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 Digital Logic
Fifth Edition

School of Computing
Faculty of Engineering

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

Printed @ 2018
Special Appreciation to :

Dr. Mohd Murtadha B.Mohamad

Dr Siti Hajar Bt Othman
YM Dr Raja Zahilah Bt Raja Mohd Radzi
En. Mohd Seth B. Yaacob
Cik Azlina Bt Kamarudin

for their contribution in preparing the initial content of the notes

of this module.
 Table of Contents
Modules Title Page
Preface

1 Digital Logic Overview 1

• Digital and Analog Quantities
• Binary Digits, Logic Levels and Digital Waveform
• Introduction to Logic Operations
• Overview of Logic Functions
• Fixed-Function IC
• Programmable Logic Devices (PLD)

2 Number Systems and Codes 49

• Numbering System (Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal)
• Number Conversion between Bases
• Binary to Octal and Hexadecimal Conversion
• Codes: BCD, GRAY, Parity, ASCII Arithmetic
• Operations:
o Integer (Unsigned, Signed Number)
o Addition and Subtraction

3 Logic Gates : Overview 89

• NOT Gate (Inverter)
• AND Gate
• OR Gate
• NAND Gate
• NOR Gate
• Exclusive-OR (XOR) Gate
• Exclusive-NOR (XNOR) Gate

4 Boolean Algebra and Logic Simplification 101

• Laws and Rules of Boolean Algebra
• DeMorgan’s Theorem
• Combinational Logic Representation
o Boolean to Logic Circuit
o Logic Circuit to Boolean
o Boolean to Truth Table
o Logic Circuit to Truth Table
• Simplification Using Boolean Algebra
• Standard Forms of Boolean Expressions (SOP and POS Form)
• Karnaugh Map (K-Map)
• K-Map Minimisation (SOP and POS)
• Don’t Care Conditions
5 Combinational Logic Circuit 151
• Basic Combinational Logic Circuits
(AND-OR, AND-OR-INVERT, XOR, XNOR)
• Universal Property of NAND and NOR
• Dual Symbol Concept
• Design a Combinational Circuit

6 Functions of Combinational Logic 175

• Basic and Parallel Binary Adders
• Comparators
• Decoders
• Encoders
• Multiplexer
• Demultiplexer
• Code Converter
• Parity Generator/ Checker

7 Latches and Flip-Flops 207

• Introduction to Latch and Flip-Flop
• Latches (SR, Gated SR, Gated D)
• Flip-Flops (SR, JK, D, T)

8 Counters 237
• Types of Sequential Circuits
• Counters
• Design and Analysis of Asynchronous Counter
• Operation (Up/Down, Truncated)
• Asynchronous Counter Decoder
• Flip-flop Excitation Table
• Design and Analysis of Synchronous Counter (Up/Down, Truncated)
• Counter for Arbitrary Sequences
• Cascaded Counter
• Analysis of Sequential Circuits

9 Shift Registers 283

• Basic Shift Register functions
• Shift Register:
o SISO, SIPO, PISO, PIPO
• Bidirectional Shift Registers
• Shift Register counters
o Ring Counter
o Johnson Counter

Tutorial Questions 303

Tutorial Answers 333

Labs Title Page

Introduction 345

1 Combinational Logic 351

2 Combinational Logic Circuit Design Simulation 359

3 Synchronous Digital Counter 377

[Mini Project] Programmable Logic Device: 385

4 Photocopying (Xerox) Machine

Lab References 399

Lab References Sheet 409

Preface

Digital logic module is a first year student lecture notes taking digital logic course
in the School of Computing (SC), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM). This module is divided into two main parts, the first part covers
combinational logic design and the second part includes a memory element. The
first part consists of an introduction to digital logic, number systems and codes,
logic basic gates, Boolean algebra and logic simplification, combinational circuit
design logic and functional logic combination.

On the other hands the second part covers the introduction to the latch and flip-
flops, design counter, and shift registers. Content modules are adapted from some
of the contents of the digital logic used by most university students. Among them
are Floyd, T., "Digital Fundamentals", Prentice Hall, USA, and Tocci, RJ, "Digital
Systems", Prentice Hall, USA. In addition, the experience of the lecturers who have
taught this course in the SC has been taken into account to produce the digital
logic teaching modules.

Special appreciation is given mainly to the major contributor to the success of

this module, Mr. Abd. Bahrim Yusoff, Assoc. Prof Dr. Mazleena Salleh, Dr. Mohd
Fo'ad Rohani, Dr. Ismail Fauzi Isnin, Dr. Raja Zahilah, Mr. Muhalim Mohamed
Amin, Ms. Marina Md Arshad, Mrs. Rashidah Kadir and En Firoz Yusuf Patel
Dawoodi.

6 January 2019
29 Rabiul Akhir 1440h
There are two parts in this module that are:
Part 1 – Introduction to Analog and Digital Systems
Part 2 – Introduction to Digital Operation and Functional Systems

Overall objectives of this module are:

1 To discuss definitions and terms that used in Analog and Digital Systems.
2 To illustrate basic operation of digital logic systems.
3 To discuss technologies of digital Logic ICs and PLDs.

1
2
Example of equations that represent temperature change in analog signal:

T = f (t )
Total T = integration of f (t ) from interval 1s to 1000s
t=1000

= ò f (t )dt
t=1

At time = 2:30pm, temperature is equal to 950C

Example of analog quantities measurement (others):

• Time (t)= 10.16s (second)

• Pressure (P)=220.10KPa (Kilo Pascal)
• Energy, Power = 100.5KW (Kilo Watts)

3
Example of equations that represent temperature in discrete signal:

Ti = {T (at )} , a = 1, 2,3, 4,..., N

n
Total T = å Ti , i = 1, 2, 3, 4,..., n
i =1

Example of discrete system measurement:

At time = 2pm, temperature is equal to 960C
At time = 2:30pm, there is no measurement

Example of digital system measurement (others):

• Band Width (BW) = 1Mbps (Mega Bits Per Second)

• Storage RAM = 512MB (Mega Byte)
• Hard Disk = 160GB (Giga Byte)

4
Example of practical analog and digital Systems:

Analog system Digital system

Analog Watch Digital Watch

Analog Phone Mobile Digital Phone

5
Digital Application Systems in real world:

q Computers: CPU and Microprocessors, memory storage

q Manufacturing systems: Micro-controller to control robots for product packaging and conveyor
systems

q Medical Science: Medical Imaging Systems that includes digital x-ray, computed tomography (CT),
mammography

q Transportation: Speed Micro-Controller, Vehicle Air-Condition micro-controller, Portable Fault

Diagnosis Device (trouble shooting)

q Entertainment: Digital television (DTV), DVD, Digital Camera, Media Player

q Telecommunications: Digital phone, digital hand-phone, Digital FM transmitter (i-pod, MP3),

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL Digital Modem) - a new technology that allows a single
regular telephone line to serve for normal phone calls and digital data at the same time.

6
Why digital systems is more preferable?
q Ease of design: only consider 2 state’s of voltage level (high or low)
q Ease of storage: we have digital memory device that enable us to easily store bit 0 and 1. Analog
does not has any device with equivalent capability.
q Accuracy and precision are easier to maintain: bit data representation is more accurate and easy
to maintain
q Programmable operation: Many digital IC circuit can re-programmed to construct different circuit
using e.g. using FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) technology. Example of research
application area includes reconfigurable computing. Unlike analog system is fixed and unchanged
from factoring manufacturing.
q Less affected by noise: binary data is representing by range of voltage level to represent high or
low. In the middle, between high and low level range, binary signal does not exist. So, it is less
affected by noise. Compared to analog system is more affected by noise.
q Ease of fabrication on IC chips : Digital circuit is easy fabricated using silicon technology, which is
cheaper and easy to produce.

Example of Practical process that implement digital systems:

q Data Processing: Computer technology that based on binary system is invented to process binary
data of bit 0 and 1 in at high speed without compromising the accuracy of the result. Eg. Dual-
Core processor at 2GHz speed.
q Data Transmission: Digital data can be transmitted using existing analog telephone line by using
modem, or digital data can be transmitted directly without converting to analog signal e.g. by
using ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network) line.
q Data Storage: Digital storage currently offer a huge size capacity e.g. 120GB, 320GB, 512GB, 1TB
at low price.

7
Some drawbacks of Digital Systems:
q Greater bandwidth: Digital TV (HDTV) vs Analog TV (Carrier MHz))
A High Definition Television (HDTV) signal required much more bandwidth (20 MHz) compared to a
standard (National Television System Committee) NTSC analog signal (6 MHz)
q Sampling error* – Analog signal will undergo Quantization process before being convert to digital.
During the quantization process, information loss could occur in the process rounding the signal to
integer ( e.g rounding from 12.4V or 12.2V will give same result to the nearest integer 12)
q Compatibility with existing analog systems
Digital TV (e.g. HDTV – is not compatible with existing transmitting existing signal that use analog
carrier. So, new capital investment is needed to provide the digital infrastructure)
q Short product half life
An analog record player has longer life cycle compared to digital player that usually has shorter
product half-life. Due to rapid digital technology improvement , the audio system technology has
evolved in relatively short period of time. For instance, from Laser Disc change to VCD technology
before improving to DVD technology and recently to Blue Ray Disc.

* Sampling Error (Quantization Error): is derived from Analog to Digital Conversion Process:

à à

Analog Sampling & Quantization Bit 0 and 1

8
A hybrid of Digital and Analog Systems

An analog-to-digital converter (abbreviated ADC, A/D or A to D) is a device which converts continuous

signals to discrete digital numbers. Typically, an ADC is an electronic device that converts an input analog
voltage (or current) to a digital number

Digital-to-analog conversion (DAC) is a process in which signals having a few (usually two) defined levels or
states (digital) are converted into signals having a theoretically infinite number of states (analog). A
common example is the processing, by a modem of computer data into audio-frequency (AF) tones that
can be transmitted over a twisted pair telephone line. The circuit that performs this function is a digital-to-
analog converter.

Basically, DAC conversion is the opposite of analog-to-digital conversion. In most cases, if an ADC is placed
in a communications circuit after a DAC, the digital signal output is identical to the digital signal input.
Also, in most instances when a DAC is placed after an ADC, the analog signal output is identical to the
analog signal input.

An Audio linear amplifier is an electronic circuit whose output is proportional to its input, but capable of
delivering more power into a load. Generally, an amplifier or simply amp usually increases the amplitude
of a signal. The "signal" is usually voltage or current.

9
Analog sound
Human voice has a continuous sinusoidal wave with frequency within range of 300Hz to 3.4KHz
(3.4X103 cycle per second). This signal will be converted to analog voltage by using microphone.

Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)

Convert analog signal into digital signal using process such as sampling signal, quantization
process and digital conversion. Error will occur during the sampling and quantization, hence loss
of information can happen.

Digital information
The accuracy of analog to digital conversion is increased when the signal is represented by a
higher word size such as 32bit as compared to 8bit. However, the bigger bit size the higher
storage is needed to store the digital data.

Digital to Analog Converter (DAC)

DAC is needed if the speaker is using analog system. We need to convert the digital data to
analog signal in order for the speaker works properly and the sound can be heard by human.

Amplifier
Amplifier will amplified amplitude of the small input signal to increase power output,
hence the volume of speaker is increased.

10
11
Voltage level to represent bit level :

When digital logic has an output voltage of two volts or above its output is considered to be
logic “1”. An output voltage 0.8 volts or less is considered to be logic “0”. Voltages between
0.8 volts and 2.0 volts are considered illegal. The binary logic circuits should never encounter
signals within this region except for a quick transition through it when switching states.

In real implementations of these circuits, electrical noise may exist. Therefore the typical output
levels are well in excess of the points at which the “1” or “0” decision is made. The distance
by which the input voltage exceeds the switching threshold is called the noise margin.
Noise levels of up to 0.6 volts may be injected on an input signal and the inverter shown above
will still operate correctly.

12
The term active means the moment that logic circuit is reacting with its true manner. There are two
conditions which control the action of circuit, either active high or active low .

Symbols to show the input state of “active high” and “active low”:

“active high”

“active low”

13
Periodic: In mathematics, a periodic function is a function that repeats its values in regular intervals or
periods. The most important examples are the trigonometric functions, which repeat over intervals of
length 2π. Periodic functions are used throughout science to describe oscillations, waves, and other
phenomena that exhibit periodicity.

Everyday examples are seen when the variable is time; for instance the hands of a clock or the phases of
the moon show periodic behavior. Periodic motion is motion in which the position(s) of the system are
expressible as periodic functions, all with the same period.

Non Periodic: A function that is not periodic is called aperiodic.

Periodic signal Aperiodic signal

14
Some examples of periodic signal display on the oscilloscope:

(a) Square waveform (b) Sinusoid waveform

15
DIY:
1. Calculate frequency of signals if time period are given as the following:

a) 10ms

b) 100µs

c) 100ns

d) 1000ps

2. Calculate time period of signals if frequency are given as the following:

a) 1000KHz

b) 100MHz

c) 1000GHz

d) 100THz

16
q For digital signal, the rise time (tr ) and fall time (tf) is usually very short.

q For digital device tr and tf must fulfill a certain specified time to be recognized as a valid digital logic
value.

17
18
DIY:

Two systems operate with two different ratio of duty cycle 25% and 50% (add 70%, etc..). Given the
duration or period for the systems 1000ms. Determine on state and off state for both systems.

19
The importance of timing diagram to digital system:

q to show the relation of digital value in term of time (discrete value)

q we are not interested in the actual value (or voltage level)
q that is why the timing diagram only shows ‘0’ or ‘1’.

20
Another way of representing the relationship between input and output is by using a truth table.

DIY:

Given : Clock: Active High, Input: A and B, while Output: C

Using Timing Diagram given, convert the state A, B and C into Truth Table form:

21
22
Basic IC (Common):

7404 integrated circuit provides six inverters

7408 integrated circuit provides four two-inputs AND gates
7432 integrated circuit provides four two-inputs OR gates

Others IC (Can be derived from basic IC):

7400 integrated circuit provides four two-inputs NAND gates

7402 integrated circuit provides four two-inputs NOR gates
7486 integrated circuit provides four two-inputs XOR gates.
747266 integrated circuit provides four two-inputs XNOR gates

23
Logic gate IC : NOT

7404 IC six inverters

24
Logic gate IC: AND

7408 IC four (Quad) AND gates

25
Logic gate IC: OR

7432 integrated circuit provides four (Quad) two-inputs OR gates

26
27
28
Digital Comparators
Another common and very useful combinational logic circuit is that of the Digital Comparator circuit.
Digital or Binary Comparators are made up from standard AND, NOR and NOT gates that compare the
digital signals at their input terminals and produces an output depending upon the condition of the inputs.

29
In electronics, an adder or summer is a digital circuit that performs addition of numbers. In modern
computers adders reside in the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) where other operations are performed.
Although adders can be constructed for many numerical representations, such as Binary-coded decimal or
excess-3, the most common adders operate on binary numbers. In cases where twos complement or ones
complement is being used to represent negative numbers, it is trivial to modify an adder into an adder-
subtractor. Other signed number representations require a more complex adder.

All the other arithmetic operations can be derived from adder:

q Subtraction is and addition of negative number such as A–B = A+(-B)
q Multiplication is a repeated addition such as A*3=A+A+A
q Division is a repeated subtraction which is a repeated addition such as
6/3=6-3-3=6+(-3)+-(3)
- subtract until the remainder = 0
- total number of subtraction = 2 which is the answer

30
BCD:
In computing and electronic systems, binary-coded decimal (BCD) (sometimes called natural binary-coded
decimal, NBCD) is an encoding for decimal numbers in which each digit is represented by its own binary
sequence. Its main virtue is that it allows easy conversion to decimal digits for printing or display and
faster decimal calculations.
In BCD, a digit is usually represented by four bits which, in general, represent the values/digits/characters
0–9. Other bit combinations are sometimes used for a sign or other indications.
Although BCD is not as widely used as it once was, decimal fixed-point and floating-point are still
important and continue to be used in financial, commercial, and industrial computing.

ASCII:
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), pronounced /ˈæski/[1] is a character-
encoding scheme based on the ordering of the English alphabet. ASCII codes represent text in computers,
communications equipment, and other devices that work with text. ASCII developed from telegraphic
codes. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services.
ASCII includes definitions for 128 characters: 33 are non-printing control characters (now mostly obsolete)
that affect how text is processed, 94 are printable characters, and the space is considered an invisible
graphic.

The 95 printable ASCII characters, numbered from 32

to 126 (decimal)

31
Examples of the Systems:

• A key pad provides decimal value range from 0 – 9.

• Each of the decimal digit can be encoded to its binary representation using Encoder
• The encoded binary data can be decoded back to its original decimal value
• 7 segment display can display the decimal value

32
Problem:
Many inputs (e.g. A, B and C) wanted to use a single transmission line for their data transmission. How to
make sure the data is transferred in a proper manner (issue of cost, synchronization, conflict , crash, loss?)

Source (A, B, C) and Destination (D, E, F)

A à D, B à E, C à F
Solution:
MUX: select and permit only one device can use the line and transfer its data at one
time.
Data in the transmission line would be arranged as A, B, C

DEMUX: select and route the data to their originate destination

A à D, B à E, C à F

Advantage:
cost effective (reduce cost)

Disadvantage:
can create congestion if many inputs transmit a huge data rate at one time (e.g. Denial
of Service (DoS)) that loss of data can occur .

33
Examples of Memory Devices in Digital Systems:

Flip-flop:
In digital circuits, a flip-flop is a term referring to an electronic circuit that has two stable states and is
capable of serving as one bit of memory. Simple flip-flops can be built around a pair of cross-coupled
inverting elements that can be built from vacuum tubes, bipolar transistors, field effect transistors or
inverters.

Registers:
A word size memory that may consist of 8 bits, 16 bits, 32 bits or 64bits size. The basic circuit of register is
flip-flop.

RAM:
A volatile memory that store current running program. The size varies from 256MB, 512MB, 1GB and 2GB

Flash:
A fast speed ROM technology

ROM:
A non- volatile memory

External Memory: Magnetic or Optical

Permanent storage that can stored large quantity of data such as storage size of 60G,120GB, 160GB, 320GB,
512GB or 1TB

34
Examples systems:

• Traffic light
• Washing machine
• Vending machine
• Xerox machine
• ATM machine
• etc.

35
36
Surface-mount technology (SMT) is a method for constructing electronic circuits in which the components
(SMC, or Surface Mounted Components) are mounted directly onto the surface of printed circuit boards
(PCBs). Electronic devices so made are called surface-mount devices or SMDs. In the industry it has largely
replaced the through-hole technology construction method of fitting components with wire leads into
holes in the circuit board.

Through-hole technology, also spelled "thru-hole", refers to the mounting scheme used for electronic
components that involves the use of pins on the components that are inserted into holes (PTH - Plated
Through-Hole) drilled in printed circuit boards (PCB) and soldered to pads on the opposite side.
Through-hole technology almost completely replaced earlier electronics assembly techniques such as
point-to-point construction. From the second generation of computers in the 1950s until surface-mount
technology became popular in the late 1980s, every component on a typical PCB was a through-hole
component.

IC and conventional through-hole Surface Mount PCB assembly

37
IC Packaging: Why we need packaging?
• To protect the IC (circuit)
• Have a pin system so that can connect to other circuit

Why we have different kind of packaging?

• To accommodate more complex IC and reduce the size of PCB.

38
Different kind of packaging such as:

Dual in Line Packaging (DIP):

Pin IC occupies both side for instance IC with 16 pins.

Surface Mount:
This is currently most popular in pin connection using surface contact, without hole drilling.

Thru-Hole:
Conventional technology whereby hole needs to be drilled in order to do pin connection to other circuit
on the PCB.

Notch:
Pin 1 is denoted from notch and the other pin number sequence are determined in a counter clock wise
direction. However, there are other ways to indicate the Pin 1 that depend on the type of packaging.

Some examples of important pins:

VCC, GND

39
Small Scale Integrated (SSI): AND gate, OR gate, NOR gate, NAND gate, and etc. Example IC:
7404 integrated circuit provides six inverters
7408 integrated circuit provides four two-inputs AND gates
7432 integrated circuit provides four two-inputs OR gates
7400 integrated circuit provides four two-inputs NAND gates
7402 integrated circuit provides four two-inputs NOR gates
7486 integrated circuit provides four two-inputs XOR gates.

MSI (Medium Scale Integrated)

ADDER, COMPARATER, ENCODER, DECODER, Analog Digital Converter (ADC), Arithmetic Unit
and etc.

VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated)

8 Bit Microprocessor (µP)
ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integrated)
32 bit Microprocessor (µP)

40
Transistor–transistor logic (TTL) is a class of digital circuits built from bipolar junction transistors (BJT) and
resistors. It is called transistor–transistor logic because both the logic gating function (e.g., AND) and the
amplifying function are performed by transistors (contrast this with RTL and DTL).

Electronics, Emitter-coupled Logic (ECL) is a logic family in which current is steered through bipolar
transistors to implement logic functions. ECL is sometimes called current-mode logic[2] or current-switch
emitter-follower (CSEF) logic. The important characteristic of ECL is that the transistors are never in the
saturation region and can thus change states at very high speed. Its major disadvantage is that the circuit
continuously draws current, which means it requires a lot of power.

Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor (CMOS) (pronounced /ˈsiːmɒs/ "sea moss"), is a major class

of integrated circuits. CMOS technology is used in microprocessors, microcontrollers, static RAM, and
other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is also used for a wide variety of analog circuits such as image
sensors, data converters, and highly integrated transceivers for many types of communication.

N-type of Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor (NMOS) : Two important characteristics of CMOS devices are high
noise immunity and low static power consumption. Significant power is only drawn when the transistors in
the CMOS device are switching between on and off states. Consequently, CMOS devices do not produce as
much waste heat as other forms of logic, for example Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) or NMOS logic,
which uses all n-channel devices without p-channel devices. CMOS also allows a high density of logic
functions on a chip.

In integrated circuit technologies, BiCMOS, also called BiMOS, refers to the integration of bipolar junction
transistors and CMOS technology into a single device. This technology has commercial application in
amplifier and discrete component logic design. More recently it has become the technology of choice for
power electronics products such as voltage regulators.

41
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AUNT JO'S

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 NELLY'S HOSPITAL.—PAGE 54

AUNT JO's SCRAP-BAG.

Volume III.

CUPID AND CHOW-CHOW, ETC.

BY LOUISA M. ALCOTT,
 AUTHOR OF "LITTLE WOMEN," "AN OLD-FASHIONED GIRL,"
"LITTLE MEN," "HOSPITAL SKETCHES."

BOSTON:
ROBERTS BROTHERS.
1896

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873, by

LOUISA M. ALCOTT

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

UNIVERSITY PRESS : JOHN WILSON & SON,

CAMBRIDGE.

CONTENTS.

I. Cupid and Chow-Chow

II. Huckleberry
III. Nelly's Hospital
IV. Grandma's Team
V. Fairy Pinafores
VI. Mamma's Plot
VII. Kate's Choice
VIII. The Moss People
IX. What Fanny Heard
X. A Marine Merry-making
 AUNT JO'S SCRAP-BAG.

I.

CUPID AND CHOW-CHOW.

(With Illustrations by Addie Ledyard)

Mamma began it by calling her rosy, dimpled, year-old baby Cupid, and as
he grew up the name became more and more appropriate, for the pretty boy
loved every one, every one loved him, and he made those about him fond of
one another, like a regular little god of love.
 Cupid.

Especially beautiful and attractive did he look as he pranced on the door-

steps one afternoon while waiting the arrival of a little cousin. Our Cupid's
costume was modernized out of regard to the prejudices of society, and
instead of wings, bandage, bow and arrow, he was gorgeous to behold in
small buckled shoes, purple silk hose, black velvet knickerbockers, and
jacket with a lace collar, which, with his yellow hair cut straight across the
forehead, and falling in long, curling love-locks behind, made him look like
an old picture of a young cavalier.
 It was impossible for the little sprig to help being a trifle vain when
every one praised his comeliness, and every mirror showed him a rosy face,
with big blue eyes, smiling lips, white teeth, a cunning nose, and a dimple
in the chin, not to mention the golden mane that hung about his neck.

Yes, Cupid was vain; and as he waited, he pranced, arranged the dear
buckled shoes in the first position, practised his best bow, felt of his dimple,
and smiled affably as he pictured to himself the pleasure and surprise of the
little cousin when he embraced her in the ardent yet gentle way which made
his greetings particularly agreeable to those who liked such tender
demonstrations.

Cupid had made up his mind to love Chow-chow very much, both
because she was his cousin, and because she must be interesting if all papa's
stories of her were true. Her very name was pleasing to him, for it
suggested Indian sweetmeats, though papa said it was given to her because
she was such a mixture of sweet and sour that one never knew whether he
would get his tongue bitten by a hot bit of ginger, or find a candied plum
melting in his mouth when he tried that little jar of Chow-chow.

"I know I shall like her, and of course she will like me lots, 'cause
everybody does," thought Cupid, settling his love-locks and surveying his
purple legs like a contented young peacock.

Just then a carriage drove up the avenue, stopped at the foot of the steps,
and out skipped a tall, brown man, a small, pale lady, and a child, who
whisked away to the pond so rapidly that no one could see what she was
like.

A great kissing and hand-shaking went on between the papas and

mammas, and Cupid came in for a large share, but did not enjoy it as much
as usual, for the little girl had fled and he must get at her. So the instant
Aunt Susan let him go he ran after the truant, quite panting with eagerness
and all aglow with amiable intentions, for he was a hospitable little soul,
and loved to do the honors of his pleasant home like a gentleman.

A little figure, dressed in a brown linen frock, with dusty boots below it,
and above it a head of wild black hair, tied up with a large scarlet bow,
stood by the pond throwing stones at the swans, who ruffled their feathers
in stately anger at such treatment. Suddenly a pair of velvet arms embraced
her, and half turning she looked up into a rosy, smiling face, with two red
lips suggestively puckered for a hearty kiss.

Chow-chow's black eyes sparkled, and her little brown face flushed as
red as her ribbon as she tried to push the boy away with a shrill scream.

"Don't be frightened. I'm Cupid. I must kiss you. I truly must. I always
do when people come, and I like you very much."

"Don't be frightened. I'm Cupid. I must kiss you. I truly must."

 With this soothing remark, the velvet arms pressed her firmly, and the
lips gave her several soft kisses, which, owing to her struggles, lit upon her
nose, chin, top-knot, and ear; for, having begun, Cupid did not know when
to leave off.

But Chow-chow's wrath was great, her vengeance swift, and getting one
hand free she flung the gravel it held full in the flushed and smiling face of
this bold boy who had dared to kiss her without leave.

Poor Cupid fell back blinded and heart-broken at such a return for his
warm welcome, and while he stood trying to clear his smarting eyes, a
fierce little voice said close by,—

"Does it hurt?"

"Oh! dreadfully!"

"I'm glad of it."

"Then you don't love me?"

"I hate you!"

"I don't see why."

"I don't like to be hugged and kissed. I don't let anybody but papa and
mamma do it, ever,—so, now!"

"But I'm your cousin, and you must love me. Won't you, please?"
besought Cupid, with one eye open and a great tear on his nose.

"I'll see about it. I don't like crying boys," returned the hard-hearted
damsel.

"Well, you made me; but I forgive you," and Cupid magnanimously put
out his hand for a friendly shake. But Chow-chow was off like a startled
deer, and vanished into the house, singing at the top of her voice a nursery
rhyme to this effect,—
 "And she bids you to come in,
With a dimple in your chin,
Billy boy, Billy boy."

When Cupid, with red eyes and a sad countenance, made his appearance,
he found Chow-chow on her father's knee eating cake, while the elders
talked. She had told the story, and now from the safe stronghold of papa's
arm condescended to smile upon the conquered youth.

Cupid went to mamma, and in one long whisper told his woes; then sat
upon the cushion at her feet, and soon forgot them all in the mingled joys of
eating macaroons and giving Chow-chow smile for smile across the hearth-
rug.

"I predict that we shall be much amused and edified by the progress of
the friendship just begun," said Cupid's papa, a quiet man, who loved
children and observed them with affectionate interest.

"And I predict a hard time of it for your young man, if he attempts to

tame my strong-minded little woman here. Her mother's ideas are peculiar,
and she wants to bring Chow-chow up according to the new lights,—with
contempt for dress and all frivolous pursuits; to make her hardy,
independent, and quite above caring for such trifles as love, domestic life,
or the feminine accomplishments we used to find so charming."

As Chow-chow's papa spoke, he looked from the child in her ugly gray
frock, thick boots, and mop of hair tied up in a style neither pretty nor
becoming, to his wife in her plain dress, with her knob of hair, decided
mouth, sarcastic nose, and restless eyes that seemed always on the watch to
find some new wrong and protest against it.

"Now, George, how can you misrepresent my views and principles so?
But it's no use trying to convince or out-talk you. We never get a chance,
and our only hope is to bring up our girls so that they may not be put down
as we are," returned Mrs. Susan, with a decided air.
 "Show us how you are going to defend your sex and conquer ours,
Chow-chow; give us your views generally. Now, then, who is in favor of the
Elective Franchise?" said Uncle George, with a twinkle of the eye.

Up went Aunt Susan's hand, and to the great amusement of all up went
Chow-chow's also and, scrambling to her feet on papa's knee, she burst into
a harangue which convulsed her hearers, for in it the child's voice made
queer work with the long words, and the red bow wagged belligerently as
she laid down the law with energy, and defined her views, closing with a
stamp of her foot.

"This is our platform: Free speech, free love, free soil, free every thing;
and Woman's Puckerage for ever!"

Even Aunt Susan had to laugh at that burst, for it was delivered with
such vigor that the speaker would have fallen on her nose if she had not
been sustained by a strong arm.

Cupid laughed because the rest did, and then turned his big eyes full of
wonder on his mother, asking what it all meant.

"Only fun, my dear."

"Now, Ellen, that's very wrong. Why don't you explain this great subject
to him, and prepare him to take a nobler part in the coming struggle than
those who have gone before him have done?" said Mrs. Susan, with a stern
look at her husband, who was petting the little daughter, who evidently
loved him best.

"I don't care to disturb his happy childhood with quarrels beyond his
comprehension. I shall teach him to be as good and just a man as his father,
and feel quite sure that no woman will suffer wrong at his hands," returned
Mrs. Ellen, smiling at Cupid's papa, who nodded back as if they quite
understood each other.

"We never did agree and we never shall, so I will say no more; but we
shall see what a good effect my girl's strength of character will have upon
your boy, who has been petted and spoiled by too much tenderness."
 So Aunt Susan settled the matter; and as the days went on, the elder
people fell into the way of observing how the little pair got on together, and
were much amused by the vicissitudes of that nursery romance.

In the beginning Chow-chow rode over Cupid rough-shod, quite

trampled upon him in fact; and he bore it, because he wanted her to like
him, and had been taught that the utmost courtesy was due a guest. But
when he got no reward for his long-suffering patience he was sometimes
tempted to rebel, and probably would have done so if he had not had
mamma to comfort and sustain him. Chow-chow was very quick at spying
out the weaknesses of her friends and alarmingly frank in proclaiming her
discoveries; so poor Cupid's little faults were seen and proclaimed very
soon, and life made a burden to him, until he found out the best way of
silencing his tormentor was by mending the faults.

"My papa says you are a dandy-prat, and you are," said Chow-chow, one
day when the desire to improve her race was very strong upon her.

"What is a dandy-prat?" asked Cupid, looking troubled at the new

accusation.

"I asked him, and he said a vain fellow; and you are vain,—so now!"

"Am I?" and Cupid stopped to think it over.

"Yes; you're horrid vain of your hair, and your velvet clothes, and the
dimple in your chin. I know it, 'cause you always look in the glass when
you are dressed up, and keep feeling of that ugly hole in your chin, and I
see you brush your hair ever so much."

Poor Cupid colored up with shame, and turned his back to the mirror, as
the sharp-tongued young monitor went on:—

"My mamma said if you were her boy she'd cut off your curls, put you in
a plain suit, and stick some court-plaster over that place till you forgot all
about it."
 Chow-chow expected an explosion of grief of anger after that last slap;
but to her amazement the boy walked out of the room without a word.
Going up to his mother as she sat busy with a letter, he asked in a very
earnest voice,—

"Mamma, am I vain?"

"I'm afraid you are a little, my dear," answered mamma, deep in her
letter.

With a sad but resolute face Cupid went back to Chow-chow, bearing a
pair of shears in one hand and a bit of court-plaster in the other.

"You may cut my hair off, if you want to. I ain't going to be a dandy-prat
any more," he said, offering the fatal shears with the calmness of a hero.

Chow-chow was much surprised, but charmed with the idea of shearing
this meek sheep, so she snipped and slashed until the golden locks lay
shining on the floor, and Cupid's head looked as if rats had been gnawing
his hair.

"Do you like me better now?" he asked, looking in her eyes as his only
mirror, and seeing there the most approving glance they had ever
vouchsafed him.

"Yes, I do; girl-boys are hateful."

He might have retorted, "So are boy-girls," but he was a gentleman, so

he only smiled and held up his chin for her to cover the offending dimple,
which she did with half a square of black plaster.

"I shall never wear my velvet clothes any more unless mamma makes
me, and I don't think she will when I tell her about it, 'cause she likes to
have me cure my faults," said Cupid when the sacrifice was complete, and
even stern Chow-chow was touched by the sweetness with which he bore
the rebuke, the courage with which he began the atonement for his little
folly.
 When he appeared at dinner, great was the outcry; and when the story
was told, great was the effect produced. Aunt Susan said with satisfaction,
—

"You see what an excellent effect my girl's Spartan training has on her,
and how fine her influence is on your effeminate boy."

Uncle George laughed heartily, but whispered something to Chow-chow

that made her look ashamed and cast repentant glances at her victim.
Cupid's papa shook hands with the boy, and said, smiling, "I am rather
proud of my 'dandy-prat,' after all."

But mamma grieved for the lost glory of her little Absalom, and found it
hard to pardon naughty Chow-chow, until Cupid looked up at her with a
grave, clear look which even the big patch could not spoil, and said
manfully,—

"You know I was vain, mamma, but I won't be any more, and you'll be
glad, because you love me better than my hair, don't you?"

Then she hugged the cropped head close, and kissed the hidden dimple
without a word of reproach; but she laid the yellow locks away as if she did
love them after all, and often followed the little lad in the rough gray suit, as
if his sacrifice had only made him more beautiful in her eyes.

Chow-chow was quite affable for some days after this prank, and treated
her slave with more gentleness, evidently feeling that, though belonging to
an inferior race, he deserved a trifle of regard for his obedience to her
teachings. But her love of power grew by what it fed on and soon brought
fresh woe to faithful Cupid, who adored her, though she frowned upon his
little passion and gave him no hope.

"You are a 'fraid-cat," asserted her majesty, one afternoon as they played
in the stable, and Cupid declined to be kicked by the horse Chow-chow was
teasing.

"No, I ain't; but I don't like to be hurt, and it's wrong to fret Charley, and
I won't poke him with my hoe."
 "Well, it isn't wrong to turn this thing, but you don't dare to put your
finger on that wheel and let me pinch it a little bit," added Chow-chow,
pointing to some sort of hay-cutting machine that stood near by.

"What for?" asked Cupid, who did object to being hurt in any way.

"To show you ain't a 'fraid-cat. I know you are. I'm not, see there," and
Chow-chow gave her own finger a very gentle squeeze.

"I can bear it harder than that," and devoted Cupid laid his plump
forefinger between two wheels, bent on proving his courage at all costs.

Chow-chow gave a brisk turn to the handle, slipped in doing so, and
brought the whole weight of the cruel cogs on the tender little finger,
crushing the top quite flat. Blood flowed, Chow-chow stopped aghast; and
Cupid, with one cry of pain, caught and reversed the handle, drew out the
poor finger, walked unsteadily in to mamma, saying, with dizzy eyes and
white lips, "She didn't mean to do it," and then fainted quite away in a little
heap at her feet.

The doctor came flying, shook his head over the wound, and drew out a
case of dreadful instruments that made even strong-minded Aunt Susan turn
away her head, and bound up the little hand that might never be whole and
strong again. Chow-chow stood by quite white and still until it was all over
and Cupid asleep in his mother's arms; then she dived under the sofa and
sobbed there, refusing to be comforted until her father came home. What
that misguided man said to her no one ever knew, but when Cupid was
propped up on the couch at tea-time, Chow-chow begged piteously to be
allowed to feed him.

The wounded hero, with his arm in a sling, permitted her to minister to
him; and she did it so gently, so patiently, that her father said low to Mrs.
Ellen,—

"I have hopes of her yet, for all the woman is not taken out of her, in
spite of the new lights."
 When they parted for the evening, Cupid, who had often sued for a
good-night kiss and sued in vain, was charmed to see the red top-knot
bending over him, and to hear Chow-chow whisper, with a penitent kiss, "I
truly didn't mean to, Coopy."

"The wounded hero, with his arm in a sling, permitted her to minister
to him."

The well arm held her fast as the martyr whispered back, "Just say I ain't
a 'fraid-cat, and I don't mind smashing my finger."
 Chow-chow said it that night and thought it next day and for many
following days, for each morning, when the doctor came to dress the
"smashed" finger, she insisted on being by as a sort of penance. She forced
herself to watch the bright instruments without shivering, she ran for warm
water, she begged to spread the salve on the bandage, to hold the smelling-
bottle, and to pick all the lint that was used.

And while she performed these small labors of love, she learned a little
lesson that did her more good than many of mamma's lectures. For Cupid
showed her the difference between the rash daring that runs foolish risks,
and the steady courage that bears pain without complaint. Every day the
same scene took place; Chow-chow would watch for and announce the
doctor; would bustle out the salve-box, bandage, and basin, set the chair,
and call Cupid from his book with a new gentleness in her voice.

The boy would answer at once, take his place, and submit the poor
swollen hand to the ten minutes' torture of little probes and scissors, caustic
and bathing, without a word, a tear, or sound of suffering. He only turned
his head away, grew white about the lips, damp on the forehead, and when
it was all over would lean against his mother for a minute, faint and still.

Then Chow-chow would press her hands together with a sigh of mingled
pity, admiration, and remorse, and when the boy looked up to say stoutly,
"It didn't hurt very much," she would put his sling on for him, and run
before to settle the pillows, carry him the little glass of wine and water he
was to take, and hover round him until he was quite himself again, when
she would subside close by, and pick lint or hem sails while he read aloud
to her from one of his dear books.

"It is a good lesson in surgery and nursing for her. I intend to have her
study medicine if she shows any fondness for it," said Aunt Susan.

"It is a good lesson in true courage, and I am glad to have her learn it
early," added Uncle George, who now called Cupid a "trump" instead of a
"dandy-prat."

"It is a good lesson in loving and serving others for love's sake, as all
women must learn to do soon or late," said gentle Mrs. Ellen.
 "It is teaching them both how to bear and forbear, to teach and help, and
comfort one another, and take the pains and pleasures of life as they should
do together," concluded Cupid's papa, watching the little couple with the
wise kind eyes that saw a pretty story in their daily lives.

Slowly the finger healed, and to every one's surprise was not much
disfigured, which Cupid insisted was entirely owing to Chow-chow's
superior skill in spreading salve and picking lint. Before this time, however,
Chow-chow, touched by his brave patience, his generous refusal to blame
her for the mishap, and his faithful affection, had in a tender moment
confessed to her little lover that she did "like him a great deal," and
consented to go and live in the old swan-house on the island in the pond as
soon as he was well enough.

But no sooner had she enraptured him by these promises than she dashed
his joy by adding certain worldly conditions which she had heard discussed
by her mamma and her friends.

"But we can't be married until we have a lot of money. Nobody does, and
we must have ever so much to buy things with."

"Yes, but papa said he'd give us some little furniture to put in our house,
and mamma will let us have as much cake and milk-tea as we want, and I
shall be very fond of you, and what's the use of money?" asked the
enamoured Cupid, who believed in love in a cottage, or swan-house rather.

"I shan't marry a poor boy, so now!" was the mercenary Chow-chow's
decision.

"Well, I'll see how much I've got; but I should think you would like me
just as well without," and Cupid went away to inspect his property with as
much anxiety as any man preparing for matrimony.

But Cupid's finances were in a bad state, for he spent his pocket-money
as fast as he got it, and had lavished gifts upon his sweetheart with princely
prodigality. So he punched a hole in his savings-bank and counted his small
hoard, much afflicted to find it only amounted to seventy-eight cents, and a
button put in for fun. Bent on winning his mistress no sacrifice seemed too
great, so he sold his live stock, consisting of one lame hen, a rabbit, and a
choice collection of caterpillars. But though he drove sharp bargains, these
sales only brought him in a dollar or two. Then he went about among his
friends, and begged and borrowed small sums, telling no one his secret lest
they should laugh at him, but pleading for a temporary accommodation so
earnestly and prettily that no one could refuse.

When he had strained every nerve and tried every wile, he counted up
his gains and found that he had four dollars and a half. That seemed a
fortune to the innocent; and, getting it all in bright pennies, he placed it in a
new red purse, and with pardonable pride laid his offering at Chow-chow's
feet.

But alas for love's labor lost! the cruel fair crushed all his hopes by
saying coldly,—

"That isn't half enough. We ought to have ten dollars, and I won't like
you until you get it."

"O Chow-chow! I tried so hard; do play it's enough," pleaded poor

Cupid.

"No, I shan't. I don't care much for the old swan-house now, and you
ain't half so pretty as you used to be."

"You made me cut my hair off, and now you don't love me 'cause I'm
ugly," cried the afflicted little swain, indignant at such injustice.

But Chow-chow was in a naughty mood, so she swung on the gate, and
would not relent in spite of prayers and blandishments.

"I'll get some more money somehow, if you will wait. Will you, please?"

"I'll see 'bout it."

And with that awful uncertainty weighing upon his soul, poor Cupid
went away to wrestle with circumstances. Feeling that matters had now
reached a serious point, he confided his anxieties to mamma; and she,
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