
the China Rose, is perhaps the most beautiful, and is found wild about Canton, in China.
It blossoms six or eight times a year, and its colour varies from a delicate blush to a
deep crimson. There is a hybrid variety between this species and the R. odorata, which
is well known in gardens as the tea-scented China Rose. The varieties of this pretty

Rose grow abundantly in France in the open air ; they do not well bear the climate of
England. The Austrian Rose —Rosa lutea— is known by its foliage existing only at

the extremity of its branches ;

prickles under the stipules, and leaflets hollow. The
most brilliant yellow roses are produced from this species : they require a moist and
dry pure air, and do well without pruning. The Rose, as among Eastern nations, has
ever been a favourite in France. Some of the French deeds or "acts" of the Middle
Ages contain clauses stipulating for certain " rentes " of Roses. Such rents, too, have
been paid in our own country. Lord Brougham still holds the castle of High Head in
capite of the Queen " by the service of a red Rose rendered annually at Carlisle." In
 — — —

228 ENGLISH BOTANY.

the East the Rose has ever been a favourite flower, and in the imaginative language of
the poet its praises have been set forth. It is the Musk Rose, R. moschata, which we
are told in Eastern story is the chosen flower of the nightingale, among the branches
of which ho is supposed to sit and sing his love-tale, and the delicate petals of which
constitute his only food :

" For there the Rose, o'er crag and vale,

Sultana to the nightingale.

Blooms blushing to her lover's tale,

His queen, his garden queen, his Rose."

Moore alludes to this legend with his usual fervour :

" ! sooner shall the Rose of May

Mistake her own sweet nightingale,
And to some meaner minstrel's lay
Open her bosom's glowing veil,

Than love shall ever doubt a tone,

A breath of the beloved one."
But it is not only when in all its blushing beauty that the Rose possesses its

fragrant charms : even when about to wither and fall away, the scent remains ; and
large quantities of Roses are cultivated for the sole purpose of making extracts of
difierent sorts. In hot countries a large quantity of volatile oil is elaborated by the
flowers of the species of Roses which grow in those climates, such as R. moschata, —
R. Damascena, and others. The valuable and delicious perfume known as "attar" or
" ottor of Roses," is said to be procured in the following simple manner : —A large
vessel is filled with the picked petals of Roses ; they are covered with spring-water,
exposed to the sun daily for a week ; oily particles gradually rise to the top and come
together : these are carefully removed by a piece of cotton, and tightly corked in
small bottles. A perfumer in Paris, who made this costly preparation for Louis XVI.,
declares that four thousand pounds weight of rose-leaves yielded only seventeen ounces
of the oil. We can estimate in this way the costliness of the scent and the great
temptation there is to adulterate it with other oils. Rose-water is made by distillation,

and was at one time in extensive use among the great and rich, and on state occasions
was always presented in silver-gilt ewers :

" Attend him with a silver basin

Full of rose-water."

This custom is now almost entirely confined to our City feasts, and goes in company
with the loving-cu]), and some other remnants of an age when the pleasures of the table
were regarded in quantity rather than quality.
The old-fashioned compound called pot powri preserves much of the original
freshness of the scent of the flower ; but for this purpose the Wild Rose and the new
varieties which fill our gardens are alike useless ; no kind should be used but the old
sweet-scented damask, cabbage, or moss Roses. The Rose petals should be strewn on
sheets of paper and carefully. dried in the sun. and should then be put in a large China
jar with bay-salt between the layers. Lavender-flowers and other ingredients may be
added at discretion. The flowers generally used are clove-pinks, violets, orange-flowers,
jessamine, and rosemary ; but only a small quantity of each, so as not to overpower the
 ROSACEiE. 229

Roses. An old recipe, in whicli our grandmothers delighted, and which, when con-
cocted by their busy hands, served to perfume the state chanibers for many a day, is as
follows :

A few laureland bay-leaves, knotted marjoram and dried balm of Gilead besides :

these, to every two pecks of rose-leaves there should be orris-root sliced, gum benjamin
and storax, 2 oz. of each ; \ oz. of uiusk, ^ lb. of augelica-root sliced, and three Seville
oranges stuck as full of cloves as possible, dried in a cool oven, and pounded or
either
thrown in whole.
Englishmen exalt the Rose as their national flower, for ever hai)pily blended with
the shamrock and thistle but we must not forget that at one ])eriod of our history
;

it was the symbol for internal war and bloodshed, when the Red and the White Roses,

and those that wore them, as nearly related to each other as the flowers themselves,
waged a deadly fight with each other, — when, according to JSkakespeare, Warwick says
to riantagenet :

" This brawl to-day,

Grown to tliis faction in the Temple Garden,
Shall send between the Red Rose and the White
A thousand souls to death and deadly night."

A prophecy which was but too fatally fulfilled.

The Union or York-and-Lancaster Rose, a very elegant variety, with mixed red
and white petals, has been generally referred to the marriage of Henry VII. with
Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., by which the animosity of the contending houses
was happily and An old author penned the following
finally extinguished. lines,

worthy of Anacreon, on presenting a white Rose to a Lancastrian lady :

" If this fair Rose ofiend thy sight.

It in thy bosom wear ;

'Twill blush to find itself less white,

And turn Lancastrian there."

The old saying, to speak "under the rose," is somewhat difficult to explain ; but
mythological writers afford a solution to it by telling us that " Cupid, the god of love,

made Harpocrates, the god of silence, a present of the first Rose, to bribe him not to
divulge the secrets of his mother Venus." Hence the Rose became the symbol of
silence,and was usually placed above the heads of the guests in banquetiug-rooms, in
order to banish restraint, and intimate that nothing would be divulged that was said
sub rosa.
According to old legends, the Rose was created without thorns, which grew on
the jilant in consequence of the wickedness of men. It was said to be the chosen flower
of Mahomed, the Eastern prophet ; and travellers in Syria and Egypt give us wonderful
accounts of the rose-gardens there, and the delight which the inhabitants take in the
perfume of the flower. Among the Persians the Feast of Roses is a time of rejoicing,
and lasts through the whole time of their flowering.
As a sacred emblem in the Roman Catholic Church, the Rose has long been regarded.

It supposed to be an emblem of the Virgin, and was recognized as such by St. Dominic
is

when he introduced the devotion of the Rosary, with direct reference to the life of
St. Mary. The prayers are said to have been symbolized as Roses.
The Wild Rose is sometimes called the Canker in various parts of the countiy ;
but, as it is a term of reproach, we do not desire to perpetuate it. Shakespeare alludes
230 ENGLISH BOTANY.

to it when Hotspur makes his reproachful speech to the earls of Northumberland and
Worcester, accusing them of trying

"To put down Richard, that sweet, lovely Rose,

And plant this thorn, this Canker Bolingbroke !"

Therein meaning a usurper, which is certainly an unfair use of the term when applied
to our own native wild hedge-side Rose, blowing in our quiet country lanes, or clothing
dry saud-banks with a spring robe of beauty, and perfuming the air with its sweetness.

Group V.— SYSTYLiE.

Buslies with sub-erect or trailing stems ; shoots with the prickles
scattered, uniform, not intermingled with aciculi or gland-tipped
setse. Leaves glabrous above and glabrous or slightly hairy
beneath. Pedicels numerous, in a sub-umbellate cyme, furnished
with sessile glands or gland-tipped aciculi or naked. Styles united
into a column. Pruit ovoid or subglobose, with deciduous sepals.

SPECIES XV—ROSA SYSTYLA. Woods.

Plate CCCCLXXV.
Mhr, in Nat. 18G4, p. 143.
R. collina, aSW Eng. Bot. No. 1895.

Stem erect or arching ;

prickles scattered, large, curved, uni-
form, not intermingled with aciculi or gland-tipped setse. Leaflets
acuminate, sharply and unequally serrate, but not regularly
elliptical
doubly serrate, glabrous above, sparingly pubescent on the veins
beneath, nearly or entirely destitute of glands. Pedicels rather
elongate, with elliptical acuminate bracts, furnished with a
few short gland-tipped aciculi and setse, very rarely naked. Petals
pink. Styles glabrous, united, forming a column of variable length,
surrounded by a convex disk destitute of glands. Stigmas in an
ovoid head. Pruit ovoid, rarely globular, scarlet. Sepals deci-
duous, moderately long, leaf-pointed, and pinnate.
In hedges and thickets. Rare, and apparently confined to the
southern counties of England, where it has occurred in Somerset,
Sussex, Kent, Essex, Middlesex, Gloucester, Worcester, Cambridge,
and in South Wales.
England, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.
A tall plant, often 8 or 10 feet high, with the habit of H. canina,
but with the leaves usually more sharply serrated and the corymb
consisting of more numerous flowers. Plowers of the size and
colour of those of 11. canina.
 OCCCLXXV,

K B. 1895.

Rosa systyla. Columnar- styled Dog- Rose.

(
 CCCCLXXVl.

/ ';

E.B. 188.

Rosa arvensis. White-llowered trailing Rose.

 ROSACEiE. 231

Mr. Baker thinks the Britisli plant is prohably the U. systyla

of Bastard, which has l)cen donhted both by Mr. Borrer and Mr.
Woods. I am strongly inclined to agree with Mr. Bentham in
considering this a form of B. canina, to which opinio7i Mr. II. C.
Watson likewise inclines. It appears to have no connection with
R. arvensis, except in the purely artificial character of the united
styles.
Columnar-siijled Dog-rose.

French, Rosier cb Cotonne en mccssue.

The specific name of this Rose comes from the -words o-uv (syn), together, and (ttvXoc
(stylos), a column, in reference to the styles being connected. All the Roses, known
in our gardens as Banksian Roses, belong to the same division. They are named after
Lady Banks, and are natives of China. Generally they grow well in the open air
against a sheltered wall, and succeed better in a dry situation than in a moist one.
The seeds are not perfected in this country, but are in Spain and Italy. The common
British species differs very little to the ordinary observer from the ordinary Wild
Rose.

SPECIES XVL—ROSA ARVENSIS. Ends.

Plate CCCCLXXVI.
Baker, in Nat. 1864, p. 141.

Stem with long trailing shoots ;

prickles scattered, small,
uniform, not intermingled with aciculi or gland-tipped setae.

Leaflets oval or oblong-oval ; finely and rather remotely and

unequally serrate, glabrous on both sides, glaucous or whitish-
green beneath. Pedicels elongate, with lanceolate bracts and a
few very short gland-tipped setae, sometimes almost naked. Petals
white. Styles glabrous, united into a long slender column sur-

rounded by a flatly conical disk without glands; stigmas in a

roundish-ovoid head. Emit ovoid or sub-globose, scarlet when
ripe. Sepals deciduous, short, leaf-pointed, entire or slightly pin-
natifid.

1. Rosa repens. Scop.

Plate CCCCLXXVI.

Leaves dull-green above. Pedicels erect. Sepals slightly

pinnate, shorter than the petals.
In hedges and woods. Very common, and generally distributed
in England, rare in Scotland, and probably not native north of the
Eorth and Clyde.

2. llosa bibracteata. Bastard.

R. arvensis y, Borrer, in Hooker's Brit. Fl. ed. ii.

232 ENGLISn BOTANY.

Leaves shining-green above. Pedicels sprcading-erect. Sepals

longer and more pinnate than in R. repens.
Bare. About Ilenfield and other places in Sussex.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub. Summer.

E/. arvensis cannot be confounded with any of the other ^British

species; the trailing shoots, the leaves with shallow broad-based
teeth, glaucous but not pubescent beneath, and the pure white
flowers, distinguish it at a glance from all the other Uoses.
No. 2 I have not seen, but Mr. Borrer in this country and
M. Des^glise in Erance agree in remarking that it resembles the
South European species li. sempervirens. Mr. Baker says that the
stems are stronger than in the common form of B. arvensis.

White-jloicered trailing Rose,

French, Rosier des Champs. German, Feld Rose.

This pretty Rose is found in open situations, and is a trailing plant, sometimes root-
ing at the joints ; but in hedges and among bushes it is a climber by elongation, reaching
to their tops and coveringthem with tufts of foliage and flowers ; the leaves remaining
on and the fruit continuing often to the winter. Several varieties
late in the season,
of this climbing Rose are cultivated by nurserymen, who call them Double-hip Roses,
and use them to cover naked walls or unsightly buildings. The growth and cultivation
of Roses is a subject of special interest to the gardener, and every year we find, from
the different floral exhibitions, that great improvements are being made in the art of
growing perfect Roses. They will by no means grow everywhere, and as a rule require
a clear atmosphere and a light soil. Masses of Roses planted together, in beds
edged with wire so as to imitate a basket, have a very pretty effect, and the delicious
scent they emit is very grateful. Standard Roses are best on lawns or flower-beds
placed singly. The Monthly Rose being protected by glass in autumn, or aided by
artificial heat, be continued in bloom till Christmas. A very common mode of
may
obtaining late Roses, and one of the greatest antiquity, is by cutting all the flower-shoots
off when the buds begin to appear, or by rubbing off all the rudiments of shoots of
every kind early in the spring. A second crop is in consequence produced, which will
not be in a state to blossom before the autumn, A great number of insects seem to
delight in the flowers of Roses, from the earwig to the golden-green Rose-chafer. There
seems to be no remedy for insects on plants in the open air so simple and effectual as
gathering them by hand, or removing the leaf or part of the shoot affected by them.
Under cover, tobacco smoke will often destroy the little aphides or "green-fly," but is
perfectly harmless to many other insects. The pretty ladybird is one of the gardener's
best friends, as in its larva state it greedily devours the aphides, which may be seen
(especially in dry seasons) smothering the young shoots and buds of Roses, sucking their
juices, and so preventing the flowei's from attaining their full development : the lace-wing
fly is another useful auxiliary. The beauty of the Rose is often impaired by the froth of
Cicada spumaria (cuckoo-spit, as it is commonly called); but the singular|transformations
of this little insect are an interesting entomological study. The leaf-cutter bee carries
 CCCCLXXVII.

E.B.S. 2713.

Cotoneaster vulgaris. Common Cotoneaster.

 HOSACEiE. 233

on her operations on the leaves of the Rose-tree, and may be watclied by thoso who
care to observe her curious ingenuity.
An old proverb says, " Years of store of haws and hips do commonly portend
cold winters ;" but we fail to trace any connection between the two.

Sub-Ordeu III.— POMIFER^.

Trees or shrubs, with simple or more rarely pinnate leaves.

Stipules free, persistent only on the barren shoots, deciduous on the
flowering ones. Calyx superior (adhering to the ovary), persistent,
the segments shrivelling. Stamens
Petals white, pink, or red.
indefinite. Carpels adhering to the walls of the calyx-tube and
usually cohering with each other, 5 in number or fewer by abortion.
Ovules 2, rarely more, in each carpel. Styles terminal. Pruit a
pome, consisting of a fleshy exterior portion, containing a parchment-
like or woody core, divided into as many cells as there are carpels,
each cell commonly containing 2 seeds.

GENUS XIIL—0 OTONEASTER. " Jledikus;' Lindley.

Calyx-tube turbinate, adhering to the ovary; limb superior,

5-toothed. Petals 5, inserted in the throat of the calyx, ovate,
erect. Stamens numerous, inserted in the throat of the calyx, and
equalling its limb. Carpels 2 to 5, adhering to the tube of the
calyx, but cohering together, each carpel with 2 erect collateral
ovules. Styles 2 to 5. Emit fleshy, containing 2 to 5 bony stones
or pyrenes adhering to the tube of the calyx, but projecting above
the pulp and separate for about one-third of their lengtli from the
apex downwards.
Shrubs with alternate simple entire leaves, woolly below.
Elowers small, white or pink, in spreading lateral corymbose cymes.
Bracts subulate, deciduous. Petals small, persistent.

This genus of plants is named from the similarity of its foliage to the Cotoneum
(quince-tree).

SPECIES I.— COTONEASTER VULGARIS. Lindley.

Plate CCCCLXXVII.

Mespilus Cotoneaster, Linn. Sp. Plant, p. 6SG.

Leaves roundish ovate, apiculate, with a whitish felt beneath

and on the footstalks. Pedicels slightly downy. Calyx glabrous,
with the edges of the teeth woolly. Eruit pendulous, red.
VOL. III. 2 II
234 ENGLISU BOTANY.

On the cliffs at the Great Ormes Head, Carnarvonshire.

England.
^o'
Perennial. Shrub.

A small much-branched shrub, without spines ; young branches

woolly. Leaves shortly stalked, f to 2 inches long, though rarely
exceeding 1 inch in the British specimens I have seen, rounded at
the apex, except on the young shoots, where they are sub-acute.
Stipules lanceolate, scarious, red, woolly at the edges. Flowers
solitary or in pairs, in the axils of the leaves from the wood of the
preceding year. Peduncles a little longer than the calyx, at first
erect, then curved. Bracts minute, reddish, woolly at the margins.
Flowers J inch across, pink. Calyx turbinate, with short rounded
teeth, which have a woolly fringe. Petals suborbicular-ovate, not
much exceeding the calyx-teeth. Styles usually 3. Fruit J inch
across, blood-red, sub-globular, shining. Leaves somewhat leathery,
deep-green above, whitish beneath.

Common Cotoneaster.

French, Cotonnier Commun. German, Gemeine Zwergmispel.

This shrub has been called the dwarf quince-leaved Medlar. The roots run very
deep into the earth, and it was recommended by Linnseus for making low hedges in
dry broken ground ; but Hooker states that it is liable to be browsed by sheep.

GENUS Xir.—M E S P I L U S. Lindley.

Calyx-tube bell-shaped, adhering to the ovary; limb superior,

with 5 lanceolate somewhat foliaceous segments. Petals 5, inserted
m the throat of the calyx, sub-orbicular, spreading. Stamens
numerous, inserted in the throat of the calyx, and shorter than its
segments. Ovary inferior, 5-celled, each cell containing 2 erect
collateral ovules. Styles 5, distinct and glabrous. Fruit roundish-
turbinate, crowned by the calyx-segments which retain their form,
open at the apex, where there is a depressed shallow cavity as wide
as any part of the fruit and marked with 5 radiating depressed
lines indicating the partitions between the carpels, fleshy, containing
5 bony stones or pyrenes immersed in the pulp and each containing
a single seed.
Small trees, generally spinous when wild, but becoming un-
armed by cultivation, with simple lanceolate serrulate leaves, and
large sub-solitary and sub-sessile white flowers, remarkable from
the very long foliaceous calyx-segments, which exceed the petals.
Bracts persistent.
 CCCCLXXVUI

n
E.B. 1523.

McHpilus t^ormanica. Wild Medlar.

 llOSACEiE. 235

There are two derivations given for the name of this genus. One authoi says it

comes from f^itmx: {mesas), a half, and TriXog (pilos), a bullet, from the fruit resembling
half a bullet. Another gives an the origin the words /xtaoc, middle, and mXtu), I

bind together, referring to the astringent qualities of the species.

SPECIES I.— ME SPILUS GERMANICA. Linn.

Plate CCCCLXXVIII.

Branches spinous in the wild plant. Leaves shortly stalked,

oblong-oblanceolate, abruptly acuminated, entire or finely serrated,
slightly pubescent beneath. Plowers shortly stalked, solitary.
In hedges and thickets. Hare, and doubtfully native. The
counties to which it has most claim are those of Sussex, Kent,
Surrey, and Worcester it is found also in Devonshire, but is
;

acknowledged to be planted. I have only met with it near

Reigate, Surrey, where it appears to me not to have the slightest
claim to be considered native.

England ? Tree. Early Summer.

A large shrub, more rarely a tree, with spreading tortuous

branches, many of them armed with spines. Leaves unequal in
size, the largest close to the flowers, vv^here they are from 2 to 4
inches long. Elowers 1^ inch in diameter. Pedicels very short,
felted-pubescent. Calyx-segments deltoid, attenuated into a long
linear foliaceous point, exceeding the petals. Petals obovate,
roundish. Styles 5. Emit depressed, turbinate, f inch across or
more, rarely produced in the wild plant, slightly downy, reddish
brown, containing 5 compressed rugose stones, embedded in rather
dry pulp.
Wild Medlar.

French, Neflier Commun. German, Deutsche Misiid.

The Medlar-tree was known to the Greeks, and has been in cultivation in British
gardens for an indefinite period not only the species but several varieties being men-
;

tioned by Turner, Gerarde, Parkinson, and other early British writers on botany and
gardening. The fruit is never eaten until it is in an incipient state of decay when firm :

and sound, they are singularly harsh and austere, but acquire a flavour agreeable to
many by being kept. The fruit should be gathered towards the end of October or
November, when some should be laid in moist bran to hasten their decay, others on
straw ; those in the bran will be ready for eating in about a fortnight, and those
laid on straw will gradually come forward in succession. In the North of England
the fruit seldom ripens, though it blossoms freely. Loudon tells us that in some of the
old gardens about Twickenham there are IMedlar-trees growing from 2-5 to 30 feet in

height, with heads from 30 to 40 feet in diameter. In Bagshot Park, in Surrey, one
planted twenty years ago is 18 feet high.
 —

236 ENGLISH BOTANY.

GENUS XV.— C R A T iE G U S. {Unn.), Lindley.

Calyx-tube urceolate, adhering to the ovary ; lamina superior,

divided into 5 short lobes or teeth. Petals 5, inserted in the throat
of the calyx, orbicular, spreading. Stamens numerous, inserted
with the petals. Ovary inferior, 1- to 5-celled, each cell containing
2 erect ovules. Styles 1 to 5, distinct. Eruit ovoid, with the calyx-
segments deciduous or persistent and withering, open at the apex,
where there is a concavity narrower than the widest part of the
fruit fleshy, containing 1 to 5 bony stones or pyrenes immersed in
;

the pulp, and each containing a single seed.

Small spiny trees or shrubs, with simple leaves which are often
cut or lobed, and white or pink flowers in corymbose cymes, rarely
solitary. Bracts deciduous.
This genus is named from the hardness and toughness of its wood Kparoc {credos),
strength,

SPECIES L-C R A T^GUS OXYACANTHA. Linn.

Plates CCCCLXXIX. CCCCLXXX.

Branches with short spines. Leaves stalked, wedge-shaped at
the base, more or less deeply lobed, glabrous. Plowers numerous,
in a corymbose cyme. Calyx-segments not glandular. Styles
1 to 3. Eruit small, ovoid or sub-globular, dark red.

Sub-Species I.— Crataegus oxyacantlioicles. ThuiU.

Plate CCCCLXXIX.
C. Oxyacantha, var. a, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 116.
C. Oxyacantha, Linn. (Jacq.y Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 258. Fries,

Sum. Yeg. Scand. p. 42. Gr. & Goclr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 567.
Mespilus Oxyacantha, Willd. Wallr. Sched. Crit. p. 219.

Leaves obovate or rhomboid-obovate, with 3 to 5 lobes, margins

slightly convex from the base to the apex of the first lobe, usually
serrated lobes scarcely longer than broad, generally rounded.
;

Peduncles commonly glabrous. Calyx-tube glabrous ; segments

glabrous, ovate-deltoid, acuminate, spreading-reflexed, with recurved
points. Styles usually 2 or 3. Fruit with 2 or 3 stones.
In hedges and woods. Not very common plentiful in the forests ;

to the north of London ; as Enfield Chase, Epping, Hainault, and

AVhittlebury Eorests.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub or Tree. Early Summer.

 cnocLxxix.

Crataegus oxyacanthoides. Glabrous White-thorn.

I
 CCCCLXXX.

^«f-,t^
WVt

E.B. 2504.

Crataegus monogyna. < 'oiiuiion White-thorn.

 ROSACEyE. 237

Generally a large straggling bush, 6 to 10 feet high, with tufted

branches. Leaves shortly stalked, lamina 1 to 2 inches long, nar-
rowed from beyond the middle to the base, the basal angle
usually less than a right angle, with slightly convex sides, the
lobes generally short and blunt, more rarely abruptly acuminated
into a short point; midrib very prominent beneath, the other
veins much less so. Stipules on the barren shoots half arrow-
shaped, denticulate. Corymbs lax, few-flowered. Peduncles long
and slender. Elowers white, J inch across, with the petals scarcely
contiguous.^ Eruit ovoid or roundish-ovoid, generally with 2 stones
embedded in rather soft pulp. Leaves deep green, somewhat
leathery, very glossy.

Glabrous TFIdte-thorn, or Saiothorn, May.

Fi'ench, Alisier auhepine. German, Gemeuier Weissdoru.

Sub-Species II.— Crataegus monogyna; Jacq.

Plate CCCCLXXX.
C Oxyacantha, vai\ ft,
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 117.
Mespilus monogyna, Willcl Wallr. Sched. Crit. p. 221.

Leaves rhomboidal or rhomboidal-ovate, with 3 to 5 lobes,

margins straight or concave from the base to tlie apex of the first
lobe, usually entire, except at the tips of the lobes ; lobes longer
than broad, and acute at the apex. Peduncles generally downy.
Calyx-tube more or less downy ; segments slightly downy, ovate-
triangular, acuminate, suddenly reflexed. Style 1. Pruit with 1
stone.
In hedges, woods, thickets, and on heaths. Very common, and
generally distributed, though probably introduced in many of its
localities, being the form that is generally used for quickset hedges,
and planted in pleasure-grounds.
England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub or Tree. Early Summer.

A much-branched bush, with stiff very prickly branches, in

favourable localities becoming a tree 15 or 20 feet high. Leaves
much more deeply cleft and less glossy than in C. oxyacanthoides,
sometimes even pinnatipartite, with acute segments. Peduncles
and calyx generally clothed with whitish pubescence. Elowers in
more compact corymbs, more numerous, rather smaller, f inch
across, white, rarely pink. Eruit smaller. Leaves with the midrib
and the veins which run into the main lobes prominent beneath.
It appears to me that this shrub is entitled to be considered
distinct from the preceding, though intermediate states occur, which
render it difiacult to agree with the great majority of foreign
238 ENGLISH BOTANY.

authors, who consider it a distinct species. It blooms about a

fortnight later than the last when they grow in the same locality,
and is recognisable at some distance by its less glossy leaves. I
have never seen C. oxyacanthoides coming up amongst the seedlings
of whitethorn in nursery-grounds ; so that, at all events, that form
does not seem to be produced from the seeds of C. monogyna:
whether the converse be the case I am unable to say.
Common Wliite-thorny or Hawthorn, May.
French, Aubepine ct style. German, Engriffeleger Weissdom.

The Hawthorn is known to every one, even to the London resident, as a hedge-

tree in the suburban lanes, and as the greatest ornament of the parks in the spring

season of the year. Were it not for the beautiful flowering-trees which are the glory
of our country, and which surprise and delight all strangers, the London citizen would
scarcely know when spring begins, or be able in any measure to enjoy that most
delicious of all seasons of the year. The sweet-scented flowers in May, and the bright
red fruit in autumn, are a compensation for the absence of many rural pleasures which

can only be had in the country. The Hawthorn seldom attains any great size ; its chief
use is as a hedge-plant; but Loudon mentions several from 20 to 30 feet in height, and 9 or
10 feet in circumference, and we know that in the London parks there are even now
trees of considerable size. Perhaps one of the most striking features of an English land-
scape is its thick well-grown hawthorn hedges, clipped so close, however, that it is seldom

that the white flowers are allowed to blossom luxuriantly in a well-kept hedge. Hedges
of this kind are called quickset hedges, and are often spoiled through inattention and
want of Wherever thorn hedges are planted and intended to thrive, the gi'ound
care.

ought to be trenched at least two feet in depth, manured, if poor, and the plants inserted

on a flat surface, so as to receive all the moisture that falls in the shape of rain. The
margin of the ditch ought always to be two or three feet from the plants, and the earth
excavated instead of beiug raised into a ridge over the roots of the plants, where it can be
of little or no use to them, should be spread over the general surface so as to increase the
depth of nutritive soil. This mode of making hedges may somewhat increase the first
expense, but will be found the best in the end, as more speedily producing a permanent
fence and a substantial one. When grown to the required size, the hedge should be
cut every year, or at least every alternate one. So kept, hedges of this plant will last

for very many years without requiring renewal ; but when allowed to grow ragged and
high, and then cut down in the usual manner, they are more or less injured and become
thin and poor, and form no sufficient protection. It sometimes happens that the
Hawthorn suffers severely from the attacks of insects, and the hedges and trees present
a very unsightly appearance, the leaves being entirely consumed, and withered bits
mixed with the cocoons of the caterpillar, which is the marauder, hanging from the
bare branches, when they ought to be in luxuriant foliage. Such has been the case
this present year 1864 with nearly all the May-trees in the
' London parks: they
flowered beautifully, but immediately after w6re attacked by the little larvae of a
moth, and present at this time (July) a miserable spectacle. Whether the buds
of the next year have been injured remains to be seen. Crataegus Oxyacantha was
known to the Greeks under the name of Pyracantha, although there is some dispute
as to whether it was our identical species. Homer tells us that when Ulysses returned
to his father Laertes, the good old man had sent his servants into the woods to get
 TtOSACEiE. 239

young thorns for hedges, and he employed himself the while in preparing the ground
to receive them.
In England thorn hedges seem to have been in use since the time of the Romans,
In all oldworks on husbandry, directions are given for forming " quickset hedges,"
and in 1611 an old author gives very particular instructions as to enclosing young
plantations with a " good ditch and quickset of white thorne." Tlie wood of the
Hawthorn is very hard, and difficult to work ; its colour is white with a yellow tinge,
and it takes a beautiful polish. The branches are useful for many purposes ; they are
good for fires, as they burn readily ; they are also used for forming dead hedges, and the
strong knotted branches make good and firm walking-sticks. The fruit of the Hawthorn
is seldom eaten in England, excepting by children, though it is said to be nutritious.
In Kamtchatka it is much liked, and a sort of wine is made from it by fermentation
with water. The bark contains tannin, and was used in former days in the Highlands
with sulphate of iron to form a black dye for wool. The Hawthorn attains a great age
when not cut or otherwise injured ; and we quite agree withits warmest admirers in
thinking that in a picturesque point of view the Hawthorn gives place to no other tree.
Whether we see it in the spring time, covered with its snowy blossoms, or in the autumn
with its glowing berries, we must regard it not only as an interesting object in itself,
but as contrasting and grouping with other trees in a remarkably beautiful manner.
Phillips remarks that the garland of Flora does not possess a more charming blossom
than this^British hedge beauty, nor do the most luxuriant species of Asia yield a more
grateful perfume than this flowering shrub. Plawthorn blossoms have been associated
with the games of May from time immemorial.
floral They were regarded as the
emblems of Hope, and were carried by girls in wedding processions of the ancient
Greeks, and laid on the altar of Hymen, which was lighted with torches made of this
wood. The Troglodytes tied bi'anches of Hawthorn to their dead when they were
buried. In some parts of France the Hawthorn is called Vepine noble, because it is

supposed to have been the thorn used for crowning the Saviour, and the country people
believe it always utters groans and sighs on a Good Friday. Others put a bunch of
Hawthorn in their hats to preserve them against lightning in a thunder-storm. The
most remarkable legend connected with the Hawthorn is that of the Glastonbury thorn.
It is said to have sprung from the staS" of Joseph of Arimathea, who, it is believed,
founded the first Christian church in these islands, and that this miracle was wrought
in order to convince the natives of his divine mission. The legend adds that it was on
Christmas-day that this vegetation of the staS" occurred, and that the thorn still

I continues to blossom annually on the same day. The French have a legend that on
the day after the massacre of St. Bartholomew, on August 25th, an old thorn in the
churchyard of St. Innocent, in Pai-is, came into blossom a second time.
The poets who have sung the praises of the Hawthorn are almost as numerous as
those who have written of the rose,
Chaucer, in his "Court of Love," makes all his court go forth on May-day to gather
in the flowers, and
" Marke the faire blooming of the Hawthorne-tree,
Who finely cloathed in a robe of white.

Fills full the wanton eye with May's delight."

:"
And we read in Shakespeare's " Henry the Sixth

" Gives not the Hawthorn-bush a sweeter shade

To shepherds looking on their silly sheep,
 — —
210 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Than dotli a rich embroider'd canopy

"
To kings who fear their subjects' treacliery 1

But perhaps no poet ever drew a fairer picture of the Hawthorn than Goldsmith, in hi>

" Deserted Village : "

" The Hawthoi-n-bush with seats beneath the shade,

For talking age and whispering lovers made."
The custom of going a Maying is of very great antiquity. The Greeks and Romans
gathered May in honour of Flora, whose festival began with the month of May. In
Britain we read of King Henry VIII., with his queen Katherine, and the lords and
ladies of their court, going out a-Maying from Greenwich to Shooter's Hill, In a
curious old MS., entitled "The State of Eton School," 1560, it is stated, "On the day
of St. Philip and St. James, May 1st, if it be fair weather, and the master grants leave,
those boys who choose it may rise at four o'clock to gather May branches, if they can
do it without wetting their feet." We do not hear of any such innocent custom being
continued in the revelations of the I'ecent Public School Commission. "We have to go
back several generations to find the observances of May-day in their fullest develop-

ment. They are evidently remnants of a heathen festival connected with the ancient
floral games, which began about the 28th of April, and were connected with the early
spring flowers, of which the Hawthorn is perhaps the most attractive. Not only did
royal personages and the Eton boys go into the fields to gather the snowy boughs, but
people of all ranks and conditions joined in the festival, and the prettiest maiden in the

villagewas crowned " Queen of the May ;" the lads and lasses met together, danced and
sang and made merry in honour of the day, bringing home garlands and boughs where-
with to decorate their houses and churches. In almost every village a pole was fixed
as high as the mast of a vessel of a hundred tons, on which each May morning were
suspended wreaths of flowers, and round which the Mayers danced in rings neai'ly all

the day. The Puritans discountenanced the vanity of these proceedings, but after the
llestoration they revived. Maypoles were again erected, and the appropriate rites

recommenced. Now, alas 1 in the course of the change of manners, the Maypole has
again vanished : they must be old people who remember seeing one. In London there
ai'e and have long been a few forms of May-day festivity in a great measure peculiar.
The day is still marked by a celebration well known to every resident in the metropolis,
in which the dancing sweeps play the sole part. Why this black profession should have
been the last sustainers of the old rites of May-day in the metropolis we cannot say. At
no very remote pex'iod there used to be a similar demonstration from the milk-maids,
who would lead a milch cow, all garlanded with flowers, and dance round the animal to
the sound of and drum.
fife

The most renowned of Maypoles is the one erected in the Strand immediately
after the llestoration, and alluded to by many writers of the period as afterwards by
Pope, who says :

" Where the tall Maypole once o'erlook'd the Strand."

We nowadays find it hard to associate rural festivities with the busy thoroughfare
where this gathering-point for floral wreaths and joyous dances once stood. Very
interesting accounts exist in old chronicles of the doings and sayings of our forefathers
on these May- day yc'^es; and we can but remember many of their innocent, pleasant
old customs when we see the Hawthorn-trees that delighted their eyes, year after year
still bringing forth their fragrant white blossoms, dear to the present generation, though
less boisterously welcomed.
 no
J(^COI.XXXI. 1

E. B. 298.

P\ius torminalis. Wild Service-ti-ee.

 rosacete. 241

The lla-wthorn among the Highlanders is the badge of the Ogilvies.

lu the well-known lines of Milton
*' And every shepherd tells his tale

Under the Hawthorn in the dale,"

great have been the disputes as to what the shepherd is supposed to tell ; whctlu r
it be the tails of his sheep or his tale of love, is still a matter undecided.
There are several varieties of Hawthorn, some having fine bright scarlet berries,

others fruit of golden yellow.

GENUS XVL—V Y R U S. {Linn.), Lindlcy.

Calyx-tube urceolate, adhering to the ovary, lamina free,

divided into 5 short lobes or teeth. Petals 5, inserted in the throat
of the calyx, sub-orbicular. Stamens numerous, inserted with the
petals. Ovary inferior, 5-celled, rarely 2- or 3-celled, each cell
containing 2 collateral ascending ovules. Styles 5, distinct or
cohering at the base, sometimes only 2 or 3. Eruit ovoid, roundish,
or turbinate, crowned by the withering calyx-segments, closed at
the apex, where there is a very small concavity, fleshy, containing
5, more rarely 1 to 4, cartilaginous or parchment-like cells, cohering
together and forming a core, each cell containing 2 seeds or (by
abortion) only 1.
Trees or shrubs, with simple or pinnate leaves, and white or
rose-coloured flowers in spreading, terminal, simple or compound
corymbose cymes. Bracts subulate, deciduous.
The name of this genus is derived from the Celtic word peren, a pear.

Sub-Genus I.— SOEBUS. Zinn.

Pruit small or rather small, sub-globular or turbinate-sub-

globular, containing 2 to 5 cells; formed of thin brittle
cells

membrane, 1-seeded by abortion. Plowers mostly in compound

corymbose cymes, cream-white. Petals spreading. Styles 2 to 5,

distinct or united below.

SPECIES I.— PYR US TORMINALIS. Hhrh.

Plate CCCCLXXXI.
Sorbus torminalis, Crantz. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 263. Fnes,

Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 42. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 574.
Crataegus torminalis, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 298.

Leaves broadly ovate, downy when young, glabrous on both

sides when mature, truncate rounded or sub-cordate at the base,
VOL. III. 2 I
212 ENGLISH BOTANY.

acuminate at the apex, with 3 or more trian^lar serrated lohes

on each side ; lohes usually acuminate and very acute at the apex,
the basal ones spreading, incisions between the lobes deepest
towards the base ; veins 3 to G on each side. Elowers in com-
pound corymbs, with the pedicels and calyx-tube densely pubes-
cent. Styles 2 to 5, glabrous. Fruit roundish-ovoid, brown,
speckled with whitish points when ripe.
In woods, copses, and hedges. Rather rare confined to the
;

southern half of England, where it is probably wild as far north as

Norfolk and South Wales. In Scotland it only occurs in orna-
mental plantations.

England, [Scotland]. Tree. Early Summer.

A tree sometimes 30 or 40 feet high, but often much less.

Bark purplish-brown, the young shoots downy. Leaves 2 to 4
inches long when full grown, and often nearly as broad when mea-
sured from tip to tip of the basal lobes, which are separated for
from half to three-quarters of their length from the adjacent ones ;

margins of the lobes irregularly serrated. Corymbs 10- to 60-

flowered, from the termination of the shoots of the same year,
rather lax. Elowers ^ inch across, white. Calyx-segments deltoid,
sub-glabrous. Petals orbicular, suddenly contracted into a short
claw. Styles generally 2. Eruit J to f inch long, olive-bro\vn with
pale rough dots. Cells of the fruit generally 2, each containing a
single seed. Leaves firm when old, and then glabrous except on
the veins beneath.
Very distinct from the other British species, as Sorbus latifolia,
Persoon, the connecting link between P. torminalis and P. Aria,
does not occur in Britain.
TFild Service-tree.
French, Alisier Torminal. German, Elsbeere, Ruhrhirne,

This tree grows to a height of forty or fifty feet in woods and hedgerows. It
generally grows in clayey soils. Miller, writing in 17o2, says that it was formerly
very abundant in Cane Wood, near Hampstead. One of the finest specimens in
England in Loudon's time was at Arley Hall, near Bewdley. sometimes The fruit is
brought to market both in England and France, and when in a partial state of decay,
eats somewhat like a medlar. As an ornamental tree, its large green buds recommend
it in the winter time, as its fine large-lobed leaves do in the summer, and its clusters of
brown fruit in the autumn. The wood is hard and tough, like that of all the genus,
but is seldom of sufficient size to be of use.

SPECIES.II.— PYRUS ARIA. Hooh.

CCCCLXXXII. CCCOLXXXIII. CCCCLXXXIV. CCCCLXXXV.

Plates
Hook & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 141. Bmth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 203.
4.
 CJCCCLXXXII.

^r"

E.B. 1858.

Pynxs eu-Aria. Common White-beam.

 ROSACEiE. 243

Leaves roundish, oval, oblong-oblanceolate or oblong, white-

beneath even when old, rounded or
felted or grey flocculent-felted
wedge-shaped at the base, rather obtuse at the apex, more or less
deeply lobed and serrated at the margins ; lobes blunt or sub-aeute
at the apex ; veins G to 12 on each side. Flowers in compound
corymbs, with the pedicels and calyx-tube felted. Styles generally
2, woolly at the base. Emit sub-globular or ovoid, scarlet when
ripe.
Sub-Species I.— Pyrus eu-Aria.
Plate CCCCLXXXII.
P. Aria, Ehrh. (in part). Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 117 ; et Auct. Plur.
Sorbus Aria, Crantz. Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand. pp. 42, 17G.
Crataegus Aria, Linn. Sp. Plant, p. 681 (in part).

Leaves roundish- or broadly-oval, ovate, or elliptical, flocculent

above until after the flowers expand, pure white-felted beneath,
rounded or abrupt at the base, with numerous small lobes from
below the middle to the apex, incisions between the lobes deepest
about one-fourth from the apex lobes broader than long, pointing
;

towards the apex of the leaf, blunt or sub-acute, unequally ser-

rated; veins 10 to 12 on each side, very prominent beneath.*
Calyx-segments reflexed in flower, erect in fruit.
In woods, copses, on chalky banks and limestone rocks.
Common in the southern half of England. I have it from Somerset,
Hants, Wilts, Gloucester, Kent, Surrey, Berks, and Monmouth shu^e,
and it probably occurs in the neighbouring counties. One speci-
men has been sent from Ronald Kirk, Teesdale, by Mr. J. G.
Baker, but marked as a possible alien. In Scotland it is only to
be seen in ornamental plantations.

England, [Scotland], Ireland ? Tree. Early Summer.

A small tree, 10 to 20 feet high, or more rarely merely a large

bush, with dark brownish bark. Leaves fascicled on the spurs or
flowering branches, remote on the w^oolly barren shoots, those of
the spurs 3 to 6 inches long, flocculent above when young, but at
length glabrous ; beneath pure white, from the abundance of felted
woolly hairs ; leaves on the barren shoots generally narrower than
the others, more acute and more deeply lobed. Elow^ers | inch
across, in a much-branched lax coryml3, with the pedicels and
calyces densely woolly. Petals roundish, concave, white. Emit ^

* The leaves of the young shoots are exceedingly variable iu form ; the descriptions

are therefore taken from those on the spurs, or short flowering-branches.

244 ENGLISH BOTANY.

inch long, sub-globular, crowned by the connivent persistent but

withering calyx-segments, woolly at the base and apex, sprinkled
with a few impressed dots. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell.

Common White-beam.
French, Alisier Alouchier. German, Mehlbeere.

This tree rises to a height of thirty or forty feet in favourable situations. The
roots descend very deep and spread veiy wide, and the head of the tree is less affected
by cutting winds than many others. It grows in the most exposed situations on bleak
chalk hills, but is always stiff and erect. It has been known to writers on plants
since the days of Theophrastus, and the fact that it has a distinct name in all the
European languages shows that it has long been familiar to country people. Dr. Prior
informs us that the word bea?n means simply a tree. It is called White-beam from the
white down on the young shoots and under- surface, of the leaves ; but " beam-tree," as
it is often given, without the " white," is a vague and silly term.
As an ornamental tree the White-beam has very valuable properties. It is of
moderate size and definite shape, and in summer, when clothed with leaves, it forms a
compact green mass till it is ruffled by the wind, when it assumes a mealy whiteness.

In the winter season the tree is attractive from its smooth branches and its large green
buds, which, from their size and colour, seem already prepared for the spring, and
remind us of the approach of that delightful season. When the tree is covered with
fruit, it is exceedingly ornamental. The wood is very hard, of a fine close grain,
yellowish-white, and susceptible of a high polish. It may be stained of any colour, and
is much used in the manufacture of small articles, —
such as handles to knives and forks,
wooden spoons, &c. Combs, it is said, made from it equal those of boxwood. The
great use, however, to which this wood is applied is for cogs to the wheels of machinery.
It was always employed for this purpose, both abroad and at home, until cast iron super-
seded it. The fruit, when dried and reduced to powder, has been formed into a kind
of bread, which has been eaten both in France and Sweden in times of scarcity. Fer-
mented, the fruit affords a beer ; distilled, a powerful spirit. It is greedily eaten
by small birds ; on which account the trees are preserved by our neighbours the
French, in order to increase the number of these little creatures which we destroy, so
that they may keep down the insects which attack the crops.

Sub-Species II,— Pyrus rupicola.

Plate CCCCLXXXIII.

P. Aria, Ehrh. (in part). Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 117 ; et Auct. Plur.
Crataegus Aria (in part), Linn. Sp. Plant, p. G81.
Sorbus oblongifolia, Jieich, Fl. Germ, exsicc. No. 2252 (!).

Sorbus Aria, var. salicifolia, *'

Myrin." Fries, Sum. Veg. Scand. pp. 42, 176.

Leaves oblanceolate-obovate or oblong-obovate, pure white-

felted beneath, glabrous above by the time the flowers expand,
narrowed towards the base, generally wdth numerous small lobes
from the middle to the apex, incisions deepest at the apex ; lobes
broader than lung, blunt or sub-acute, directed towards the apex,
 CCCCLXXXIII.

Pyrus rupicola. Rock VVhite-heam.

 ROSACEA. 21iO

coarsely serrated ; veins 5 to 8 on each side, prominent beneath.

Calyx-segments spreading in flower, erect in fruit.
On exposed rocks, particularly those of limestone or trap.
Sparingly but generally distributed. I have specimens from tlie
counties of Devon, Derby (Matlock Bath), Carnarvon (Ormes Head),
Durham (Holy Island), Yorkshire (Tcesdale), Edinburgh (Queen's
Park), Sutherland, and from Sligo (Ben Bulben), Antrim (Glenarm).
England, Scotland, Ireland. Shrub or Tree. Early Summer.
Usually a bush 3 to 10 feet high, closely resembling P. eu-
Aria, but with the leaves wedge-shaped towards the base and
broadest beyond the middle, less deeeply lobed, and with a
greater portion at the base entire than in' the P. eu-Aria; the
upper surface becomes glabrous much sooner; the veins being
more distant give the leaf a less ribbed appearance, as both in this
and the preceding plant the veins are depressed on the upper and
prominent on the lower surface. The partial corymbs which com-
pose the general corymb are denser, the flowers a little larger, tlic
calyx-segments not reflexed and rather narrower than in P. eu-Aria.
The mature fruit I have never seen.
I have had much hesitation in separating this from P. eu-Aria,
but there appeared to me no possible medium between adopting this
course or making P. Aria, P. scandica, and P. fennica mere varieties.
All the four forms pass insensibly into each other, and yet the
extreme forms of each are too far apart to suppose it possible that
the one could be derived in a limited time from the other. I am
indebted for fresh specimens of the Derbyshire plant, from which
the accompanying plate has been made, to Mr. Joseph AVhittaker,
for the Irish to Professor Dickie, for the Edinburgh to Mr. John
Sadler. The Teesdale specimen is from Mr. Baker, who kindly
sent me leaves from the diflerent forms of P. Aria, of which he
possessed specimens.
I regret that I cannot retain either Eeichenbach's or Erics'
specific name, in consequence of not separating the genera Pyrus
and Sorbus there is already a Pyrus oblongifolia of Spach and a
:

Pyrus salicifolia of Linnaeus.

Hock White-heam.

Sub-Species III.— Pyrus scandica. Bah.

Plate CCCCLXXXIV.
Bah. in Bot. Gaz. Vol. III. p. 35 ; and Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 118.

Sorbus scandica, Fries. Nov. Fl. Suec. p. 138 ; Sum. Veg. Scaud. pp. 42, 17o.
Ctatsegus Aria, var. a, scandica, Linn. Aincea. Ac. Vol. II. p. 190.
C. Aria, /3 Suecica, Linn. Sp. Plant, p. GSl.
Pyrus intermedia, " Ehrh." Lindley, Syn, Brit. Fl. p. 105.
P. aria, var. y, Ilooh & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viil p. 141.
 ;;

246 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Leaves oval or sub-rliomboidal, glabrous above by tbe time the

flowers expand, flocculent-felted and grey beneath, rounded or
wedge-shaped with an angle generally greater than a right angle
at the base ; margins lobed from near the base to the apex, in-
cisions deepest towards the middle of the sides ;lobes longer than
broad, blunt or sub-acute, directed towards the apex of the leaf,
coarsely and acutely serrate ; veins 5 to 8 on each side, slightly
prominent beneath. Calyx-segments spreading in flower, erect in
fruit.

In hilly woods. E>are. I have seen specimens in Mr. "Watson's

herbarium from North Devon, and Nightingale Valley, near Bristol,
those from the latter locality, however, Mr. Watson thinks may be
possibly a form of P. eu-Aria. In the herbarium of the late Mr.
Borrer, at Kew, there are specimens from Carisbrook Castle, Isle of
Wight, and Castle Dinas Bran, Denbighshire. I possess an ex-
ample from near Plymouth, collected by Mr. Archer Briggs this,:

however, is a barren shoot only, so that the leaves cannot be relied

on for determining the plant with certainty. Miss Gifford has sent
me fresh specimens from Minehead, Somerset, from which our plate
is taken. Professor Babington mentions it from Culbone, Somerset

Silchester, Hampshire ;and Pangbourne, Berkshire. I have care-

fully searched the Berkshire locality, but could find nothing but
P. eu-Aria. That gentleman also mentions that it has been
*'
gathered at High Force, Teesdale, by Mr. Hort," and this is no
doubt the Bev. P. J. A. Hort ; and if so, his determination in 1851
(the date of the notice) cannot be relied on for this species, as in
1852 he sent to the Botanical Society of London normal speci-
mens of P. eu-Aria from Monmouthshire, labelled as Pyrus scandica,
Bab.
England. Tree. Early Summer.

This differs from the two preceding forms of P. Aria in the lobes
of the leaves being much more deeply separated from each other,
and rather more acutely serrated, and the felt beneath being
flocculent, much less dense and not pure white but yellowish, and
as the green of the leaf appears through it, the underside of the
latter has not the snowy appearance of P. eu-Aria and P. rupicola.
The branches of the corymb are longer, so that it is more lax
the flowers are as large as those of P. rupicola and rather larger
than in P. eu-Aria.
Smith's P. " Aria," E. B., 1858, seems to be a bad figure of P.
scandica.
The British plant seems to be intermediate between the Scan-
 CCCCLXXXTV.

Pyrus scandica. Lobed-leaved White-beam.

i
 CCCCLXXXV.

.^*>v

E.B. 2331.

Pyrua fennica. Bastard Mountain-ash.

 KOSACE.i:. 2 17
- II

dinavian Sorbus fcnnica and tlie French and Swiss specimens called
Sorbus Mougeotii by Godron and Soyer-AVillmet.
Lobed-leavcd Jfliite-heam.

Sub Species IV.— Pjttus fennica. Bah.

Plate CCCCLXXXV.
Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 117.
Sorbus fennica, " Kalm.''^ Fries, Sum. Veg. Scantl. p. 42.
S. hybrida, Fries, Nov. F]. Suec. p. 130 ;and Sum. Veg. Scand. p. IT.').

Crataegus Aria, var. y, Linn. Fl. Suec. p. 433.

Pyrus' pinnatifida, " Mrk" Lindley, Syn. Brit. Fl. p. 105. Smith, R B. 2331 (in
part ?).

p. Aria, var. /3, Hook. & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viiL p. 141.

Leaves oblong, oblong-rhomboidal, or ovate-oblong, glabrous

above by the time the flowers expand, flocculent-felted and grey
beneath, abrupt or wedge-shaped with an angle generally much
greater than a right angle at the base ; margins pinnatifid from
near the apex to the base, incisions deepest at the base, fre-

quently so much so as completely to separate from 1 to 4 pairs of

lobes next the base, so that they become the separate leaflets of a
pinnate leaf ; lobes much longer than broad, directed towards the
apex of the leaf, or the free basal ones spreading, rather finely
serrate ; Veins 8 to 10 on each side. Calyx-segments applied to the
petals in flowering, erect and inflexed in fruit.
In rocky places. Very rare, and wild only in the northern part
of the Isle of Arran. however, in plantations in other
It occurs,
parts of Scotland and in England, but I cannot help suspecting
that at least in some of the localities given for it the plant
supposed to be P. fennica is a hybrid between P. eu-Aria and
P. Aucuparia.
[England], Scotland. Shrub. Summer.
P. fennica is very closely allied to P. scandica, and indeed the
leaves of some of the Arran plants resemble those of P. scandica
more than they do the typical state of P. fennica. They have the
same thin flocculent covering on the underside, but the incisions arc
deepest towards the base and not in the middle of the leaf. The

b flowers are considerably smaller, scarcely \ inch across, and the

calyx-segments do not spread widely when in flower, and in fruit
the apices bend inwards.
Smith's P. pinnatifida (E. B. 231) appears to be, at least in part,
drawn from the continental semipiunata of Poth.
Bastard Mountain-ash.
248 ENGLISH BOTANY.

SPECIES III— PYRTJS AUCUPARIA. Glirin.

Plate CCCCLXXXVI.
Sorbua aucuparia, Linn. Sp. Plant, p. C83. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 337.

Leaves pinnate, with 6 to 8 pairs of elliptical oblong serrate leaf-

lets and an odd terminal one, downy beneath when young, gene-
rally glabrous when old. Flowers in a corymbose cyme. Calyx-
segments applied to the petals when in flower, inflexed when in
fruit. Styles generally 3, woolly at the base. Fruit small, ovoid-
spherical, scarlet, generally 3-celled, more rarely 2- or 4-celled.
In woods and in hilly districts on rocks. Common, and generally
distributed most abundant in the North of England and Scotland,
;

reaching as far North as Orkney and Shetland.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Tree. Early Summer.

Atree 10 to 30 feet high, with smooth brownish-grey bark,

reddish on the regularly spreading branches. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches
long, sub-sessile, with acuminated serratures which are rounded on
the outer margin, pale beneath, but generally downy only on the
veins when mature. Corymb compact, many-flowered. Elowers
inch across, cream-white. Petals orbicular-concave. Eruit
f
\ inch long, bright scarlet, with the flesh yellowish ; the cells
containing the seeds tougher than in the preceding species.
Mountain-ash i "Rowan-tree.
German, Gcuertn, Eheresche.

This elegant tree is known to most persons in this country as an ornament of the
shrubbery and plantation. Its beautiful pinnated leaves and bright scarlet berries make
it an attractive object wherever it is seen. The tree grows rapidly for the first three or

four years, attaining in five years the height of eight or nine feet, after which it begins

to form a head, and in ten years will attain the height of twenty feet. This head will
continue to increase slowly, though seldom growing higher, for the greater part of a
century, after which the extremities of the branches begin to decay. The tree will not
bear lopping, but grass and other plants grow well under its shade. It is a tree well

adapted for small or suburban gardens, and is always a beautiful object it never :

requires pruning, and never grows out of shape. Singing-birds rejoice in its berries,

and the owner of such a tree has the double pleasure of listening to the songs of the
thrush and the blackbird, and of beholding the brilliant branches of coral berries which
tempt them there. In various parts of the North of t^urope these berries are dried
and ground into flour and used in times of scarcity. In Wales and the Highlands they
are sometimes eaten, and the juice is fermented into a liquid resembling cider. Evelyn
says " Ale and beer brewed with these berries, being ripe, is an incomparable drink,
:

familiar in Wales." He adds : "Besides the use of this tree for the husbandman's
tools, goods, &Q., the wheelwright commends it for being all heart ; our fletchers
(archers) commend it for bows next to yew, which we ought not to pass over for the
 CCCCLXXXVI.

:s
^g^
a
E.B. 337

Pyrus aucuparia. Mountain-ash.

 rosace-t:. 2 1-9

glory of our once English ancestors. la a statute of Henry Vm. you have it men.
tioned ;
and there is no cluirchydrd in Wales without a Mountain Ash tree planted in
as the yew-trees are in the churchyards in England. So, in a certain day ia the year,
it,

everybody in Wales religiously wears a cross made of the wood, and the tree is by
some authors called Fraxinus Cambro-Britannica."
In Germany fowlers bait springes or nooses of hair with the berries of this tree
which they hang in the woods to entice fieldfares and i-edwings : hence the specific
name Aucupai'ia. Infused in water, the berries somewhat resem- make an acid drink
bling perry. In the ancient days of supei-stition, the Mountain-ash was invested with
peculiar charms, and we find many of them growing in the neighbourhood of Druidical
remains. Gerarde writes " The leaves of this tree are of so gi-eat vertue against
:

serpents, that they dare not so much as touch the morning and evening shadows of the
tree, but shun them afar off, as Pliny reports (Let. 16, cap. 1 .3). He also affirmeth, that
the serpent being penned in with boughs laid round about, will sooner run into the fire,

if any be there, than come neere the boughs of the Ash ; and that the Ash floureth
before the serpents appeare, and doth not cast his leaves before they be gon againe*
We write, saith he, upon experience, that if the serpent be set within a circle of fire and
the branches, the serpent will sooner run into the fire than into the boughes. It is a
wonderfull courtesie in nature that the Ash should floure before the sei'pents appeare*
and not cast his leaves before they be gon againe." Gerarde adds :
" The wood is

profitable for many things, being highly exalted by Homer and by Achilles' speare, as
Pliny writeth." Poets tell us that the xiraazons of old formed their spears from the
wood of the Mountain-ash. In more modern times the Eowan has been considered the
antidote to witchcraft, and of greater efficacy even than the St. John's wort. It was

planted before Highland houses to protect the inmates from the evil eye. Lightfoot
writes They considered that any part of this tree carried about with them will jirove
:
''

a sovereign charm against all the dire effects of enchantment or witchcraft. Their cattle
also, as well as themselves, are supposed to be preserved by it from evil ; for the dairy-

maid will not forget to drive them to the shealings or summer pastures with a rod of the
Rowan-tree, which she carefully lays up over the door of the sheal, boothy, or summer-
house, and drives them home again with the same."
In Strathspey they make on the 1st of May a hoop with the wood of this tree, and
in the evening and morning cause the sheep and lambs to pass through it. The pro-
gress of education has in a great measure put an end to these superstitions ; but the m
wildest part of the Grampians the old Mountain-ash is still regarded with reverential feel-

ings by the mountaineers. Some stanzas of a very old song speak of the supposed power
of this venerated tree against witchcraft :

" Their spells were vain ; the boys return'd

To the queen in sorrowful mood.
Crying that '
witches have no power
"
Where there is roan-tree wood.'

The last line of this stanza is thought to throw some light on a line in
Shakespeare's

tragedy of " Macbeth," where the witch is relating her adventure with the sailor's
wife :

" A sailor's wife had chesuuts in her lap.

And mounched, and mounched, and mounched.
Give me, quoth I.
Aroint thee, witch, the rump -fed ronyon cries."

VOL. III. 2 K
250 ENGLISH BOTANY.

It thought that the true reading should be "A nnon tree witch," the accepted version
is

beinf' a corruption. Bishop Heber mentions in his Journal that in India he found a
tree very similar in form and shape to the Mountain-ash, regarded with the same super-
stitious reverence, and used as a preservative against magic.

The Mountain-ash is the tree for exposed and open situations ; it loves free air

and plenty of water ; and few trees suffer so much from drought and heat, and but few
do 80 well in plantations intended to resist a sharp wind or the sea breeze.

SPECIES IV.— PYRUS DO ME STIC A, Sm.

Plate CCCCLXXXVII.
Sorbus domestica, Linrt. Sp. Plant, p. 684.

Leaves pinnate, with 7 to 9 pairs of oblong acutely-serrated

and an odd terminal one, thinly flocculent-felted and grey
leaflets,

beneath when young, sub-glabrous when old. Flowers in a

corymbo-paniculate cyme. Calyx- segments applied to the petals
in flower, inflexe'd when in fruit. Styles 5, entirely woolly. Fruit
large, turbinate, dull red, speckled, 5-celled.
In woods. The only instance of its occurrence in this country
is that of a single tree in Wire Forest, on the borders of Wor-
cestershire, no doubt not truly native. It has also been reported
from Cornwall, but on old and unconfirmed authority.

[England.] Tree. Early Summer.

Very mountain-ash, but with the young leaves more

like the
floccose-felted below, the serratures of the leaflets with the outer
edge straighter, the lateral branches of the inflorescence shorter, so
that it is rather a panicle than a corymb, the fruit resembling a
small pear, 1 inch long and always with 5 cells.

Common Service-tree.

French, Sorbier Domestique, German, Speierling, Spierapfel.

The common name of this tree comes, according to Dr. Prior, from the word cerevisia,
its fruit having in ancient times been used for making a fermented liquor —a kind of
beer, — and he quotes Virgil as his authority. Evelyn tells us, in his "Sylva,"that
" ale and beer brewed with these bei-ries, being ripe, is an incomparable drink." The
cerevisia of the ancients was made from malt, and took its name, we are told by Isidore of
Seville, Irom Ceres, Cereris. It is a tree of very slow growth, and, according to Kroker,
does not come into bearing before it is sixty years old. The fruit is extremely austere
when at all unripe, but when mellowed by frost and keeping, it becomes soft, brown,
and somewhat like a medlar, though to most people less agreeable. The wood
eatable,
is very hard, and was held in. repute for making mathematical rulers and excisemen's
gauge-sticks until foreign woods of other kinds superseded it.
 CCCCLXXXVIT.

E. B. 350.

Pynis domestica. Service-tree.

(

b
 ('(VXJLXXXVITT

E.B. 1784.

1. Pyrus Pyrnstf^r Pyrus communis. Wild Pear. 2. Pyrv^ AchroK.

 HOSACE^. 251

Sub-Genus II.— EU-PYRUS. (Pyiius, Linn.)

Pruit rather large, sub-globose or turbinate, 5-cellcd cells ;

formed of tough parchment-like membrane, 2-seeded, or 1-sceded

by abortion. Mowers in simple corymbose or umbellate cymes.
Petals spreading. Styles 5, free or combined at the base.

Section I.— PYROPIIYLLUM. D. C.

Styles free. Fruit turbinate or sub-globose, not umbilicatc at

the base.

SPECIES v.— PYRUS COMMUNIS. Linn.

Plate CCCCLXXXVIII.
Leaves on rather long petioles, oval or roundish, acuminate,
cuspidate, or obtuse and apiculate at the apex, finely serrate
or crenate-serrate on the margins. Plowers in simple corymbose
cymes. Styles distinct to the base. Pruit elongate- or roundish-
turbinate, not umbilicate at the base.

Sub-Species I.— Pyrus Pyraster. Boreau.

Plate CCCCLXXXVIII. (principal figure).

Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. 235.

P. communis Pyraster, Linn. Sp. Plant, p. G86.

Branches more or less spiny. Leaves oval or oblong-ovate,

shortly acuminate or sub-cuspidate, pubescent beneath when young,
glabrous when mature. Styles as long as the stamens. Pruit
elongate-pyriform, inversely conical towards the base.
In woods, thickets, and hedges. Rare, and in many of its
localities probably the produce of garden pear
seeds of the
accidentally dropped; most frequent in South of England, but
extending as far North as Yorkshire and the Lake district. It has
been said to occur at Clova, Porfarshire but there is little doubt;

that it must have been introduced there, if not erroneously

reported.
England, [Scotland], Ireland. Tree. Late Spring.
This form, allowed to grow freely, is a tree 20 to 40 feet liigli,
if
but when found in hedges is more frequently a shrub, not exceeding
6 or 8 feet, in both cases with some of the branches armed with
spines. Leaves fasciculate on the spurs, but distant on the shoots
of the year, 1^ to 2 J inches long when full-grown, at first pu-
252 ENGLISH BOTANY.

bescent beneath on the veins and margins, but at length glabrous

and shining, very finely serrate, with the serratures commonly
blunt. Plowcrs rather few, entirely white, 1 to 1^- inch across.
Upper part of pedicels, calyx-tube, 'and segments woolly. Pruit
tapering towards the base, 1 to 2 inches long.

Sub-Speciks II.— PyruS AchraS. '' GarCQ), Boreau.

Plate CCCCLXXXVIIL (separate flower and fruit).

Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. 235.

Branches more or less spiny. Leaves oval or roundish-oval,

acute or abruptly acuminated, greyish flocculent when young, on
both sides, and remaining slightly pubescent beneath when mature.
Styles about as long as the stamens. Fruit globular-pyriform,
rounded at the base.
In woods, thickets, and hedges. Apparently much more rare
than P. Pyraster. The unpublished figure among the drawings
for English botany in the British Museum is from an Essex
specimen, but it is not unlikely to have been overlooked in other
places. P. Pyraster also occurs in Essex, from whence it has been
sent me by Mr. Varenne.

England. Tree. Late Spring.

This has the leaves more downy than P. Pyraster and never
becoming completely glabrous beneath. The pedicels and calyx-
tube are more woolly, and the fruit sub-globular, about 1 inch long.
Wallroth reverses the names Pyraster and Achras, as applied to
the two forms of wild pears by Professor Boreau.

Wild Fear.
French, Poirier Commun. Geiman, Gemeiner Birnhaum.

The fruit of the Pear in a wild state is scarcely eatable, being very harsh and acrid,

and very small. The trees attain a very great age. M. Bose says that he has seen
trees that were considered to be four hundred years old ; and Mr. Knight observes :

" The period at which the Teintou squash pear fir-st sprang from seed cannot now be
at all ascertained, but I suspect that it existed as early as the sixteenth century, aijd
the identical trees which supplied the inhabitants of Herefordshire in the seventeenth
century with liquor are likely to do the same good to those of the nineteenth. The Pear
is mentioned by the earliest writers as common in Syria, Egypt, and Greece, from which
country it ajipears to have been brought into Italy. Theophrastus speaks of the pro-
ductiveness of some old Peai'-trees, and Virgil mentions some Pears he received from
Cato. The earliest notice of the Pear-tree extant is probably that of Homer, who, in
the description he gives of the' meeting between Laertes and Ulysses, mentions it as
one of the trees growing in the garden of the old king. The Romans cultivated thirty-
six sorts. Possibly they introduced it into our island, and our I'ear-trees may only be
 ROSACEiE. 253

descendants of the fruit-trees planted around the Pioman villas but it is more likely ;

that the monks were and we still find gigantic Pear-trees

its first cultivators here ;

standing on the sites of old monastic gardens and around the ruins of abbeys and
monasteries. The Pear is mentioned by Chaucei", and in the time of Henry VII 1. it
appears that the "Warden Pear" (so called from its property of keeping) was in cultiva-
tion. Gerarde enumerates seven sorts of what he calls " tame pears," and says, *'
those
most rare and good are growing in the garden of Master Pichard Pointer, a most cun-
ning and curious graffcr and planter of all manner of rare fruits, dwelling in a small

village neere London calledTwickenham ; and also in the ground of an excellent gralfer
and painfull planter, Mr. Henry Banbury, of Touthill Street, neere Westminster ; and
likewise in the ground of a diligent and most affectionate lover of plants, Mr. Warner,
neere Horseydowne, by London ; and in divers other grounds about London." To this
is added, in 1096 :
" Most of the best peares are at this day to be had with Sir. John
Miller, in Old Street, in whose nursery ai"e to be found the choicest fruits thi.i kingdonie
yields." With regard to the great variety of Pears now in cultivation, we can but quote
Gerarde's words, who in his day found it impossible to describe all that were then in
use : what would he now have said to see any of our horticultural lists ] He observes :

" To describe each apart were to send an owl to Athens, or to number those things that
are without number." Turner, in 1573, in his list of fruits, mentions " peeres of all
sorts." Parkinson enumerates sixty-four sorts ; Mortimer, in 1708, has many sorts
and Miller has selected eighty sorts. The catalogue j)ublished by the Horticultural
Society in 1835 contained 077 kinds, and it is from this list that most of our writers
on horticulture quote ; still, we know that there are constantly additions made to the

number of Pears in cultivation, and great improvements in their treatment. ,

The choice of Pears depends greatly on the purposes for which they are to be used,
and gardeners select them accordingly. Worcestershire, Herefordshire, and Devonshire
are the chief counties in England where Pears are grown. In the armorial bearings of
Worcestershire we find three pears introduced, and we believe the perry made in that

county excels any other save that produced in France and the Channel Islands. We
find in Don's " Gardener's Dictionary " the following directions as to the choice of
Pears :
—
" Dessert Pears are characterized by a sugary aromatic juice, with the pulp soft

and subliquid or melting, as in the Beurres or Butter Pears. Kitchen Pears should
be of large size, with the breaking nor melting, and rather austere
flesh firm, neither

than sweet, as the Wardens. Perry Pears may be either large or small, but the more
austere the taste the better will be the liquor. Excellent perry was made from the
Wild Pear."
The great use of the Pear-tree is for its fruit ; but it is by no means an unpicturesque
tree in a landscape and in the spring, when covered with its white blossoms, we can
;

seldom see a prettier sight. It would be well to remember that with the very same
Pears, might
trouble and expense that is often employed to produce inferior kinds of
be grown the very best sorts, and that the quality of the timber and the effect in a
as in one that pro-
landscape is as good in a tree yielding a fine-flavoured juicy fruit
duces fruit which is dry, hard, and gritty. Not only are Pears used in their natural
good when stewed or preserved. In France
state as a dessert fruit, but they are equally
forms an article
and Belgium the fruit is very generally dried in ovens, in which state it
they are in two ways,
of commerce, and will keep good for a year. In France
i^ref.ared

them boxes in the grocers'

—either simply dried in an oven, or preserved as we see in

shops. This latter mode of preparation consists in gathering

them before they are
quite ripe, care being taken to preserve the stalk. They are then parboiled very m
 —

254 ENGLISH BOTANY.

little water, peeled and placed on dishes with the stalks uppermost. In this state a
kind of syrup runs from them, which must be carefully poured out and set on one
side ; they are then placed on frames in an oven, and left there for twelve hours, from
which they are removed and steeped in the syrup sweetened with sugar and brandy :

this process is repeated four times, and they are then left to dry, and if properly done will
be of a clear pale-brown colour, with fine half-transparent They are then arranged
flesli.

in boxes, garnished with white paper, and offered for sale. They will remain good for
three years, but are considered best the first year.
The mode of making perry is precisely the same as for making cider, which is
described under the Aj^ple. The Pears should be gathered before they begin to fall, and
they should be ground as soon as possible, to pi-event the slight taste of decomposition
which is often observable in i)erry unless very cai*efully made. Every Pear-tree, when
fully grown and in good soil, will produce about twenty gallons of perry a year, and
some in Herefordshire have yielded a hogshead in one season. Pears were considered
by the Romans to be an antidote to poisonous mushrooms, and we believe that nothing
is better than a draught of perry after an imprudent feast of that vegetable. Both
pears and apples contain an acid known to the chemist as malic acid ; it is also present
in large quantities in the berries of the mountain-ash. This acid is used lai'gely in calico-

printing operations, especially where a white figure is required on a black ground : it

isemployed to discharge the black colour, which it does without injuring the cloth.
Recently it has been found that apples and pears contain so much of this malic acid as
to make them valuable chemical agents, and it is feared by the lovers of cider and perry
that the price given for them for this purpose may diminish the quantity of these
favourite beverages.
With regard to the practical cultivation of the Pear-tree, we are told that a dry
deep loam is the best soil for it. Gravel is a good subsoil where the incumbent mould
is suitable. For wall trees the soil should be made good to the depth of two or three
feet ; for orchard trees eighteen inches may do. Pear-trees on their own stocks will thrive
on soil where apples will not even live, supposing the plants to be hardy varieties, little
removed from wild peai's, and to have room to grow freely as standards. Mr. Knight's
mode of training a Pear-tree is as follows :

" A young pear stock, which had two lateral branches upon each side, and was
about six feet high, was planted against a wall early in the spring of 1810, and it was

grafted in each of its lateral branches,two of which sprang out of the stem about four
feet from the ground, and others at the summit in the following year. The shoots
these grafts produced were about a foot long, were trained downwards, the undermost
nearly perpendicular, and the uppermost just below the horizontal line, ])lacing them
at such distances that the leaves of one shoot did not at all shade those of another.
In the next year the same mode of training was continued, and the year following I
obtained an abundant crop of fruit."

The wood of the Pear-tree is heavy, strong, compact, and of a fine grain slightly
tinged with red. It is readily stained black, and then so closely resembles ebony as
scarcely to be distinguishable from it. It is a good wood for many purposes in the arts,
and is an excellent fuel.

The oldest Pear-trees in the neighbourhood of London are at Twickenham, where

they may be seen from fifty and with trunks from eighteen inches to
to sixty feet high,
three feet in diameter, and in all probability came from the nursery of Master Richard
I'ointer, Gerarde's " curious and cunning graflfer." In Herefordshire there stood in the

year 1805 a tree which more than once filled fifteen hogsheads of perry in the same
I
 CCCCLXXXIX.

Pyrus acerba. Crab-apple.

 ROSACEiE. 255

year. It covered an acre of ground, and would have extended much further had Nature
been left to herself. It is said to have been in its greatest perfection about 177 Q, and
in 183G was still standing.

Section H.—MALUS. Toiimcf,

Styles combined at the base, fruit sub-globose, umbilicatc at the
base.
SPECIES VI.— PYRUS MALUS. Linn.

Plates CCCCLXXXIX. CCCCXO.

Leaves on short or moderately long petioles, oval or roundisli-
oval, generally acuminate or cuspidate, rather finely and unequally
serrate or crenate-serrate. Plowers in simple umbels. Styles
united at the base. Pruit sub-globose, umbilicatc at the base.

Sub-Species I.— Pyrus acerba. D. c.

Plate CCCCLXXXIX
Gr. k Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 572.
Malus acerba, " Merat." Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. p. 23G.
P. Malus, var. a, acerba, Bah. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 117.

P. Mains, var. a, sylvestris, Leighton, Fl. Shrop. p. ;j27.

P. Malus, var. a, glabra, Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 2G1.
P. Malus, var. a, acida, Wallr. Sched. Crit. p. 215.

Young branches glabrous or finely pubescent. Leaves pubescent

on the veins when young, glabrous when old. Pedicels elongated,
slightly pubescent towards the summit. Calyx-tube sub-glabrous.
Pruit drooping, about as long as, or shorter than, its pedicel.

In woods, and hedges. Not unfrequent, and generally

thickets,
distributed, in the South and midland counties of England. I have

never seen it in Scotland.

England, Scotland ? Ireland ? Tree. Early Summer.

A
small tree, or more frequently a large shrub. Leaves 1 to 2
inches long when mature, oval or roundish-oval, abruptly acuminate
or very shortly cuspidate at the apex, only slightly downy wlien
young and becoming quite glabrous even beneath. Elowers rather
few, 14 inch across, white within, red on the outside. Calyx-segments
woolly only on the inside. Emit f to 1 inch in diameter, yellowish
when ripe, with a depression at the base into which the peduncle is
inserted.
Common Crab-apple.

French, Poiner Acerhe.

As a picturesque tree, this is perhaps one of the most beautiful, and whether in
flower or fruit is equally pleasing to the eye. The pretty red fruit is so exceedingly
 —
256 ENGLISH BOTANY.

acid and liarsh, that it cannot be eaten in an uncooked state, but makes a very pleasant
jireserve when boiled with su^^ar. The French commonly call the apples Cider Ajiples,
and the juice known as " verjuice " has given rise to a proverb from its acidity, and is a
favourite remedy in rural districts for sprains and bruises. In Ireland, the juice is often

added to cider to give it roughness.

Sub-Species il— Pyrus mitis.

Plate CCCCXC.
P. Mains, var. ft,
mitis, Wallr. Sched. Crit. p. 215.

P. Malus, JJ. a Gr. & Goclr. Fl. do Fr. Vol. I. p. 571.

Malus communis, " Poir." Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. p. 23G.
P. Malus, var. ft,
tomentosa, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 117. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ.
et Helv. ed. ii. p. 2G1.
P. Malus, var. ft,
sativa, Leighton, Fl. Shrop. p. 527.

Young branches, underside of leaves, pedicels, and calyx-tube,

woolly, pubescent. Pruit sub-erect, longer than the peduncle.
In hedges and thickets. Not uncommon in England and the
South of Scotland, but most probably generally, if not always,
derived from the seeds of the cultivated apple.
England^ [Scotland], Ireland ? Tree. Summer.
This plant is, no doubt, the original stock of all the cultivated
apples which have shortly-stalked fruit. The leaves are generally
larger, more oval, and with rather shorter petioles and less distinctly
cuspidate than those of the crab-apple ; the red and white in the
flower is more in stripes, and the whole plant more woolly. It
begins to flower a little earlier than P. acerba, and appears to
perfect its fruit less readily, as I have frequently seen the crab
fruiting freely beside P. mitis on whicli no fruit was set.
The name tomentosa cannot be applied to this plant, as there is
already a P. tomentosa of De CandoUe.
Wild Apple.
French, Pyrtis Pommier. German, Gemenier Ap/elbaum.

The source from whence we derived our first cultivated Apples is somewhat
obscure ; but it is certain that no fruit is brought to so great a state of perfection at
the present time in Great Britain, and with so little trouble, the climate and soil seeming
to be specially adapted to The Apple is mentioned by the most ancient Greek
it.

writers, and in Pliny's time it was cultivated in abundance in the villages around
Home, and many of the sorts took their names from the first grafters. In all proba-
bility, the cultivated Apple was first introduced into our island by the Romans,

possibly by some of the monks who established themselves here, and founded religious
houses, the gardens of which were well supplied with fruit-trees. The Apple known
as the pippin, from being orignally raised from pips or seeds instead of by gi-afting,
was brought by Leonaid Maschal, in the sixteenth year of the reign of Henry VIII.,
from France ; and numerous other varieties were imported shortly after. In Shake-
speare's time Apples of this sort seem to have been much esteemed, if we may judge
 cucDXc;

\^

Pyrus mitis Wild Apple.

 ROSACEyE. 257

from Justice Shallow's invitation to Falstaff :— " You shall see mine orchard, where iu
an arbour we will eat a last year's pippin of my own grafting." Tlie jiractice of
grafting, or graffing as it is called, is of very ancient origin, and ia now constantly used
as a method of perpetuating the varieties originally obtained from seed. A notion was
formerly entertained that the grafts would only hust as long as the parent tree ; but
there seems no reason to doubt that if the operation of grafting be properly performed,
the graft may be as durable as a tree raised from seed, and the kind perjjetuated indefi-
nitely. The best Apples in Gerarde's time were the queening-pearmains, the para-
dise, and some other sorts. He tells us that "Kent doth abound with Apples of
most sorts," and adds :
" But I have seen in the pastures and hedgerows about tlio

grounds of a worshipfull gentleman dwelling two miles from Hereford, called Master
Roger Bodnome, so many trees of all sorts, that the servants drinke for the most part
no other drinke but that which is made of Apples. The quantity is such, that by the
report of the gentleman himselfe, the parson hath for tithe many hogsheads of syder.
The hogs are fed with the fallings of them, which are so many, that they make choice
of those apples they do eate, who will not taste of any but of the best ; an example,
doubtless, to be followed of gentlemen that have land and living : but envie saith, the
poore will breake down our hedges, and we shall have the least part of the fruit but ;

forwai'd in the name of God, —

graffe, set, plant, and nourish up trees in every corner

of your ground ; the labour is small, the cost is nothing, the commodity your selves

shall have plenty, the poore shall have somewhat, in time of want, to relieve their
necessitie, and God shall reward your good minds and diligence."
Hei'efordshire and "Worcestershire are the counties in England where the most
Apples are grown, and in the early spring the white blossoms of the trees form a dis-

tinctive feature in the landscape, as the ripe and ruddy fruit amidst the green leaves
does in the autumn. Some of the oldest Apple-trees in existence are to be found in
Herefordshire, and the number of varieties there cultivated are numerous but in the ;

catalogue of Apples published by the Horticultural Society of London we find 1,4U0

different sorts enumerated and described and this list is increased every year.
;

The wood of the Apple is hard and tough, and well fitted for the use of the
turner : that of the Wild Apple is superior to the cultivated variety. The uses of the

Apple as an eatable fruit are very numerous. Apples are equally good cooked and
in a raw state, and may be easily preserved in the form of jelly, and also by a process
which is carried on chiefly in Norfolk, of drying them slowly in bakei-s' ovens and then
pressing them flat till they are perfectly soft and of a rich brown colour. Apples so
l)repared will keep for many months, and are sold under the name of " biffins," really

beau fins. chief commercial value of Apples is in the manufacture of cider, which
The
is carried on extensively in Herefordshire, Worcestershire, and Devonshire. In the

two former counties large orchards of Apple-trees cover many acres of ground, especi-
ally with a view to this beverage. allowed to remain on the trees until
The fruit is
expressed
perfectly ripe. It is then gathered and placed in a crushing-mill, and the juice
attention to
by a very heavy roller. This is allowed to ferment ; and it is in the careful

The usual produce of an Apple-

this process that the excellence of the cider consists.

tree is hogsheads of fruit, which will, under the most favourable circum-
from one to two
trees to
stances, yield one hogshead of cider ; but more commonly it requires three
about twenty-six to thirty bushels of Aj.ples
produce two hogsheads. Upon an average,
of good orchard-land will sometimes furnish
yield a hogshead of cider, and a single acre
greatly, as the blossom
from five to six hundred bushels of fruit ; but the produce varies
most of our fruit-trees, is likely to be injured by the late
of the Apple, like that of

VOL. III. 2 L
 ! — "

258 ENGLISH BOTANY.

spring frosts and dry winds. The Devonshire cider differs from that of "Worcestershire

and Herefordshire in being sweeter, weaker, and not so likely to keep good.
The Apple-tree sometimes attains a considerable age; several now exist in this
country which must be above two centuries old ; and one is still standing at Horton,
in Buckin'^hamshire, which is said to have been a lai'ge tree in the time of ]\Iilton, who,

in his boyhood, sat under its shade. Gerarde tells us that the use of Apples in an
ointment made of " swine's grease and rose-water, for the purpose of beautifying the
face and take away roughnesse of the skin, gave rise to the name pomatum, because of
the apples whereof it is made."'

The Apple-tree flourishes best on hill- sides with a southern aspect, and prefers a
rich deep soil ; but it will grow in bog or loose sand. Stag-
in almost any situation but
nant water is and
very injurious to an orchard should
it, always be well drained. Since
the latter end of the last century the Apple-trees have been injured by the attacks of
an aphis, which often covers the bi-anches with a cotton-like exudation, and occasions
a diseased growth, which is often destructive to the tree. In order to get rid of these
troublesome creatures, there is no way but cleaning them off with a brush and water or
lime-water, and even to amputate the branches when they have been some time at work.
Other remedies are suggested and employed by gardeners, but they require care and
skill in the application, lest the structure of the tree be injured. We find a mixture of
sulphuric acid and water recommended with which to wash the tree, also a mixture of
vegetable tar and corrosive sublimate to be smeared on the trees, and train-oil is by some
thought to be a good application. Much of the success, however, attendant on the use
of any composition depends on its being carefully and thoroughly applied. We rather
think frequent and careful applications of a stiff brushand simple water is as effectual
as any other remedy. In order to store Apples well in a fruit-room, it must be remem-

bered that there must be plenty of ventilation, and, if possible, a fireplace ; and the

fruit should be on shelves one above the other, made of open or lattice-work,
laid apart

if the fruit is some time.

desired to keep well and for
The Apple-tree seems to be associated with our very earliest notions of a garden
and the fall of man, and is not only thus interwoven with our earliest religious im-
pressions, but it is also the tree which is distinguished by legends in the mythology
of the Greeks, Scandinavians, and Druids. The golden fruit of the Hesperides was an
apple and it was the apple of discord which caused so much calamity to the fair
;

goddesses amongst whom it was thrown. The Druids paid particular reverence to the
Apple-tree, because the mistletoe was supposed to grow only on it and the oak. Hercules
was worshipped by the Thebans under the name of Melius, and apples were offered at
his altars. Even in recent times, the custom of christening or saluting Apple-trees
exists in some parts of the country on Christmas-eve. The farmer and his men proceed
to the orchard, bearing a bowl of cider with a toast in it ; they pour the cider about the
roots of the trees, and place the toast on its branches. Having offered their oblation,

they sing somewhat in the following words :

" Here's to thee, old Apple-tree

Whence thou mayst bud and whence thou mayst blow ;

And whence thou mayst bear apples enow.

Hats full ! caps full

Bushel, bushel, sacks full !

And my pockets full too !

Huzza !
!
 IIOSACE/E. 259
This is sometimes done on Twelfth Night as well as on Christmas-eve.
The ceiemouy
differs somewhat in different districts, occasionally
having the addition of numerous
little fires being lighted on the orchard-ground during
the performance. The Wassail-
bowl of our ancestors, which formed a part of all their festivals, was composed
of ah-,
sugar, nutmeg, and roasted apples, which every person partook
of, each one taking an'
apple out of the bowl and drinking the liquor. Sometimes the roasted apples
were
bruised and mixed with milk or white wine instead of ale. The custom of putting
roasted apples into ale is recognized by Shakespeare, where Puck is describing bin
feats :

" Sometimes I lurk in a gossip's bowl.

In very likeness of a roasted crab ;

And when she drinks, against her lips I bob.

And on her wither'd dewlap pour the ale."
The custom of bobbing for apples on All-Hallow E'en and on All Saints' Day was once
common in England, and is now practised in some parts of Ireland, and exists in modi-
fied forms in Scotland and in various counties in England. Poets have sutig the praist-s
of the Apple-tree, and we cannot help quoting a few lines from Philips and from
Thomson, the lover of nature in her various garbs :

" The pippin burnish'd o'er with gold ; the moyle

Of sweetest honied taste ; the fair pearmain,
Temper' d, like comeliest nymph, with white and red."

Of Apple-gathering Thomson says :

^' The fragrant stores, the wide projected heaps

Of Apples, which the lusty-handed year
Innumerous o'er the blushing orchard shakes,

A various spirit, fresh, delicious, keen,

Dwells in their gelid pores ; and active points
The piercing cider for the thirsty tongue."

Philips, in 1706, published a poem in praise of the " Herefordian jjlant," as lie

calls it, and speaks of

" John Apple, whose withered rind intrencht

With many a furrow, aptly represents decrepid age."

A description which accounts for Falstaff's anger at the sight of the fruit: "Thou
know'st Sir John cannot endure an Apple John. The Prince once set a dish of Apple
Johns before him, and told him there were five more Sir Johns, and putting off his hat
said, I will owvj take my leave of these six dry^ round, old withered hiiylUs. It angered

him to the heart."

The acid produced by the Apple is the same as that of the Pear, and is of the

made in some districts has dimi-

same chemical value. Lately, the quantity of cider
manufacturing
nished, owing to the fact of whole orchards of Apples being purchased
for

and dyeing purposes.

The Wild Apple-tree is the badge of the Highland clan Lamout.
2G0 ENGLISH BOTANY.

JEXCLVDED SFECIES.
SANGUISORBA MEDIA. Linn.

Said to have been found by Mr. George Don in the "West of

Scotland ; but doubtless erroneously, as it is an American plant
not occurring at all in Europe.

AREMONIA AGRIMONOIDES. D. C.

A plant of South-eastern Europe, found by Mr. John Sim in

woods at Scone, and in several parts of Perthshire an escape ;

from gardens, and, not having been noticed before 1856, no doubt
a very recent one so that it can scarcely yet claim a place amongst
;

naturalized plants.

POTENTILLA ALBA. Linn.

E. B. No. 1384.

Said to have been found in "Wales ; but this has not been verified
by recent observation. Probably P. Eragariastrum was mistaken
for it.

POTENTILLA INTERMEDIA. Nest

P. opaca, Sm. E. B. No. 2449.

Said to have been found by Mr. G. Don on the hills of Clova

and braes of Balquidder, and seashore opposite Dundee, but not
found by any other botanist, and his authority alone is not sufficient
to establish its occurrence.

POTENTILLA TRIDENTATA. Sm.

E. B. No. 2389.

Said to have been found by Mr. G. Don on Werron Hill and

East Rocks Loch, Brandy Clova ; but no doubt Sibbaldia procum-
bens has been mistaken for this American plant.

RUBUS ARTICUS. Linn.

E. B. No. 1585.

Said to have been found on Ben-More, in the Isle of Mull, and

on Ben-y-Gloe, Perthshire ; but recent search has failed to discover
it. Mr. Watson had a specimen sent him which was said to have
been gathered on a moor in Yorkshire, but he had reason to believe
that the specimen was of garden origin. It appeared in the garden
 ROSACE-E. 201

of the late Mr. J. Irvine Boswoll, Kingeaiisio, near A])crdecn, on

a bank of peat mould broui^lit from the neiglibourliood in prepara-
tion for a rhododendron bed but careful search failed to detect it
;

growing on the spot whence the mould was brought, and after a
few years the plant died out in the garden. It is not an unlikely
plant to occur ; the most probable place for it is the district near the
Sow of Atholl, where the Menziesia cyerulea is found.

RUBUS TOMENTOSUS. Borkluius.

A plant found at Ilorseton Hill, near llarrow, Middlesex, has

been supposed to be a variety of this plant ; Professor Babington,
however, considers it is not that plant, but probably 11. leu-
costachys.
ROSA CINNAMOMIA.
E. B. No. 2388.

Said to have been found in the wood at Aketon, near Pontefract

Castle, and at Birk Hill, Galston, Ayrshire ; i doubt escaped from
cultivation.
ROSA DICKSONI. Lindley.

E. B. S. No. 2707.

Said to have been found in Ireland by Mr. James Drummond,

but probably not native.

ROSA LUCIDA. Ehrk

Mr. Borrer found this American plant near Keswick, where it

had been mistaken for U. cinnamomia.

ROSA POMIPERA. Hern.

Found at Coates Heath, Staffordshire, by the Bev. B. C.

Douglas ; but probably escaped from a garden, as it is not unfre-
quently cultivated.

PYRUS SEMIPINNATA. Roth.

Pyrus pinuatifida, Ehrh. ? Smith, K B. No. 2331.

The figure in English Botany appears to represent a plant

which is commonly cultivated in gardens and ornamental planta-
tions. I have received it from M. Huguenin, of Chambery, under
the name of Sorbus hybrida. It seems to be quite distinct from
the Scandinavian and Arran plant named Sorbus fennica by Fries,
but has no claims to be considered as indigenous in Britain.
262 ENGLISH BOTANY.

I am
unable to discover whether the P. pinnatifida of Ehrhart
belongs to tliis or to P. fennica, though it is probably to the former,
as I have seen none but Scandinavian specimens of the latter.

EUUATA IN VOL. III.

Page G2 line 1,/or Rehlam read Eelhan.

„ 100 strap-shaped, elliptical, read strapshaped-elliptical.

CCCCXIX. read CCCCXXI.

CCCCXX. read CCCCXIX.
CCCCXXI. read CCCCXX.
Muriated read Muricated.
Tyache read Tjacke.
Trevyllian read Trevelyan.
Glamorfjansliire read Devonshire.
 INDEX TO LATIN NAMES.
[Species in CAPITALS, Sub-species in small letters, and Synonyms in i<<//i>».]

PLATK PAOK rLATK rillK

AGRIMO'NIA CORONIL'LA
EUPATO'RIA, Linn ccccx vii. 1 29 va'ria, Linn, (excluded) 113
'Enpato' na., var. Benth ccccxviii. 131
odora'ta, Mill ccccxviii. 131 COTONEAS'TER
VULGA'RIS, Lindl cccclxxvii. 233
ALCHEMIL'LA
ALPI'NA, Lijin ccccxxv. 1 -i CRAC'CA
ARVEN'SIS, Scop ccccxxii. 136
ma'joi; Frank ccclxxxv. 87
alpi'na, var, /3, Hook. & Arn.
minor, Riv ccclxxxii. 84
ccccxxiv. 139
CONJUNC'TA, Bab ccccxxiv. 139
monta'na, Willd 138 CRAT^'GUS
VULGA'RIS, Linn ccccxxiii. 137 .4'nrt, Linn, (in part) . . .. cccclxixii. 243
vulga'ris /3, subseri'cea, Koch 138 Aria, Linn, (in part) .. . . cccclxxxiii. 244
A'na, var. a, scan'dica, Linn.
ANTHYL'LIS cccclxxxiv. 245
A'na, var. (3, Sue'cica, Linn.
JDillen'ii, Schultz 20
cccclxxxiv. 24.'>
VULNERA'RIA, Linn. ..cccxxxiii, 19
A'7'ia, var. y, Linn cccdxxxv. 247
VulneroLria, Bor cccxxxiii. 19
monog'yna, Jacq cccjlxxx. 237
OXYACAN'THA, Linn.
APH'ANES cccclxxix. & cccclxxx. 236
arven'sis, Linn ccccxxii. 1 36 Oxyacan'tha, Jacq cccclxxix. 236
Oxi/acan'tka, var. (5, monog'yna, Bab. 257
APORAN'THUS cccclxxx. 237
oxyacanthoi'des, 2%uj7; cccclxxix. 236
Tnfolios' trum, Blomf. cccxlv. 34
tonnina'lis, Linn cccclxii. 24

AEUMO'I^IA CTTISUS
agrimonioi'des, D. C. (excluded) 260
sco2)a'rius, Link cccxxix. 11

ARTHROLO'BIUM DRY'AS
ehmctea'tum, D, C cclxxix. 78
dcprcs'sa, Bab -"*

OCTOPE'TALA, Linn cccclx. 201

ASTRAG'ALUS
ALPI'NUS, Linn ccclxxv. 73 ERTUM
campes'tris, Linn ccclxxiv. t -
grac'ilc, D. C ccclxxxiv. 86
GLYCYPHYL'LUS ccclxxvii. 75
hirsu'tum, Linn ccclxxxii. 84
HYPOGLOT'TIS, Linn. . . ccclxxvi. 74
.
tctrasper'num, Linn ccclxxiiii. 86
uralen'sis, Linn ccclxxiii. 71

COM'ARUM
FALCATULA
Fahotri/o'lium, Brot cccxlv. 34
pahis'tre, Linn ccccxxxvii. 153
2G4 ENGLISH BOTANY.

PI.AT8 PA08 FLATK FAOR

FRAGA'RIA LO'TUS
ELA'TIOR, Ehh ccccxxxix. 156 comicvia'lus, vars. a, fi, and y, Bab.
maff'na, Tliuill ccccxxxix. 156 ccclxviii. 65
moscha'ta, Duch ccccxxxix. 156 comicula'tus, vars. b and c, Benth.
ster'ilU, Linn ccccxxvii. 143 ccclxviii. 65
VES'CA, Linn cccoxxxviii. 154 comicula'tus, var, ma'jor, Benth.
ccclxx. C7.

GENIS'TA corniculdtus, var. tenuifo'lius,

ANG'LICA, Linn cccxxvi. 8

Hook. & Am., .ccclxix. 67

cccxxvii. 9 comicula'tus, var. ten'uis, Benth.

PILO'SA, Linn
ccclxix. 67
scopa'ria, Lam cccxxix. 11
difFu'sus, .S'm ccclxxi. 69
TINCTO'RIA, Linn cccxxviii, 9
eu-cornicula'tua ccclxviii. 65

GE'UM grac'ilis, Waldst. & Kit ccclxxi. 69

his'pidus, Desf. ccclxxii. 69
INTERME'DIUM, £/trA. ..cccclviii. 199
MA'JOR, Scop ccclxx. 67
EIVA'LE, Linn cccclix. 200
tenuifo'lius, Reich ccclxix. 67
urba'no-riva'le, Meyer cccclviii. 199
ccclxix. 67
ten'uis, Kit
URBA'NUM, Linn cccclvii. 197
uligino'sus, Schkiihr ccclxx. 67

IIEDYS'ARUM
- Omlry'ckis, Linn ccclxxxi. 81
MA'LUS
acer'ba, Merat cccclxxxix. 255
commu'nis, Poir ccccxc. 256
HIPPOCRETIS .

COMO'SA, Linn ccclxxx. 79 MEDICA'GO

LA.TH'YRUS apicula'ta, Willd '
26
DENTICULA'TA, Be7itk..cccxxx\\u. 26
APH'ACA, Linn cccxcvii. 101
26
•
denticuldta, Willd cccxxxviii.
hithyn'icus, Lam cccxcvi. 99
eu-falca'ta cccxxxvi. 24
HIRSU'TUS, Linn cccxcix. 103
FALCA'TA, Linn.
LATIFO'LIUS, Linn cccciii. 107
cccxxxv. & cccxxxvi. 22
MACRORRHI'ZDS, Wimm. . .ccccvi. ] 10
falcdta, Fries cccxxxvi. 24
MARIT'IMUS, Big ccccv. 109
falca'ta, var. j8, Hook. & Arn.
monta'nus, Bernh ccccvi. 110
cccxxxv. 23
NI'GER, TFmm ccccvii. 14
falca'ta, /3 rcrstc'oZor, Wallr.. . cccxxxv. 28
NISSO'LIA, Linn cccxcviii. 102
Gr. & Godr... cccxxxv.
/(^Zca'<o-s((^i' vrt, 23
PALUS'TRIS, Linn cccciv. 108
LUPULI'NA, Zwm cccxxxvii. 24
PRATEN'SIS, Linn cccc. 104
-^

SYLVES'TRIS, Linn ccccii. 106

MACULA'TA, &m cccxxxix. 27
media, Reich cccxxxv. 23
—— TUBERO'SUS, Linn cccci. 105
MIN'IMA, Lam cccxL 28
murica'ta, Willd. (excluded) 112
LO'TUS
ornithopodioi'des, Fries cccxlv. 34
ANGUSTIS'SIMUS, Linn. jtolycar'pa, Willd cccxxxviii. 26
ccclxxi. & ccclxxii. 68 polymor'pha, Sm. E. B cccxxxix. 27
angustis'simus, Koch ccclxxi. 69 SATI'VA, Li7in cccxxxiv. 21
angusti^simus, var. a, Benth.. . ccclxxi. 69 sylves'tris, Fries cccxxxv. 23
angicstis'sini'us, var. his'pidus, Benth.
ccclxxii. 69
angustia' simus, var. ma'jor,
MELT LO'TUS
Hook. & Am.. . ccclxxii. 69 AL'BA, Lam cccxlii. 31
angnsti^aiinus, var. mi'nor, ARVEN'SIS, Wallr cccxliii. 32
Hook. & Am... ccclxxi. 69 in'dica. All cccxliv. 33
CORNIC.ULA'TUS, Linn. leucan'tha, Koch cccxlii. 31
ccclxviii. & ccclxix. 65 macrorrhi'za, Pers cccxli. 29
comiculdtus, Koch ccclxviii. 65 OFFICINA'LIS, Willd cccxli. 29
coniicula'ius, vara, a and j8, Lam
officinalis. cccxliii. 32
Hook. & Arn.. .ccclxviii. 65 PARVIFLO'RA, 2)es/. ....cccxliv. 33
 INDEX TO LATIN NAMES. 2G5
I'LATB PACK ri.ATR rAOK
MELILO'TUS POTENTIL'LA
Petitpierrea'na, Willd 32 FRAGARIAS'TRUM, L'/nh.
vulgaris, Wallr cccxlii. 31 cuccxxvii. 143
FRUTICO'SA, Linn ccccxxxvi. l.';2

MES'PILUS interme'dia, Nesl. (excluded) 260

Cotoneaster, Linn cccclxxvii. 233 mixta, NotU 148
GEEMAN'ICA, Zivm. . . cccclxxviii. 235 opa'ca, Sin. (excluded) 260
monoff'yna, Willd cccclxxx. 236 palustris, Scop ccccxxxvii. 153

Oxyacan'tha, Willd cccclxxix. 237 procuni'bens, Sihth ccccxxxi. 147

REPTANS, Linn ccccxxxii. 148
ONOBRY'CHIS RUPESTRIS, Zmn ccccxxxiv. 150
salisburgen'sLi, Hiinke ccccxxix. 145
SATI'VA, Lam ccclxxxi. 81
SIBBAL'DI A ccccxxvi. 142
ONO'NIS ater'ilis, Garcke ccccxxvii. 143
sylves'tris, Nech ccccxxx. 146
ARVEN'SIS, Fries cccxxxi. 16
TORMKNTIL'LA, Schenl:
arven'sis, Sin. E. B cccxxx. 15
ccccxxx. & ccccxxxi. 146
wven'sis, var. a, Hook. & Arn. —— Tormentil'la, Sibth ccccxxx. 146
cccxxxi. 16 Tormentil'la, var. a, Hook. & Arn.
arven'sis, var. j3, Hook. & Arn. ccccxxx. 146
cccxxx. 15 Hook. & Arn.
Tormentil'la, var. ji,
CAMPES'TRIS, KocJi, cccxxx. 15 ccccxxxi. 147
spina' sa, Koch cccxxx. 15 tridenta'ta, Sm. (excluded) 260
procur'rens, Wallr cccxxxi. 16 VER'NA, Idiin ccccxxviii, 1 44
reclina'ta, Linn cccxxxii. 1
ver'na, var. Benth ccccxxix. 145
re'pens, Koch cccxxxi. 16
POTE'RIUM
ORNITH'OPUS
dictyocar'pum, Spach ccccxix. 133
EBRACTEA'TUS, Brot. ccclxxix. . . 78
MURICA'TUM, Spach ccccxx. 134
PERPUSIL'LUS, imK...ccclxxviii. 77
platylo'phium, .lord ccccxx. 135
W. & K
jyohjg'amum ? ccccxx. 134
OE'OBUS SANGUISOR'BA, Linn ccccxix. 133
ni'ger, Linn ccccvii. Ill Sanguisor'ba, var. munca'tum, Benth.
sylvat'iciis, Linn ccclxxxvi. 88 ccccxx. 134
tenuifo'lius, Roth Ill stcnolo phium, Jord ccccxx. 135
tuhero'sus, Linn ccccvi. 110
PRU'NUS
OXYT'ROPIS '

A'VIUM, Linn ccccxi. 1 1

CAMPES'TRIS, D.C. .... ccclxxiv. 72 .

CER'ASUS, Linn ccccxii. 122
HAL'LERI, Bintge ccclxxiii. 71 Cej-'osiw, var. .4 Vium, Bentb.. . ccccxi. 119
uralen'sis, D. C ccclxxiii. 71 COMMU'NIS, Hudt.
ccccviii. ccccix. & ccccx. 114
FIIA'CA cammu'nia, var. domes'tica, Bab.
ccccx. 118
astragali'na, D. C ccclxxv. 73
C(»«»H/'ni«, var. /)i.fi<iV7a, Bab... ccccix. 117
PI'SUM commu'nis, var. s/iiW«a,Bab.,ccccviii. 114

domes' tica, Linn ccccx. 118

marit'imum, Linn ecccv. 109
insitit'ia, ZmH ccccix. 117

PA'DUS, Linn ccccxiii. 123

POTENTIL'LA
spino'sa, Zmn ccccviii. 114
al'ba, Linn, (excluded) 260
ALPES'TRIS, Halt. ccccxxix. 145
fils. . .
PY'RUS
ANSERI'NA, Linn ccccxxxiii, 149
acer'ba, D. C. cccclxxiix. 255
attlrca, Smith ccccxxix. 145
A'cbi-as, Borcau cccclxxxviii. 252
ARGEN'TEA, Linn ccccxxxv. 151

COMA'RUM, Nestl ccccxxxvii. 153 A'RIA, Hook.

cccclxxxii. to cccclrxxv. 242
eu-Tormentil'la ccccxxx. 146

VOL. III.
2m
 5

2f;() ENGLTSn BOTANY.

PIATK i>a<:k PI.ATK r\r.n

PY'RUS RO'SA
A'ria, Elirh. (in part) cccclxxxii. 243 Crepinia'na, DSs(glise 222
A'ria, Ehrli. (in part) .... cccclxxxiii. 244 CRYPTOFODA, Baker 212
A'ria, var. & Arn.,cccclxxxv.
(3, Hook. 247 Dick'soni, Lindl. (excluded) 261
A'ria, var. y, Hook. & Am., cccclxxxiv. 245 Donia'na, Woods cccclxv. 207
AUCUPA'RIA, Giirtn. cccclxxxvi. . . 248 duma'lis, Becfist 225
COMMU'NIS, Linn cccclxxxviii. 251 dumeto'rum, " Thuill." Woods 223
DOMES'TICA, Sm cccclxxxvii. 250 dumeto'rum, Sm cccclxxi. 214
eu-A'ria cccclxxxii. 243 eu-hiber'nica, Bake)' cccclxiii. 205
fen'nica, Bab cccclxxxv. 247 Forsteri, Sm cccclxxiv. 225
interme'dia, " Ehrh." Lindl. gla'bra, Baker 205

MA'LXJS, Linn.,
Ma'ht^, D. C
cccclxxxix.
cccclxxxiv.
& ccccxc.
ccccxc.
245
255
256
- grac'ilis, Woods
HIBER'NICA, Sm
inodo'ra, Borrer
cccclxiii.

cccclxxi.
207
205
214
Ma'lus, var. acer'ba, Bab., cccclxxxix. 255 Sm
involu'ta, 207
Ma'lus, var. a'cida, Wallr., cccclxxxix. 255 JUNDZILLIA'NA, Besser 213
Ma'lus, var. glabra, Koch, cccclxxxix. 255 lu'cida, Ehrh. (excluded) 261
— Ma'lus, var. mi'tis, Wallr ccccxc. 256 lutetia'na, Lem 226
Ma'lus, var. sati'va, Leight. . . ccccxc. 256 MICRAN'THA, Sm cccclxix. 211
Ma'lm, var. sylves'tris, Leight. mol'lis, Sm cccclxvi. 208
cccclxxxix. 255 MOLLIS'SIMA, Fries .... cccclxvi. 208
Ma'lus, var. tormento'sa, Koch, ccccxc. 256 platyphyl'la, Rau 224
mi'tis ccccxc. 256 platyphylloi! des, Rip 225
pinnatif'ida, " Ehrh." Lindl. pruino'sa. Baker 223
cccclxxxv. 247 pomif'era, Bork. (excluded) 261
pinnatif'ida, "Ehrh." Smith, in part re'pens, Scop cccclxxvi. 231
(excluded) 261 •
Robertso'ni, Baker 207
Pyras'ter, Boreau cccclxxxviii. 251 RUBEL'LA, Sm cccclxii, 204
rupic'ola cccclxxxiii. 244 •
RUBIGINO'SA, Linn cccclxviii. 210
scan'dica, Bab cccclxxxiv. 245 SAB'INI ( Woods) Baker cccclxv. 206
eemipinna'ta. Roth, (excluded) 261 Sab'ini, Woods 207
TORMINA'LIS, Ehrh cccclxxxi. 241 sarmenta'cea, Woods 225

RO'SA - scabrius cula. Woods

SE'PIUM, Thuill. (Lindley),
SPINOSIS'SIMA, Linn
cccclxx.
cccclxi.
209
212
203
Andegaven'sis, Bast 219
arvat'ica, Puget 217 subcrista'ta. Baker 221

ARVEN'SIS, Huds cccclxxvi. 231 SYST YLA, Woods cccclxxv. 230

arven'sis y, Borrer 231 tomentel'la, Lem 217

Ba'keri, Deseglise cccclxxiii. 217 TOMENTO'SA, Sm cccclxvii. 208

bibractea'ta, Bast 231 uncinel'la, Bess 224

Blondaea'na, Rip 216 ur'bica, Leman cccclxxiv. 225

BOR'RERI, Woods cccclxxi. 214 verticellacan'tha, Mer. ? 219

bractes'cens, Woods cccclxxii. 220 vina'cea. Baker 218

bractes'cens /3, Woods 221 villo'sa, Auct. Angl cccclxxiv. 208

cse'sia, <S'»i cccclxxiii.* 218 WIL'SONI, Borrer cccclxiv. 206

Borrer 223 Wat'soni, Baker 221

cce'sia, (in part)

canes'cens, Baker 222

CANI'NA, Linn.
RU'BUS
cccclxxii. to cccclxxiv. 21 affi'nis, W. &.N. 167
cani'na, Woods 226 althaeifo'lius, i7os< 194
cinnamo'mia, Linn, (excluded) amplifica'tus, Lees 178
celera'ta. Baker 220 apicida'tus, W. ? 184
colli! na, Sm cccclxxv, 231 ar'ticus, Linn, (excluded) 260
colli'na /3, Woods cccclxxiv. 225 Bahingto'nii, Bell Salt 182
cordifo'lia, Baker 205 Balfouria'nus, Blox 192
coriifo'lia, Fries cccclxxii. 220 Bcllai^di, N ccccliv. 191
corona' ta, Crepin cccclxv. 207 Blox'ami, Lees 180
 INDEX TO LATIN NAMES. 207

ly.'J rLATK rvu*

RU'BUS IIU'BUS
Bor'reri, Bell Salt 179 pallidas, W 186
cse'sius, Linn cccclvi. 195 pampino'sm, Bab 1 7'J

c((/sius, var, agres'tis, W. & N 195 plica'tUH, W. ii N. ccccxl V. 106

ccesius, var. aqua'ticm, W. & N 196 pgeudo-Id(^u8, Lej 1 96
ccBsius, var. hispidm, Bab 196 f)ygma3'us, W 182
cw'sius, var. iniermedim, V>Ah 196 pyramida'lis, Bab 188
ccesius, var. uhnifo'lius, Bab 196 liiid'ula, W. cccclii. iSt
calva'tus, Blox 175 rhamnifo'liuH, M'. & .V. 163
carpinifo'lius, IF. & iV 175 rosa'ceuH, IK 181
carpinifu'l'ms, Borrer ccccxlix. 173 — - rubicfolm; Blox 1 SO
CHAM^MO'KUS, Linn ccccxl. 158 ru'dia, W. 1H3
Coleman'ni, Bab 174 Sal'teri, /?ai 174
cordifu'Hus, W. & N 1*J8 •
Sal'tcri, Bab. (olim) 175
corylifo'lius, Sm cccclv. 193 SAXAT'ILIS, Linn ccccxl. 151)

—
•

corylifo'lius, var. conjun'gens, Bab. . . 193 - Bca'ber, W. 182

•
corylifo'lius, var. purpu'reus, Bab 193 ScUechtendal'ii, W. & N 177
denticiddlus, Bab 181 Sprenge'lii, IV. 179
dis'color, W. & N. ccccxivii. 171 suberec'tus, A udcrs ccccxliv. 164
• Lind
diversifo'lius, 187 suhlus'tris, Lees 193
- dumeto'rum, Blox 194 ta^uis, Bell Salt 196
- fis'sus, Lind 165 tbyrsoi'deus 172
- folio'sus, W. 190 tomento'sus, Bork. (excluded) 261

- FEUTICO'SUS, Linn. tubercula'tus, Bab 194

ccccxliv. to cccclvi. 162 umbro'sus, Arrh 177

- frutico'sus, Sm ccccxivii. 171 vcsti'tus, W. & N 173
- f usco-a'ter, W. 186 villicau'lis, W. & N 176

Bab. (olirn) 187 vidga'ris, Lindl 176

- fusco-a'ter,
Coleman'ni, Bab 174 Wahlberrjii, Arrh 193
- fusco-a'ter, j3

191 Wahlhmj'ii, Bell Salt 193

- fus'cus. Lees
190 Wahlberfii glabra tus, Bell Salt. ... 194
- glaiidulo'sus, Bellard ccccliv. /3

- Grabow'skii, W. ccccxlix. 173

- Gun'theri, W. 188 SANGTJISOR'BA
- hiiHus, W. & K 191 me'dia, Linn, (excluded) 260
- hir'tus, var. a, Bab. (olim) 189 OFFICINA'LIS, Linn ccccxxi. 132
- hir'tus /3 Menhii, Bab. (olim) 182
\ - hir'tus, var y, Bab. (olim) 190 SAROTHAM'NUS
- humifu'sus,W. 189
commu'nis, " Wimm." Fries. cccxxix. .
1

- Hys'trix, W. 181 cccxxix.

. SCOPA'KIUS, Koch 1

- ID^'US, Linn ccccxlii. 160 11

vulya'ris, " Wimm." Godr. ..cccxxix.
- imbrica'tus, Uort 170
- iacurva'tus, Bah 169 SIBBAL'DIA
- infes'tus, Bab 186
procum'bens, Linn ccccxxvi. 142
- Kohl'eri, W ccccliii, 185
- latifo'lius, Bab 170
- LEES'II, Bab ccccxliii, 161
SOB BUS
A'ria, Crantz cccclxxxii. 243
- Leighto'nii, Leea 184
187 A'ria, var, saliclfdlia, Myr.
- Lejeun'ii, W. & N.
cccclxxxiii. 244
- lentigino'sus, Lees 167
Aucupa'ria, Linn cccclxxxvi. 243
- leucosta'chys, Sm ccccxlviii. 172
Linn cccclxxxvii. 250
168 domc^'lica,
- Liadleia'nus, Lees
cccclxxxv. 247
- macroan' thus, Blox 172 fcn'nica. Fries
cccclxxxv. 247
177 hyb'rida, Linn, fil
- macrophyl'lus, 17. ccccl.
261
hyb'rida, Wdld. (excluded) .... .
- macrophyl'lus, var. ylabra'tus, Bab 178 (?)

Keich cccclxxxiiL 244

oblongifo'lia,
- mucrona'tus, Blox ccccli. 178
cccclxxxiv. 245
scan'dica. Fries
- mucronula'tus, Borcau ccccli. 178
cccclxxxi. 241
torminalis, Crantz
- nemordsis ^fe'rox, Leight 194
268 ENGLISU BOTANY.
PLATE PACK PLATK PAGE
SPAR'TIUM TlilFO'LIUM {MELILOT US)
scopdriiim, Liun cccxxix. 11 in'dica, Linn. ? cccxliv. 33
ornithopodioi'de.i, IL'wn cccxlv. £4
SPIR^'A officinalis, var. ji, Linn cccxlii. 31
FILIPEN'DULA, Linn ccccxvi. 128 officinalis, var. y, Linn cccxli. 29
SALICIFO'LIA, Linn ccccxiv, 125
ULMA'KIA, Linn ccccxv. 126
TRIGONEL'LA
ORNITHOPODIOI'DES, D.C.
TORMENTIL'LA cccxlv. 34

erec'ta, Linn ccccxxx. 146 U'LEX

officinalis, Sm ccccxxx. 146 eu-na'nus cccxxv. 7
rep'tans, Linn ccccxxxi. 147 EUROP^'US, Linn cccxxiii. 4
Gal'lii, Planch cccxxiv. 6
TRIFO'LIUM NA'NUS, Forst cccxxiv. cccxxv. 6
agra'rium, Huds ccclxv. 60 nanus. Planch cccxxv. 7
ARVEN'SE, Linn cccliv, 46 na'nus, var. a, Auct. PI cccxxv. 7
Bocco'ni, Savi ccclv. 47 na'nus, j3 Gal'lii, Auct. PI. . . cccxxiv. 6
el'egans, Savi 53 j^rovincia'lis, Legall cccxxiv. 6

- eu-incarna'tum
FILIFOR'ME, Linn
jiUfor'me, Koch
ccclii.

ccclxvii.
ccclxvi.
44
63
62
stric'tus,

YIC'IA
Mack.. 4

FKAGIFERUM, Linn ccclxiii. 58 angustifo'lia, Roth., cccxciii. & cccxciv. 97

GLOMERA'TUM, Linn ccclviii. 50 anyustifc'lia, Sm cccxciv. 98

HYB'RIDUM, Linn ccclxi. 53 angustifo'lia, Forst cccxciii. 97

hyb'ridum, Koch ccclxi. 53 BITHYN'ICA, Linn cccxcvi. 99

INCARNA'TUM, Linn. Bohart'ii, Forst cccxciv. 98
ccclii. & cccliii. 44 cassu'bica, var. Or'ohus, D. C.
incarna'tum, Bor ccclii. 44 ccclxxxvi. 88

incarna'Uim, var. a, Auct. Plur. CRAG'CA, Linn ccclxxxv. 87

cccliii. 44 eu-lu'tea ccclxxxix. 93
incarna'tum, var. /3, Auct. Plur. eu-sati'va cccxcii. 96
cccliii. 45 GRACILIS, Lois ccclxxxiv. 86

laviga'tum, Desf ccclx. 52 HIRSU'TA, Koch ccclxxxii. 84

W. & K
macrorrhi'zum, cccxli. 29 HYB'RIDA, Linn cccxci. 94
MARIT'IMUM, Huds cccl. 42 Iseviga'ta, Sm cccxc. 94
ME'DIUM, Linn cccxlviii. 40 LATHY ROI'DES, Linn cccxcv. 98
micran! thum, Koch ccclxvii. 63 LU'TEA, Linn,, ccclxxxix. & cccxc. 92
MI'NUS, Relhan ccclxvi. 62 lv!tea, Sm ccclxxxix. 93
Moliue'rii, Balh cccliii. 45 OR'OBUS, D.C ccclxxxvi. 88
.
OCHROLEU'CUM, Linn, .cccxlix. 41 SATI'VA, Linn.
officina'le, Sm cccxli. 20 cccxcii. cccxciii. & cccxciv. 98
ornithopodioi'des, Sm. E.B cccxlv. 34 sati'va, Roth cccxcii. 96
parviflo'ruiu, ^/«7i. (excluded) 112 sati'va, var. a, Hook. & Arn., cccxcii. 96
I'RATEN'SE, Linn cccxlvii. 37 sati'va, var. j8, D. C cccxciii. 97
praten'se, Reich cccxlvii. 37 sati'va, var. angustifo'lia, Hook. & Arn.
PROCUM'BENS, Linn ccclxv. 60 cccxciii. & cccxciv. 97
procum'bens, Huds ccclxvi. 62 sati'va, var. angustifo'lia, Bab.
RE'PENS, Linn ccclxii. 54 cccxciii, 97
RESUPINA'TUM, Linn ccclxiv. 69 sati'va, var, y, Bohart'ii, Bab., cccxciv. 98
sati'vum, Mill 37 sati'va, var. Icevigdta, Eenth., cccxc. 94
SCA'BRUM, Linn ccclvii. 49 SE'PIUM, Linn ccclxxxviii, 91
STELLA'TUM, Linn cccli. 43 SYLVATTCA, Linn ccclxxxvii. 90
STRIATUM, Linn ccclvi. 48 TETRASPER'MA, Monch, ccclxxxiii. 85
STRIC'TUM, Waldst. & Kit. tetrasper'ma, var. a, Hook. & Aru,

ccclx. 52 ccclxxxiii. 85
SUBTERRA'NEUM, Linn., cccxlvi. 36 tetrasjicr ma, p gradilis, Hook. & Arn.
SUFFOCA'TUM, Linn cccli x. 67 ccclxxxiv. 86
 INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES.

PLATB PACK ri.ATB rAG«

Agrimony, Common ccccxvii. 130 Br.nnible, Buckthorn-leaved ccccxlvi. 169
Fragrant ccccxviii. 13l Coarse 183
Alpine Cinquefoil, Yellow ccccxxix. 145 Coleman's 174
Lady's Mantle ccocxxv. 141 Common ccccxlvii, 163
Milk. Vetch ccclxxv. 74 Cuspidate-leaved ccccli. 1 79
Alsike Clover ccclxi. 54 Dwarf 182
Apple, Crab cccclxxxix. 255 File-stemmed cccclii. 1 85
Wild ccccxc. 256 Glandular-stemmed cccciv. 191
Ash, Mountain cccclxxxvi. 248 Grabowski's ccccxlix. 1 74
Mountain, Bastard cccclxxxv. 247 GUnther's 189
Aveus, Intermediate cccclviii. 199 Hazel-leaved cccclv. 198
Mountain cccclx. 201 Hedgehog 181
Water cccclix. 200 Hornbeam-leaved 176
Wood cccclvii. 198 Imbricated-leaved 170
Incurved-leaved 170
Baker's Briar cccclxxiii. 217 Intermediate 167
Balbi's Trefoil cccliii. 46 Kohler's ccccliii. 186
Balfour's Bramble 192 Large-leaved ccccl. 178
Barren Strawberry cecexxvii. 144 Leafy-flowered 190
Bastard Mountain Ash cccclxxxv. 247 Lejeune's 183
Beam, White, Common cccclxxxii. 244 Lesser sub-erect 166
Lobed-leaved . , . . cccclxxxiv. 247 Lindley's 168
Rock cccclxxxiii. 245 Long-clustered ccccxlviii. 173
Bird Cherry ccccxiii. 124 Mallow-leaved 194
Bird's-Foot cccxlv. 35 Pilose-stemmed 176
Least ccclxxviii. 78 riaited-leaved ccccxlv. 167
Sand ccclxxix. 79 Pyramidal-flowered 188
Trefoil, Common .... ccclxviii. 66 Rose-flowered 182
Long-podded Small Rough 183
ccclxxi. 69 Salter's 175
Marsh ccclxx. 68 Sprengel's ISO
Slender ccclxix. 67 Stone ccccxli. 160
Bithynian Vetch cccxcvi. 100 Sub-erect ccccxliv. 165
Bitter Vetch, Black ccccvii. 112 Thyrsus-flowered 1 72
Tuberous ccccvi. Ill Trailing 190
Wood ccclxxxvi. 89 Tubercular 195
Blackberry ccccxliv. to cccclv. 163 Various-leaved 187

Black Bitter Vetch ccccvii. 112 Brinr, Baker's cccclxxiii. 217

Medick cccxxxvii. 24 Leathery-leaved cccclxxii. 221

Blackthorn ccccviii. 115 Scentless cccclxxi. 215

Bloxam's Bramble 181 Broad -leaved Bramble 1 70

Blue Oxytropis ccclxxiii. 72 Everlasting Pea cccciii. ]0S

Boccone's Trefoil ccclv. 47 Broom, Common cccxxix. 11

215 Brownish-black Bi amble 186

Borrer's Eoae cccclxxi.
192 Buckthorn-leaved Bramble ccccxlvi. 169
Bramble, Balfour's
181 Bullace ccccix. 117
Bloxam's
'0 Bur Medick, Little cccxL 28
Broad-leaved 1
186 Burnet, Common Salad ccccix. 143
•
Brownish-black
270 ENGLISH BOTANY.
PLATB PAOB PI.ATK PAOB
Burnet, Great ccccxxi. .
132 Field Melilot cccxliii. 32
Muricated S:ilad ccccxx. 136 File-stemmed Bramble cccciii. 186
Rose, Common cccclxi. 204 Four-seeded Slender Tare ccclxxxiii. 86
.
Irish cccclxiii. 206 Fragrant Agrimony ccccxviii. 131
Ked-fruited cccclxii. 205 Fries' Lucerne cccxxxv. 23
Bush Vetch ccclxxxviii. 92 Furze, Common cccxxiii. 5
Dwarf cccxxv. 7
Cherry, Bird ccccxiii. 124 Needle cecxxvi. 8
Dwarf ccccxii. 123 Planchon'a cccxxiv. 7
Wild ccccxi. 120
Cinquefoil, Alpine Yellow ccccxxix. 145 Gean ccccxi. 120
Creeping ccccxxxii. 149 Glabrous White-thorn cccclxxix. 237
Hoary ccccxxxv. 152 Glandular-stemmed Bramble ccccliv. 191
Marsh ccccxxxvii. 153 Gorse cccxxiii. 6
Shrubby ccccxxxvi. 152 Grabowski's Bramble ccccxlix. 174
Spring ccccxxviii. 1 45 Grass-leaved Vetch cccxcviii. 103
Strawberry-flowered, ccccxxxiv. 151 Grass Marl cccxlvii. 39
Cloudberry ccccxi. 158 Great Burnet ccccxxi. 132
Clover, Alsike ccclxi. 54 Green Weed, Dyers' cccxxviii. 10
Cow cccxlviii. 41 Hairy cccxxvii. 9
Crimson ccclii. 45 Giinther's Bramble 189
Dutch ccclxii. 55
Meadow cccxlviii. 41
Hairy-flowered Vetch cccxci. 95
Red
White
cccxlvii.

ccclxii,
39
65
— Green Weed cccxxvii. 9
Tare ccclxxxii. 84
Yellow cccxxxvii. 25
Vetchling cccxcix. 104
Coarse Bramble 183
Hare's-foot Trefoil cccliv. 47
Coleman's Bramble 174
Hautbois Strawberry ccccxxxix. 156
Columnar-styled Dog-rose cccclxxv. 231
Hawthorn cccclxxix. 237
Common Hawthorn cccclxxx. 287
Common cccclxxx. 238
Cotoneaster, Common cccclxxvii, 234
Hazel-leaved Bramble cccciv. 193
Cow Clover cccxlviii. 41
Hedgehog Bramble 181
Crab-apple cccclxxxix, 255
Hoary Cinquefoil ccccxxxv. 152
Creeping Cinquefoil ccccxxxii. 149
Honeystalks cccxlvii. 39
Tormentil ccccxxxi. 148
Honeysuckle Trefoil cccxlvii. 39
Crimson Clover ccclii. 45
Hop Trefoil ccclxv. 61
Cultivated Vetch, Common cccxcii. 96
Hornbeam-leaved Bramble 176
Cuspidate-leaved Bramble ccccli. 179
Horse-shoe Vetch ccclxxx. 80

Dense-flowered Trefoil ccclix. 52

Dewberry cccclvi. 197 Imbricated-leaved Bramble 1 70
Dog-rose, Columnar-styled cccclxxv. 231 Incurved-leaved Bramble 1 70
Common cccclxxiv. 226 Intermediate Avens cccclviii. 199
Downy-leaved Rose cccclxvii. 209 Bramble 167
Dropwort ccccxvi. 129 Irish Burnet Rose cccclxiii. 206
Duckling Vetch cccciv. 109
Dutch Clover ccclxii. 65 Jundzil's Rose 214
Dwarf Bramble 182
Cherry ccccxii. 123 Kidney Vetch, Common cccxxxiii. 20
— Furze cccxxv. 7 Kiihler's Bramble ccccliii. 186
Dyers' Green Weed cccxxviii. 10
Ladies'-finger cccxxxiii. 20
Eglantine cccclxviii. 210 Lady's-Mantle, Alpine ccccxxv. 141
EverLasting Pea, Broad -leaved ....cccciii. 108 Common ccccxxiii. 138
Narrow-leaved . . . . ccccii. 107 Field ? ccccxxii. 137
Silvery ccccxxiv. 1 40
Fenugreek , cccxlv. 35 Lamb-toe. ? cccxxxiii. 20
Field Lady's-Mantle ccccxxii. 137 Large-leaved Bramble ccccl. 178
 INDEX TO ENGLTSU NAMES. 271
PI.ATB PAOK HATK rAOK
Leafy-flowered Bramble 190 Pea, Narrow-leaved Everlaiiting ccccii. 107
Least Bird's-foot ccclxxviii. 78 Sea ccccv. 110
Yellow Trefoil ccclxvii. 64 Pear, Wild cccclxxxviii. 252
Leathery-leaved Briar cccclxxil. 221 Petty Whin cccxxvi. 8
Lees' Raspberry ccccxliii. 1(52 Piert, Parsley ccccxxii. 137
Lejeune'a Bramble 183 Pilose-Hteniraed P.ranilile 176
Lesser sub-erect Bramble 166 Plaited-leaved Braiiiblo ccccxlv. 167
Yellow Trefoil ccclxvi. 63 Pl.iMchoirs Furze cccxxiv. 7
Lindley's Bramble 168 I'lum, Wild ccccx. 118
Liquorice Vetch ccclxxvii. 76 Procumbent Ru.st-Harrow cccxxxi. 18
Wild cccxxxi. 18 Sibbaldia ccccxxvi. 143
Little Bur Medick cccxl. 28 Purplu Milk Vetch ccclxxvi. 75
Lobed-leaved White-beam cccclxxxiv. 247 Pyramidal-flowered Bramble 188
Long-clustered Bramble ccccxlviii. 173
LoDg-podded Small Bird's-foot Trefoil Queen-of-the-Meadow ccccxv. 127
ccclxxi. 69
Lucerne, Common cccxxxiv. 22 Raspberry ccccxlii. 161
Fries' cccxxxv. 23 Lees' ccccxliii. 162
Yellow cccxxxvi, 24 Red Clover cccxlvii. 39
Red-fruited Burnet Rose cccclxii. 205
Mallow-leaved Bramble 194 Rest-Harrow, Procumbent cccxxxi. 18
Many-seeded Slender Tare ccclxxxiv. 87 Small Spreading ..cccxxxii. 19
Marl Grass cccxlvii. 39 Upright cccxxx. 16
Marsh Bird's-foot Trefoil ccclxx. 68 Reticulated Medick cccxxxviii. 27
Marsh Cinquefoil ccccxxxvii. 153 Reversed-flowered Trefoil ccclxiv. 60
Marsh Vetchling cccciv, 109 Rigid Trefoil, Rough ccclvii. 49
May ? cccclxxix. 237 Rock White-beam cccclxxxiii. 245
?cccclxxx. 238 Roebuck -berry ccccxi. 158
Meadow Clover cccxlviii. 41 ccccxli. 160
.
Vetchling cccc. 105 Rose, Borrer's cccclxxi, 21
Meadow-sweet ccccxv. 127 Common Burnet cccclxi. 204
Medick, Black cccxxxvii. 25 Downy-leaved cccclxvii. 209
Little Bur cccxl. 28 Irish Burnet cccclxiii. 206
— Reticulated cccxxxviii. 27 Jundzil's 214
Spotted cccxxxix. 28 Red-fruited Burnet cccclxii. 205
Medlar, Wild cccclxxviii. 235 Sabine's cccclxv. 207
Melilot, Common cccxli. 30 Short-pedicelled 213
Field cccxliii. 32 Soft-leaved cccclxvi. 208
Small-flowered cccxliv. 33 White- flowered Trailing ..cccclxxvi. 232
White cccxlii. 31 Wilson's cccclxiv. 206
Milk Vetch, Alpine ccclxxv. 74 Rose-flowered Bramble 182
Purple ccclxxvi. 75 Rough Bramble 183
Sweet ccclxxvii. 76 Rough-podded Yellow Vetch ccclxxxix. 94
Mountain-Ash cccclxxxvi. 248 Round-headed Trefoil, Smooth ccclviii. 61
Bastard cccclxxxv. 247 Upright ccclx. 63
Mountain Avens cccclx. 201
Muricated Salad Burnet ccccxx. 136
Sabine's Rose cccclxv. 207
Saiutfoin ccclxxxi. 32
Narrow-leaved Everlasting Pea ccccii. 107
Salad Burnet, Common ccccix. 1 34
Needle Furze cccxxvi. 8
—Muricated ccccxx. 136
Nonsuch cccxxxvii. 25
Salter's Bramble 1'5
Sand Bird's-foot ccclxxix. 79
Oxytropis, Blue ccclxxiii. 72
Sea Pea cccc^' H^
Pale-yellow ccclxxiv. 73
Vetch, Smooth-podded cccxc. 94

Service-tree cccclxxxvii. 250

Pale-yellow Oxytropis ccclxxiv. 73
Wild cccclxxxi. 242
Parsley Piert ccccxxii. 1 37
Shamrock cccxxxvii. 25
Pea, Broad-leaved Everlasting cccciii. 108
272 ENGLISH BOTANY.

PLATE PAOB PLATE PAGE

Short-pedicelled Rose 213 Trefoil, Hare's-foot cccliv. 47
-podded Small Bird'a-foot Trefoil Honeysuckle cccxlvii. 39
ccclxxii. 70 Hop ccclxv. 61
Fhrubby Cinquefoil ccccxxxvi. 152 Least Yellow ccclxvii, 64
Sibbaldia, Procumbent ccccxxvi. 143 Lesser Yellow ccclxvi. 63
Silvery Lady's-Mantle ccccxxiv. 140 Long-podded Small Bird's-foot
Silver-weed ccccxxxiii. 150 ccclxxi. 69
Slender Bird's-foot Trefoil ccclxix. 67 Marsh Bird's-foot ccclxx. 68
Tare, Four-seeded ccclxxxiii. 86 Reversed-flowered ccclxiv. 60
Many-seeded .... ccclxxxiv. 87 Rough Rigid ccclvii. 49
Sloe, Blackthorn ccccviii. 115 Short- podded Small Bird's-foot

Small Bird's-foot Trefoil, Long-podded ccclxxii. 70

ccclxxi. 69 Slender Bird's-foot ccclxix. 67
Short-podded, Smooth Round-headed .... ccclviii. 51
ccclxxii. 70 Soft-knotted ccclvi. 48
Small-flowered Melilot cccxliv. 33 Starry-headed cccli. 44
Sweetbriar cccclxix, 212 Strawberry-headed ccclxiii. 59
Small-leaved Sweetbriar cccclxx. 212 Subterranean cccxlvi. 37
Smooth-podded Sea Vetch cccxc. 94 Sulphur-coloured cccxlix. 42
Smooth Round-headed Trefoil .. ..ccclviii. 51 Teasel-headed cccl. 43
Soft-knotted Trefoil ccclvi. 48 Upright Round-headed ccclx. 53
Soft-leaved Rose cccclxvi. 208 Zigzag cccxlviii. 41
Spiraea, Willow-leaved ccccxiv. 126 Tubercular Bramble 195
Spotted Medick eccxxxix. 28 Tuberous Bitter Vetch ccccvi. Ill
Spreading Rest-Harrow, Small .. cccxxxii. 19 Vetchling cccci. 106
Sprengel's Bnamble 180 Tufted Vetch ccclxxxv. 88
Spring Cinquefoil cccexxviii. 145
Vetch cccxcv. 99 Upright Rest-Harrow cccxxx. 16
Starry-headed Trefoil cccli. 44 Round-headed Trefoil ccclx. 63
Stone Bramble ccccxli. 160
Strawberry, Barren ccccxxvii. 144
Various-leaved Bramble 187
Hautbois ccccxxxix. 156
Vetch, Alpine Milk ccclxxv. 74
Wild ccccxxxviii. 155
100
Bithynian cccxcvi.
Strawberry-flowered Cinquefoil
Bitter Wood ccclxxxvi. 89
ccccxxxiv. 151 — Black Bitter. ccccvii. 112
Strawberry-headed Trefoil ccclxiii. 59
Bush ccclxxxviii. 92
Sub-erect Bramble ccccxli v. 165
Common Cultivated cccxcii. 96
Subterranean Trefoil cccxlvi. 37
Kidney cccxxxiii. 20
Sulphur-coloured Trefoil cccxlix. 42
Wild cccxciii. 98
Sweetbriar, Common cccclxviii. 210
Duckling cccciv. 109
Small-flowered cccclxix. 212
Grass-leaved cccxcviii. 103
Small-leaved cccclxx. 212
Hairy-flowered cccxci. 95
Sweet Milk Vetch ccclxxvii. 76
ccclxxx. 80
Horse-shoe
Liquorice 76
Tare, Four-seeded Slender ccclxxxiii. 86 Purple Milk ccclxxvi. 75
Hairy ccclxxxii. 84 Rough-podded Yellow ..ccclxxxix, 94
Many-seeded Slender ccclxxxiv. 87 Smooth-podded Sea cccxc. 94
Teasel-headed Trefoil cccl. 43 Spring cccxcv. 99
Thyrsus-flowered Bramble 172 — Sweet Milk ccclxxvii. 76
Tongue-under-Tongue ccclxxvi. 75 Tuberous Bitter ccccvi. Ill
Tormentil, Common ccccxxx. 147 Tufted ccclxxxv. 88
Creeping ccccxxxi. 148 Wood ccclxxxvii. 91
Trailing Bramble 190 Vetchling, Hairy cccxcix. 104
Trefoil, Balbi'a cccliii. 46 Marsh cccciv. 109
Boccone's t;cclv. 47 Meadow cccc. 105
Common Bird's-foot ccclxviii. 66 Tuberous cccci. 106
Dense-flowered ccclix. 52 Yellow cccxcvii. 102
 INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES. 273
PI.ATB PAliK rLATK rACS
Water Avens cccclix. 200 Willow-leaved Spiruia ccocxiv. 126
Waxen, Wood '?
cccxxviii. 10 Wilson's Rose cccclxiv. 200
Whin ? cccxxiii. 5 Wood Avens cccclvii. 198
— Petty ? cccxxvL. 8 Bitter Vetch cuclxxxvi. 89
VVhite-beiim, Common cccclxxxii. 244 Vetch ccclxxxvii. 91
Lobed-leaved .... cccclxxxiv. 247 Waxen cccxxviii. lo
I Rock cccclxxxiii. 245
White Clover ccclxii. 55 Yellow Alpine Cinquefuil ccccxxix. 145
Melilot cccxlii. 31 Clover cccxxxvii. 25
Thorn, Common cocclxxx. 240 Lucerne cccxxxvi. 24
Glabrous cccclxxix. 237 Trefoil, Least ccclxvii. (54

White-flowered Trailing Rose. . . . cccclxxvi. 232 • Lexser ccclxvi. 03

Wild Pear cccclxxxviii. 2,'J2 Vetch, Rough-podded . . ccclxxxix. 94
Medlar cccclxxviii. 235 Vctcliliiij; cccxcvii. 102
Service-tree cccclxxxi. 212
Strawberry ccccxxxviii. 155 Zigzag Trcfiiil cccxlviii. 41

Vetch, Common cccxciii. 98

VOL. III.
2n