International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM)

||Volume||12||Issue||10||Pages||7554-7574||2024||
Website: https://ijsrm.net ISSN: 2321-3418
DOI: 10.18535/ijsrm/v12i10.em03

Community Flood Risk Assessment in Selected Areas in Muntinlupa

City
L.P. Masanga*1, R.V. Caballero2
1
Faculty Graduate School Program, San Beda College Alabang, Muntinlupa City
2
Faculty of School of Business Administration, Emilio Aguinaldo College Cavite, Dasmarinas City

Abstract
The likelihood of property and life damage is high as people have less time to prepare before the flood
occurs in the subject area. The study's objective is to hopefully create a profound awareness in the city
government of Muntinlupa of the plight the community is experiencing. A quantitative research design
was utilized in this study. Flood risk perception: The probability of whether a retention pond, increasing
the diameter of the existing reinforced concrete pipes, and or increasing the road elevation can be a
permanent or a quick-fix solution is still unknown until the local government can conduct a
comprehensive technical and environmental assessment of the different vulnerability factors in the
community. No significant differences were found between age, years of residency, and flood risk
perception. Flood risk preparedness: No significant differences existed between age, years of residency,
and flood risk preparedness. Substantial differences were found between gender and flood preparedness,
and they favor the male gender. Flood risk awareness: No significant differences existed between age,
years of residency, and flood risk awareness. There were substantial differences between gender and
flood awareness, and they favored the male gender. The study's recommendations encourage the local
government of Muntinlupa to conduct a comprehensive administrative, technical, and environmental
assessment of the different vulnerability factors facing the selected areas in the community.

Keywords: Disaster risk reduction, Flood risk assessment, Environmental assessment

Introduction
Guha-Sapir, D. (2020, July 31) claimed that flooding is the most recurrent and expensive natural risk
globally. Yadav, S. (2023) categorized two types of floods: flash and river. A rapid on-set flood usually
happens fast and lasts for a quicker duration, almost a day or two; this is triggered by heavy rainfall and
appears quickly. The likelihood of property and life damage is high as people have less time to prepare
before the flood occurs. This rapid on-set flood is frequently encountered in the selected areas in Muntinlupa
City whenever there is light to heavy rainfall. Usually, the residents have less time to prepare and predict the
occurrence of rapid on-set floods in the vicinity. The vulnerability of vehicles being stranded in the flood
and damage to appliances and furniture is very probable. Wang, Y.V. & Sebastian, A (2021) asserted that a
successful assessment of flood susceptibility and threat is imminent for communities to manage flood
hazards. McEwen, L.J. (2024) claimed that flooding is an environmental hazard that can significantly
impact the economies and livelihoods of developed countries. The author mentioned that local communities
have significant responsibilities in mitigation and adaptation, whether active or passive roles of the
community. Srivastava, A.K. & Sahay, A. (2023) defined climate mitigation as those activities or measures
that reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere and increase the sink for carbon sequestration, while
climate adaptation is concerned with reducing the impact of climate change through reduction in
vulnerability and risk related to human and material loss.
The research gap found in the study is a theoretical gap from the theory generated by Srivastava,
A.K. & Sahay, A. (2023), which emphasizes that risk-affected communities of flooding should adapt or live
with nature-based solutions rather than engineering intervention. In this study, the urban resilience theory to
flood can be challenged because engineering interventions are imperative when there are no nature-based
solutions in an urban setting. This can be supported by the study by Glago (2021), wherein advanced
L.P. Masanga, IJSRM Volume 12 Issue 10 October 2024 EM-2024-7554
technological tools, such as geographic information systems, remote sensing, the Internet of Things, and Big
Data, should be available to flood managers in the development of effective early detection and flood
decision support systems that uplifts the resilience of societies to flood disasters.
The study's objective is to hopefully create a profound awareness in the city government of
Muntinlupa of the plight the community is experiencing. Our fervent prayer is that with this research, the
city government can allocate funds and prioritize necessary rectification projects to improve the flooding
situation in the community.

Statement of the Problem

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
a. Age
b. Gender
c. Years of Residence in the Community?
2. What are the assessment levels of the community toward flood risk perception, flood risk preparedness,
and flood risk awareness?
3. Are there significant differences between age and years of stay in the community and the different levels
of the community toward flood risk perception, flood risk preparedness, and flood risk awareness?
4. Are there significant differences between the gender of the respondents and the different levels of the
community toward flood risk perception, flood risk preparedness, and flood risk awareness?

5. What are the community's assessment proposals to the City Government of Muntinlupa for continuous
development and improvement in the selected flood-prone areas in Muntinlupa City area?
Hypothesis
HO1: There are significant differences between the gender of the respondents and the different
levels of the community toward flood risk perception, preparedness, and awareness.
HO2: There are significant differences between ages and years of residency in the community and
the different levels of the community toward flood risk perception, preparedness, and
awareness.

Conceptual Paradigm:

Theoretical Framework:
The study is grounded in the theory that Payne, Y. (2022) explained about Risk Management Theory. The
author elaborated that risk management theory is a strategy that organizations use to determine, evaluate,
and control risk. By determining probable risks, organizations can develop plans to avoid or minimize them.
In addition, there is no bullet-proof risk management strategy; this theory can be priceless for organizations

L.P. Masanga, IJSRM Volume 12 Issue 10 October 2024 EM-2024-7555

intending to lessen risk vulnerability. The theory is significant to the study because the data gathering
identifies and evaluates the flood risk perception, preparedness, and awareness of the affected communities
in Muntinlupa City.

Significance of the study

The study will create public awareness for the City Government of Muntinlupa to assess and evaluate the
appropriate engineering interventions needed in the local community and allocate the necessary funds to
implement any proposed solution to minimize the community's flooding risk.
To the communities of Summit Circle, Summit Home, and Allman Ville. the study will minimize the
residents' exposure to flood risk, preventing the loss of lives and properties.
The study will provide the Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office of Muntinlupa with an
awareness of how to assist the local barangay unit and the affected community in implementing a flood
evacuation plan and drills to minimize the loss of lives and properties.
The study will provide the local barangay unit of the selected areas with continuous awareness to
include the affected community in regular drainage cleaning and their flood evacuation program.
The study will bring hope and prayer to the researcher and fulfill a sense of duty and responsibility as
a concerned citizen that the City Government of Muntinlupa can augment the community's suffering.

Methodology:
A quantitative research design was utilized in this study. The respondents were the community members of
selected flood-prone areas in Purok 1, Barangay Bayanan, Muntinlupa City. The instrument was a Likert-
four scale with different levels: agreement, frequency, concern, knowledge, awareness, worries, safety,
preparedness, confidence, and likelihood. Descriptive analysis was used to assess the community's level of
awareness regarding different flood risk perceptions, preparedness, and understanding. Consequently, the
descriptive and inferential results will magnify the answers to the problem statements.

Research Population and Locale:

The respondents in the study were located in Summit Circle, Summit Homes, and Allman Ville, regardless
of whether the population was homeowners or tenants. The total population was 49 respondents.

Sample and Sampling Techniques

Population sampling was used in the study because the respondents were few in numbers and could easily be
reached in the community.

Data Gathering Procedures

1. A self-made instrument was used in the study. A pilot test was run on 30 respondents on August 10, 2023,
and these 30 respondents were excluded from the final survey. The instrument's reliability, using Cronbach
Alpha, was 0.85, and the validity of all the statements was significant at 0.05 level using Pearson Moment of
Correlation.
2. The final survey was administered to 49 respondents on August 16, 2024, and the data was processed
using IBM SPSS version 21 software.

Statistical Analysis of the Data

1. Frequency and Percentage were used to compute the demographic profile of the respondents, which were
age, gender, and years of residency in the community.
2. Measures of Central Tendency were used to compute the assessment levels of the respondents toward
flood risk perception, preparedness, and awareness. The mean and standard deviation were presented in the
study.
3. One-way analysis of variance was used to compute the inferential problems of whether to reject or accept
the null hypothesis, particularly the significant differences between ages and length of residency in the
community and the assessment level of the respondents toward the different flood risks.
4. A T-test for Independent Samples was used to compute the inferential problems of whether to reject or
accept the null hypothesis, particularly the significant differences between gender and the assessment level
of the respondents toward the different flood risks.

L.P. Masanga, IJSRM Volume 12 Issue 10 October 2024 EM-2024-7556

5. Cronbach's Alpha was used to test the instrument's reliability.
6. Pearson Moment of Correlation was used to test the validity of the statements of the instrument.

Results and Discussion

Table 1: Demographic Profile of the Respondents

Age Frequen Percent

cy
20 – 29 years old 1 2.0
30 -39 years old 5 10.2
40-49 years old * 16 32.7
50-59 years old * 16 32.7
60 years old and above 11 22.4
Total 49 100.0
Legend: * = highest percent
Gender Frequenc Percent
y
Male * 43 87.8
Female 6 12.2
Total 49 100.0
Legend: * = highest percent

Years of Residency Frequen Percent

cy
6 – 8 years 1 2.0
12 -15 years 1 2.0
16-20 years 1 2.0
21-25 years 6 12.2
26-30 years 10 20.4
31 years and above * 30 61.2
Total 49 100.0
Legend: * = highest percent

The ages of the respondents ranged from 40 years old to 59 years old, and the majority were male
gender. The status of ownership who participated in the survey were homeowners and had resided there for
over 31 years. According to Cherry (2024), middle adulthood is those who are between 40 and 65 years old,
and based on Erick Erickson's theories of development, middle adulthood belongs to stage seven (7), which
is characterized by generativity versus stagnation. The author defined generativity as sympathetic to others,
building and doing things that improve the world. At the same time, stagnation refers to the negligence or
disconnection in finding a way to contribute to the community or society as a whole. The literature is helpful
to the study because it can associate the majority of the respondents' ages to be generative. After all, they are
concerned with the situation the community frequently faces whenever there is moderate to heavy rainfall.
This group is expecting some areas of improvement in their current situation. Based on the 2020 Census of
Population and Housing by the Philippine Statistics Office (2022) the total population in the Philippines is
109,035,343, and there were 55.02 million males and 53.65 females. In addition, the sex ratio was 103 males
per 100 females in 2020. This literature is helpful in the study because it shows the reason why the
respondents in the study were mostly male.
Torunczyk-Ruiz, S. and Martinovic, B. (2020) studied the pros and cons of individuals residing in
the community for a long time. The study revealed that people staying long in the community feel more
attached to the neighborhood, earn entitlement in decision-making, and promote local participation. This
literature is essential because most respondents have resided in the community for over 31 years and were
legitimate homeowners. They are entitled and attached to voice out continuous improvement and betterment
of the community.

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2. Assessment Levels of the Community Toward Flood Risk perception, Flood Risk Preparedness, and
Flood Risk Awareness
A. Flood Risk Perception:
Table 2: Flood Risk Perception Statements One and Two

STATEMENTS 1 & 2 Mean Standard

Deviation Interpretatio
n
Are you aware that floods will quickly occur in the 4.00 0.000 Extremely
area when it rains and pours for more than 30 aware
minutes?
Have you personally experienced localized flooding 4.00 0.000 Very
near your home?” frequently
Legend: Extremely aware/Very frequent = 4.00 – 3.00; Aware/Frequently = 2.99- 2.00; Somewhat
aware/Rarely = 1.99- 1.00; Not aware/ Never = 1.00- 0.99

Are you aware that floods will quickly occur in the area Frequency Percent
when it rains and pours for more than 30 minutes?
Extremely aware 49 100
Total 49

Have you personally experienced localized flooding Frequency Percent

near your home?”
Very frequent 49 100
Total 49 100.0

The community is extremely aware (100 %) that floods will quickly occur in the area when it rains
and pours for more than 30 minutes (mean of 4.00 and standard deviation of 0.000) and very frequently (100
%) experienced localized flooding near their homes (mean of 4.00 and standard deviation of 0.000. This
unexpected flooding eventually threatened vehicles parked on the street and went unnoticed. Flood waters
can easily penetrate residential houses, destroying furniture and appliances, which is stressful and can cause
health problems such as leptospirosis when feet are submerged in flood waters.
According to Hong et al. (2020), the Philippines is enormously at risk of the impacts of climate
change, including increased frequency of risky weather events such as hefty rainfall. Life-threatening rain
events have brought about landslides and floods, with a loss of life and the weakening of infrastructure.

Table 3: Flood Risk Perception Statement Number Three:

STATEMENT # 3 Mean Standar Interpretatio

d n
Deviati
on
Do you agree that a retention pond or retention 3.632 0.487Strongly and
basin (which stores excessive runoff water) can highly agree.
help mitigate the risk of flooding?
Legend: Strongly & highly agree = 4.00 – 3.00; Highly agree = 2.99- 2.00; Agree = 1.99- 1.00; Strongly &
highly disagree = 1.00- 0.99

Frequency Percent
Strongly highly disagree 18 37
Strongly and highly agree 31 63.3
Total 49 100.0

L.P. Masanga, IJSRM Volume 12 Issue 10 October 2024 EM-2024-7558

The respondents strongly and highly agree (63.3 %) that a retention pond or basin (which stores excessive
runoff water) can help mitigate the risk of flooding (mean of 3.6.3 and standard deviation of 0.487). This
means the respondents were unanimous in their perceptions that a retention pond can help mitigate the risk
of flooding. AAA Paving (2024, May 6) explained that retention ponds are engineering works or unearthed
basins to handle surplus stormwater and runoff from urban, agricultural, or industrial areas. The purpose is
to collect and store runoff water as a critical buffer to prevent flooding and erosion in the surrounding
regions. Through natural and mechanical filtration methods, this engineered basin significantly improves
water characteristics by trapping contaminants and deposits.
This literature is essential to the study because the probability of whether a retention pond can be a
permanent or a quick-fix solution is still unknown until the City Government of Muntinlupa can conduct a
comprehensive assessment of the different vulnerability factors affecting the community and technical study
on the cost and benefit of this engineering intervention.

Table 4: Flood Risk Perception Statement Number Four:

STATEMENT # 4 Mean Standard Interpretati

Deviation on
Do you agree that elevating the roads can help 2.89 1.460 Highly
mitigate the risk of flooding? agree.
Legend: Strongly & highly agree = 4.00 – 3.00; Highly agree = 2.99- 2.00; Agree = 1.99- 1.00; Strongly &
highly disagree = 1.00- 0.99

Frequency Percent
Agree 17 35
Strongly and highly agree 32 65.3
Total 49 100.0

The community strongly and highly agrees (65.3 %) that elevating the roads can help mitigate the
risk of flooding (mean of 2.89 with a standard deviation of 1.460). The data shows that even though the
respondents strongly and highly agree with road elevation as a mitigation measure, it seems unreliable
because of the standard deviation value, which is far from the mean score, which means that the respondents
were not unanimous in their perceptions. There is an economic risk on the part of the homeowners because
of the need to increase the elevation of the house's finished floor line to equal the height of the road
elevation.
In the study by De La Pena (2020), she presented different vulnerability factors in solving flooding
problems in Metro Manila. These are population density, estimated economic loss to affected individuals,
slope, elevation rainfall, and land cover. One of her recommendations was that the government occasionally
review the situations of cities and municipalities surrounding the big cities and extend holistic evaluation to
countrywide considerations for funds allocation to other provinces and regions.
This literature is relevant to the study because it allows the City Government of Muntinlupa again to
assess the different vulnerability factors affecting the community and what engineering solutions are viable
in solving the flooding problem in the community.

Table 5: Flood Risk Perception Statement Number Five

STATEMENT # 5 Mean Standard Interpretatio

Deviation n
Do you agree that increasing the diameter of the 3.30 0.961 Strongly &
concrete drainage pipe can help mitigate the risk highly agree.
of flooding?
Legend: Strongly & highly agree = 4.00 – 3.00; Highly agree = 2.99- 2.00; Agree = 1.99- 1.00; Strongly &
highly disagree = 1.00- 0.99

L.P. Masanga, IJSRM Volume 12 Issue 10 October 2024 EM-2024-7559

 Frequency Percent
Agree 17 35
Strongly and highly agree 32 65.3
Total 49 100.0
The community strongly and highly agrees (65.3%) that increasing the diameter of the concrete
drainage pipe can help mitigate the risk of flooding (mean of 3.30 with a standard deviation of 0.961). The
study by Sohn et al. (2020) regarding the effectiveness of drainage systems in mitigating flood losses
confirmed that the efficiency of drainage systems depends on facility type and environmental setting.
In addition, it was encouraged that the recovery of wetlands and inclusion of retention ponds in
flood-prone areas be part of community development to arrest potential future economic losses. In addition,
County Materials Corporation (n.d.) claimed that reinforced concrete pipes (RCP) in drainage systems are
sustainable and cost-efficient for stormwater or sewer systems because of their reliability and durability.
Both literature are essential in the study because increasing the diameter of the existing concrete
pipes in the community is only a bullet-proof alternative to solving the flooding problem if a thorough
survey of the drainage system facility type and environmental setting is done. In addition, including a
retention pond in the master plan of the City Government of Muntinlupa might be a probable option based
on the literature review read by the researcher.

Table 6: Flood Risk Perception Statement Number Six

STATEMENT # 6 Mean Standard Interpretatio
Deviation n
Do you agree that regular drainage cleaning and 3.30 0.961 Strongly &
de-clogging can help mitigate the risk of highly agree.
flooding?
Legend: Strongly & highly agree = 4.00 – 3.00; Highly agree = 2.99- 2.00; Agree = 1.99- 1.00; Strongly &
highly disagree = 1.00- 0.99
Frequency Percent
Agree 17 35
Strongly and highly agree 32 65.3
Total 30 100.0

The community strongly and highly agrees (65.3 %) that regular drainage cleaning and de-clogging
can help mitigate the risk of flooding (mean of 3.30 with a standard deviation of 0.961). This means the
respondents were in harmony with their understanding that regular cleaning or de-clogging can lessen the
risk of flooding. JBG (2024) announced that the Honorable Mayor of Muntinlupa City, Ruffy Biazon,
ordered the Engineering Department to exaggerate the cleaning of drainages to avoid city flooding in
preparation for the La Nina phenomenon. In addition, Lim (2023) mentioned that the City of Muntinlupa
also launched the PAMANANG NAKAKAPROUD last 2023, encouraging subdivisions in a neighborhood
competition for the cleanest and most orderly subdivision in Muntinlupa aim to promote cleanliness and
orderliness in the communities.
DC Merret & Company Limited (n.d.) concluded that drainage systems have pros and cons. The
advantages are that it can prevent flooding, enhance sanitation, and improve sustainable land use. On the
other hand, the disadvantages are possible expenses, environmental impact, and technical
challenges/limitations. Diligent planning, environmentally friendly best practices, and regular maintenance
are required to balance the pros and cons.
The literature mentioned is relevant to the study because it asserts that the City Government of
Muntinlupa is doing due diligence and empowering communities to do their share in preventing city
flooding. On the other hand, it also informed the researcher that planning, regular maintenance, and
environmentally friendly best practices are needed to balance the advantages and disadvantages of a
drainage system.

Table 7: Flood Risk Perception Statement Number Seven

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 STATEMENT # 7 Mean Std. Interpretation
Deviati
on
How concerned are you about the ecological 3.85 0.500 Extremely
impact of flood management practices?” concerned
Legend: Extremely concerned = 4.00 – 3.00; Very concerned = 2.99- 2.00; Slightly concerned = 1.99- 1.00;
Not concerned = 1.00- 0.99
Frequency Percent
Not concerned 1 2.0
Very Concerned 4 8.0
Extremely Concerned 44 90
Total 49 100.0

The community was extremely concerned (90%) about the ecological impact of flood management
practices (mean of 3.85 with a standard deviation of 0.500). Flood management practices can have

significant environmental influences, both positive and negative (Sarma J. & Rajkhowa S., 2021).
Green infrastructure, floodplain restoration, and wetland conservation are examples of the advantages of
ecological impact. The disadvantages are river channelization, dams, and levees.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (8 April 2024) defined green infrastructure as a
methodology that filters and absorbs stormwater where it falls, such as the use of plant or soil systems,
permeable pavement or other porous surfaces or substrates, stormwater harvest, and reuse, or landscaping to
store, infiltrate, stormwater. National Geographic (n.d.) defined a floodplain as a leveled land adjacent to a
river or stream extending from the river's banks to the valley's external edges. In contrast, Wetland
Conservation was defined by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources Biodiversity
Management Bureau (n.d) as “Ecosystems that may be natural or artificial and are permanently or seasonally
saturated or flooded with water that may be static or flowing or any land areas that have waterlogged soil.”
The review of different literature is appropriate for the study because of the potential solutions
available to reduce the risk of flooding in the community. The challenge is the political will and sincerity of
the local government to provide appropriate funding for the improvement project and due diligence in
conducting technical and environmental assessments for the endeavor.

Synthesis Flood Risk Perception

The community knew of the sudden and unexpected flooding during heavy rainfall, endangering
lives and property. The probability of whether a retention pond, increasing the diameter of the existing
reinforced concrete pipes, and or increasing the road elevation can be a permanent or a quick-fix solution is
still unknown until the City Government of Muntinlupa can conduct a comprehensive technical and
environmental assessment of the different vulnerability factors affecting the community including the
drainage system, facility-type, and ecological setting in the community. Many potential engineering
solutions are available to reduce the risk of flooding in the community. The challenge is the political will
and sincerity of the local government to provide appropriate funding for the improvement project and due
diligence in conducting technical and environmental assessments to minimize flood risk in the community.
B. Flood Risk Preparedness

Table 8: Flood Risk Preparedness Statement One

STATEMENT # 1 Mean Standard. Interpretatio
Deviation n
Are you aware that the community has flood 1.79 1.257 Somewhat
evacuation plans? aware
Legend: Extremely aware = 4.00 – 3.00; Very aware= 2.99- 2.00; Somewhat aware= 1.99- 1.00; No idea =
1.00- 0.99

No Idea Frequency Percent

L.P. Masanga, IJSRM Volume 12 Issue 10 October 2024 EM-2024-7561

 Somewhat aware 34 69.4
Very aware 1 2.0
Extremely aware 4 8.2
Total 10 20.4
49 100.0
Based on the frequency and percentage statistics, most respondents have “no idea” that the community has
flood evacuation plans (69.4%), and it conflicted with the mean score of 1.79, having an adjectival
interpretation of “somewhat aware.‟. This can be attributed to the respondents' responses, which were not
unanimous because the standard deviation of 1.257 was closer to its mean score. According to Wang Z. et al.
(2020), vulnerable communities in urban areas exposed to flooding or other emergencies should prioritize
well-timed and protected evacuations of their residents. In addition, The United States Conservation and
Food-Prepared Communities (2022) claimed that when communities consider first mitigation programs
before a flood, it gives residents more opportunities for safety and security, decreases recovery costs, and
reduces harm to the local economy and the environment. The literature above is relevant to the study
because it confirms that the affected community does not have flood evacuation plans. If there was within
the local barangay unit of Bayanan, the flood evacuation program was not disseminated downline to the
community. Furthermore, the community officers should proactively initiate and design their flood
evacuation plan in collaboration with the local barangay unit.

Table 9: Flood Risk Preparedness Statement Two

STATEMENT # 2 Mean Standard Interpretation
Deviatio
n
Do you have an emergency kit preparedness for 2.04 0.575 Very prepared
flood situations?”
Legend: Extremely prepared= 4.00 – 3.00; Very prepared = 2.99- 2.00; Somewhat prepared = 1.99- 1.00;
Not prepared = 1.00- 0.99

Frequency Percent
Not prepared 6 12.2
Somewhat prepared 36 73.5
Very prepared 6 12.2
Extremely prepared 1 2.0
Total 49 100.0

The central tendency data interpretation showed that the respondents were “very prepared” (mean of
2.04 and a standard deviation of 0.575), while the frequency count was “somewhat prepared.” The
inconsistency in their interpretations was attributed to the frequency of respondents (six) who chose the
scale of “very prepared” as compared to the 36 respondents who selected “somewhat prepared.” The
respondents' favorability was “somewhat prepared” regarding their preparedness to have an emergency kit
for flood situations. Lumina (2020) explained that an emergency kit is crucial and lifesaving. The items
should be placed inside a backpack containing basic supplies such as water, food, battery-powered radio,
flashlight, extra batteries, whistle, face masks, duct tape, wrench or pliers, can opener, essential family
documents, cellphone with chargers, power bank, personal hygiene, and first aid kit. This literature is
relevant to the study because it confirms that having an emergency kit in unwanted situations is essential and
life-sustaining, considering that the community assessment regarding having emergency kits was somewhat
prepared.

Table 10: Flood Risk Preparedness Statement Three

STATEMENT # 3 Mean Standard Interpretatio
Deviation n
Do you have community flood preparedness drills or 1.26 0.670 Somewhat
exercises? prepared
L.P. Masanga, IJSRM Volume 12 Issue 10 October 2024 EM-2024-7562
 Legend: Extremely prepared= 4.00 – 3.00; Very prepared = 2.99- 2.00; Somewhat prepared =
1.99- 1.00; Not prepared = 1.00- 0.99
Frequency Percent
Not Prepared 42 86
Somewhat Prepared 1 2.0
Very Prepared 6 12.2
Total 49 100.0

The mean data interpretation showed that the respondents were “somewhat prepared” (mean of 1.26 and a
standard deviation of 0.670), while the frequency count was “not prepared.” The inconsistency in their
interpretations was attributed to the frequency of respondents (one respondent who chose the scale of
“somewhat prepared” as compared to the 42 respondents who selected “not prepared.” The respondents'
favorability was “unprepared” regarding their readiness to have community flood preparedness drills or
exercises. Gwyne S. (2020) explained that evacuation drills (ED) are methodologies for continuous
improvement and evaluation of the dweller's accomplishments in emergency events, while the drawback is
the difficulty in evaluating the effectiveness and proof for sustained training benefits. This literature is
essential in the study because it asserts that evacuation drills in flood-prone areas are necessary and
lifesaving to anticipate future emergencies. Considering that the community has no flood evacuation drills or
exercises, they were also unprepared for any flood evacuation drills.

Table 11: Flood Risk Preparedness Statements Four and Five

STATEMENT # 4 & 5 Mean Standard Interpretatio
Deviation n
How often do you participate in community flood 1.40 0.788 Rarely
preparedness drills or exercises?
Do you know the location of emergency shelters in 1.73 1.16 Somewhat
your area? aware
Legend: Very frequently/Extremely aware = 4.00 – 3.00; Frequently/Very aware = 2.99- 2.00;
Rarely /Somewhat aware = 1.99- 1.00; Never/No idea = 1.00- 0.99

How often do you participate in community flood Frequency Percent

preparedness drills or exercises?
Never 37 75.5
Rarely 5 10.2
Frequently 6 12.2
Very Frequently 1 2.0
Total 49 100.0
Do you know the location of emergency shelters in Frequency Percent
your area?
No idea 32 65.3
Somewhat aware 7 14.3
Very aware 1 2.0
Extremely aware 9 18.4
Total 49 100.0

The frequency of participation by the community in flood preparedness drills or exercises manifested
an adjectival interpretation of “rarely” (mean of 1.40 with a standard deviation of 0.788). Still, contrary to
the frequency data, most respondents “never” participate. This may be accounted for the six respondents
who chose “frequently” rather than the five participants who answered “rarely.” The overall interpretation of
community drill participation was denoted as “never.” Burton R. (2020) asserted that the essence of the
emergency drill is an exercise scenario of an emergency action plan. It gives opportunities for the
stakeholders to anticipate an actual emergency procedure. He further added that two components are

L.P. Masanga, IJSRM Volume 12 Issue 10 October 2024 EM-2024-7563

necessary. The first is the risk assessment that will process the emergency action plan to create the drill's
emergency procedures. The literature suggests the need to participate in evacuation drills to anticipate
emergencies. In reality, no flood evacuation drill ever happened in the community, and, therefore, the
community was unprepared and never participated in any exercise.
Next was the location of emergency shelters in the area; most respondents have yet to learn, but
some were “somewhat aware” (mean of 1.73 and standard deviation of 1.16) of the location of the
emergency shelters. In Barangay Bayanan, Muntinlupa City, the local barangay unit has designated three
evacuation areas in strategic places, which were at the Barangay motor pool, Baywalk covered court, and
Bayanan Elementary School Unit 1 (Hicap J. 2024).

Table 12: Flood Risk Preparedness Statement Six

STATEMENT # 6 Mean Standar Interpretatio
d n
Deviatio
n
Have you taken steps to elevate or protect your home 2.38 0.758 Significant
from flood damage? action
Legend: Comprehensive action = 4.00 – 3.00; Significant action = 2.99- 2.00; Minimal action =
1.99- 1.00; No action taken = 1.00- 0.99

Frequency Percent
No action taken 1 2.0
Minimal Action 35 71.4
Significant Action 6 12.2
Comprehensive Action 7 14.3
Total 49 100.0

The assessment levels of the respondents in taking steps to elevate or protect their houses from flood
damage ranges from “significant action” (mean of 2.38 with a standard deviation of 0.758) to “minimal
action” (57%). Every homeowner is willing to protect their dwellings. However, this decision is dependent
on their economic capacity. Zoleta V. (2022) mentioned that house renovation is expensive and the owner
should be sensible in their budget spending. She suggested some cost-saving practices, such as sticking to
the budget, early planning, source of funds, identifying cheap sources of materials, do-it-yourself for minor
renovations, asking for quotes from different contractors, and communicating the budget to the final
contractor. This literature is helpful to the study because the author suggested cost-saving practices in
planning, budgeting, forecasting, procurement, and communication in the event of house renovation.

Table 13: Flood Risk Preparedness Statement Seven

STATEMENT # 7 Mean Standard Interpretatio
Deviatio n
n
How well-informed are you about flood insurance 1.44 0.843 Somewhat
options? aware
Legend: Extremely aware = 4.00 – 3.00; Very aware = 2.99- 2.00; Somewhat aware = 1.99-
1.00; No idea = 1.00- 0.99

Frequency Percent
No Idea 38 78
Very Aware 11 22
Total 49 100.0

L.P. Masanga, IJSRM Volume 12 Issue 10 October 2024 EM-2024-7564

 The assessment levels of the respondents about flood insurance options range from “somewhat
aware” (mean of 1.44 with a standard deviation of 0.843) to „no idea “(78 %). This means that availing of
flood insurance is an investment and a subset of risk management, and the mitigation concept is transferring
the risk to the insurance provider, entailing a premium price. The insurance coverage should include the
dwellings and our vehicles. In other words, this flood insurance option is the same as doing a house
renovation. You are talking about the capacity to pay for the homeowners. Piamonte (2023) explained that
the minimum average cost of home insurance ranges from 700 to 3,000 Philippine pesos. Still, insurance
costs 10 million Philippine pesos for those who intend to get premium coverage. She recommended that
homeowners in flood-prone areas get flood insurance packages for better protection. Furthermore, Autodeal
( 2021) recommended “Acts of Gods” or “Acts of Nature” for car flood insurance coverage. The literature
references are essential because they assert that the insurance options needed by homeowners in flood-prone
areas are home and vehicle insurance.

Table 14: Flood Risk Preparedness Statement Eight

STATEMENT # 8 Mean Standard Interpretatio
Deviatio n
n
Are you aware of community resources for flood risk 1.48 0.892 Somewhat
reduction?” aware
Legend: Extremely aware = 4.00 – 3.00; Very aware = 2.99- 2.00; Somewhat aware = 1.99-
1.00; No idea = 1.00- 0.99

Frequency Percent
No Idea 37 75.5
Somewhat Aware 1 2.0
Very Aware 10 20.4
Extremely Aware 1 2.0
Total 49 100.0

The awareness level of the community regarding community resources for flood risk reduction
ranges from “somewhat aware” (mean of 1.48 with a standard deviation of 0.892) to “no idea” (75.5 %). The
International City/County Management Association (2019) illustrated some examples of community
resources that can prepare, mitigate, and respond to flooding in the community. These are the local
mitigation planning handbook, green infrastructure guide for water management, stormwater management,
flood hazard management planning, FEMA application, podcast, leading-edge research about leadership,
and disaster recovery. Guzman, J. (2024) shared with the City Government of Muntinlupa about the
construction of the box culvert and 373.45 linear meters of retaining wall in Cupang Muntinlupa City in
mitigating the flood impacts on the residences of Cupang Muntinlupa. In addition, Carrasco, C. (2021)
highlighted the state-of-the-art disaster resilience mobile learning hub of the City Government of
Muntinlupa in improving the community resilience and level of disaster preparedness of Muntinlupa city
residents. The literature references are essential in the study because of the different community resources
presented locally and internationally on how to mitigate flooding in the area. However, the researcher prays
that much attention from the city government will be extended to the selected community in the study.

Table 15: Flood Risk Preparedness Statement Nine

STATEMENT # 9 Mean Standard Interpretatio
Deviatio n
n
How likely are you to assist neighbors during a flood 3.42 0.978 Very likely
event
Legend: Very likely = 4.00 – 3.00; Likely = 2.99- 2.00; Unlikely = 1.99- 1.00; Very unlikely =
1.00- 0.99

L.P. Masanga, IJSRM Volume 12 Issue 10 October 2024 EM-2024-7565

 Frequency Percent
Very unlikely 4 8.2
Unlikely 5 10.2
Likely 6 12.2
Very Likely 34 69.4
Total 49 100.0

The likelihood of the community assisting neighbors during a flood range from very likely (mean of 3.42
with a standard deviation of 0.978) to “very likely” (69.4 %). This means that the Filipino trait of
compassion toward each other is endearing in the community. Gallimore (2023) mentioned that BPO
companies venture into business in the Philippines because of Filipino values and culture. Among one of the
values was being helpful and generous people. They help their families and even strangers when needed,
especially during calamities. This literature confirmed that in times of need, Filipinos will support and help
one another because of these traits and values of being compassionate.

Synthesis:
The community needs a flood evacuation plan, or if there was, the flood evacuation program was not
disseminated downline to the community by the local barangay authorities. Furthermore, the community
officers should proactively initiate and design a flood evacuation plan in collaboration with the local
barangay unit. Each household should be equipped with a vital and life-sustaining emergency kit.
Considering that the community has no flood evacuation drills or exercises, this should be required and
organized by the community with the help of the local barangay unit because it is a lifesaving measure. The
need to participate in evacuation drills is mandatory, and the community should know the different
evacuation sites designated by the local barangay unit, which were at the Barangay motor pool, Baywalk
covered court, and Bayanan Elementary School Unit One. Future planning, budgeting, forecasting,
procurement, and communication are required for house improvement and flood insurance coverage in
flood-prone areas. In terms of preparedness, it confirmed that in times of need, Filipinos will support and
help one another because of these traits and values of being compassionate.

C. Flood Risk Awareness:

Table 16: Flood Risk Awareness Statement One
STATEMENT # 1 Mean Standar Interpretation
d
Deviatio
n
How knowledgeable are you about flood management 1.63 1.112 Somewhat
regulations? Knowledgeab
le
Legend: Extremely Knowledgeable = 4.00 – 3.00; Very Knowledgeable = 2.99- 2.00; Somewhat
Knowledgeable = 1.99- 1.00; Not Knowledgeable = 1.00- 0.99
Frequency Percent
Not Knowledgeable 36 73.5
Somewhat Knowledgeable 1 2.0
Very Knowledgeable 6 12.2
Extremely Knowledgeable 6 12.2
Total 49 100.0

The community assessment regarding their knowledge about flood management regulations ranged from
being “somewhat knowledgeable” (mean of 1.63 with a standard deviation of 1.112) to not knowledgeable
(50%). The City Government of Muntinlupa City ( 2022) has a comprehensive operations and warning
division regarding Disaster Resilience and Management. They also have different emergency call assistance
for all concerned departments and even the availability of an ambulance service. This literature confirms that

L.P. Masanga, IJSRM Volume 12 Issue 10 October 2024 EM-2024-7566

the City Government of Muntinlupa has the capability and readiness to react to disasters and emergencies.
The suggestion is to have this information cascaded to all the communities, especially in flood-prone areas,
through the effort of the local barangay unit.

Table 17: Flood Risk Awareness Statement Two

STATEMENT # 2 Mean Standar Interpretation
d
Deviatio
n
Do you actively seek information about flood risks and 2.38 0.785 Frequently
preparedness?
Legend: Always = 4.00 – 3.00; Frequently = 2.99- 2.00; Rarely = 1.99- 1.00; Never = 1.00- 0.99

Frequency Percent
Never 3 6.1
Rarely 30 61.2
Frequently 10 20.4
Always 6 12.2
Total 49 100.0

The community assessment regarding actively seeking information about flood risks and preparedness
manifested that the respondents were “rarely” searching for information, showing 61.2% with a mean of
2.38 and a standard deviation of 0.785. Glago, F.J.(2021) claimed that society can be aware of a flood risk;
however, if it is not terrified of the risk, it will not take any action plan for preparation. There is a positive
association between the level of worry awareness and preparedness. A higher level of worry is more likely
to result in a higher level of awareness and preparedness. The literature is viable in the study because it
asserted that if the community worries more about the risk of flooding, their awareness and preparedness
will be higher.
Table 18: Flood Risk Awareness Statement Three
STATEMENT # 3 Mean Standar Interpretation
d
Deviatio
n
How well-informed are you about the effort from the 1.71 1.00
local barangay unit, such as cleaning the drainage Somewhat
system in your area? informed
Legend: Extremely Informed s = 4.00 – 3.00; Very Informed = 2.99- 2.00; Somewhat Informed =
1.99- 1.00; Not Informed = 1.00- 0.99
Frequency Percent
Not Informed 32 65.3
Very Informed 16 32.7
Extremely Informed 1 2.0
Total 49 100.0

The assessment level regarding how well-informed the community is about the effort from the local
barangay unit, such as cleaning the drainage system, ranged from being “somewhat informed” (mean of 1.71
with a standard deviation of 1.00) to “not informed”(65.3%). Team Orange (2024) reported that Barangay
Bayanan Muntinlupa City had adopted the “Mobile Materials Recovery Facility” turned over by the
Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA), and for the past two years, it has led to significant
achievements. However, the challenge was the initial resistance to the new waste segregation policies. Still,
through continuous education and community involvement, the local barangay unit successfully increased
the participation of the community. This literature is essential because it confirms that a constant
information dissemination drive is critical to any campaign beneficial to the community. Likewise, the local
L.P. Masanga, IJSRM Volume 12 Issue 10 October 2024 EM-2024-7567
barangay unit has a significant role in informing the community about this mobile material recovery facility
to reduce waste and improve the flow of flood water in the mainstream.

Table 19: Flood Risk Awareness Statement Four

STATEMENT # 4 Mean Standar Interpretation
d
Deviatio
n
How often do you check flood forecasts and alerts? 3.06 0.591 Very
Frequently
Legend: Very Frequently = 4.00 – 3.00; Frequently = 2.99- 2.00; Rarely = 1.99- 1.00; Never =
1.00- 0.99
Frequency Percent
Never 1 2.0
Rarely 4 8.2
Frequently 35 71.4
Very Frequently 9 18.4
Total 49 100.0

The community assessment regarding their frequency of checking flood forecasts and alerts
manifested that the respondents were “frequently” monitoring the situations, showing 71.4% with a mean of
3.06 and a standard deviation of 0.591. There are many sources of information about flood forecasts and
alerts in Muntinlupa and nationwide, such as PAGASA Weather Bureau, AccuWeather, The Weather
Channel, and leading broadcast companies. Zoleta (2023) reminded us in her article about what to do before
a typhoon. One of her recommendations was to monitor weather reports and not ignore rainfall warning
alerts through text. The literature is relevant because monitoring weather reports and not ignoring those
alerts allows us to be aware and prepared if the situation worsens.
Synthesis:
The City Government of Muntinlupa has the capability and readiness to react to disasters and
emergencies. Information should be disseminated to all community levels through collaboration with the
local barangay unit. In addition, if the community worries more about the risk of flooding, their awareness
and preparedness level will also increase. A constant information dissemination drive is critical to any
campaign that benefits the community. Likewise, the local barangay unit has a significant role in informing
the community about this mobile material recovery facility to reduce waste and improve the flow of flood
water in the mainstream. Furthermore, monitoring weather reports and not ignoring those alerts allows us to
be aware and prepared if the situation worsens.

3. Significant Differences between Age and Flood Risk Perception, Preparedness, and Awareness.

Table 20. Age and Flood Risk Perception, Preparedness, and Awareness.

1. AGE

ANOVA
Flood Perception
Sum of df Mean F Sig.
Squares Square
Between 2.473 4 .618 2.403 0.064
Groups
Within 11.323 44 .257
Groups
Total 13.796 48

L.P. Masanga, IJSRM Volume 12 Issue 10 October 2024 EM-2024-7568

 ANOVA
Flood Preparedness
Sum of df Mean F Sig.
Squares Square
Between 2.755 4 .689 1.804 0.145
Groups
Within 16.801 44 .382
Groups
Total 19.556 48
ANOVA
Flood Awareness
Sum of df Mean F Sig.
Squares Square
Between 2.262 4 .565 1.364 0.262
Groups
Within 18.236 44 .414
Groups
Total 20.497 48

Table 20 is about whether there were significant differences between the respondents' age and flood
risk perception, preparedness, and awareness. The inferential statistics using One-way analysis of variance
showed there were no statistically significant differences between the group means (F value of 2.403,
1.804, and 1.364, respectively) with a degree of freedom value of 4 for between groups and a degrees of
freedom value of 44 for within groups, with probability values of 0.064, 0.145 and, 0.145 which were not
significant with an alpha level of 0.05. This suggests that flood risk perception, preparedness, and
awareness did not substantially affect the respondents' age. In addition, we reject the null hypothesis and
accept the alternative hypothesis.

Table 21. Inferential Statistics for Significant Differences between Years of Residency and Flood Risk
Perception, Preparedness, and Awareness.

2. Years of Residency

ANOVA
Flood Perception
Sum of df Mean F Sig.
Squares Square
Between 2.220 5 .444 1.649 0.168
Groups
Within 11.576 43 .269
Groups
Total 13.796 48
Legend: * = Significant at 0.05 level
ANOVA
Flood Preparedness
Sum of Df Mean F Sig.
Squares Square
Between 1.969 5 .394 0.963 0.451
Groups
Within 17.587 43 .409
Groups
Total 19.556 48
L.P. Masanga, IJSRM Volume 12 Issue 10 October 2024 EM-2024-7569
Legend: * = Significant at 0.05 level
ANOVA
Flood Awareness
Sum of Df Mean F Sig.
Squares Square
Between 1.087 5 .217 0.482 0.788
Groups
Within 19.410 43 .451
Groups
Total 20.497 48
Legend: * = Significant at 0.05 level

Table 21 concerns whether significant differences existed between the respondents' years of
residency in the community and flood risk perception, preparedness, and awareness. The inferential
statistics using One-way analysis of variance showed there were no statistically significant differences
between the group means (F value of 1.649, 0.963, and 0.482, respectively) with a degree of freedom value
of 5 for between groups and a degrees of freedom value of 43 for within groups, with probability values of
0.168, 0.451 and, 0.788 which were not significant with an alpha level of 0.05. This suggests that flood risk
perception, preparedness, and awareness did not substantially affect the respondents' community residency
years. In addition, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis.

4. Significant Differences between Gender and Flood Risk Preparedness

Table 22: Differences between Gender and Flood Risk Preparedness

Variable Gender Mean Standard Mean T value Sig
Deviation Difference

Do you have community Male 1.8605 1.30167

flood preparedness drills or Female 1.3333 .81650 0.30233 2.799 .008*
exercises?
Do you know the location of Male 1.3023 .70828
emergency shelters in your Female 1.0000 .00000 0.64729 2.591 .017*
area
How well-informed are you Male 1.8140 1.21999
about flood insurance Female 1.1667 .40825 0.51163 3.800 .000*
options
Are you aware of community Male 1.5116 .88296
resources for flood risk Female 1.0000 .00000 0.55814 3.920 .000*
reduction?”
Legend: * = Significant at 0.05 level

In the T-test for independent samples between the gender and the assessment levels regarding flood risk
preparedness of the respondents, four variables were found with significant differences. Surprisingly, the
variables were” community flood preparedness drills or exercises” followed by “location of emergency
shelters in the area,” then “flood insurance options,” and “community resources for flood risk reduction,”
respectively. The t-values of 0.30233, 0.64729, 0.51163, and 0.55814, respectively, with the corresponding
probability values of 0.008, .017, .000, and 0.000, were significant at alpha 0.05. The mean difference of
0.30233, 0.64729, 0.51163, and 0.55814 favored the male gender. We can accept the null hypothesis and
reject the alternative hypothesis. This means that there was sufficient sample evidence to prove that the male
respondents were somewhat prepared for flood drills or exercise, slightly aware of the location of emergency
shelters, somewhat mindful of the option of flood insurance, and slightly aware of community resources for
flood risk reduction that their female counterparts.
According to Brown G.D. et al. (2021), the gender coefficient is strongly associated depending on
the risk involved. This means that the female gender positively impacts involuntary risk more than the male
L.P. Masanga, IJSRM Volume 12 Issue 10 October 2024 EM-2024-7570
one, which means that the female gender tends to accept the consequences of flooding the community since
they have already lived there for more than 31 years. While the male gender might not seem in conformance
with involuntary risk, that was why the male gender was somewhat prepared, aware, and mindful of flood
drills, the location of emergency shelters, flood insurance, and community resources for flood risk reduction.

Table 23: Significant Differences between Gender and Flood Risk Awareness
Variable Gender Mean Standard Mean T value Sig
Deviation Difference

How knowledgeable are you Male 1.7209 1.16139

about flood management Female 1.0000 .00000 0.72093 4.070 0.000*
regulations?”

Do you actively seek Male 2.4419 .82527

information about flood risks Female 2.0000 .00000 0.44186 3.511 .0001*
and preparedness?”

How well-informed are you Male 1.8140 1.02947

about the effort from the Female 1.0000 .00000 0.81395 5.185 0.000*
local barangay unit, such as
cleaning the drainage system
in your area?
Legend: * = Significant at 0.05 level

In the T-test for independent samples between the gender and the assessment levels regarding flood risk
awareness of the respondents, three variables were found with significant differences. Amazingly, the
variables were” knowledgeable about flood management regulations,” followed by “seeking information
about flood risks and preparedness,” and then “well informed about the activity of local barangay unit
regarding cleaning of the drainage system in the area,” respectively. The t-values of 4.070, 3.511, and
5.185, respectively, with the corresponding probability values of 0.000, .0001, and 0.000, were significant at
alpha 0.05. The mean difference of 0.72093, 0.44186, and 0.81395 favored the male gender. We can accept
the null hypothesis and reject the alternative hypothesis. This means that there was sufficient sample
evidence to prove that the male respondents were somewhat knowledgeable about flood management
regulations, frequently seeking information about flood risks and preparedness, and slightly informed about
the efforts of the local barangay in cleaning the drainage system than their female counterparts.

Conclusion:
The City of Muntinlupa should conduct a comprehensive administrative, technical, and environmental
assessment of the different vulnerability factors, including the drainage system, facility type, and ecological
setting facing the selected areas in the community. Many potential engineering solutions are available to
reduce the risk of flooding in the community, subject to the result of their assessment, budget allocation, and
excellent and honest governance. The community should have flood evacuation drills; all stakeholders
should require and organize these. Participation in evacuation drills should be mandatory, and the
community should know the different evacuation sites designated by the local barangay unit. Information
should be disseminated to all community levels through collaboration with the local barangay unit, including
the mobile material recovery facility.

Author Contribution
L.P. Masanga, the lead author, conceptualized the study, processed the statistics, and wrote the entire
research article. R.V. Caballero contributed literature reviews on the demographics of the respondents and in
the descriptive research.

Acknowledgement And Funding Information

L.P. Masanga, IJSRM Volume 12 Issue 10 October 2024 EM-2024-7571

Acknowledgment to the Summit Circle, Summit Homes, and All-Man Ville community members who
participated in the survey. Likewise, to Mr. Richard Cesar D. Ignao, who distributed the survey and waited
for the instrument to be returned by the respondents. There was no funding for the research except for the
printing expenses, which the lead author shouldered.

Conflict Of Interest
The author declares that there is no conflict of interest regarding the submission of this manuscript. In
addition, the author has observed ethical issues, including plagiarism, informed consent, misconduct, data
fabrication and falsification, double publication and submission, and redundancy.

Abbreviations

Brgy. Barangay
D.E.N.R. Department of Environmental and Natural Resources
D.O.S.T. Department of Science and Technology
Sig Significant
M.R.F. Material Recovery Facility
N.G.O. Non-governmental office
R.A. Republic act

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