cÖ¯‘‡Z

†gv: bvCg †nv‡mb

m¤úv`K: †ewmK wfD
Aa¨vq-1: evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v
evsjv‡`‡ki f~-cÖK…wZ (Physiography of Bangladesh)
we: `ª: evsjv‡`‡ki g¨vc w`‡q f‚-cÖvK…wZK AÂj †`wL‡q w`‡Z n‡eB
f~-cÖK…wZ †`‡ki K…wl, wkí, e¨emv, evwYR¨, cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi Dci e¨vcK cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| evsjv‡`k c„w_exi
Ab¨Zg e„nr e-Øxc| M½v b`x cwð‡g, eªþcyÎ b` Dˇi, myigv I Kzwkqviv b`x DËi-c~e© w`K †_‡K †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i cÖ‡ek
K‡i GK‡hv‡M mywekvj Øx‡ci m„wó K‡i‡Q| evvsjv‡`‡ki cÖvq mgMÖ AÂj GK we¯ÍxY© mgf~wg| evsjv‡`‡k mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y-
D”Pf~wg i‡q‡Q| f~-cÖK…wZi wfwˇZ evsjv‡`k‡K cÖavYZ 3wU †kÖwY‡Z fvM Kiv hvq:
1. Uviwkqvwi hy‡Mi cvnvomg~n: †gvU f‚wgi 12%
2. cøvB‡÷vwmbKv‡ji †mvcvbmg~n: †gvU f‚wgi 8%
3. mv¤úªwZKKv‡ji cøveb mgf~wg: †gvU f‚wgi 80%
1. Uviwkqvwi hy‡Mi cvnvomg~n:
evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿY c~e©, DËi I DËi-c~e©v‡ji cvnvomg~n G A‡ji AšÍfz©³| Uviwkqvwi hy‡M wngvjq ce©Z DwÌZ nIqvi
mgq G mKj cvnvo m„wó n‡q‡Q| wngvjq ce©Z, Avmv‡gi jymvB cvnvo I wgqvbgv‡ii AvivKvb ce©Zgvjv/cvnvo¸‡jv
Uviwkqvwi hy‡Mi cvnv‡oi mg‡MvÎxq| evsjv‡`‡ki c~e© I DËi-c~e©v‡ji 12% GjvKv I 10wU †Rjv Gi AšÍf©y³| G
cvnvo¸‡jv †e‡jcv_i, †kj I K`©g Øviv MwVZ| G A‡ji cvnvo¸‡jv‡K 2 fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|
K. `wÿY, c~e©Â‡ji cvnvomg~n: cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg, PÆMÖvg I K·evRv‡i Aew¯’Z| Mo D”PZvÑ 610 wgUvi|
 GB A‡ji ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ b`x¸‡jv n‡jv KY©dzjx, mv½y, gvZvgyûix, nvj`v, Kvmvjs, bvd cÖf…wZ|
 GB A‡ji KY©dzwj b`xi DRv‡b KvßvB‡q evua w`‡q cvwb we`y¨r Drcv`b mnR n‡q‡Q|
 ev›`ievb †Rjvq gvqvbgv‡ii mxgvbvq Aew¯’Z gDWM wgDqvj evsjv‡`‡ki Z…Zxq cvnvo P~ov| Gi Aci
bvg mvKv n¨vds, hvi D”PZv 1064 wgUvi|
 2q m‡e©v”P cvnvoP‚ov †KIµvWs, hvi D”PZv 1230 wgUvi Ges evsjv‡`‡ki m‡e©v”P cvnvoP~ov ZvwRbWs,
hvi D”PZv 1231 wgUvi| Gi Ab¨ bvg weRq|
L. DËi I DËi c~e©v‡ji cvnvomg~n: wm‡jU, gqgbwmsn, †b·Kvbv, nweMÄ I †gŠjfxevRvi| cvnv‡oi Mo D”PZvÑ
244 wgUvi| G A‡ji wKQz wKQz cvnvo wUjv bv‡g cwiwPZ| wUjv¸‡jvi D”PZvÑ 30-90 wgUvi| Lvwmqv, RqwšÍKv
D‡jøL‡hvM¨|

cøvB‡÷vwmb hy‡Mi
PZ¡if~wg
Uviwkqvix
hy‡Mi
mv¤úªwZK Kv‡ji cvnvo mg~n
cøveb mgf~wg
Uviwkqvix
hy‡Mi
2. cøvB‡÷vwmbKv‡ji †mvcvbmg~n:
AvbygvwbK 25,000 eQi c~‡e©i mgq‡K cøvB÷vwmbKvj e‡j| e‡i›`ªf~wg, ga¨fv‡Mi gaycyi I fvIqvj Mo Ges Kzwgjøvi
jvjgvB cvnvo G A‡ji AšÍM©Z| †gvU f~wgi 8% GjvKv cøvB‡÷vwmbKv‡ji †mvcvbmg~‡ni AšÍf©y³| GB †mcvbmg~n 3wU
A‡j wef³:
K. e‡i›`ªf~wg:
 K…wl Kv‡Ri Rb¨ we‡kl Dc‡hvMx
 GLv‡bi †¯ªvZw¯^bx AÂj Lvwo bv‡g cwiwPZ
 †`‡ki DËi-cwðgv‡ji cÖvq 9,320 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi GjvKvq e‡i›`ªf~wg we¯Í…Z
 cøveb mgf~wg n‡Z D”PZv 6 †_‡K 12 wgUvi
 G ¯’v‡bi gvwU a~mi I jvj e‡Y©i|
L. gaycyi I fvIqv‡ji Mo:
 Uv½vBj I gqgbwmsn †Rjvq gaycyi Ges MvRxcyi †Rjvq fvIqv‡ji Mo Aew¯’Z|
 Gi Ab¨ bvg b`x †mvcvb, DwÌZ e-Øxc
 K…wl Kv‡Ri Rb¨ we‡kl Dc‡hvMx bq
 Avbvim I MRvix e„‡ÿi Ab¨Zg cÖavb †K›`ª
 Gi AvqZb cÖvq 4,103 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi
 mgf~wg †_‡K Gi D”PZv cÖvq 30 wgUvi
 gvwUi is jvj‡P I a~mi|
M. jvjgvB cvnvo:
 Kzwgjøv kni †_‡K 8 wK‡jvwgUvi cwð‡g jvjgvB †_‡K gqbvgwZ ch©šÍ G cvnvowU we¯Í…Z|
 Gi AvqZb cÖvq 35 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi Ges Mo D”PZv 21 wgUvi|
 gvwU jvj‡P is‡qi n‡q _v‡K
 Avjy, ZigyR, BZ¨vw` Pvl nq|
3. mv¤úªwZKKv‡ji cøveb mgf~wg:
 AvqZbÑ 1,24,266 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi
 †gvU f~wgiÑ 80%
 Mo D”PZvÑ 9 wgUvi( 309 dzU)
 f‚wg ˆewkó¨Ñ b`x we‡axZ De©i
 b`x I ebvÂj ev‡` Gi AvqZbÑ 1,16,508 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi
 AmsL¨ †QvU-eo b`x evsjv‡`‡ki me©Î Rv‡ji g‡Zv Qwo‡q i‡q‡Q| mgZjf~wgi Dci w`‡q G b`x¸‡jv cÖevwnZ nIqvi
Kvi‡Y Kvi‡Y eZ©gvbKv‡j eb¨vi m„wó nq|
 eQ‡ii ci eQi Gfv‡e eb¨vi m‡½ cwjevwnZ gvwU mwÂZ n‡q G cøveb mgf~wg MwVZ n‡q‡Q|
 G mgf~wg evsjv‡`‡ki DËi Ask †_‡K DcK~‡ji w`‡K µgwb¤œ, my›`ieb AÂj cÖvq mgy`ªmgZ‡j Aew¯’Z| mgy`ªmgZj
†_‡K evwK AÂj¸‡jv †hgb:
w`bvRcy‡ii D”PZv 37.5 wgUvi
e¸ovi D”PZv 20 wgUvi
gqgbwms‡ni D”PZv 18 wgUvi
bvivqYM‡Äi I h‡kv‡ii D”PZv 8 wgUvi
 G A‡j wewÿßfv‡e AmsL¨ evsjv‡`k b`xgvZ…K †`k|
 mgf~wgi DcK~jxq AÂj 2 ai‡bi h_vµ‡g:
K. DcK~jxq mgf~wg: †bvqLvjx †dbx b`xi wb¤œfvM †_‡K K·evRvi ch©šÍ
L. †¯ªvZR mgf~wg: my›`ieb †_‡K †fvjv ch©šÍ
 Ab¨vb¨ mÂqRvZ mgf‚wg AÂj:
K) Kzwgjøvi( wÎcyiv) mgf~wg: AvqZb-7,404 eM© wK.wg Ges mgy`ªc„ô †_‡K D”PZv 3.6-6 wgUvi|
L) wm‡jU AeevwnKv: mgy`ªc„ô †_‡K D”PZv 3 wgUvi Ges GB A‡j b‡jvqvi, nvKvjywK, nvBj cÖf…wZ nvIi i‡q‡Q|
M) cv`‡`kxq cjj mgf‚wg: e„nËi iscyi I w`bvRcyi †Rjvi AwaKvsk ¯’vbRy‡o GB mgf‚wg we¯Í…Z| mgy`ªc„ô †_‡K Gi
D”PZv 30 wgUvi|
N) M½v- eªþcyÎ- †gNbvi cøveb mgf‚wg: GwUB evsjv‡`‡ki g~j cøveb mgf~wg Ges GLv‡b Ak^ÿivK…wZi n«` †`Lv hvq|
O) e-Øxc AÂjxq mgf‚wg: evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿY cwð‡gi mgf~wg‡K e-Øxc AÂjxq mgf‚wg e‡j| GwU cÙv I Gi kvLv
b`x¸‡jv Øviv we‡aŠZ|

evsjv‡`k e- Øxc (Bangladesh Delta)

w·KvYvKvi mgZjf~wg‡K e-Øxc e‡j| gvÎvnxb evsjv ÔeÕ Ges wMÖK kã Ô†WëviÕ g‡Zv| ZvB Gi evsjv bvg e-Øxc| c„w_exi
e„nËg e-Øxc evsjv‡`k Ges evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg e-Øxc my›`ieb| M½v, hgybv (eªþcyÎ) I †gNbv evsjv‡`k e-Øxc m„wó K‡i‡Q|
GB 3 b`xi we‡aŠZ AÂj Ges b`x¸‡jvi fvwU A‡j †gvU 5 ai‡bi e-Øxc m„wó n‡q‡QÑ

g„ZcÖvq wbw®Œq eØxc

mwµq eØxc

cwiYZ eØxc

†Rvqvi-fvUv mg„× eØxc

Dc-Rjxq eØxc

wPÎ: eØxc AÂj

 1. mwµq e-Øxc:
cÙv I †gNbvi we‡aŠZ AÂj mwµq e-Øxc m„wó K‡i P‡j‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿYv‡ji DcK‚jxq AÂj mwµq e-Øx‡ci
AšÍf©y³| dwi`cyi, gv`vixcyi, kwiqZcyi, ewikvj, †MvcvjM‡Äi c~e©vÂj, cUzqvLvjx, SvjKvVx, wc‡ivRcyi, ei¸bv I
†fvjv AÂj wb‡q mwµq e-Øxc m„wó n‡”Q| GB e- Øxc AÂj LyeB De©i|
2. g„ZcÖvq e-Øxc:
dviv°v evu‡ai cÖfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿY-cwðgv‡j evI‡ii m„wó n‡q‡Q| cyivZb b`xi MwZc_ Ges †¯ªvZwenxb b`xB
evIi m„wó K‡i| `wÿY- cwðgv‡ji h‡kvi, wSbvB`n, bovBj, gv¸iv, PzqvWv½v, †g‡nicyi I Kzwóqv wb‡q M‡o I‡V‡Q
g„ZcÖvq e-Øxc| GB A‡j e-Øxc m„wó nIqvi Avi †Kv‡bv m¤¢vebv bvB|
3. cwiYZ e-Øxc:
e-Øxc m„wó bv n‡jI, GB e-Øxc wb:‡kl nIqviI AvksKv bvB| evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿY-cwðgv‡ji Z‡e DcK‚jxq †Rjv¸‡jv
GB cwiYZ e-Øx‡ci AšÍf©y³| h‡kv‡ii wKQz Ask, ev‡MinvU, †MvcvjMÄ, Lyjbv, mvZÿxiv I wc‡ivRcy‡ii wKQz Ask wb‡q
cwiYZ e-Øxc| GB e-Øxc AÂj jeYv³ cvwb cÖ‡e‡ki `iæY ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡”Q|
4. †Rvqvi-fvUv mg„× e-Øxc:
my›`ieb‡K wb‡q M‡o I‡V‡Q †Rvqvi-fvUvmg„× e-Øxc| m„wói Avw`Kvj †_‡K GB m„wó Pjgvb| mv¤úªwZK mg‡q ˆewk^K
DòZvi Kvi‡Y mvB‡K¬vb †e‡o hvIqv‡Z my›`ieb †ek SzuwK‡Z i‡q‡Q|
5. DcRjxq e-Øxc:
evsjv‡`‡k DcK~jxq 711 wK. wgUvi mxgvq fvUvi me©‡kl wfwˇiLv †_‡K DcK‚j ch©šÍ A‡j M‡o I‡V‡Q DcRjxq e-
Øxc| ˆewk^K DòZvi Rb¨ GB e-ØxcI SyuwK‡Z i‡q‡Q|

evsjv‡`k Ôe-ØxcÕ Gi A_©‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡:

K) b`xgvZ…KZvi myweav jvf: †hvMv‡hvM, K…wl, grm¨ m¤ú` AvniY I cÖvK…wZK ˆewPΨZvi Rb¨ b`xgvZ…KZvi f‚wgKv
Ab¯^xKvh©| evsjv‡`k avb I gvQ Drcv`‡b we‡k^i Z…Zxq e„nËg I Lv‡`¨ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© GKwU †`k|
L) ch©Ub wk‡íi cÖmvi: my›`ieb, K·evRvi I KzqvKvUv ˆmKZ, Pi I Øx‡ci m„wó evsjv‡`‡ki ch©Ub LvZ‡K GwM‡q w`‡q‡Q|
M) mybxj A_©bxwZ weKv‡ki myweav: Blue Economy I BIIG-B cÖKí evsjv‡`k e-Øx‡c mybxj A_©bxwZi weKvk‡K mnR
Ki‡Q| mv¤úªwZK mg‡q M„nxZ †Wëv cø¨vb mybxj A_©bxwZ‡K AviI †ewk weKwkZ Ki‡e|
N) grm¨ Lv‡Zi cÖmvi: e-Øxc KvVv‡gvi Kvi‡Y grm¨ Drcv`‡b evsjv‡`k we‡k^i kxl© wZbwU †`‡ki GKwU|

evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v‡bi kw³ I `ye©jZv (Geographic Strength & Weekness of Bangladesh)
evsjv‡`k Gwkqvi D`xqgvb kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q| The Economist 2022 mv‡j evsjv‡`k‡K wbivc` A_©bxwZi 9g kxl©
†`k e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i| GQvovI 2012 mv‡j gvj‡qwkqv, wm½vcyi, `wÿY †Kvwiqv I wf‡qZbv‡gi mv‡_ evsjv‡`k‡K Gwkqvi
D`xqgvb kw³ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡q‡Q| 2010 mvj †_‡K Px‡bi DÌvb Ges fvi‡Zi AMÖMwZi cvkvcvwk gvwK©b I EU A_©bxwZi
n«vm evsjv‡`k Gi ¸iæZ¡ evwo‡q w`‡q‡Q|
GK bR‡i eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k:
 AvqZb - 1,47,570
 RbmsL¨v - 16.89 †KvwU
 gv_vwcQz Avq - 2657 Wjvi
 GDP - 32.18 jvL †KvwU UvKv
 wek^ GDP †Z - 35Zg
 wek^ A_©bxwZ‡Z - 41Zg
 Mo Avqy - 72.3 eQi
 wkÿvi nvi - 76.4%
 `vwi‡`¨i nvi - 18.7%
 wkï g„Z¨ nvi - 22 Rb
mvgvwRK Dbœqb m~P‡K evsjv‡`k `wÿY Gwkqvq fviZ‡K Qvwo‡q‡Q| bvixi ÿgZvqb I ˆe‡`wkK F‡Yi SzuwK n«vm `wÿY Gwkqvi
kxl© †`k evsjv‡`k|

evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb:

evsjv‡`k `wÿY Gwkqvq Aew¯’Z| evsjv‡`k - 200 34 †_‡K 260 38 DËi Aÿvsk Ges 880 01 †_‡K  920 41c~e© `ªvwNgvs‡k
Aew¯’Z|

wPÎ: evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb

 f~-ivR‰bwZK †KŠkj/f~-ivR‰bwZK myweav:
01) †KŠkjMZ Ae¯’vb:
evsjv‡`k `wÿY Gwkqv†Z †KŠkjMZ myweavRbK Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvšÍeZ©x `ywU †`k fviZ I wgqvbgvi
QvvoI `~iZ¡ Abymv‡i Aew¯’Z †`k¸‡jvÑ
†bcvj - 20 gvBj
fzUvb - 50 gvBj
Pxb - 60 gvBj
eZ©gvb mgy`ª‡Kw›`ªK A_©bxwZ‡Z ¯’j‡ewóZ †bcvj I fzUvb evsjv‡`‡ki Dci wbf©ikxjZvi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb wek^
A_©bxwZ‡Z cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Pxb I fvi‡Zi cÖwZ‡ewk nIqvq evsjv‡`‡ki f~-ivR‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡ †e‡o‡Q|
02) AvÂwjK myweav jv‡fi my‡hvM :
The Economist Gi wn‡m‡e 2012 mvj †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, fviZ, Pxb I Emerging Economics Gi 5wU †`k wek^
GDP cÖe„w×i 60% enb K‡i| ZvB GB A‡j Aew¯’Z nIqvq evsjv‡`‡ki ¸iæZ¡ †e‡o‡Q| The Economis e‡j‡Q,
ÒGKzk kZK n‡e Gwkqvi ïéÓ
03) †fŠ‡MvwjK I ivR‰bwZK ms‡hvMKvix:
SAARC, ASEAN, BIMSTEC, SASEC, SEACO, APTA, BBIN I BCIM Gi Rb¨ Ges `wÿY I `wÿY-c~e©
Gwkqvi ms‡hvMKvix wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`k Logistic Support cv‡”Q| d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki f‚-ivR‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡ †e‡o‡Q|
04) BBIN I BCIM Gi myweav jvf:
moK †hvMv‡hvM Pzw³ BBIN Gi AšÍf©~³ ¯’j‡ewóZ †bcvj I fzUv‡bi evwYR¨ wnm¨v cv‡”Q| Aciw`‡K fvi‡Zi DËi
c~e©vÂjxq 7wU ivR¨ Ges wgqvbgv‡ii cwðgv‡ji ivR¨¸‡jv †_‡K BCIM Gi cÿ †_‡K evwYR¨ I wewb‡qvM myweav
cv‡”Q evsjv‡`k| GB `ywU evwYR¨ UªvbwRU I A_©‰bwZK Kwi‡Wv‡ii AvbyôvwbKZvq evsjv‡`k Kvh©Z f‚-ivR‰bwZK
myweav jvf Ki‡Q|
05) e‡½vcmvM‡ii myweav:
Px‡bi BRI, Rvcv‡bi mv‡_ BIIG-B Project, fvi‡Zi mv‡_ cÖ¯ÍvweZ CEPA I USA IPS-2017 Kg©m~wPi Kvi‡Y
evsjv‡`k `iKlvKwli my‡hvM †c‡q‡Q| ZvB ejv hvq, 22 jvL eM© wK‡jvwgUvi GjvKvi e‡½vcmvMi evsjv‡`‡ki
f‚ÑivR‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡ evwo‡q w`‡q‡Q|
06) cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i myweav:
India-China, China-USA Ges USA-India GB wZb c‡ÿi m¤ú‡K©i myweav wb‡Z cv‡i evsjv‡`k| †hgb: eZ©gvb
f¨vw·b K~UbxwZ cÖ‡qvM Ges evwYR¨ hy×Kvjxb hy³iv‡óª evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb e„w× cvq| evwYR¨ hy‡×i 2 eQ‡i evsjv‡`k
ißvwb cÖe„wׇZ (9.7%) we‡k^i wØZxq kxl© †`k nq| Avevi, GB kw³kvjx f‚-ivR‰bwZK ¸iæ‡Z¡i Rb¨ evsjv‡`k Pxb
†_‡K me‡P‡q Kg g~‡j¨ (10 Wjv‡i) f¨vw·b †c‡q‡Q|
07) e„nËg evRvi AÂj:
`wÿY Gwkqvq cÖvq 200 †KvwU gvby‡li evRvi hv c„w_exi e„nËg evRvi AÂj| evsjv‡`k GB A‡j wØZxq e„nËg
(Kg©ÿg RbmsL¨vi w`K †_‡K) Ges mgMÖ we‡k^i 6ô e„nËg evRvi| ZvB evRviwfwËK wek^ f‚-A_©‰bwZK ivRbxwZ‡Z
evsjv‡`k k³ wf‡Zi Dci i‡q‡Q|
08) fviZ, Pxb I hy³iv‡óªi AvKl©Y:
fviZ: evwYR¨, AeKvVv‡gv I R¦vjvwb Lv‡Zi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k AvKl©‡Yi RvqMv|
Pxb: e¨vswKs, †kqvi evRvi, AeKvVv‡gv, wewb‡qvM I mgiv‡¯¿i Rb¨ evsjv‡`k Px‡bi Kv‡Q AvKl©‡Yi RvqMv|
hy³ivóª (USA): gvwK©b Gwkqv welqK M‡elK Bruce Vaughn Gi Bangladesh Political, Strategic, Deplopment &
US Interest- 2022 Study †Z ejv nq, evsjv‡`‡k †fŠ‡MvwjK kw³i cvkvcvwk cÖkvmwbK I mvgwiK k„•Ljv i‡q‡Q,
hv evsjv‡`‡ki kw³ e„w× K‡i‡Q|
09) gnx‡mvcvb e¨env‡ii my‡hvM:
354 bwUK¨vj gvB‡ji gnx‡mvcv‡bi (Continental Shelf) Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki †Zj M¨vm D‡Ëvj‡bi my‡hvM I Custom
Gwiqv †e‡o‡Q| 500 cÖRvwZi gvQ AvniY Ges Øx‡ci AwaKvi jv‡fi my‡hvM ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| †hgb, e½eÜz AvBj¨vÛ I
Pi Zzdvwbqv|
10) RjevqyMZ ˆewPΨZv:
†gŠmygx, mgfvevcbœ, bvwZkx‡Zvò I µvšÍxq Rjevqy evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK kw³i Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨| Pigfvevcbœ bv
nIqvq evsjv‡`k †h‡Kvb ai‡bi †fŠ‡MvwjK wech©q †gvKv‡ejvq kw³kvjx Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K|
11) f~wg De©i:
Lv`¨ D×…Ë _vKvB cÖgvY K‡i GB A‡ji f‚wg De©i| 2022-23 A_©eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡k 25 jvL Ub Lv`¨ D×…Ë _v‡K|
ZvB evsjv‡`k GLb Lv`¨ wbivcËvi †`k|
12) mgf~wg †ewk:
evsjv‡`‡ki 80 fvM GjvKv mgf‚wg| ZvB dmj Drcv`b I †fŠ‡MvwjK kw³ Dc‡fv‡M fv‡jv Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K|
13) wgVvcvwbi Drm:
gvQ Drcv`‡b Z…Zxq| evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU gv‡Qi 12% c~iY K‡i _v‡K Bwjk| 56% gv‡Qi Drm wgVv cvwb|
14) ˆewk^K K‚UbxwZ:
Px‡bi Flagship Diplomacy, fvi‡Zi Anti-China Policy, hy³iv‡óªi IPS, evsjv‡`‡ki Look-east Diplomacy
evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK kw³‡K evwo‡q w`‡q‡Q|
 evsjv‡`‡ki ˆfŠ‡MvwjK/ f~-ivR‰bwZK SzuwK:
1) The Big Game Gi wkKvi:
FOIP I BRI Gi Pv‡c evsjv‡`k Pxb I hy³iv‡óªi gZ `yB civkw³i Big Game Gi wkKvi n‡”Q| Free & Open Indo
Pacific (FOIP) strategy n‡jv Pxb we‡ivax gvwK©b mgy`ª wbivcËv Kg©m~wP| evsjv‡`k‡K Pxb 2015 mv‡j Belt & Road
Initiatives (BRI) †Z hy³ n‡Z cÖ¯Íve †`q Ges 2016 mv‡j evsjv‡`k BRI †Z hy³ n‡q‡Q| Aciw`‡K, hy³iv‡óªi
†bZ…Z¡vaxb FOIP strategy †Z hy³ n‡Z 2017 mv‡j evsjv‡`k AbvbyôvwbK cÖ¯Íve †c‡jI GLb ch©šÍ hy³ n‡Z wm×všÍ
Rvbvqwb| 2023 mv‡j evsjv‡`k Indo Pacific Outlook †NvlYv Ki‡Z eva¨ nq|
2) cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i wkKvi:
evsjv‡`‡ki f‚-ivR‰bwZK wbivcËv wbf©i K‡i e„nr kw³e‡M©i AvšÍ:m¤ú‡K©i Av‡jv‡K| hy³ivóª-Pxb, fviZ- Pxb,
wgqvbgvi- Pxb I fviZ-wgqvbgvi m¤úK© evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK ivRbxwZ‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| GB kw³e‡M©i
Avb:m¤ú‡K©i Kvi‡YB evsjv‡`‡ki †ivwn½v msK‡Ui mgvavb `ªæZ nqwb, n‡”Q bv|
3) fviZ †ewóZ/ fviZ wbf©i cÖwZiÿv:
evsjv‡`k I fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q we‡k^i 5g e„nËi mxgvšÍ| evsjv‡`‡ki wZb w`‡K fvi‡Zi Ae¯’vb nIqvq fviZ wbf©i
cÖwZiÿv Kg©m~wP M„nxZ n‡q _v‡K| ZvB wbivcËv, cÖwZiÿv, Lv`¨ I R¦vjvwb Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k‡K fvi‡Zi
Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z nq|
4) `y‡h©vM:
evsjv‡`‡ki DcK~j dv‡bj AvK…wZi nIqvq evsjv‡`k mvB‡K¬vb I jeYv³Zvi ¯^xKvi n‡”Q| d‡j `y‡h©v‡Mi SzuwK‡Z
evsjv‡`k GB A‡ji fviZ I wgqvbgvi †_‡K †ewk `y‡h©v‡Mi SzuwK‡Z _v‡K|
5) mgy`ªmxgv AwaKvi `L‡j ciwbf©ikxÿv:
dv‡bj AvK…wZi nIqvq fviZ I wgqvbgv‡ii mv‡_ mgxn K‡i mgy`ªmxgv †fvM Ki‡Z nq|
6) b`xfv½b:
fvwU A‡j Aew¯’Z nIqvq evsjv‡`k b`xfv½‡bi wkKvi nq|
7) cvwb e›U‡b mgm¨v:
†ewkifvM b`xi Drm fvi‡Z, ZvB fvi‡Zi B”Qv Awb”Qvq evsjv‡`k cvwb †c‡Z nq ev eb¨vi wkKvi n‡Z nq| ZvB
b`xMy‡jv be¨Zv msK‡U fz‡M _v‡K| Gi djkÖæwZ‡Z evsjv‡`k K…wl I RjevqyMZ wech©‡qi m¤§yLxb nq|
8) Lv`¨ NvUwZi AvksKv:
b`x fv½b, RbmsL¨v e„w×, RbemwZi Rb¨ K…wl Rwg n«vm I jeYv³Zvi cÖ‡e‡ki d‡j A`~i fwel¨‡Z evsjv‡`k Lv`¨
NvUwZi m¤§yLxb n‡Z cv‡i|
†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v‡bi Kv‡iY Rjevqyi SuzwK:
1. evsjv‡`‡ki 60% f~wg mgy`ªc„ô n‡Z gvÎÑ 5 wgUvi Dc‡i| ZvB mgy`ªc„‡ôi D”PZvi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k †ek SzuwK‡Z Av‡Q|
2. Headley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research (HCCRR) Gi cÖv°jb Abyhvqx,
Òevsjv‡`‡ki mgy`ªc„‡ôi D”PZv 2080 mv‡j 40 †mw›UwgUvi e„w× cv‡eÓ
3. General Circulation Model (GCM) Gi cÖ‡ÿcY Abymv‡i,
Ò2100 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki ZvcgvÎv 2.4 wWMÖx †mjwmqvm Ges e„wócvZ 9.7 kZvsk e„w× cv‡e|Ó
4. World Bank Gi GK mgxÿv cÖwZ‡e`‡b cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q †h,
 cÖwZ 3-5 eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡ki `yB-Z…Zxqvsk AÂj eb¨vcøvweZ nq|
 N~wY©So I eb¨v †gvKv‡ejvq 2050 mvj bvMv` evsjv‡`‡k wewb‡qvM e¨q n‡e 5516 wg. gv. Wjvi
 2050 mv‡j AveZ©K 112 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e|Ó
5. Rvg©vbIqv‡Pi Rjevqy SzuwK m~PK 2021 Abymv‡i evsjv‡`k 13Zg SzuwKc~Y© †`k wn‡m‡e i‡q‡Q|
6. Inter – Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Gi cÖv°jb Abyhvqx,
 K. 2050 mv‡j:
01. evsjv‡`‡k f~wgi 17 kZvsk wejxb n‡e
02. Lv`¨ Drcv`‡bi 30 kZvsk nvwi‡q hv‡e|
03. 19wU DcK~jxq †Rjvi 60 nvRvi eM© wK. wg GjvKv Wz‡e †h‡Z cv‡i|
04. Pvi †KvwU gvbyl jeYv³Zvi SzuwK‡Z co‡e|
L. 2100 mv‡j: GK- Z…Zxqvsk GjvKv Wz‡e hv‡e|
mswÿß Z_¨:
 fvmvbPi:
fvmvbPi †bvqvLvjx †Rjvi nvwZqv Dc‡Rjvi AšÍf~©³| †bvqvLvjx †_‡K 80 wK.wg. I m›Øxc †_‡K 5 wK.wg. `wÿ‡Y
e‡½vcmvM‡i Aew¯’Z| Gi AvqZb 25 eM©gvBj| 4 wW‡m¤^i, 2020 †_‡K GLv‡b †ivwn½v c~be©vmb ïiæ nq| GwU evsjv‡`‡ki
651 bs _vbv| GLv‡b G ch©šÍ ২৫ nvRvi †ivwn½vi Avevmb n‡q‡Q| Gi wbivcËv I mvwe©K ZË¡veav‡b i‡q‡Q evsjv‡`‡k †bŠ
evwnbx|
 g‡nkLvjxi ¸iæZ¡:
evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ cvnvox Øxc g‡nkLvjx| evsjv‡`‡ki ïUwK I jeY wk‡íi Rb¨ weL¨vZ GB AÂjwU eZ©gv‡b Dbœq‡bi
gnh‡Á cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| †`‡ki GKgvÎ wWwRUvj ØxcwUi eZ©gvb A_©‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡mg~n wb¤œiƒc:
1. GLv‡b 2041 mvj bvMv` 12wU KqjvwfwËK, 1wU evqywfwËK Ges 2wU †mŠikw³wfwËK we`y¨r‡K‡›`ªi wbg©vYKvR Pjgvb
i‡q‡Q|
2. 2wU GjGbwR Uvwg©bvj n‡q‡Q|
3. Rvcv‡bi mnvqZvq †`‡ki MfxiZg mgy`ª e›`‡ii KvR GwM‡q Pj‡Q|
4. 2030 mvj bvMv` 5wU A_©‰bwZK AÂj n‡”Q|
5. 86000 GKi AvqZ‡bi g‡a¨ 7351 GKi ebf‚wg|
6. 1wU †Z‡ji wW‡cv|
 g‡nkLvjxi SzuwK:
1. b`x‡Z †djv n‡”Q eR©¨
2. Pj‡Q cvnvo KvUv
3. jeY Pvl ûgKxi gy‡L
4. ebf‚wg DRvo n‡”Q
5. Kg‡e evM`v, †fUwK I KvuKovi Pvl|
 †m›U gvwU©‡bi ¸iæZ¡:
evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ cÖevj Øxc †m›U gvwU©b| 8 eM© wK.wg AvqZ‡bi GB cÖevj ØxcwUi ¸iæZ¡mg~n wb¤œiƒc:
01. evsjv‡`‡ki ch©Ub wk‡íi Ab¨Zg cÖavb †K›`ª|
02. 66 cÖRvwZi cÖevj i‡q‡Q|
03. 187 cÖRvwZi kvgyK-wSbyK|
04. 120 cÖRvwZi cvwL|
05. mywekvj †KIoveb|
06. bxj †evZvg cÖvYxi ch©vßZv|
07. mvgwiK w`K †_‡KI ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
 my›`ie‡bi ¸iæZ¡:
evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ g¨vb‡MÖvf AiY¨ my›`ieb| 6017 eM© wK.wg AvqZ‡bi ¸iæZ¡mg~n wb¤œiƒc:
01. 1797 mvj †_‡K 2009 ch©šÍ 478wU †QvU eo mvB‡K¬vb I R‡jv”Qvm‡K †VwK‡q †`q|
02. MZ 40 eQ‡i 149wU mvB‡K¬vb‡K †VwK‡q †`q my›`ieb|
03. DcK‚jxq 19wU †Rjvq †`‡ki 25% gvbyl emevm K‡i Ges GB 25% gvby‡li wRwWwci 25% Ae`vb iv‡L my›`ieb
04. 40 jvL gvbyl cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿfv‡e my›`ie‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj|
05. †`‡ki msiwÿZ ebv‡ji 51% Ae`vb iv‡L my›`ieb|
06. eb †_‡K †gvU Av‡qi 21% Ae`vb iv‡L my›`ieb|
 07. KvV I R¦vjvwb e¨env‡ii 45% Av‡m my›`ieb †_‡K|
08. eb¨ cÖvYxi AfqviY¨|

evsjv‡`‡ki mgy`ª msiÿY AÂj (Marine Protected Area)

2022 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii eb, cwi‡ek I Rjevqy cwieZ©b gš¿Yvjq Marine Protected Area
†NvlYv K‡i| 2012 mv‡ji eb¨ cÖvYx msiÿY AvB‡bi 13(1) I 13(2) Aby‡”Q‡`i Av‡jv‡K mgy`ª msiÿY GjvKv †NvlYv Kiv
nq|
D‡Ïk¨- 6wU| h_vÑ
1. RvnvR I BwÄbPvwjZ †bŠhvb PjvPj wbqš¿Y
2. grm¨ m¤ú` AvniY wbqš¿Y
3. eR©¨ I ivmvqwbK c`v_© wb‡ÿc bv Kiv
4. cÖevj iÿv
5. Rxe‰ewPΨ iÿv
6. Rjevqy msiÿY|

cÖ‡U‡±W Gwiqvmg~n: †gvU 13wU|

1. †mvqvP Ae †bv MÖvDÛ GjvKv I cvk^©eZ©x GjvKvq 1748 eM© wK. wg GjvKv
2. †m›U gvwU©b I cvk^©eZ©x GjvKvi 1743 eM© wK. wg. GjvKv
3. my›`ie‡bi cwðgvs‡k 452 eM© wK. wg GjvKv
4. my›`ie‡bi c~e©vs‡k 355 eM© wK. wg GjvKv
5. Pi KzKwi gyKwi GjvKv, †fvjv (cÖ¯ÍvweZ)
6. wbSyg Øxc GjvKv, †bvqvLvjx (cÖ¯ÍvweZ)
7. KzZyew`qv AvBj¨vÛ GjvKv, K·evRvi (cÖ¯ÍvweZ)
8. Ab¨vb¨ GjvKv (cÖ¯ÍvweZ 6wU)
 wØZxq Aa¨vq: evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v
evsjv‡`‡ki RbwgwZK jf¨vsk (Demographic Dividend)
hLb †Kv‡bv †`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi 50% gvbyyl Awbf©ikxj Rb‡Mvôxi AšÍf©y³ nq ZLb Zv‡K RbwgwZK jf¨vsk ejv nq| 15
†_‡K 64 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ †h Rb‡Mvôx _v‡K, Zv‡K Awbf©ikxj Rb‡Mvôx e‡j| RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi µgk n«vm Ges Mo Avqy †e‡o
†M‡j GKwU e„nr Rb‡Mvôx †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z AskMÖnY Ki‡Z mÿg nq| evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivi 2012 mv‡ji wn‡m‡e
ejv nq, evsjv‡`k 2012 mv‡j †W‡gvMÖvwdK wWwf‡W‡Û cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q|

Demographic Dividend ev RbwgwZK jf¨vsk:

Demographic Dividend ev RbwgwZK jf¨vsk n‡jv hLb †gvU RbmsL¨vi 50% kZvsk Kg©ÿg Ges bvix cÖwZ mšÍvb Rb¥`v‡bi
nvi (Fentility rate) 2.1 kZvs‡ki wb‡P _v‡K, ZLb Zv‡K RbwgwZK jf¨vsk e‡j|
UNFPA Gi g‡Z,
“a boost in economic productivity that occurs when there are growing numbers of people in the
workforce relative to the number of dependents”

 evsjv‡`k Demographic Dividend AR©b K‡i‡Q Zvi wPÎ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv:
 eZ©gvb RbmsL¨v KvVv‡gv : Rbïgvwi 2022 Abymv‡i
Fertility Rate : 2.04 Rb
¯’zj Rb¥nvi : 18.1 Rb
¯’zj g„Zz¨nvi : 4.9 Rb
Mo Avqy : 72.6 eQi
wkï g„Zz¨nvi : 21 Rb (nvRv‡i)

 BBS 2017 Abymv‡i, evsjv‡`‡ki Kg©ÿg (15-64) eQi RbMYÑ 10.354 †KvwU, hv †gvU RbmsL¨vi: 68 kZvsk
 UNDP 2019 Abymv‡i evsjv‡`‡ki Kg©ÿg RbMYÑ 10.56 †KvwU, hv †gvU RbmsL¨vi 66 kZvsk
 The Economist (2012) Gi g‡Z,evvsjv‡`k RbwgwZK jf¨vsk AR©b K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki 65 kZvsk RbMY Kg©ÿg
Ges Zv 2042 mvj ch©šÍ Pj‡e|
Family Size  Labour Supply  Savings 

Life Span  Human Capital  Economic Growth 

Dch©y³ QK †_‡K †`Lv hvq, †`kwU hLb Rb¥nvi wb¤œ Ges g„Zz¨nvi ¯^vfvweK _v‡K, ZLb Demographic Dividend N‡U Ges H
mg‡qi Rb¨ 2wU kZ© _v‡K| h_vÑ
µ: bs kZ© ch©vq
01 Rb¥nvi n«vm cvIqv cÖv_wgK ch©vq
02 Mo Avqy e„w× cwic°Zv/ c~Y©Zv

Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbvq cvB †h, GKwU ivóª Demographic Dividend AR©b Ki‡j 4wU myweav †fvM K‡i h_v,
01. kÖ‡gi †hvMv‡bi DbœwZ (Labour Supply)
02. m‡qi cÖe„w× (Savings)
03. gvbe cyuwR ev `ÿZv AR©b (Human Capital)
04. A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©b (Economic Growth)
Demographic dividend Gi evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^iƒc:
1. wRwWwc e„w×:
A_©eQi wRwWwc (†gvU)
2023-24 50.48 jvL †KvwU UvKv
2022-23 44.39 jvL †KvwU UvKv
2021-22 39.76 jvL †KvwU UvKv
2020-21 35.30 jvL †KvwU UvKv
2019-20 31.70 jvL †KvwU UvKv
2018-19 29.51 jvL †KvwU UvKv
wRwWwci µgk Djøçb evsjv‡`‡ki RbwgwZK jf¨vs‡ki cÖgvY †`q|

2. wRwWwc cÖe„w×:
A_©eQi wRwWwc cÖe„w×
2023-24 5.82%
2022-23 6.03%
2021-22 7.50%
2020-21 6.94%
2019-20 3.45%
2018-19 7.88%
2017-18 7.11%
wRwWwc cÖe„w×i µgk BwZevPK cwieZ©b evsjv‡`‡ki RbwgwZK jf¨vs‡ki cÖgvY †`q|

3. gv_vwcQz wRwWwc I gv_vwcQz (Avq)

A_©eQi gv_vwcQz wRwWwc gv_vwcQz Avq
2023-24 2784 Wjvi 2675 Wjvi
2022-23 2627 Wjvi 2765 Wjvi
2021-22 2723 Wjvi 2824 Wjvi
2020-21 2462 Wjvi 2591 Wjvi
2019-20 2234 Wjvi 2326 Wjvi
2018-19 2122 Wjvi 2209 Wjvi

4. RvZxq mÂq I wewb‡qvM e„w×:

LvZ 2021-22 A_©eQi 2023-24 A_©eQi
†`kR mÂq 26.02% 27.61%
RvZxq mÂq 30.22% 31.86%
wewb‡qvM 31.25% 30.98%
5. ißvwb Avq µgk e„w×:
A_©eQi ißvwb Avq ißvwb cÖe„w×
2023-24 55.28 wewjqb Wjvi (-)0.49%
2022-23 55.56 wewjqb Wjvi 6.67%
2021-22 52.08 wewjqb Wjvi 34.38%
2020-21 38.76 wewjqb Wjvi 15.10%
2019-20 33.67 wewjqb Wjvi -16.93%
2018-19 41.00 wewjqb Wjvi 10.5%
6. †kÖYxwfwËK kÖgkw³i nvi:
 ¯^í`ÿÑ 46.2%
 `ÿÑ 24.35%
 Avav `ÿÑ 22.28%
 †ckvRxexÑ 4.17%
 Ab¨vb¨Ñ 3% [mgxÿv: 2023]
7. RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi µgk n«vm:
Av`gïgvixi mvj nvi (%)
1991 2.56%
2001 2.05%
2011 1.37%
2022 1.22%
8. wkÿvi nvi µgk e„w×:
mvj nvi (%)
2024 76.8%
2023 76.4%
2022 75.2%
2021 75.2%
2020 74.4%
2019 72.31%

9. Mo Avqy e„w×:
mvj 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
Mo Avqy (eQi) 64 70.9 71.6 72 72.3 72.6 72.8 72.8 73.2 72.3 72.3

10. cÖevmx Av‡qi µgk e„w×:

 cÖvq 120 †KvwU Kg©ÿg cÖevmx
 evsjv‡`k Rbkw³ ißvwb‡ZÑ 6ô e„nËg Ges cÖevmx Av‡qÑ 7g e„nËg †`k|
 cÖevmx Avq (wewjqb Wjvi)
A_©eQi cÖevmx Avq
2023-24 cÖvq 23.91 wewjqb Wjvi
2022-23 cÖvq 21.61 wewjqb Wjvi
2021-22 cÖvq 21.03 wewjqb Wjvi
2020-21 cÖvq 24.77 wewjqb Wjvi
2019-20 cÖvq 18.21 wewjqb Wjvi
2018-19 cÖvq 16.42 wewjqb Wjvi
2017-18 cÖvq 14.98 wewjqb Wjvi
2016-17 cÖvq 12.76 wewjqb Wjvi
11. K…wl Drcv`b:
 2022-23 A_©eQ‡i 3.90 †KvwU †gwUªK Ub Pvj Drcv`b nq Gevs we‡k^ 3q e„nËg †`k Pvj Drcv`bKvix
 2022-23 A_©eQ‡i Lv`¨ DØ„wZÑ 3.17 jvL †gwUªK Ub
Demographic Dividend Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi P¨v‡jÄ:
1. cwiKíbvnxbZv:
 2012 mv‡ji ci bZzb †Kv‡bv RbmsL¨v bxwZi cÖ‡qvM bvB|
 hyebxwZ- 2017 AbymiY Kivi †Kv‡bv ev¯ÍeZv †bB|
2. wkÿv I cÖwkÿ‡Yi Afve:
KvwiMwi wkÿvq AMÖMwZ GB GKwesk kZ‡KI bv‡ggvÎ| Avgiv †`‡LwQ Rvcvb MZ kZvãx †klfv‡M RbwgwZwK
jf¨vs‡ki myweav cvq Ges Zv h_vh_fv‡e †fvM Ki‡Z KvwiMwi wkÿvq ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i|
3. `ÿ cÖevmx kÖwgK ˆZwi Ki‡Z bv cviv:
Rbkw³‡Z ißvbx‡Z †mLv‡b 6ô n‡jI, cÖevmx Av‡q 7g e„nËg †`k| Avi GB AmvÄm¨Zvq GKgvÎ KviY `ÿ cÖevmx
kÖwgK ˆZwi Ki‡Z bv cviv|
4. Dutch Disease †gvKv‡ejvq cwiKíbvnxbZv:
ißvbx Av‡qi 87% Av‡m †cvkvK LvZ †_‡K Ges µgk GB Ae`vb evo‡Q| ZvB ejv hvq, evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi
GKgvÎ ¯Í¤¢ †cvkvK LvZ| †Kv‡bvfv‡e Gi aŸm n‡j weKí Kx? Zv Avgiv †KDB Rvwb bv|
5. PZz_© wkíwecøe †gvKv‡ejvq cwiKíbvnxbZv:
PZz_© wkí wecø‡ei cÖfv‡ei SzuwK Kgv‡Z miKv‡ii DwPr GB wekvj Awbf©ikxj Rb‡Mvôxi gvbe cyuwR (Human Capital)
†K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv| GLbI †m m¤ú‡K© mwVK MvBWjvBb cvIqv hvqwb| AwfÁZv I `ÿZvB n‡jv gvbe cyuwR|
6. bvix‡`i AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡Z bv cviv:
†hLv‡b †gvU RbmsL¨vi 51% bvix, †mLv‡b K‡g© wbhy³ bvixi nvi 35 kZvs‡kiI Kg| ZvB e„nr †Mvôx‡K Kv‡R
jvMv‡Z mwVK I Kvh©Ki c`‡ÿc †Pv‡L co‡Q bv|
7. wewb‡qvMKvixi wbivcËvi wbðqZvi Afve:
†h‡nZz Awbf©ikxj Rb‡Mvôxi w`K †_‡K evsjv‡`k we‡k^i 6ô e„nËg †`k, †m‡nZz GB †`‡k e„nr evRvi m„wó n‡q‡Q|
ZvB wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i Rb¨ GKwU AvKl©‡Yi RvqMv n‡jv evsjv‡`k| wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i wbivcËvi wbðqZv cÖ`vb
Ki‡j evsjv‡`k RbwgwZK jf¨vs‡ki myweav †fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e mn‡RB|

Demographic Dividend Kv‡R jvMv‡bvvi P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejvq KiYxq:

1. 8g cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb:
1.13 †KvwU Kg©ms¯’vb wbwðZ Kivi K_v i‡q‡Q 8g cÂevwl©K cwiKíbvq| ZvB GB cwiKíbv h_vh_fv‡e ev¯Íevq‡b
†Rvi †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i|
2. hyebxwZ 2017 ev¯Íevqb:
hye‡`i eqm 18-35 eQi Ges Zv‡`i‡K Kg©‡ÿ‡Î wbhy³ Ki‡Z n‡e| hye Dbœqb Awa`ßi‡K AviI MwZkxj Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i|
3. `ÿZvi AskMÖnY:
`ÿ Rbkw³‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ Aem‡ii eqm evwo‡q Ges PvKzwi‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki eqmI evov‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| `ÿZv
evov‡Z National Skill Development Authority †K AviI MwZkxj f‚wgKv ivL‡Z n‡e|
04. Dutch Diseuse †gvKv‡ejvq cwiKíbv:
MZ 3-4wU A_©eQ‡i wRwWwc‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I Ab¨Zg kxl© f‚wgKv ivL‡Q K…wl I K…wlRvZ cY¨| ZvB MwZkxj A_©bxwZ
I WvP wWwR‡Ri gZ SzuwK †gvKv‡ejvq K…wlwfwËK †UKmB A_©bxwZi ¸iæZ¡ †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i|
05. bvix‡`i AskMÖnY e„w×:
85% bvixB K…wlKv‡R wb‡qvwRZ, Zv‡`i‡K K…wli cvkvcvwk Ab¨ Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
06. kÖgevRvi e„w×:
kÖwgK‡`i `ÿZvi Dbœqb, cÖwkÿY, RbM‡Yi Pvwn`vi cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g kÖgevRvi e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e|
 07. `ªæZ SEZ Kiv:
2030 mv‡ji Av‡M 100wU SEZ Gi KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi d‡j AšÍZ 8 jvL Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM ˆZwi n‡e|
08. BIDA I OSS †K AvaywbKvqb Kiv:
evsjv‡`k ißvwb cÖwµqvRvZKiY AÂj KZ…©cÿ (†eRv) 2019 mv‡j wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i myweav‡_© One Stop Service
Pvjy K‡i| evsjv‡`k wewb‡qvM Dbœqb KZ…©cÿI GB †mev Pvjy Ki‡Z cv‡i|
09. D‡`¨v³v m„wó‡Z cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv:
10. `ÿZvi Dbœq‡b 3wU wfwˇK kw³kvjx Kiv:
K. mvaviY wkÿv
L. KvwiMix wkÿv
M. `ÿZvi cÖwkÿY
GB wZbwU wfwËi kw³kvjxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g RbwgwZK jf¨vs‡ki myweav †fvM Kiv m¤¢e|

2022 mv‡ji Rbïgvix‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨vi ˆewkó¨:

GK bR‡i Rbïgvwi I M„nMYbv-2022:
RbmsL¨v : 16 †KvwU 51 jvL 58 nvRvi 616 Rb
cyiæl : 8 †KvwU 17 jvL 12 nvRvi 824 Rb
bvix : 8 †KvwU 33 jvL 47 nvRvi 206 Rb
Z…Zxq wj½ : 12,629 Rb
RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi : 1.22%
NbZ¡ : 1119 Rb
bvix: cyiæl : 100: 98
¯^vÿiZvi nvi : 75.66%
DcRvwZ : 16.5 jvL
fvmgvb Rb‡Mvôx : 22, 185 Rb
evmM„n : 3 †KvwU 59 jvL 90 nvRvi 951wU
Lvbvi msL¨v : 4 †KvwU 10 jvL 10 nvRvi 351wU
cwievi cÖwZ RbmsL¨v : 4 Rb
B›Uvi‡bU e¨enviKvix : 30.68%
†gvevBj e¨enviKvix : 55.89%
Rbïgvwi I M„nMYbv-2022 Gi ˆewkó¨:
01. RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ †e‡o‡Q:
Av`gïgvixi mvj RbmsL¨v (Rb)
1981 624
1991 755
2001 834
2011 964
2022 1119
0২. eq‡mi Abycv‡Z RbmsL¨v:
†`‡k ZiæY Rb‡Mvôx- 4.59 †KvwU, hv †gvU RbmsL¨vi 27.82%|
15-29 eQi = 27.82%
1-59 eQi = 90.75%
60+ eQi = 9.28%
0-40 eQi = 70%
AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e Kg©ÿg eqm = 15-64 eQi
03. MÖvg I kû‡i RbmsL¨vi cv_©K¨:
Av`gïgvixi mvj MÖvg (Rb) kni (Rb)
1974 91.2 8.8
1981 84.8 15.2
1991 79.9 20.1
2001 76.3 23.7
2011 72.79 27.21
2022 69.53 30.47
04. †gvU RbmsL¨v †e‡o‡Q:
Av`gïgvwi mvj RbmsL¨v (†KvwU)
1961 5.04
1974 7.64
1981 8.99
1991 11.14
2001 12.92
2011 14.97
2022 16.51

05. bvix msL¨v †e‡o‡Q:

mvj bvix (†KvwU) cyiæl (†KvwU)
2011 7.47 7.49
2022 8.33 8.17
bvix-cyiæl AbycvZ:
mvj bvix (Rb) cyiæl (Rb) mvj bvix (Rb) cyiæl (Rb)
1981 100 106.1 2011 100 100.3
1991 100 105.8 2022 100 98
2001 100 103.8
06. †QvU n‡q‡Q cwiev‡ii m`m¨ msL¨v:
2022 mv‡j cwiev‡ii m`m¨ msL¨vÑ 4 Rb
2011 mv‡j cwiev‡ii m`m¨ msL¨v wQjÑ 4.4 Rb
07. ¯^vÿiZvi nvi †e‡o‡Q:
2022 Rbïgvwi‡Z ¯^vÿiZvi nviÑ 76.4%
2011 Rbïgvwi‡Z ¯^vÿiZvi nviÑ 52%
08. msL¨vjNy K‡g‡Q:
2022 Rbïgvwi‡Z msL¨vjNy nviÑ 9%
2011 Rbïgvwi‡Z msL¨vjNy nviÑ 11%
09. DcRvwZi nvi K‡g‡Q:
2022 Rbïgvwi‡Z DcRvwZi nviÑ 0.99%
2011 Rbïgvwi‡Z DcRvwZi nviÑ 1.01%
[K¬vm †jKPvi AbymiY Kivi Rb¨ ejv n‡jv]
 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 1
IMF Gi kZ©mg~n evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi Rb¨ BwZevPK bvwK A‡hŠw³K? IMF Gi kZ©c~i‡Y KiYxq Kx?
AvšÍR©vwZK gy`ªv Znwej (IMF) Gi c~Y©iƒc International Monetary Fund. 1944 mv‡ji RyjvB gv‡m weªUbDWm m‡¤§j‡b 44wU
†`‡ki cÖwZwbwai ¯^vÿ‡i IMF cÖwZôvi Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq| 1947 mv‡ji 27 wW‡m¤^i GwU AvbyôvwbKfv‡e Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i|
 IMF Gi Kvh©vewj:
1. m`m¨ iv󪸇jvi cÖK…Z Avq e…w× I Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨vcv‡i mn‡hvwMZv
2. gy`ªv msµvšÍ AvšÍR©vwZK mn‡hvwMZv e…w×
3. m`m¨ †`kmg~‡n cvi¯úvwiK †jb‡`‡b k…․Ljv Ges wewbg‡q w¯’wZkxjZv iÿv
4. m`m¨ †`kmg~‡ni †jb‡`‡b NvUwZ c~iY ev fvimv‡g¨i AmvgÃm¨ `~i Ki‡Z gy`ªvi †hvMvb †`qv Ges DØ…Ë gy`ªv µq Kiv|
5. gy`ªv welqK wewawb‡la we‡jv‡ci Dcvq wba©vi‡Y mnvqZv K‡i m`m¨ †`kmg~‡ni PjwZ †jb‡`b †gUv‡bvi Rb¨|
6. ˆe‡`wkK evwYR¨ `ªæZ e…w×i Rb¨ mnvqZv K‡i|
 IMF Gi FY`v‡bi kZ©:
IMF Gi †jvb w`‡q †Kvb †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b NUv‡bv‡K ejv nq Structural Adjustment Program
(SAP). †gv‡Ui Dci ejv hvq †h, AvBGgGd Gi FY`vb bxwZgvjv‡K ms‡ÿ‡c SAP e‡j|
SAP- Gi g‡a¨ †hmKj kZ©¸‡jv _v‡KÑ
1. ev‡R‡U fvimvg¨ wb‡q Avmv
2. ivóªxq fZz©wK Zz‡j †bIqv
3. ivóªvqË cÖwZôvb e¨w³gvwjKvbvq †Q‡o †`Iqv
4. evwYR¨ I gy`ªvbxwZ D`vixKiY (iv‡óªi cÖfve Kg _vK‡e, evwYR¨ I gy`ªvbxwZ gy³evRvi A_©bxwZi wbqg AbymiY Ki‡e)
5. cyuwRcÖevn euvavnxb Kiv (wewb‡qvMKvixiv mn‡R wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z AvK…ó nq)
6. ivR¯^ bxwZ †_‡K ivR¯^ cÖkvmb‡K c…_K Kiv
7. e¨w³MZ AvqKi †_‡K ivR¯^ Av`vq e…w×
8. g~j¨ ms‡hvRb K‡ii nvi wVK Kiv
9. Avw_©K Lv‡Zi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AvBb cÖYqb I cyiv‡bv AvB‡bi ms‡kvab
 evsjv‡`k I IMF:
AvšÍR©vwZK gy`ªvfvÛv‡ii m‡½ evsjv‡`‡ki 470 †KvwU Wjv‡ii FY Kg©m~wPi 03 wKw¯Í‡Z G ch©šÍ 231 †KvwU Wjvi cvIqv †M‡Q|
evwK 4 wKw¯Í‡Z cÖvße¨ 239 †KvwU Wjvi| PZz_© wKw¯Í‡Z FY †gvU 64.50 †KvwU Wjvi| gy`ªv Znwej ej‡Q †h Zv‡`i †`qv kZ©
c~iY bv Kivi Kvi‡Y 4_© wKw¯Íi FY mvgwqKfv‡e ¯’wMZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k ej‡Q wKQz wKQz †`qv kZ© GLbB gvbv m¤¢e bq|
[m~Î: ewYK evZ©v]
evsjv‡`‡k AvšÍR©vwZK gy`ªv Znwej (IMF) †_‡K FY cÖ`v‡bi †‣‡Î Extended Credit Facility, Extended Fund Facility
Ges Resilience and Sustainability Facility Gi AvIZvq GB kZ©¸‡jv wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ IMF Gi kZ©¸‡jv we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:

1. ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi wiRvf© e„w×:
jÿ¨: AvšÍR©vwZK wiRvf© (NIR) 2026 mv‡ji g‡a¨ Ggb ch©v‡q wb‡q hvIqv, hv‡Z Zv Kgc‡‣ 4 gv‡mi Avg`vwb
e¨q †gUv‡bv m¤¢e nq|
c`‡¶c:
 wewbgq nvi‡K evRviwfwËK Kiv, hv‡Z UvKvi gvb K…wÎgfv‡e a‡i bv †i‡L Pvwn`v-mieiv‡ni wfwˇZ wba©vwiZ nq
 ißvwb Avq evov‡bv Ges ûwÛi gva¨‡g †iwgU¨vÝ Kwg‡q ˆea P¨v‡b‡j cÖevn evov‡bv|
 Avg`vwb wbqš¿‡Y K‡Vvi e¨e¯’v, we‡kl K‡i wejvmeûj c‡Y¨i Dci|
2. ivR¯^ msMÖn e„w×:
j¶¨: Ki-wRwWwc AbycvZ evwo‡q ivR¯^ Avq e…w× Kiv|
c`‡¶c:
2 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
 Ki Qvo (U¨v• nwj‡W) Kgv‡bv Ges Ki duvwK †iv‡a K‡Vvi bRi`vwi|
 f¨vU (VAT) Ges AvqKi AvBb ms¯‹vi K‡i AviI e¨w³ I cÖwZôvb‡K K‡ii AvIZvq Avbv|
 RvZxq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i (NBR) cÖkvmwbK m‣gZv e…w× Ges wWwRUvjvB‡Rkb|
3. fZ©ywK n«vm I evRviwfwËK g~j¨ wba©viY:
j¶¨: miKvwi e¨q Kgv‡bv Ges A_©bxwZ‡Z evRv‡ii f‥wgKv evov‡bv|
c`‡¶c:
 R¡vjvwb (†Zj, M¨vm), we`y¨r Ges K…wl‡Z mv‡ii fZ©ywK Kgv‡bv| GB LvZ¸‡jv‡Z evRviwfwËK g~j¨ wba©viY
e¨e¯’v Pvjy Kiv| A_©vr, R¡vjvwbi `vg AvšÍR©vwZK evRv‡ii m‡½ mgš^q Kiv
 we`y¨r Drcv`b I weZi‡Y `‣Zv evov‡bv|
4. e¨vswKs †m±i ms¯‹vi:
j¶¨: Avw_©K Lv‡Z w¯’wZkxjZv I ¯^‧QZv Avbv|
c`‡¶c:
 †Ljvwc F‡Yi nvi 10% Gi wb‡P bvwg‡q Avbv|
 e¨vsK¸‡jvi Rb¨ Basel III gvb`Ð (cyuwR ch©vßZv, SyuwK e¨e¯’vcbv) ev¯Íevqb|
 Lvivc FY cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GKwU A¨v‡mU g¨v‡bR‡g›U †Kv¤úvwb (AMC) MVb|
 e¨vswKs Lv‡Z mykvmb wbwðZ Kiv|
5. gy`ªvbxwZ I †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki ms¯‹vi:
j¶¨: gy`ªvýxwZ wbqš¿Y Ges Avw_©K bxwZi Kvh©KvwiZv evov‡bv|
c`‡¶c:
 evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki ¯^vqËkvmb evov‡bv, hv‡Z miKv‡ii ivR‰bwZK cÖfve K‡g|
 my‡`i nvi evRviwfwËK K‡i gy`ªvýxwZ wbqš¿‡Y bgbxqZv Avbv|
 Crawling Peg ev Abyiƒc wewbgq nvi e¨e¯’v Pvjy Kiv|
6. Rjevqy cwieZ©b †gvKvwejv:
j¶¨: cwi‡ekMZ SyuwK Kgv‡bv Ges †UKmB Dbœqb|
c`‡¶c:
 Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF) Gi AvIZvq 1.4 wewjqb Wjvi Rjevqy msµvšÍ cÖK‡í
wewb‡qvM|
 meyR A_©vqb (Green Financing) Ges Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve †gvKvwejvq bxwZ MÖnY|

 ev¯Íevq‡bi AMÖMwZ (GwcÖj 2025 ch©šÍ)

1. evsjv‡`k B‡Zvg‡a¨ R¡vjvwb I we`y¨‡Zi `vg evwo‡q‡Q Ges wewbgq nv‡i wKQzUv bgbxqZv G‡b‡Q|
2. wiRvf© evov‡bvi j‡‣¨ †iwgU¨vÝ cÖevn evo‡jI Avg`vwb wbqš¿‡Y cy‡ivcywi mdjZv Av‡mwb|
3. Ki msMÖn evov‡bvi †‣‡Î GLbI eo ai‡bi AMÖMwZ `…k¨gvb bq|
4. LvZIqvwi f¨vU e…w× I bZzb K‡i Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 m¤¢ve¨ cÖfve
1. GB kZ©¸‡jv c~iY Ki‡j evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ `xN©‡gqv‡` kw³kvjx n‡Z cv‡i
2. GB kZ©¸‡jv c~iY Ki‡j evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ ¯^í‡gqv‡` RbM‡Yi Dci Pvc evo‡Z cv‡i|
3. fZ©ywK Kgv‡bvi d‡j RxebhvÎvi e¨q e…w× †c‡Z cv‡i|
4. e¨vswKs ms¯‹v‡i ivR‰bwZK cÖwZeÜKZv eo P¨v‡jà n‡q `uvov‡Z cv‡i|
 BwZevPK w`K:
1. ms¯’vwUi (IMF) wek^vm, Zv‡`i kZ©¸‡jv c~iY Ki‡j GKwU †`k‡K Avi Avw_©K mvnvh¨ PvB‡Z n‡e bv|
 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 3
2. evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z IMF Gi m¤ú~Y© Av¯’v, †m Rb¨ Zviv F‡Yi kZ© wn‡m‡e evRvi D`vixKi‡Y P~ovšÍ kZ© Av‡ivc K‡i|
3. †Kvb †`k fzj bxwZ, A-e¨e¯’vcbv ev cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi g‡Zv Kvi‡Y wech©¯Í n‡q c‡o Ges Ab¨ evRvi †_‡K FY
†bIqv SuywKc~Y© g‡b K‡i ZLbB †`k¸‡jv IMF Gi Øvi¯’ nq| Gme †ÿ‡Î IMF ¯^í my‡` I ¯^í †gqv‡` FY †`q|
`wi`ª †`k¸‡jv‡K webv my‡`I FY †`q|
4. evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi Rb¨ eo msKU ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi wiRvf©| IMF Gi my‡`i nvi Kg I `xN©‡gqv`x nIqvi d‡j GB
FY wiRv‡f©i NvUwZ Kgv‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e|
5. e¨vsK Avw_©K Lv‡Zi ms¯‹vi, ivR¯^ e¨e¯’vcbvq DbœwZ, †Ljvwc FY cwiw¯’wZi DbœwZ G¸‡jv IMF Gi F‡Yi kZ©,
F‡Yi myev‡` hw` `ªæZ GB Lv‡Zi DbœwZ nq Z‡e Zv A_©bxwZi Rb¨ fv‡jv|
 †bwZevPK w`K:
1. IMF Gi G ai‡bi kZ©v‡iv‡c FY`vb cÖm‡½ mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cvIqv cZ©ywMR †jLK nv‡m mvivmv‡Mv (José de Sousa
Saramago) e‡jwQ‡jbÑ
Òwek^ †h 3wU cÖwZôvb Øviv cwiPvwjZ n‡‧QÑ wek^e¨vsK, IMF I wek^evwYR¨ ms¯’v, Zviv †KDB MYZvwš¿K bqÓ|
2. gvwK©b A_©bxwZwe` †Rv‡md w÷Mwjrm (Joseph Eugene Stiglitz) e‡jb,
ÒIMF Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki Rb¨ bxwZ cÖYq‡b e¨_© n‡‧Q;
ms¯’vwU lohš¿ bv Ki‡jI cwðgv Avw_©K Lv‡Zi Av`‡k© cwiPvwjZ n‡‧Q|Ó
3. IMF Gi Kv‡Q F‡Yi Rb¨ Av‡e`b Ki‡j a‡i †bIqv nq †h †mB †`k mvgwóK A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v mwVKfv‡e Ki‡Z
cvi‡Q bv| FY †`Iqvi kZ© wn‡m‡e †`kwUi †mB `ye©j RvqMv‡ZB nvZ †`q IMF.
4. me‡P‡q `xN©¯’vqx mgv‡jvPbv n‡‧Q IMF A_©‰bwZK cÖe…wׇK †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`q Ges KvVv‡gvMZ mgš^‡qi Kvi‡Y †h
`y`©kv †fvM Ki‡Z nq †m¸‡jv‡K D‡cÿv K‡i|
5. FYMÖnxZv †`k¸‡jvi ivR‰bwZK-A_©bxwZi AšÍ©wbwnZ mgm¨v Avg‡j †bIqv nq bv|

6. IMF Gi FY cÖvwßi †ÿ‡Î ÒParis Declaration on Aid Effectiveness- 2005Ó †NvlYvq ejv n‡qwQj,
ÒDbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv wb‡RivB Dbœq‡bi †KŠkj cÖYqb I e¨e¯’vcbv Ki‡e Avi Zv Ki‡Z Zv‡`i mnqZv Ki‡e
`vZviv| m`m¨ †`k¸‡jv gvb‡jI IMF I wek^e¨vs‡Ki eûcÿxq `vZv ms¯’v¸‡jv Gi ¯^vÿiKvix bq|Ó
7. e¨vsK miKv‡ii nv‡Z _vK‡j MÖvgv‡j kvLv Ly‡j K…lK‡`i mivmwi FY †`Iqv hvq; wKš` ms¯’vwU PvqB bv e¨vsK
miKv‡ii nv‡Z _vKzK|
8. Avwki `k‡K bvbv A_©‰bwZK msK‡Ui Kvi‡Y †m mgq Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv I jvwZb Av‡gwiKvi eû †`k‡K AvšÍR©vwZK
gy`ªv Znwe‡ji KvQ †_‡K FY MÖnY K‡i‡Z n‡qwQj| †mme F‡Yi wecix‡Z gy`ªvfvÐvi K‡Vvi A_©‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZvi
j‡ÿ¨i kZ© Av‡ivc K‡iwQj| †mme jÿ¨ AR©b Ki‡Z wM‡q bvbv †`‡kiÑ
 ¯^vfvweK cÖe…w× wewNœZ n‡q‡Q
 `vwi`ª¨ e…w× †c‡q‡Q
 AmgZv Nbxf~Z n‡q‡Q Ges
 mvgvwRK LvZ msKzwPZ n‡q‡Q|
GK K_vq, gvby‡li Rxeb Aw¯’wZkxj K‡i A_©‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv wbwðZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zv‡`i †`qv kZ© c~iY Ki‡Z
bv cvivq eû †`‡ki cÖwZkÖæZ F‡Yi wKw¯Í AvU‡K ivLv n‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î FY ch©šÍ evwZj n‡q †M‡Q|
9. 3 gvm ev 90 w`‡bi g‡a¨ FY cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© n‡q GLb †_‡K †h‡Kv‡bv FY †Ljvwc Ki‡Z cvi‡e e¨vsK| IMF kZ©
Abyhvqx AvšÍR©vwZK wbq‡gi m‡½ mvgÃm¨ †i‡L FY †kÖwYKi‡Yi bZzb GB wbqg ˆZwi K‡i‡Q evsjv‡`k e¨vsK| G‡Z
†Ljvwc FY †e‡o hvIqvi Avk¼v †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| MZ wW‡m¤^i †k‡l †Ljvwc †iKW© 3 jvL 45 nvRvi 765 †KvwU UvKv|
 IMF Gi kZ© cyi‡Y KiYxq:
1. ev‡RU NvUwZ wbqš¿Y:
4 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
miKv‡ii ev‡RU NvUwZ Kwg‡q Avbvi Rb¨ e¨q e¨e¯’vcbv DbœZ Ki‡Z n‡e| AcÖ‡qvRbxq e¨q n«vm I ivR¯^ Avq e…w×
K‡i ev‡RU NvUwZ wbqš¿Y Kiv m¤¢e|
2. ˆe‡`wkK FY cwi‡kv‡a mÿgZv e„w×:
FY cwi‡kv‡a mÿgZv e…w×i Rb¨ Ki‡Z n‡eÑ
 ißvwb e…w×
 ißvwb c‡Y¨i ˆewPÎKiY
 †iwgU¨vÝ cÖevn e…w× Ges
 ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi wiRvf© kw³kvjx
3. Ki msMÖn e„w×:
ivR¯^ Avq evov‡Z Ki e¨e¯’vi ms¯‹vi I Ki duvwK †iv‡a Kvh©Ki e¨e¯’v MÖnY|
4. gy`ªvbxwZ K‡VviKiY:
gy`ªvýxwZ wbqš¿‡Y K‡Vvi gy`ªvbxwZ MÖnY Riæwi| evsjv‡`k e¨vsK‡K my‡`i nvi I gy`ªv mieivn wbqš¿‡b Kvh©Ki
c`‡ÿc wb‡Z n‡e|
5. e¨vswKs Lv‡Zi ms¯‹vi:
 ms¯‹vi Ki‡Z n‡eÑ
 †Ljvwc FY wbqš¿Y
 e¨vswKsLv‡Z ¯^‧QZv Revew`wnZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z †Kv¤úvwb AvBb I Avw_©K cÖwZôvb AvBb
6. gy`ªv wewbgq nvi ms¯‹vi:
evRviwfwËK gy`ªv wewbgq nvi wba©vi‡Yi w`‡K AMÖmi n‡Z n‡e| Wjvi I UvKvi wewbgq nv‡i ¯^‧QZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z
Kvh©Ki c`‡ÿc MÖnY cÖ‡qvRb|
7. KvVv‡gvMZ ms¯‹vi:
 miKvwi e¨q e¨e¯’vcbv DbœZ Kiv
 Kg©ms¯’vb e…wÏi Rb¨ wkí I AeKvVv‡gv Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM evov‡bv Ges
 wkÿv I ¯^v¯’¨ Lv‡Z Kvh©KvwiZv evov‡Z n‡e|
8. Rjevqy cwieZ©b †gvKvwejv:
Rjevqy cwieZ©b SuywK †gvKvwejvq `xN©‡gqvw` wewb‡qvM cwiKíbv MÖnY Ges GB Lv‡Z wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK
mn‡hvwMZv I FY myweav e¨envi wbwðZ Kiv DwPZ|
9. Avw_©K Lv‡Z wWwRUvjvB‡Rkb:
Avw_©K Lv‡Z wWwRUvjvB‡Rkb ev A‡Uv‡gmb wm‡÷g Kvh©Ki _vK‡j `yb©xwZ‡iva n‡e Ges miKv‡ii evo‡e| GRb¨
Gi AšÍf©y³ n‡Z n‡eÑ
 ivR¯^ LvZ
 Ki LvZ
 ïé Av`vq
 †Uvj e¨e¯’vcbv
 LvRbv wbw`©óKiY I Av`vq
 wWDwU wba©viY I Av`vq

`ªe¨g~j¨ wbqš¿‡Y Kx Kx c`‡ÿc Riæwi? AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb miKvi Kx Kx c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i‡Q?

“We seek everyone’s cooperation to ensure that prices remain manageable.Ó
Ñ Dr. Yunus on 16th December, 2024
†h g~‡j¨i wewbg‡q gvbyl †Kv‡bv `ªe¨ µq K‡i, †mB g~j¨ gvbyl‡K Avcb †hvM¨Zvq DcvR©b Ki‡Z nq| †m Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv `ª‡e¨i
g~j¨ hw` mvaviY gvby‡li µqÿgZvi evB‡i P‡j hvq, Zvn‡j †m cwiw¯’wZ‡K `ªe¨g~j¨ e…w× e‡j|
 g~j¨ e„w×i KviYmg~n:
 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 5
 AvšÍR©vwZK evRv‡ii cÖfve  Amvay e¨emvqx
 evRvi e¨e¯’vcbvi Afve  RwUj Avg`vwb bxwZ
 wewea c‡Y¨i eZ©gvb Drcv`b I Pvwn`vi ZviZg¨  Revew`wnZvi Abycw¯’wZ I ÖkvmwbK `ye©jZv
 ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv I miKvwi bxwZi Afve  D‧P g~j¨ýxwZ
 mxgvnxb `yb©xwZ  A_©cvPvi

 `ªe¨g~j¨ wbqš¿‡Y Kibxq:

01. Drcv`b e…w×vi gva¨‡g Pvwn`v Abyhvqx †hvMvb wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
02. AvB‡bi mwVK cÖ‡qvM K‡i gRyZ`vi I Amvay-e¨emvqx‡`i `gb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K…wÎg msKU ˆZwi bv nq|
03. c‡Y¨i g~j¨ wba©viY I evRvi Z`viwKi e¨e¯’v †Rvi`vi Kiv|
04. Lv`¨cY¨ msiÿ‡Y miKvi I gvbyl‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx cš’v Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Lv`¨cY¨ msiÿ‡Y Afv‡e bó bv nq|
05. Puv`vevwR I †PvivKvievwi‡`i AvB‡bi AvIZvq Avb‡Z n‡e|
06. AeKvVv‡gv I †hvMv‡hvM cwienb e¨e¯’vi Dbœqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
07. cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi e¨e¯’vi cÖwZdjb GK‡PwUqv evRv‡ii cwie‡Z©|
08. cÖwZwU µq-weµq †K‡›`ª c‡Y¨i ZvwjKvi mv‡_ g~‡j¨i ZvwjKv Szwj‡q w`‡Z n‡e Ges g~j¨ Abyhvqx wewµ wbwðZ
Ki‡Z n‡e|
09. mvgvwRK wbivcËv †eóbx cÖmvi K‡i
10. K…wl‡ÿ‡Î K…wlfzZ©wK e…w× K‡i K…lK‡`i Drcv`‡b DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
11. eûgvwÎK Avg`vwb, Avg`vwb mnRxKiY I Lv`¨ Pvwn`vi weÁvbm¤§Z c~e©vfv‡mi mvgÃm¨ weavb Riæwi|
12. Drcv`K I Avg`vwbKviK †_‡K †fv³v Aewa cÖwZwU ¯Í‡i ch©‡eÿY e¨e¯’v Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e| wUwmwe I Lv`¨
Awa`߇ii gva¨‡g AviI we¯`Z cwim‡i wbZ¨cY¨ wewµ Kiv `iKvi|
13. miKvi wewfbœ ai‡Yi †eAvBwb wmwÛ‡KU Kvh©µg kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i we‡kl weavb Rvwi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
14. A_©cvPvi m¤ú©wKZ AvBb‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx, K‡Vvi I KwVb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 AšÍeZ©xKvjxb miKv‡ii c`‡ÿc:
01. AšÍeZ©x miKvi OMS Ges Lv`¨evÜvi Kg©m~wP welqK bxwZgvjv hy‡Mvc‡hvMx Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKwU Z_¨fvÛvi Kivi
KvR Pj‡Q| Pv‡ji evRvi w¯’wZkxj ivL‡Z me ai‡Yi ïé Qvo †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|
02. wbZ¨c‡Y¨i evRvi cwiw¯’wZ I mievin e¨e¯’v Z`viK I ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡Z 7 A‡±vei †_‡K †Rjv ch©v‡q 10 m`‡m¨i
we‡kl Uv¯‹‡dvm© MVb K‡i w`‡q‡Q evwYR¨ gš¿Yvjq|
03. AvM÷ †_‡K A‡±vei ch©šÍ 6.537wU cÖwZôvb‡K Rwigvbv Kiv nq|
04. wKQz cY¨ Avg`vwb evov‡bvi D‡`¨vM
05. gy`ªvbxwZ ms‡KvPb I bxwZ my`nvi evov‡bvi †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g gy`ªvýxwZ wbqš¿‡Yi †Póv K‡i‡Q|
gvm (mvj) g~j¨ùxwZi nvi Lv`¨ g~j¨ùxwZi nvi
AvM÷ (2024) 10.49% 11.36%
†m‡Þ¤^i (2024) 9.92% 10.4%
A‡±vei (2024) 10.87% 12.66%
b‡f¤^i (2024) 11.38% 13.8%
wW‡m¤^i (2024) 10.89% 12.92%
Rvbyqvwi (2025) 9.94% 10.72%
†deªæqvwi (2025) 9.32% 9.24%
gvP© (2025)
m~Î: weweGm
06. mieivn e¨e¯’v wVK ivL‡Z FYcÎ (LC) †Lvjv mnR Kiv n‡q‡Q|
6 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
07. myjf g~‡j¨ wWg, Avjy, †cuqvR, KuvPv †cu‡c I wewfbœ ai‡Yi meyR kvKmewR c¨v‡KU AvKv‡i 10wU K…wlcY¨ wewµ
Ki‡Q K…wl wecYb Awa`ßi| 15 A‡±vei ïiæ nIqv G Kvh©µ‡gi bvg Agri OMS Kg©m~wP|
08. evRvi wbqš¿‡Y †fv³v A¨v‡mvwm‡qmb (K¨ve) 8 `dv c`‡ÿc wb‡Z mycvwik K‡i‡Q| miKvi Zv Abymi‡Yi cÖwZkÖæwZ
w`‡q‡Q|
1 wW‡m¤^i, 2024 mv‡j f‡qm Ae Av‡gwiKvi Rwic e‡j‡QÑ 44.7% gvbyl g‡b K‡i `ªe¨g~j¨ wbqš¿‡ Y AšÍeZ©xKvjxb miKvi
Av‡Mi miKv‡ii Zzjbvq Lvivc Ki‡Q| Aciw`‡K igRvb gv‡m `ªe¨g~j¨ n«vm †c‡q‡Q Ges cY¨ mieivn ¯^vfvweK wQj e‡j g‡b
K‡i AwaKvsk gvbyl|

evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vmg~n Kx Kx? A_©‰bwZK ms¯‹v‡ii iƒc‡iLv Kx n‡Z cv‡i?

AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb miKv‡ii A_©‰bwZK cwjwmmg~n Kx Kx M„nxZ n‡q‡Q?
 evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v/SzuwKmg~n:
i. Avw_©K mykvmb Abycw¯’Z, ¯^‧QZv, Revew`wnZv wePv‡ii Dcw¯’wZ bvB
ii. †hvM¨Zvi g~j¨vqb Abycw¯’Z
iii. 18 jvL †KvwU UvKvi FY
iv. 234 wewjqb Wjvi cvPvi
v. FY †Ljvwc: MZ wW‡m¤^i †k‡l †Ljvwc F‡Yi †iKW©Ñ 3 jvL 44 nvRvi 765 †KvwU UvKv (†gvU F‡YiÑ 12.56%)
vi. MZ 3 eQi GDP cÖe…w× wb¤œgyLx
vii. Gi Avw_©K m~P‡K evsjv‡`k e¨vsK †RW †¯‹v‡i (me‡P‡q `ye©j, 10 Gi wb‡P m~PK _vK‡j Z)
 evsjv‡`‡ki m~PK gvbÑ 7.1%
 fzUv‡bi m~PK gvbÑ 27%
 DMÛvi m~PK gvbÑ 13.9%
viii. S & P (Standard and Poor's) FYgvb m~P‡K evsjv‡`k BB †MÖW †_‡K B+ G †b‡g‡Q, Gi d‡j Standard and
Poors Gi g‡Z evsjv‡`k Credit rating nvwi‡q‡Q|
ix. A_©bxwZwe` wgRvbyi ingv‡bi g‡Z, GB gyû‡Z© evsjv‡`k A_©bxwZi P¨v‡jà (Challenge) 3wUÑ
1. †UKmB wewb‡qvM evov‡bv
2. `ÿZv AR©b I R¦vjvwbi wbiew‧Qbœ †hvMvb wbwðZ Kiv
3. LDCs gyw³i m¤¢ebv a‡i ivLv
x. †Mvôx kvm‡bi (Oligarch) cÖv`yf©ve|
xi. miKvwi FY †e‡o hvIqv:
 miKvwi Lv‡Z FY †e‡o †M‡j cÖ_gZ †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi FYcÖevn K‡g hvq|
 miKvwi FY evo‡j e¨vsK F‡Yi my`I †e‡o hvq|
 gy`ªvbxwZ‡Z †emiKvwi Lv‡Z FY cÖe…w×i jÿ¨gvÎvÑ 9.8%
 miKvwi F‡Yi cÖe…w×Ñ 17%
xii. wewb‡qv‡M NvUwZ:
 2030 mv‡ji g‡a¨ GmwWwRi jÿ¨gvÎv AR©‡b evsjv‡`k‡K gv_vwcQz cÖvq 400 Wjvi wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| wKš`
ev¯Í‡e 230 Wjv‡ii g‡Zv wewb‡qvM n‡Z cv‡i e‡j g‡b Ki‡Q Iqvì© B‡Kv‡bvwgK †dvivg|
 2024Ñ25 A_©eQ‡ii 1g 6 gv‡m ˆe‡`wkK wewb‡qvM K‡g‡QÑ 71.73%
xiii. g~j¨ùxwZ:
cÖZ¨ÿ cÖfve n‡jv- g~j¨ýxwZi Kvi‡Y kÖwgK‡`i gRywi e…w×i `vwe †Rviv‡jv nq Ges gvby‡li µqÿgZv K‡g hvq|
c‡ivÿ cÖfve n‡jv- D‧P g~j¨ýxwZi Kvi‡Y e¨emvqxiv `xN© †gqv‡` wewb‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î AwbðqZvi gy‡L c‡ob|
†jb‡`‡bi fvimvg¨ _v‡K bv Gevs e¨emvqx‡`i LC Lyj‡Z mgm¨v nq| eZ©gv‡b 9-12% g~j¨ùxwZ|
xiv. Rjevqyi AwbðqZv:
 2 `dv eb¨vi Kvi‡Y AvDk I Avgb Drcv`b Kg n‡q‡Q h_vµ‡g 9 jvL 55 nvRvi Ub I 3 jvL 58 nvRvi Ub|
 miKv‡ii Kv‡Q Lv`¨km¨ gRyZ Av‡QÑ 23.6 % hv 8 jvL Ub Kg|
xv. R¦vjvwb ¯^íZv:
 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 7
M¨vm wbf©i wkí wmivwgK, B¯úvZ, †U•UvBj Gme Lv‡Z Drcv`b e¨vüZ n‡‧Q| wkíKviLvbvq GLb Pvwn`vi 60%
M¨vm mieivn Kiv n‡‧Q| M¨v‡mi ¯^íZv _vKvq wkíKviLvbvq †ikwbs Kiv n‡‧Q|
xvi. World Economic Forum (WEF) m¤úªwZ cÖKvwkZ ˆewk^K cÖwZ‡e`‡b evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi Rb¨ 5 SuywKi K_v
e‡j‡QÑ
1. D‧P g~j¨ýxwZ
2. Pigfvevcbœ AvenvIqvÑ (eb¨v, DòcÖevn, gvwU, cvwb I evqy`~lY)
3. †eKviZ¡
4. A_©‰bwZK my‡hvM m¤úªmvwiZ bv nIqv
5. A_©‰bwZK wb¤œMwZ A_©vr g›`v I ¯’weiZv

 A_©‰bwZK ms¯‹v‡ii iƒc‡iLv Kx n‡Z cv‡i?

1. A‰ea we‡`wk weZvob:
 A‰eafv‡e KvR Ki‡Q cÖvq 10 jvL we‡`wk| XvKv †P¤^vi Ae Kg©vm A¨vÛ BÛvw÷ªi (DCCI) g‡Z cÖwZeQi
we‡`wkiv wb‡q hv‡‧Q cÖvq 10 wewjqb Wjv‡ii g‡Zv (B‡ËdvK 9 RyjvB, 2023)|
 A‰ea we‡`wk‡`i weZvob Ki‡jB cÖvq 10 jÿ †jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’vb n‡e|
 evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki wnmv‡e MZ A_©eQ‡i fvi‡Z †iwgU¨vÝ †M‡QÑ 4 †KvwU 40 jvL Wjvi|
 weR‡bm wfmv wb‡q A‡bK fviZxq Ges Pxbv bvMwiK G‡`‡k KvR Ki‡Q| GB msL¨v wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cvi‡j †`k
wecyj cwigv‡Y ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv mvkÖq Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2. K…wlLv‡Z ¯^wbf©iZv: wek^ Lv`¨ Avg`vwb‡ZÑ 3q (evsjv‡`k)| Lv`¨ Drcv`b e…wׇK K…wl‡Z fzZ©wKi cwigvY evov‡Z n‡e|
3. cÖvwZôvwbK k~b¨Zv `ÿ Rbej Øviv c~Y© Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. AvBb I wbqg-Kvbyb ms¯‹vi K‡i Avw_©K mykvmb wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. g~j¨ýxwZ wbqš¿‡Y g‡bvwb‡ek Ki‡Z n‡e
6. †hvMvb e…w× Ki‡Z n‡e|
7. Banking channel-G Remittance evov‡Z n‡e|
8. Syndicate I Puv`vevwR AwZ mË¡i eÜ K‡i `ªe¨g~j¨ n«vm Ki‡Z n‡e|
9. evRvi e¨e¯’vq Collusive behaviour (Aïf AvuZvZ) eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e|
10. †Mvôx kvm‡bi (oligarch) cÖv`yf©ve aŸsm Ki‡Z n‡e
11. cY¨ evwYR¨ ¯^vfvweK ivL‡Z n‡e
12. Mv‡g©›Um †m±‡ii evB‡i bZzb ißvwb cY¨ ZvwjKvfz³ Ki‡Z n‡e
13. cÖwkwÿZ Rbkw³ ißvwb e…w× Ki‡Z `…wó ivL‡Z n‡e
14. e¨emvq m~PKgvb evov‡bvi w`‡K g‡bvwb‡ek Ki‡Z n‡e
15. e›`i mÿgZv e…w× Ki‡Z n‡e (evsjv‡`kÑ67Zg)
16. ivR¯^ e…w×i w`‡K bRi ivL‡Z n‡e|
17. Avw_©K `yb©xwZ `~i Ki‡Z n‡e|
18. evwYR¨ NvUwZ n«vm| 23-25 wewjqb Wjv‡ii evwYR¨ NvUwZ _v‡K evsjv‡`‡ki|
19. 2024 mv‡ji 29 †m‡Þ¤^i A_© gš¿Yvjq KZ…©K MwVZ gy`ªvcvPvi †iv‡a 9 m`‡m¨i taskforce-†K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv| †hgbÑ
mfvcwZ Mfb©i, evsjv‡`k e¨vsK
01. ciivóª gš¿Yvjq
02. Avw_©K cÖwZôvb wefvM
03. AvBb I wePvi wefvM
Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨
04. `yb©xwZ `gb Kwgkb (`y`K)
05. cywj‡ki Aciva Z`šÍ wefvM (wmAvBwW)
06. A¨vUwb© †Rbv‡i‡ji Kvh©vjq
8 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
07. RvZxq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i (GbweAvi) Kv÷gm †Mv‡q›`v I Z`šÍ Awa`ßi
08. evsjv‡`k dvBb¨vwÝqvj B‡›Uwj‡RÝ BDwbU (weGdAvBBD)
***cÖ‡Z¨KwU cÖwZôvb †_‡K 1 Rb K‡i cÖwZwbwa m`m¨ _vK‡eb

 AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb miKv‡ii A_©‰bwZK cwjwmmg~n Kx Kx M„nxZ n‡q‡Q

2024 mv‡j AvM÷ gv‡m AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb miKvi `vwqZ¡ MÖn‡Yi ci evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv I cybiæ×v‡ii j‡ÿ¨ †ek
K‡qKwU bxwZ I c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i| GB c`‡ÿc¸‡jv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK msKU †gvKvwejv Ges RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gvb
Dbœq‡b mnvqK f~wgKv ivL‡e|
01. gy`ªvbxwZ I my‡`i nvi mgš^q:
2024Ñ25 A_©eQ‡ii wØZxqv‡a©i (RvbyqvwiÑRyb, 2025) Rb¨ 10 †deªæqvwi ms‡KvPbg~jK gy`ªvbxwZ †NvlYv K‡i‡Q
evsjv‡`k e¨vsK| D‧P g~j¨ýxwZ wbqš¿‡Y ivL‡Z evsjv‡`k e¨vsK avivevwnKfv‡e bxwZ my‡`i nvi e…w× K‡i| A‡±vei
2024 mv‡j PZz_©ev‡ii g‡Zv †i‡cv †iU 0.5% c‡q›U e…w× K‡i †i‡cv †iU 10 kZvs‡k DbœxZ Kiv nq, hv 27
A‡±vei †_‡K Kvh©Ki nq|
02. A_©‰bwZK †k^ZcÎ cÖYqb KwgwU MVb:
†`‡ki we`¨gvb A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi cÖK…Z wPÎ Zz‡j ai‡Z 12 m`‡m¨i KwgwU MVb Kiv nq, hv †k^ZcÎ cÖKvk K‡i|
GB †k^Zc‡Î A_©‰bwZK `y`©kv I jyUcv‡Ui wPÎ Zz‡j aiv nq, hv fwel¨‡Z A_©‰bwZK bxwZ wba©vi‡Y mnvqK n‡e|
03. AvšÍR©vwZK mn‡hvwMZv I FY myweav:
IMF Gi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡i AwZwi³ 3 wewjqb Wjvi FY myweav PvIqv nq, hv c~‡e© Aby‡gvw`Z 4.7 wewjqb
Wjv‡ii cvkvcvwk| wek^e¨vs‡Ki 2 wewjqb Wjv‡iiI †ewk A_©vq‡bi cÖwZkÖæwZ †`q, hv e¨eüZ n‡eÑ
 †`‡ki ms¯‹vi
 eb¨v cÖwZwµqv e¨e¯’vcbvq
 evqy gvb DbœwZ Ges
 ¯^v¯’¨‡mev Lv‡Z
04. e¨vswKs LvZ I Avw_©K ms¯‹vi:
evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki Mf©bi wn‡m‡e Avnmvb GBP gbmyi‡K wb‡qvM †`Iqv nq Ges wZwb e¨vsK LvZ ms¯‹v‡i 2024
mv‡ji 11 †m‡Þ¤^i GKwU Uv¯‹‡dvm© MVb K‡ib, hv 30 Rvbyqvwi cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvk K‡i| weMZ miKv‡ii e¨vs‡Ki
10wU cwiPvjbv cl©` †f‡½ †`Iqv nq|
05. A_©cvPvi cÖwZ‡iva I †k^ZcÎ cÖKvk:
we‡`‡k cvPvi nIqv A‡_© †div‡Z 09 m`‡m¨i Uv¯‹‡dvm© cyb©MVb Kiv nq, hvi cÖavb wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib
evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki Mf©bi| ciivóª gš¿Yvjq, Avw_©K cÖwZôvb wefvM, `y`K, BFIU, CID, AvBb I wePvi wefvM,
A¨vUwb© †Rbv‡i‡ji Kvh©vjq I GbweAv‡ii 1 Rb K‡i cÖwZwbwai mgš^‡q MwVZ|
06. g~j¨ùxwZ wbqš¿Y I wiRvf© e„w×:
D‧P g~j¨ýxwZ wbqš¿‡Y miKvi gy`ªvbxwZ K‡Vvi Kivi cvkvcvwk evRvi Z`viwKi gva¨‡g c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i| ißvwb I
cÖevmx Av‡q MwZ Avb‡Z bvbvgyLx c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiv nq, hvi d‡j wiRvf© ÿq‡iva Kiv m¤¢e nq| PjwZ eQi gv‡P©
MÖm wiRvf© `uvwo‡q‡QÑ 25.44 wewjqb Wjv‡i, hv 2024 mv‡ji gv‡P© wQjÑ 25.23 wewjqb Wjvi|
07. Kv‡jv UvKv mvav Kivi myweav evwZj:
1 RyjvB 2024 †_‡K 30 Ryb 2025 ch©šÍ Kv‡jv UvKv mv`v Kivi my‡hvM †`qv n‡qwQj, hv‡Z cvPvi nIqv A_© 15%
Ki w`‡q †dir Avb‡Z cv‡i| AšÍe©Zx©Kvjxb miKvi †m my‡hvM evwZj K‡i|
†emiKvwi M‡elYv cÖwZôvb Center for Policy Dialogue (CPD)- Gi we‡kl †d‡jv A_©bxwZwe` W. †gv¯ÍvwdRyi ingvb
g‡b K‡ib,
ÒmvgwóK A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v AviI kw³kvjx Ki‡Z n‡e| Af¨šÍixY ivR¯^ e…w×i Rb¨ cÖZ¨ÿ K‡ii Ici †Rvi †`Iqv Riæwi|Ó
 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 9

gy`ªvùxwZ wbqš¿‡Y miKv‡ii/ evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki c`‡ÿc¸‡jv wjLyb?

gy`ªvùxwZ (Inflation) mvaviYZ mvgwMÖK `vg¯Í‡ii e…wׇK †evSvq GwU Ggb GKwU A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v, †hLv‡b GKB cwigvY `ªe¨
ev †mev µq Ki‡Z c~‡e©i Zzjbvq †ewk A_© e¨q Ki‡Z nq| A_©vr gy`ªvýxwZ NU‡j A‡_©i cÖK…Z g~j¨ n«vm cvq| hLb †Kv‡bv
GKwU †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z A‡_©i mieivn e…w× cvq, wKš` †m Zzjbvq `ªe¨ I †mevi Drcv`b e…w× cvq bv, ZLb evRv‡i Kvh©Ki
Pvwn`v †e‡o hvq Ges `ª‡e¨i `vg `ªæZ e…w× cvq| d‡j RbM‡Yi µqÿgZv n«vm cvq Ges A_©bxwZ‡Z Gi weiƒc cÖfve c‡o|
Ronald Regan e‡jb,
'Inflation is as violent as a mugger, as frightening as an armed robber and as deadly as a hit man.'
Henry Hazlitt e‡jb,
“Inflation is not only unnecessary for economic growth.
As long as it exists, it is the enemy of economic growth”

 eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k g~j¨ùxwZi Z_¨:

64wU †Rjvi 154wU nvUevRvi †_‡K 750wU cY¨ I †mev g~‡j¨i Ic‡i wba©vwiZ mg‡q msM…nxZ Z_¨-DcvË we‡kølY K‡i
g~j¨ýxwZi Z_¨ cÖKvk K‡i- weweGm (BBS)|
 mvwe©K g~j¨ùxwZÑ 9.94%
 Lv`¨ g~j¨ùwZÑ 10.72%
 Lv`¨ ewnf©Z© g~j¨ùxwZÑ 9.32%
 kn‡i g~j¨ýxwZÑ 9.89%
 MÖv‡g g~j¨ýxwZÑ 10.18%
Drm: evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivi, KbRy¨gvi cÖvBm Bb‡W· Abyhvqx, Rvbyqvwi 2025
GKwU cwievi‡K M‡o 48% A_©B Lvevi †Kbvi wcQ‡b LiP Ki‡Z nq| Mwie cwiev‡ii Av‡qi 2/3 As‡ki gZ A_© LiP
Ki‡Z nq Lvevi wKb‡Z|
gvm (mvj) g~j¨ùxwZi nvi Lv`¨ g~j¨ùxwZi nvi
AvM÷ (2024) 10.49% 11.36%
†m‡Þ¤^i (2024) 9.92% 10.4%
A‡±vei (2024) 10.87% 12.66%
b‡f¤^i (2024) 11.38% 13.8%
wW‡m¤^i (2024) 10.89% 12.92%
Rvbyqvwi (2025) 9.94% 10.72%
†deªæqvwi (2025) 9.32% 9.24%
gvP© (2025)
 g~j¨ùxwZi KviYmg~n:
01. miKv‡ii AwZwi³ e¨q:
miKv‡ii Av‡qi Zzjbvq e¨q †ewk nq| Avi Zv hw` miKvi †K›`ªxq e¨vsK †_‡K FY †bq ev we‡`k †_‡K FY wb‡q
†`kxq Lv‡Z e¨q K‡i, Zvn‡j g~j¨ýxwZ e…w× cvq|
02. Drcv`b n«vm:
K…wl I wkí †ÿ‡Î Drcv`‡bi cwigvY K‡g hvq, c‡Y¨i mieivn n«vm cvq, wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡M Drcv`b K‡g
†M‡j gy`ªvýxwZ e…w× cvq|
03. A‡_©i mieivn e„w×:
Monthly Economic Trends (A‡±vei, 2024) 2020 mv‡j Ryb gv‡m †`‡k cÖPwjZ gy`ªvi cwigvY wQj 2 jvL 8
nvRvi 94 †KvwU UvKv| 2023 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡mÑ 3 jvL 11 nvRvi 948 †KvwU UvKv| 3 eQ‡i cÖPwjZ gy`ªvi
cwigvYÑ 49% e…w× †c‡q‡Q|
10 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
04. evwYwR¨K e¨vsK KZ©„K AwZwi³ FY cÖ`vb:
mnR k‡Z© AwZwi³ FY cÖ`v‡bi d‡j evRv‡i A‡_©i mieivn ev‡o, c‡Y¨i Pvwn`vI †e‡o hvq d‡j gy`ªvýxwZ †`Lv †`q|
05. Abyrcv`bkxj Lv‡Z e¨q e„w×:
wewb‡qvMK…Z LvZ †_‡K hw` Drcv`b bv cvIqv hvq Zvn‡j gy`ªvýxwZ †`Lv †`q|
06. †fvM I wewb‡qvM e¨q e„w×:
†fvM I wewb‡qvM e¨h e…w× †d‡j ZLb mvgwMÖK Pvwn`v †e‡o hvq| ¯^í‡gqv‡` Drcv`b †m nv‡i e…w× bv cvIqvq c‡Y¨i
g~j¨ e…w× †c‡Z _v‡K| hvi d‡j gy`ªvýxwZ N‡U|
07. Amvay e¨emvqx:
AwZwi³ gybvdv jv‡fi Avkvq e¨emvqxiv c‡Y¨i gRyZ K‡i K…wÎg msKU ˆZwi K‡i d‡j gy`ªvýxwZ nq|
08. gRywi e„w×:
gvwjK‡`i KvQ †_‡K Av`vqK…Z A_© gvwj‡Kiv c‡Y¨i Dci Av‡ivwcZ K‡i d‡j Drcv`b e¨q e…w× cvq, hvi d‡j
gy`ªvýxwZ N‡U|
09. gy`ªv Qvcv‡bv:
bZzb †bvU Qvcv‡j gy`ªvùxwZ n‡q _v‡K|
 miKvi/evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki c`‡ÿc:
01. bxwZ my`nvi e„w×:
A‡±vei, 2024 mv‡j evsjv‡`k e¨vsK bxwZ my`nvi 0.5 kZvsk c‡q›U e…w× K‡i 10% DbœxZ K‡i| SLF (÷vwÛs
†jwÛs d¨vwmwjwU) †iU 50 †ewmm c‡q›U evwo‡q 11.50% Kiv nq|
02. wUwmwe Kv‡W©i gva¨‡g Lv`¨`ªe¨ m¤úªmviY:
†UªwWs K‡c©v‡ikb Ae evsjv‡`k KvW©avix m`m¨‡`i ¯^í g~‡j¨ Lv`¨ mieivn Kiv|
03. AcÖ‡qvRbxq cÖKí ¯’wMZ:
†`vnvRvix n‡Z ivgy n‡q K•evRvi Gevs ivgy n‡Z gvqvbgv‡ii wbK‡U Nygayg ch©šÍ wms‡Mj jvBb Wz‡qj‡MR Uª¨vK
wbg©vY cÖKí †_‡K ev` hv‡‧Q ivgy n‡Z Nygayg ch©šÍ †ijjvBb KvR| d‡j †eu‡P hv‡‧Q cÖvqÑ 6,682 †KvwU UvKv|
04. miKvwi e¨q n«vm:
miKvi Av‡qi Zzjbvq e¨q n«vm K‡i‡Q Ges †K›`ªxq e¨vsK †_‡K FY msMÖn Ki‡Q d‡j A‡_©i mieivn e…w× cv‡‧Q bv|
05. mgwš^Z Kg©m~wP:
gy`ªvbxwZ, ivR¯^ bxwZ I mvgvwRK wbivcËv Kg©m~wP 3wU †K mgš^q K‡i Kv‡R jvMv‡‧Q miKvi|
06. ˆe‡`wkK FY msMÖn:
AvšÍR©vwZK gy`ªv Znwej †_‡K 4.7 wewjqb Wjv‡ii F‡Yi cvkvcvwk Avi I 3 wewjqb Wjvi F‡Yi Rb¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Q|
wek^e¨vsK †_‡K 2 wewjqb Wjvi Aby‡gv`b Ges ev‡RU mnvqZvi Rb¨ ADB, AIIB †_‡K FY MÖnY Kiv n‡‧Q|
07. Ki e„w×:
miKvi RbM‡Yi e¨q‡hvM¨ Avq Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ Ki e…w× Ki‡Q G‡Z †fvMe¨q n«vm cv‡e, mvgwMÖK Pvwn`v Kg‡e Ges
`ªe¨g~‡j¨i Ici Pvc K‡g Avm‡e|
08. gy`ªvbxwZ:
(2024Ñ2025) A_©eQ‡ii wØZxqv‡a© (RvbyqvwiÑRyb, 2025) Rb¨ 10 †deªæqvwi ms‡KvPbg~jK gy`ªvbxwZ (MFS)
†NvlYv K‡i‡Q evsjv‡`k e¨vsK G‡Z A‡_©i cÖevn K‡g hv‡e, mvgwMÖK Pvwn`v n«vm cv‡e|
09. Drcv`b e„w×:
miKvi mvi I we`y¨r G fzZ©wK Kgv‡‧Q bv hv‡Z K…lK Drcv`b e…w× K‡i mieivn k…․Lj mPj ivL‡Z cv‡i|
 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 1

wm‡jevm: Bangladesh’s environment and nature and challenges and prospects with particular
emphasis on conservation, preservation and sustainability.
evsjv‡`‡ki cwi‡ek I cÖK…wZ
45Zg 1. wZ¯Ív cvwbeÈb Pzw³ †Kb cÖ‡qvRb? G m¤ú‡K© evsjv‡`k I fviZ miKvi M„nxZ Kvh©µgmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| (20)
1. K…wl M‡elYv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? (5)
44Zg 2. Lv`¨ Drcv`b e„wׇZ evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl M‡elYv cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Ae`vb wbiƒcY Kiæb| (10)
3. Bwjk Drcv`b e„wׇZ miKv‡ii f‚wgKv eY©bv Kiæb| (5)
1. evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb cwi‡ek I cÖK…wZ m¤úwK©Z P¨v‡jÄmg~n eY©bv Kiæb| (10)
43Zg 2. evsjv‡`‡k K…wlmn wewfbœ †¶‡Î cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi cÖfve g‡vKv‡ejvi Rb¨ M„nxZ c`‡¶cmg~n eY©bv Kiæb| (10)
3. Lv`¨ wbivcËv (4)
1. evsjv‡`‡ki ebf‚wg I ebR m¤ú` i¶v Kivi ¸iæZ¡ Ges G wel‡q miKvi KZ©„K M„nxZ c`‡¶c we‡kølYc~e©K
Avcbvi civgk© e¨³ Kiæb| (10)
41Zg 2. '†UKmB Dbœqb'-Gi aviYvwU e¨vL¨v K‡i eZ©gvb we‡k¦ wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ Gi ¸iæZ¡ I Dcvq evsjv‡`‡ki
†cÖ¶vc‡U Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| (10)
3. M¨vm m¤ú‡`i mwVK e¨envi (4)
40Zg Av‡mwb
1. `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv ej‡Z wK eySvq?
2. 'Dbœqbkxj †`k nIqv m‡Ë¡I `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbvi †¶‡Î evsjv‡`k h‡_ó m¶g- Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
38Zg
3. Avcwb wK g‡b K‡ib †h, cwi‡ek `~lY cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi Rb¨ A‡bKvs‡k `vqx? [XvKv kn‡ii evqy `~l‡Yi
KviY I wPÎ Dc¯’vcb Kiæb]
37Zg 1. Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki Ici †h mKj weiƒc cÖfve covi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q Zv‡`i weeiY w`b|
36Zg Av‡mwb
1. evsjv‡`‡k cwi‡ek wech©q Øviv Avcwb Kx ey‡Sb|
2. Avcbvi `„wó‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki b`x `~l‡Yi cÖavb KviY¸‡jv wK wK?
3. evsjv‡`‡k eR¨© e¨e¯’vcbvi GKwU wPÎ Zz‡j aiæb|
35Zg
4. fwel¨‡Z mgy`ª c„‡ôi D”PZv e„w× evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqyi Ici Kx cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡i|
5. wZ¯Ívi cvwb msK‡Ui cwi‡ekMZ cÖfve ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPb Kiæb| [wUcvBgyL evu‡ai cÖfve Kx n‡Z cv‡i? Ges
dviv°v euv‡ai ¶q¶wZ]

hv cov †h‡Z cv‡i:

01. evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb cwi‡ek I cÖK…wZ m¤úwK©Z P¨v‡jÄ/weiƒc cÖfve eY©bv Kiæb| e¨e¯’vcbvi †‣‡Î
evsjv‡`k h‡_ó m‣g'- Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| ***
“Bangladesh is our best Teacher in Climate change adaptation”
- Ban Ki Moon [Dhaka: 10.07.2019]
gvbyl‽K wN‽iB cwi‽ek I cÕK…wZ| cÕK…wZ gvbyl Qvov euvP‽Z cv‽i wKš` cÕK…wZnxb ‼eu‽P _vKv gvby‽li Rb¨ Amva¨| cÕK…wZ I cwi‽ek
AvR msK‽Ui gy‽LvgywL|
United Nations Environment Program (1976) G ‼`Iqv msÁv Abymv‽i,
Òcwi‽ek ej‽Z ci¯úi wµqvkxj Dcv`vb¸‽jvi gva¨‽g M‽o IVv ‼mB cÕvK…wZK I
RxegÛjxq cÕYvjx‽K ‼evSvq hvi g‽a¨ gvbyl I Ab¨vb¨ mRxe Dcv`vb¸‽jv ‼eu‽P _v‽K, emevm K‽i|Ó
2 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
cwi‽ek weÁvbx Botkin Ges Keller, 1995 mv‽j Zuv‽`i ÖEnvironmental ScienceÓ MÕ‽š' e‽j‽QbÑ
ÖRxe, Dw™¢` ev cÕvYx Zv‽`i RxebP‽µi ‼h ‼Kvb mg‽q ‼h mg¯Í ˆRe Ges A‰Re KviY¸‽jvi Øviv cÖfvweZ nq,
‼h KviY¸‽jvi mgwó‽K cwi‽ek e‽j|Ó
 evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb cwi‡ek I cÖK…wZ m¤ú©wKZ P¨v‡jÄ: MYcÕRvZš¿x evsjv‽`‽ki msweav‽bi 18(K) Aby‽”Q` Abyhvqx,
Òivóª eZ©gvb I fwel¨r bvMwiK‽`i Rb¨ cwi‽ek msiÿY I Dbœqb, Kwi‽eb Gevs cÕvK…wZK m¤ú`,
Rxe-ˆewPΨ, Rjvf~wg, eb I eb¨cÕvwYi miÿY I wbivcËv weavb Kwi‽ebÓ|
 cwi‡ek I cÖK…wZi P¨v‡jÄmg~n:
1. RbmsL¨vi AvwaK¨: Rbïgvwi I M„nMYbvi 2022 Gi wfwË‽Z 2024 mv‽ji 01 Rvbyqvwi cÕv°wjZ 1,47,570
eM©wK‽jvwgUvi AvqZ‽bi G ‼`kwU‽Z RbmsL¨v `uvwo‽q‽Q 17 ‼KvwU 15 jvL 90 nvRvi Rb| RbmsL¨vi Nb‽Z¡ 6ô
e„nËi I 8g Rbeûj ‼`kwU cwi‽ek fvimvg¨ eRvq ivL‽Z cvi‽Q bv|
2. evqy `~lY: 2024 mv‽j evqy`~l‽Y kxl© 5 ‼`kÑ
†`k evqygvb (wcGg)
1. Pv` 91.8
2. evsjv‽`k 78.0
3. cvwK¯Ívb 73.7
4. MYZvwš¿K K‽½v cÕRvZš¿ 58.2
5. fviZ 50.6
 bMi wn‡m‡e kx‡l©: bqvw`wjø (XvKvÑ 3q)
[m~Î: IQAir]
2019 mv‽j evsjv‽`‽kÑ 2 jvL 72 nvRvi gvby‽li AKvjg„Zz¨ nq Gi g‽a¨ 55% g„Zz¨ evqy`~l‽Yi Kvi‽Y|
[m~Î: CEA (The Bangladesh Country Environment Analysis)]
‼`kR Drcv`‽bÑ 17.6% cwigvY A_©‰bwZK ÿwZ|
3. wkívqb: wkíKviLvbv¸‽jv cwi‽ekevÜe wn‽m‽e M‽o bv DVvq, hÎZÎ wkí KviLvbvi Kv‽jv ‼auvqv I ivmvqwbK eR©¨
cwi‽ek I cÕK…wZ‽K wewl‽q Zzj‽Q| nvRvixev‽Mi U¨‽bvwi¸‽jv cÕwZw`b cÕvqÑ 21,600 Nb wgUvi Zij eR©¨ mivmwi
eywoM½v b`x‽Z ‼djZ| [21 b‡f¤^i, 2024 (hyMvšÍi)]
mvj Drcvw`Z e‡R¨©i cwigvY
2016 21 ‼KvwU 70 jvL NbwgUvi
2017 23 ‼KvwU 80 jvL NbwgUvi
2018 26 ‼KvwU 30 jvL NbwgUvi
2021 34 ‼KvwU NbwgUvi
[m~Î: Evaluation of present and Future Wasteuater impacts of textile dying industries in Bangladesh]
4. AcwiKwíZ bMivqY: AcwiKwíZ bMivq‽Yi d‽j kn‽i RbmsL¨v e„w×, hvbRU, `~lY, ew¯Í GjvKvi e„w×, Ach©vß
AeKvVv‽gv hv cÕK…wZ I cwi‽e‽ki Ici weiƒc cÕfve ‼d‽jÑ
 ¯^vaxbZvi ci ‼_‽K evsjv‽`‽k cÕwZeQi bM‽i emevmKvix msL¨v ‼e‽o‽Q 6% nv‽i|
 kxl©K cÕwZ‽e`‽b evsjv‽`‽k eZ©gv‽b cÕvq- 33% gvbyl bM‽i evm Ki‽Q| bMivq‽bi G cÕeYZv Ae¨vnZ _vK‽j
2051 mv‽j ‼`‽ki 55% gvbyl bM‽i evm Ki‽e|
 WHO Gi cwimsL¨vb g‡Z: cÕwZeQi wek^e¨vcx 1 ‼KvwU 30 jvL gvby‽li g„Zz¨ nq cwi‽ek wech©‽qi Kvi‽Y|
evsjv‽`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‽ivi Bangladesh Sample Vital Statistics 2023 Abyhvqx cÕwZ eQi 1 nvRvi g„Zz¨i
g‽a¨ 6wU cwi‽ek `~l‽Yi Kvi‽Y n‽q _v‽K| [m~Î: hyMvšÍi 18 †g, 2023]
 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 3
5. b`x I Rjvf~wg: b`-b`x, Lvj-wej-wSj, Rjvkq cÕf…wZ evsjv‽`‽ki cwi‽ek I cÕK…wZi cÕvYcÕevn ¯^iƒc| DRv‽b euva
wbg©vY, ¯'vcbv wbg©vY, Rjwe`¨yr cÕKí, b`xi cÕev‽n euvav m„wó, cvwbi b¨vh¨ wnm¨vi Afve, f~wg`my¨‽`i ‼`ØivZ¥¨ cÕf…wZ
cÕK…wZ I cwi‽ek‽K Aw¯Í‽Z¡i m¤§yLxb K‽i‽Q|
 RbmsL¨v we‽ePbvq XvKvi 12Ñ15% GjvKvq Rjvkq _vKv evÃbxq n‽j Gi AvIZv gvÎ 5%|
 2016 mvj ch„šÍ XvKvi 60% Rjvf~wg nvwi‽q ‼M‽Q|
 2003 ‼_‽K 2011 mv‽ji g‽a¨ Awef³ XvKv kn‽ii gvbwP‽Î 65wU cyKzi wPwýZ n‽jI Gi A‽bK¸‽jv fivU
n‽q‽Q|
 ‼`‽k ‼gvU- 373wU Rjf~wg Av‽Q, hvi ‼gvU AvqZbÑ 8,58,460 ‼n±i, Rjvf~wg eZ©gv‽b gv‽K©U, cÕwZôvb I
AvevwmK nvDwRs cÕK‽í iƒc wb‽q‽Q|
 Rjvf~wgi AvqZb:
mvj AvqZb
1999 1085 eM© wK.wg.
2009 368 eM© wK.wg.
2025 85 eM© wK.wg.
[m~Î: ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK]
6. Rxevk¥ R¦vjvwbi wbM©Z †auvqv: hvbevnb, we`y¨r Drcv`b, BU fvUv cÕf…wZ e¨eüZ KvV, Kqjv, ‼c‽Uªv‽j, ‼K‽ivwmb
wW‽Rj, cvigvYweK R¦vjvwb cÕf…wZ ‼_‽K wbM©Z ÿwZKi ‼auvqv I M¨v‽mi gva¨‽g cwi‽ek `~wlZ nq|
Rjevqy cwieZ©‽bi KviY¸‽jvi g‽a¨ 70% `vqx Rxevk¥ R¦vjvwb| Kc 29 m‽¤§j‽b ‼`Iqv Z_¨ Abymv‽i, ‼Zj wKsev
M¨v‽mi g‽Zv Rxevk¥ R¦vjvwbi Kvi‽Y GB MÕn‽K DËßKvix Kve©‽bi wbtmiY 0.8% ‼e‽o‽Q, A_P 2030 mv‽ji g‽a¨
Kve©b wbM©gb 43% Kwg‽q Avbvi K_v| [cÖ_g Av‡jv 13 b‡f¤^i, 2024]
7. eb DRvoKiY: e„n`vqZ‽b eb DRv‽oi Ab¨Zg KviYÑ
 e‽bi AšÍwb©wnZ g~j¨ m¤ú©‽K AÁZv ev D‽cÿv
 h_v_© g~j¨vqb c×wZi Afve
 wkw_j eb wbqš¿b e¨e¯'v Ges
 Dchy³ cwi‽ek AvB‽bi Afve
 we‡k^i ¯’jR cÖRvwZi cÖvq 80%B evm K‡i ebf~wg‡Z| eb DRv‡ii cÖfve:
i. WWF (World World life Fund) - eb DRv‽ii Kvi‽Y we‽k^ cÕvq 1 wgwjqb cÕRvwZ wejywßi SuywK‽Z i‽q‽Q|
ii. IPCC-Gi g‽Z wek^e¨vcx wMÕb nvDm M¨vm wbM©g‽bi cÕvq 10Ñ15% Gi Rb¨ eb DRvo `vqx|
iii. ‼`‽ki cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ iÿvq ebf~wg cÖ‽qvRb 25%, eZ©gv‽b Av‽Q 15.58%
iv. eb Awa`ß‽ii cÕwZ‽e`b g‽Z mviv‽`‽k e‽bi Rwgi 2,57,158.84 GKi ‼e`Lj n‽q‽Q| Gi g‽a¨
v. 1 jvL 38 nvRvi 613 GKi msiwÿZ e‽bi Rwg Ab¨ e‽bi Rwg ‼e`L‽j P‽j ‼M‽Q
vi. 1 jÿ 18 nvRvi 545 GKi|
8. †ivwn½v Rb‡Mvôx: 2017 mv‽ji 25 AvM‽÷i ci ‼_‽K bZzb cyiv‽bv wg‽j K‾evRvi DwLqv ‼UKbv‽di 34 wU
kiYv_©x wkwe‽i GLb emevm Ki‽Q 11 jvL 19 nvRvi ‼ivwn½v|
 eZ©gv‽b ‼gvU 12 jv‽Li I ‼ewk
 DwLqv I ‼UKbv‽d ebf~wg aŸsm n‽q‽QÑ 6.200 GKi eb| Gi g‽a¨Ñ
m„wRZ eb: 2027 GKi Avi cÖvK…wZK eb: 4136 GKi
 ebf~wg aŸs‽mi Kvi‽Y ÿqÿwZi cwigvY (ebR I ˆRe‰ewP‽Ψi)- 1 nvRvi 865 ‼KvwU 56 jvL 57 nvRvi UvKv
 cÕwZ gv‽m ‼ivwn½v‽`i R¦vjvwb KvV cÕ‽qvRbÑ 6800 Ub
[m~Î: ebwefvM, cÖ_g Av‡jv, evsjv wbDR- 2024]
9. Rjevqy cwieZ©b:
i. 1976 ‼_‽K 2019 mv‽ji g‽a¨ evsjv‽`‽ki Mo ZvcgvÎv cÕvq- 1.24 wWwMÕ ‼mjwmqvm e„w× ‼c‽q‽Q
4 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
(International Centre for Climate change and Development, 2020)
ii. IPCC Gi Z_¨g‽Z, 2050 mv‽j mgy`ªc„‽ôi D”PZv M‽o 3.3 wgwjwgUvi e„w× ‼c‽q‽QÑ
(Bangladesh Meteorological Department, 2019) Z‽e DcK~jxq AÂ‽j GB nvi 5 ‼_‽K 7 wgwjwgUvi ch©šÍ|
iii. e‽½vcmvM‽i mgy`ªc„‽ôi ZvcgvÎv e„w× cv‽”Q, mgy`ªc„‽ôi ZvcgvÎv 1 wWwMÕ ‼mjwmqvm e„w× ‼c‽j N~©wYS‽oi kw³ cÕvq
10% e„w× cvq|
10. nvI‡ii cwi‡ek wecbœ:
cwi‽ek I Rxe‰ewP‽Ψi me‽P‽q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb n‽jv Rjvf‚wg| nvIivÂj‽K ‼`‽ki km¨fvÐvi we‽ePbv Kiv nq|
‼ev‽iv av‽bi cÕvq 1/4% Drcbœ nq GB nvIivÂ‽j| GKB m‽½ ‼`‽ki wgVv cvwbi cÕvK…wZK gv‽Qi ‼RvMv‽biI GKwU
eo Ask Av‽m GB nvIi¸‽jv ‼_‽K| nvIo I DcK‚‽j AcwiKwíZ AeKvVv‽gv wbg©v‽Yi d‽j eb¨v I Rjve×Zvi
mgm¨v AviI evo‽Q| wewfbœ nvI‽i AcÕ‽qvRbxq euva wbg©v‽Yi Awf‽hvM D‽V‽Q|
11. cwjw_‡bi gvÎvwZwi³ e¨envi:
‼`‽ki gvwUI cvwb `~lY wbqš¿‽Y 2002 mv‽j cwjw_b e¨v‽Mi Drcv`b I e¨envi wbwl× Kiv nq| we‽k¦ cwjw_b
`~l‽Yi ZvwjKvq evsjv‽`‽ki ¯'vb 6ô (Dhaka Tribune)| XvKv ‼g‽UªvcwjU‽b cÕwZw`‽bi eR©¨Ñ 6,646 Ub hvi
10% B cwjw_b/cøvw÷K (CDP)| cÕwZw`b XvKv kn‽i cÕvq 2.5 ‼KvwU cwjw_b e¨vM GKevi e¨envi K‽i ‼d‽j ‼`qv
nq (The Business Standard)|

02. evsjv‡`‡ki eb¨vi KviY, cÖwZKvi I c`‡ÿc| *

m¨vi wcwWGd w`‡e

cvwb wb‽q Avgv‽`i `ywU mgm¨v cÕ_g ïé ‼gØmy‽g cvwbi Zxeª ms‽KZ Avevi el©vq AwZwi³ cvwb Avgv‽`i eb¨vq fvwm‽q
w`‽”Q| Avi GB eb¨vq Avgv‽`i cÕwZeQi M‽o ÿwZi cwigvY 30 nvRvi ‼KvwU UvKv
[Rv‡Mv wbDR 24, 28 Ryb, 2022]
cÖvYnvwbi msL¨vÑ
cÕvK…wZK wech©‽q cÕwZeQi M‽o Livq ÿwZÑ 2,734 ‼KvwU UvKv [Kv‡ji KÚ, 16 b‡f¤^i, 2022]
Gme ÿwZ‽Z Rjevqy cwieZ©‽bi m‽½ fvi‽Zi Awfbœ 54wU b`xi 53wU ‼`Iqv euva A‽bK ‼ewk f~wgKv ivL‽Q|
eb¨v Zzjbvg~jKfv‽e cvwbi D”P cÕevn, hv ‼Kvb b`xi cÕvK…wZK ev K…wÎg Zxi AwZµg K‽i avweZ nq| el©vKv‽j hLb
b`x, Lvj, wej, nvIi I wbPz GjvKv Rwo‽q mg¯Í Rbc` cvwb‽Z ‼f‽m hvq Ges dmj, Nievwo, iv¯ÍvNvU, mnvq-m¤úwËi
ÿwZmvaib K‽i, ZLb Zv‽K eb¨v e‽j|
evsjv‽`‽k msNwUZ eb¨v‽K 3wU ‼kÕwY‽Z wef³ Kiv hvqÑ
eb¨v

‼gØmywg eb¨v ‼Rvqvi fvUv RwbZ eb¨v AvKw¯§K eb¨v

FZz wfwËK ¯^í ¯'vqx cvwbi n«vm-e„w×i `ªæZMwZ
we¯`wZe¨vcK mvaviY D”PZv 3-6 wg. cve©Z¨ GjvKvq
ÿwZi cwigvY ‼ewk Agvem¨v I c~wY©gvq eb¨vi iƒc fqven
cvwbi n«vm-e„w×i MwZavi
eb¨vi KviY
cÖvK…wZK KviY gvbem„ó KviY
1. DRv‽bi cÕPzie„wó 1. b`x AveevwnKvq e¨vcK K…ÿKZ©b
 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 5
2. ‼fØ‽MvwjK KviY 2. M½v b`xi Dci wbwg©Z dviv°v euva
3. ‼gØmygx Rjevqyi cÕfve 3. euv‽ai cÕfve
4. g~j b`xi MfxiZv Kg 4. mcwiKwíZ bMivqb
5. kvLv b`x¸‽jv cwj Øviv Ave„Z 5. nvI‽i AcwiKwíZ cÕKí MÕnY
6. wngvj‽qi eidMjv cvwbcÕevn 6. Rjvkq `Lj
7. e‽½vcmvM‽ii Zxeª ‼RvqvifvUv f~wgK¤ú 7. Rjevqy cwieZ©b
Kc ‼bUIqvK© Kb‽fbkb- 2024× G cwi‽ek, eb I Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges cvwbm¤ú` gš¿Yvj‽qi Dc‽`óv ˆmq`v
wiRIqvbv nvmvb eb¨v nIqvi 5wU KviY D‽jøL K‽ibÑ
1. AwZe„wó
2. AvMvg mZK©Zv bv w`‽q DRvb ‼_‽K cvwb ‼Q‽o ‼`Iqv
3. Lvj-wej fivU
4. Rjevqy cwieZ©b
5. ‼`‽ki wewfbœ ¯'v‽bi euva¸‽jv wbg©v‽Yi ci `xN©mgh a‽i ‼givgZ bv Kiv|

†ewmKwfD wcÖjx

 eb¨vi cÖfve:
1. gvbweK wech©q: cÖwZwU eb¨vq gvbweK e¨vcK ÿq-ÿwZ n‽q _v‽K| 2024 mv‽ji AvM‽÷ eb¨vq ÿwZMÕ¯Í n‽q‽Q cÕvq
52 jvL gvbyl| 19-27 AvM‽÷ evsjvq mgZ‽Ui eb¨vq gviv hvb 74 Rb gvbyl| AvnZ n‽q‽QbÑ 68 Rb|
2. A_©‰bwZK ÿwZ:
 AvM‽÷i AvKw¯§K eb¨vq ‼gvUÑ 14 nvRvi 429 ‼KvwU 46 jvL UvKvi Avw_©K ÿwZ n‽q‽Q|
 11wU ‼Rjvq K…wl, evm¯'vb, iv¯ÍvNvU I mvgwMÕK AeKvVv‽gv ÿwZi Ici wfwË K‽i|
[cÖ_g Av‡jv, Daily Star online Report]
3. K…wlÿwZ: 2024 mv‽ji eb¨vq K…wl‽Z ‼gvU ÿqÿwZ nqÑ 3,346 ‼KvwU UvKvi| 23 ‼Rjvq 14.14 jvL K…lK
cwievi ÿwZMÕ¯' nq| 2 `dv eb¨vi Kvi‽Y AvDk I Avgb Drcv`b Kg n‽q‽Q| h_vµ‽g- 9 jvL 55 nvRvi Ub I 3
jvL 58 nvRvi Ub| miKv‽ii Kv‽Q Lv`¨km¨ gRyZ Av‽QÑ 23.6% hv 8 jvL Ub Kg|
4. ¯^v¯’¨ SuywK: eb¨vi cvwb‽Z Wz‽e hvIqv, AvNvZ cvIqv, cvwbevwnZ ‼ivM [Wvqwiqv, K‽jiv, UvBd‽qW, ‼ncvUvBwUm G,
‼jc‽Uv¯úB‽ivwmm ‼e‽o hvq, gkvevwnZ ‼ivM (‼W½y, g¨v‽jwiqv), mv‽ci Dc`ªe, QÎvKRwbZ ‼ivM BZ¨vw`i SuywK
_v‽K]
5. cwi‡ekMZ wech©q: eb¨vi d‽j gvwUi De©iZv GKw`‽K e„w× cvq wVKB| Z‽e GKB m‽½ f~wgi ÿq I wewfbœ
ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ b`xi cvwbi m‽½ cwi‽e‽ki fvimvg¨ bó nq| eb¨vi ci cøvweZ GjvKvi gvwUi ¸YMZ gvb K‽g hvq|
6. cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v †f‡½ covt eb¨vq iv¯ÍvNvU cøvweZ n‽q hvbevnb PjvPj e¨vnZ nq| G‽Z Riæwi ‼mev
‼cuvQv‽bv Ges ÎvY Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‽Z h‽_ó mgm¨v nq|
eb¨v wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’v
K. mvaviY e¨e¯’vcbv L. kÖgmva¨ I cÖ‡KŠkj e¨e¯’vcbv
1. mn‽R ¯'vbvšÍi ‼hvM¨ emwZ ¯'vcb Kiv 1. ‼WªRv‽ii gva¨‽g b`xi cvwbi cwienb ÿgZv e„w× Kiv
2. b`xi `y×Zx‽i Nb R½j m„wó Kiv 2. mwbœwnZ ¯'v‽b Rjvavi wbg©v‽Yi gva¨‽g cvwbcÕevn‽K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‽c
3. b`x kvmb e¨e¯'v mywbwðZ Kiv wbqš¿Y Kiv|
4. eb¨vi c~e©vfvm I mZK©xKiY e¨e¯'vi Dbœqb mvab 3. fviZ ‼_‽K Avmv cvwb‽K euv‽ai mvnv‽h¨ wbqš¿Y I wb®‹vkb Kiv
6 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
5. ¯'vqx cÕkvmwbK KvVv‽gv M‽o ‼Zvjv 4. mgy`ª DcK~jeZ©x GjvKvq cvwb AbycÕ‽ek eÜ Kiv|
 c`‡ÿc:
1. c~e©vfvm I mZK©xKiY e¨e¯’vi AvaywbKvqb: 29wU b`b`xi 54wU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c‽q‽›U mywbw`©ó Z_¨wfwËK 5 w`‽bi
¯^í‽gqvw` AvMvg eb¨v c~e©vfvm Ges 38wU c‽q‽›U 10 w`‽bi ga¨‽gqvw` c~e©vfvm cÕ`vb|
2. AeKvVv‡gvMZ:
 evsjv‽`k cvwb Dbœqb ‼evW© Gi AvIZvq G ch©šÍ 12,865wU cÕKí ev¯Íevqb Kiv n‽q‽Q hvi g‽a¨Ñ
 DcK~jxq euvaÑ 5757 wK‽jvwgUvi
 ‼ewoeuvaÑ 16261 wK‽jvwgUvi Ges
 nvI‽ii WzešÍ euvaÑ 2594 wK‽jvwgUvi
3. cvwbi b¨vq wnm¨v: evsjv‽`k I fvi‽Zi g‽a¨ AvšÍtmxgvšÍ 54wU b`xi cvwbi mge›Ub cÕ‽qvRb| wbwg©Z euva¸‽jvi
wel‽q mwVK c`‽ÿc cÕ‽qvRb|
4. b`x Lbb Kiv: b`x Lb‽bi gva¨‽g b`xi MfxiZv e„w× Ki‽j b`x AwaK cwigv‽Y cvwb aviY Ki‽Z cvi‽e G‽Z
mn‽R eb¨v n‽e bv n‽jI fqvenZv n«vm cv‽e|
5. e„ÿ‡ivcY: eb¨v KewjZ I DcK~jxq AÂ‽j miKvwi I ‼emiKvwifv‽e e„ÿ‽ivcY Kg©m~wP cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv
cÕ‽qvRb|
 eb¨v cÖwZ‡iv‡a KiYxq:
1. cybtLbb: ‼hme nvIi wej fivU n‽q ‼M‽Q ‼m¸‽jv `Ljgy³ K‽i cybtLb‽bi e¨e¯'v ‼bqv ‼h‽Z cv‽i|
2. b`x `Ljgy³: `Lj n‽q hvIqv AmsL¨ b`x `Ljgy³ K‽i b`xi `yBcv‽o ¯'vqx ebvÂj ˆZwi Kiv ‼h‽Z cv‽i| G‽Z
K‽i GKw`‽K ‼hgb b`x cvo ‼f‽O gvwU‽Z fivU nIqvi nvZ ‼_‽K b`x i‿v cv‽e| Ab¨w`‽K b`xi MfxiZv eRvq
ivLv m¤¢e n‽e| Avi b`x fivU K‽i ‼hme A‰ea ¯'vcbv M‽o D‽V‽Q ev fiv‽Ui d‽j b`xi MwZc_ cwieZ©b n‽q
‼M‽Q Zv AbwZwej‽¤^ AcmviY K‽i b`x‽K Zvi ¯^vfvweK Ae¯'vq wd‽i Avbvi D‽`¨vM MÕnY Ki‽Z n‽e|
3. b`x Lbb: b`x Lbb I e¨e¯'vcbvi KvRwU A‽bK m„Rbkxjfv‽e Kivi my‽hvM Av‽Q| ‼hgb-wKQz wKQz GjvKvi b`x‽Z
cov cwj mvgvb¨ ‼K‽U w`‽jB b`xi cvwb cÕvK…wZKfv‽eB evwKUzKz ‼K‽U b`xi Zj‽`k Mfxi K‽i ‼dj‽e| G Rb¨
mviv eQi Lbbhš¿ ewm‽q b`x Lb‽bi `iKvi c‽o bv| b`xi GB ¯^vfvweK cÕevn I cÕvK…wZK kw³‽K e¨envi K‽i
MfxiZv evov‽bvi ‼Kv‽bv D‽`¨vM MÕnY Ki‽Z n‽e|
4. b`x e¨e¯’vcbv: Rjevqy cwieZ©‽bi Kvi‽Y b`x AeevwnKvi mewKQzB cwieZ©bkxj| d‽j evsjv‽`‽ki b`x¸‽jv
A‽bKUv RxešÍ mËvi g‽Zv| ZvB GLvbKvi b`x e¨e¯'vcbv welqwUI A‽bK m„Rbkxj I M‽elYvwbf©i nIqv DwPZ|
‼Kv‽bv c~e© aviYvi wfwË‽Z e¨e¯'vcbvi D‽`¨vM wb‽Z ‼M‽j eb¨v I Ab¨vb¨ `y‽h©vM AviI ‼e‽o ‼h‽Z cv‽i|
5. eb¨v mZK©xKiY e¨e¯’v DbœZKiY: ‼`‽k i eb¨v mZK©xKiY e¨e¯'vi A‽bK DbœwZ n‽q‽Q| Avgiv GLb 15 w`b
Av‽Mi eb¨v c~e©vfvm w`‽Z cviwQ| wKš` GB c~e©vfvm mvaviY gvby‽li Kv‽Q MÕnY‽hvM¨ Kivi Rb¨ AviI KvR Ki‽Z
n‽e| evsjv‽`‽k K…lK I K…wl‽K mvg‽b ‼i‽L ‼Kv‽bv AvenvIqvi c~e©fvm ‼`qv nq bv৷
6. eb¨v cÖvPxi ˆZwi: b`xi cÕevwnZ cvwb‽K g~j cÕYvjx‽Z mxgve× ivLvi Rb¨ b`xi Dfq cv‽k¦© gvwU, cv_i ev KswµU
w`‽q euva wbg©vY Kiv ev eb¨v-cÕvPxi M‽o ‼Zvjv DwPr|
7. AeKvVv‡gv wbg©v‡Y mZK©Zv: AeKvVv‽gv wbg©v‽Y mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‽Z n‽e| b`xi Dci iv¯ÍvNvU, weªR-KvjfvU©
Ggbfv‽e ˆZwi Ki‽Z n‽e hv‽Z ‼m¸‽jv b`xi MwZc‽_ evav m„wó Ki‽Z bv cv‽i|
8. mvgvwRK ebvqb: b`xi cv‽o e¨vcKfv‽e mvgvwRK ebvqb Kiv n‽j b`xfvOb ‼iva Kiv m¤¢eci n‽e|
9. eb¨v wbqš¿K wiRvf©vi (Flood Control Reservoir): eb¨vi ZxeªZv I we¯Ívi n«vm Kivi Rb¨ b`xi MwZc‽_ AmsL¨
eb¨v wbqš¿K wiRvf©vi ˆZwi Kiv DwPZ| G‽Z b`x cÕYvjxi gva¨‽g cvwbi wb®‹vkb n«vm Kiv hvq| GQvov wiRvf©v‽i
mwÂZ cvwb ‼m‽Pi Kv‽R Ges Rjwe`y¨r Drcv`‽bi Kv‽R jvMv‽bv|
 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 7
10. †WªwRs (Dredging): b`xi MwZc_ cwi®‹v‽ii Rb¨ DbœZ cÕhyw³‽Z ‼WªwRs K‽i b`xi MwZc‽_ R‽g _vKv cwj
AcmviY Ki‽Z n‽e| G‽Z K‽i b`xi cvwb aviY‿gZv eûjvs‽k e„w× cv‽e| el©vKv‽j cvwbi Xj wbqš¿‽Y ivLvi Rb¨
f‚wgi e¨envi cwiKwíZ nIqvUv Riæwi| gvby‽li Nievwo eb¨v ‼j‽f‽ji Dc‽i ivL‽Z n‽e| MÕvg¸‽jv‽KI DuPz Ki‽Z
n‽e|

03. fwel¨‡Z mgy`ª c„‡ôi D”PZv e„w× evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqyi Ici Kx cÖfve †d‡j/ †dj‡Z cv‡i? ***
“An estimated 3.5 million people are at risk of river flooding every year due to sea level rise and
increasingly intense monsoon seasons.”
- [Earth. org]
Rjevqy cwieZ©‽bi cÕfv‽e c„w_ex cÕwZwbqZ DËß n‽”Q| `ªæZ MwZ‽Z Mj‽Q wngevn I eid| G‽Z mgy `ªc„‽ôi D”PZv
evo‽Q| bvmvi M‽elYvq ‼`Lv ‼M‽Q, A¨v›UKwU©Kvq cÕwZ eQi M‽o cÕvq 150wewjqb Ub eid Mj‽Q| cÖwZ eQi wMÖbj¨vÛ
‼_‽K 270 wewjqb Ub eid M‽j mgy‽`ªi cvwb‽Z wg‽k hv‽”Q| GQvov weMZ 11 nvRvi eQ‽ii ‼h ‼Kvb mg‽qi ‼P‽q MZ
kZvãx‽Z gnvmvMi¸‽jv `ªæZ Dò n‽”Q|
[mgKvj]
mgy`ª¯Í‽ii D”PZve„w× Øviv ‼evSv‽bv n‽”Q wek^e¨vcx Rjevqy cwieZ©b I ˆewk^K Dòvq‽Yi Kvi‽Y mgy‽`ªi cvwbi cwigvY
‼e‽o wM‽q ¯'jfvM MÕvm K‽i ‼djv msµvšÍ `y‽h©vM‽K| weÁv‽bi m~Î ‼g‽b ZvcgvÎv evovi m‽½ cvwbi AvqZb ev‽o|
weÁvbx‽`i fwel¨rØvbx Abymv‽i,
ÒZvcgvÎv e„w×i eZ©gvb nvi Ae¨vnZ _vK‽j 2100 mvj bvMv`
mgy`ªc„‽ôi D”PZv 11 ‼_‽K 38 Bw ch©šÍ e„w× ‼c‽Z cv‽i|Ó
 fwel¨‡Z mgy`ªc„‡ôi D”PZv e„w× evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqyi Ici cÖfve:
1. wb¤œf~wg wbgw¾Z n‡e: evsjv‽`‽ki 60 kZvsk f~wg mgy`ªc„ô n‽Z gvÎÑ 5 wgUvi Dc‽i|
i. Headly Center for Climate Prediction and Research (HCCRR) Gi cÕvKvjøb AbyhvqxÑ Öevsjv‽`‽ki
mgy`ªc„‽ôi D”PZv 2080 mv‽j 40 ‼mw›UwgUvi e„w× cv‽e|Ó
ii. Eestimation of Sea Level Rise in Bangladesh- kxl©K M‽elYvq| M½v DcK~jxq cøvebf~wg‽Z cÕwZeQi:
5.3Ñ5.8 wgwjwgUvi D”PZv evo‽Q|
iii. ‼gNbv ‼gvnbvi cøvebf~wg‽Z D”PZv ‼e‽o‽Q: 4.2Ñ5.3 wgwjwgUvi
iv. PÆMÕvg DcK~‽j 3.7Ñ4.2 wgwjwgUvi mgy`ªc„‽ôi D”PZv e„w× cv‽”Q|
v. Inter-governmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC) Gi Assessment Report- 2021 G mgy`ªc„‽ôi
D”PZv 1 wgUvi evo‽j A_©vr 2050 mv‽j evsjv‽`‽ki ¯'jf~wgi 17-20 kZvsk cvwb‽Z Zwj‽q hv‽e| 19wU
DcK~jxq ‼Rjvi 60 nvRvi eM© wK‽jvwgUvi GjvKv Wz‽e ‼h‽Z cv‽i|
vi. 2100 mv‽j GK-Z…Zxqvsk GjvKv Wz‽e hv‽e|

wPÎ:

eZgv‽b evsjv‽`‽ki ¯'jfvM Wz‽e hvIqvi wPÎ:

1 wgwbU evo‽j evsjv‽`k ¯'jfvM cvwb‽Z nviv‽e A_©vrÑ 2050 mv‽j
2100 mv‽ji 1.5wgwbU evo‽j evsjv‽`‽ki ¯'jfvM cvwb‽Z Wz‽e hv‽e|
bvmvi GK M‽elYvq, AvMvgx 100 eQ‽ii g‽a¨ evsjv‽`‽ki e›`ibMix ”ÆMÕvg mgyÎM‽f© wejxb n‽q hvIqvi m¤¢vebv
i‽q‽Q|
2. jebv³v e„w×: jeYv³ cvwbi msµg‽Yi Kvi‽Y wewfbœ ai‽bi km¨ Drcv`b e¨vnvZ n‽e Ges dm‽ji ¸YMZ gvb
cwiewZ©Z n‽e|
8 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
i. IPCC Gi 6th Assassment Report 2021 Abymv‽i 2050 mv‽j 4 ‼KvwU gvbyl jeYv³Zvi SzuwK‽Z co‽e|
ii. evsjv‽`‽k 1973 mv‽j ‼gvU jeYv³ cÖfvweZ Rwgi cwigvY wQj 8 jvL 33 nvRvi ‼n±i, hv 2009 mv‽j 10
jvL 56 ‼n±‽i DbœxZ nq Ges µgvMZ GwU e„w× cv‽”Q (SRDI, 2010)
iii. PÆMÕvg bMixi, nvj`v I KY©dyjx b`xi cÕwZ wjUvi cvwb‽Z 2 nvRvi 500 MÕvg ch©šÍ jeYv³Zv ‼`Lv w`‽q‽Q, hvi
mnbxq gvÎv n‽jv- 250 wgwjMÖvg|
iv. DcK~jxq 18 ‼Rjvi 93wU Dc‽Rjv wewfbœ gvÎvi jeYv³Zvq AvµvšÍ|
3. mvgyw`ªK mxgbvi cwieZ©b: evsjv‽`k KZ©„K wba©vwiZ eZ©gv‽bi mgy‽`ªi mxgvbv cwiewZ©Z n‽e, mgy`ªcô„ KZ©„K
wba©vwiZ eZ©gv‽bi mgy‽`ªi mxgvbv cwiewZ©Z n‽e, mgy`ª c„‽ôi D”PZv e„w× ‼d‽i| mvM‽ii g‽a¨ ‼h we‽klvwqZ
A_©‰bwZK AÂj i‽q‽Q Ges Mfxi mgy‽`ª cÕ‽ekvwaKvi wb‽q bZzb Ø›Ø I msNvZ ïiæ n‽e|
4. RxweKvi Ici cÖfve:
i. IPCC Gi 6th Assessment Report-2021 Abymv‽i 2050 mv‽j Lv`¨ Drcv`‽bi 30 kZvsk nvwi‽q hv‽e,
‼hLv‽b mgy`ªc„‽ôi D”PZv e„w× eo cÕfve ivL‽e|
ii. mgy‽`ªi ZvcgvÎv e„w×, MfxiZvi cwieZ©b Ges cvwbi ivmvqwbK ¸YMZ gv‽bi cwieZ©‽bi d‽j gv‽Qi AmsL¨
cÕRvwZ wejyß n‽q hv‽e| Zv‽`i k^mb, ev¯'ms¯'vb I kvixwiK e„w×i ¯^vfvweK cÕwµqv‽K e¨vnZ K‽i|
5. Rxe‰ewPÎ aŸs‡mi †ÿ‡Î: ‼bvbv R‽ji Kvi‽Y wgVv cvwbi cÕvYx‽`i Rxeb aŸsm n‽q ‼h‽Z cv‽i| jeYv³ cvwbi
msµg‽Yi d‽jÑ
 DcK~jxq AÂ‽ji gvwUi ¸YMZ gv‽bi cwieZ©b n‽e, hv GB AÂ‽ji Rxe‰ewPΨ I MvQcvjvi Ici cÖwZK~j cÖfve
‼dj‽e
 A‽bK mvgyw`ªK Rxe Aw¯Í‽Z¡i msK‽U co‽e
 my›`ie‽bi Rxe‰ewPΨ cÕwZK~j Ae¯'vi m¤§yLxb n‽e Lvc LvI‽q wb‽Z bv ‼c‽i A‽bK cÕRvwZ wPiZ‽i nvwi‽q hv‽e|
6. wkï‡`i Rxe‡bi †ÿ‡Î: ‼`‽ki 4 fv‽Mi 1 fvM wkïi evm DcK~jxq GjvKvq/ ‼mB wnmv‽e `wÿYvÂ‽ji 1 ‼KvwUiI ‼ewk
wkïi Ici Rjevqy cwieZ©‽bi ‼bwZevPK cÕfve co‽Q| mgy`ª c„‽ôi D”PZv e„w×i d‽j Rjevqy D™¢¯` n‽q cwiev‽ii mv‽_
mÜvb Ki‽Q Kv‽Ri| d‽j ‼gØwjK AwaKvi wkÿvMÕnY ‼_‽K ewÂZ n‽”Q|
7. K…wli Dci cÖfve:
i. Bologna Institute for Policy Research- 2025 Gi M‽elYvi cÕwZ‽e`‽b, 2050 mvj ch©šÍ evsjv‽`‽ki
Pvj Drcv`b cÖwZeQi 7.4% nv‽i K‽g hvIqvi SuywK i‽q‽Q|
ii. wPswo wk‽íi Drcv`b cÕwµqvq e¨vNvZ NU‽e|
iii. jevYv³ Rwgi cwigvY e„w×i d‽j K…wl Drcv`b n«vm cv‽e Ges gvwUi ¸YMZ gv‽bi cwieZ©b n‽e|
8. R¦vjvwb AeKvVv‡gvi Ici:
cvigvYweK wi-A¨v±i‽K VvÛv ivLvi Rb¨ G‽Z wbiwewQbœ cvwb mieiv‽ni cÕ‽qvRb nq| G Rb¨ cvigvYweK
we`y¨r‽K›`ª mvaviYZ mgy`ª DcK~‽j wbg©vY© Kiv nq| cvwbi D”PZv e„w× cvigvYweK we`y¨r‽K›`ª‽K ÿwZMÕ¯Í Ki‽e, hvi
d‽j wi-A¨v±‽i Kvh©µg ÿwZMÕ¯' n‽e|
9. A_©‰bwZK cÖfve:
i. DcK~jxq AeKvVv‽gvÑ mgy`ªe›`i, iv¯ÍvNvU I ‼ijms‽hvM ÿwZMÕ¯Í n‽e| e›`img~‽ni Kvh©ÿgZv K‽g
hvIqvq ˆewk^K evwYR¨ e¨vnZ nq|
ii. DcKzjxq ch©Ub wkí LvZ webó n‽e| ‼hgbÑ `wÿY ZvjcwÆ ØxcwU Zwj‽q‽M‽Q|
10. Rjevqy Dׯ`/kiYv_©x:
i. evsjv‽`‽ki RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ e„w× cv‽e, gv_vwcQz m¤ú` I K…wlRwgi cwigvYI K‽g hv‽e|
ii. cwi‽ek, eb I Rjevqy cwieZ©b gš¿Yvj‽qi g‽Z 2050 mvj bvMv` evsjv‽`‽ki 19.9 wgwjqb gvbyl
ev¯`Pz¨Z n‽e|
 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 9
evsjv‡`‡k wMÖbnvDm B‡d‡±i cÖfve/ˆewk^K DòZvi cÖfve| ***
 wMÖb nvDm: Bs‽iwR wMÕb nvDR k‽ãi A_© meyR Ni| c„w_exi wKQz ‼giæ AÂ‽j m~h©v‽jv‽Ki ¯^íZvi Kvi‽Y
wbZ¨cÕ‽qvRbxq kvK-mewR&i msKU Zxeª AvKvi aviY K‽i| G Ae¯'vi cwi‽cÕwÿ‽Z weÁvbxMY we‽kl ai‽bi Kuv‽Pi
Ni D™¢veb K‽ib, hvi wfZ‽i Pvlvev` m¤¢e| G N‽ii Qv` I ‼`qvj Zvc wewKiY‽ivax we‽kl ai‽bi KuvP w`‽q ˆZwi|
MÕx®§Kv‽j G N‽i m~h©v‽jvK I DËvc cÕ‽ek K‽i wKš` wewKiY bv NUvq, Zvc ‼ei n‽Z cv‽i bv| ZvB mwÂZ m~h©Zv‽c
ˆeix I kxZvZ© cwi‽ekI kvK mewR Drcv`b Kiv m¤¢e nq| weÁvbxiv GB we‽kl N‽ii bvg w`‽q‽Qb wMÕb nvDR|
 wMÖb nvDm B‡d±: c„w_ex‽Z wN‽i Gi Pvicv‽k f~-c„ô ‼_‽K 30 wK‽jvwgUvi ch©šÍ i‽q‽Q I‽Rvb¯Íi| hvi NbZ¡ me
RvqMvq GK bq| 23 wK‽jvwgUvi Gi NbZ¡ A‽cÿvK…Z Kg| GLv‽b i‽q‽Q Kve©bWvB A‾vBW I Aci K‽qKwU
M¨v‽mi ‼eóbx| G M¨vm¸‽jv‽K GK‽Î wMÕb nvDm M¨vm e‽j| G M¨v‽mi ‼eóbx ivmvqwbK c`©v wn‽m‽e KvR K‽i| wMÕb
nvD‽mi Kv‽Pi ‼`qvj ‼hfv‽e Zvi ‼fZ‽ii DòZv‽K evB‽i wewKiY n‽Z evav m„wó K‽i, wVK ‼Zgwbfv‽e evqygÛ‽j
m„ó ivmvqwbK c`©v ev M¨v‽mi ‼`qvj f~-c„‽ôi ‼kvwlZ Zv‽ci wewKiY NUv‽Z euvav ‼`q| M¨v‽mi G ‼`qvj Av‽Q e‽jB
wKQz cwigvY Zvc evavcÕvß n‽q c„w_ex‽Z ‼_‽K hvq Ges Gi cÕfv‽e evqygÛj Dò _v‽K|
 A¨vj‡e‡Wv (Albedo): m~h©wKiY ‼_‽K c„w_ex‽Z ‼gvU ‼h cwigvY wewKiY Av‽m Zvi 34% (2% f~-c„ô ‼_‽K, 7%
evqygÐi ‼_‽K, 25% ‼gNcyà ‼_‽K) weKiY ‼gNcyÃ, a~wjKbv cÕf…wZ Øviv cÕwZdwjZ n‽q gnvk~‽b¨ wd‽i hvq| c„w_ex
‼_‽K m~h©iwk¥i wd‽i hvIqv‽K A¨vj‽e‽Wv (Albedo) e‽j| GB A¨vj‽e‽Wv c„w_exi evqygÛ‽ji ‼Kv‽bvfv‽eB DËß
Ki‽Z ‼`q bv| d‽j c„w_ex‽Z ‼h DòZv _v‽K Zv Rx‽ei c‽ÿ evm‽hvM¨ nq| Rx‽ei emev‽mi AbyK~j Giƒc
cwiw¯'wZ‽K ejv nq wMÕb nvDm B‽d±|
wMÖb nvDR M¨vm I Drmmg~n:
K…wÎgfv‡e d‡Uv‡KwgK¨vj †auvqv m~‡h©i Av‡jvi Øviv Aw•‡Rb †_‡K m„ó 03-7%
Drcv`b †_‡K m„ó
ˆRe mvi/ ˆRe R¦vjvbx eb, Nvm, mgy`ª gvwU, mvi No2- 6%
†iwd«Rv‡iUi, †dvg G‡iv‡mj‡¯úª, is CFC- 14%
ˆRe mvi, avb Drcv`b Rjvf~wg, cÖvK…wZK M¨vm Mevw`cï CH4 – 18%
ˆRemvi, avb Drcv`b Rjvf~wg, cÖvK…wZK M¨vm Mevw`cï H20 – 13%
Av‡MœqwMwi, ˆRe R¦vjvwb, ebR m¤ú` `nb, eb DRvo CO2 – 42%

wMÖb nvDR M¨vm wbM©g‡bi Drmmg~n:

we`y¨r I Zvc 30.4%
K…wl 18.3%
cwienb 15.9%
wkívqb 5.3%
eR©¨ 3.2%
Ab¨vb¨ 26.7%
[Drm: Climate Watch]
 wMÖb nvDm B‡d‡±i KviY:
1. Kve©b WvB A•vB‡Wi cwigvYe„w×: UNEP (United Nations Environment programme) Gi cÕwZ‽e`‽bÑ
1800Ñ1988 mg‽q DbœZ ‼`kmg~‽n Kve©b WvB A‾vBW wbM©g‽bi nvi 83.7%| ¯^‽ívbœZ ‼`kmg~‽nÑ 16.3%|
2. ivmvqwbK mv‡ii e„w×: AZ¨vwaK dmj Drcv`‽bi Rb¨ K…wl‽Z bvB‽Uªv‽Rb mv‽ii e¨envi D‽jøL‽hvM¨ nv‽i e„w×
‼c‽q‽Q|
3. wg‡_‡bi cwigvY e„w×: MvQcvjvi cPb, K…wlR eR©¨, Rjve×Zvq avb Pvl, RxeRš`‽`i eR©¨ ‼_‽K ‼_‽K m„ó wg‽_‽bi
cwigvY µgk evo‽Q|
10 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
4. eb DRvo: c„w_ex‽Z ‼gvU ebf~wgi cwigvY 4 ‼KvwU 30 jvL eM© wK‽jvwgUvi; cÕwZ wgwb‽U aŸsm n‽”Q 100 GKi
ebf~wg| `vevb‽ji d‽j cy‽o hv‽”Q nvRvi nvRvi eM©wK‽jvwgUvi ebvÂj| RbmsL¨vi evm¯'vb, Lv‽`¨i ‼hvMvb, bvbv
Kvi‽Y eb wba‽bi d‽j Kve©b WvB-A‾vB‽Wi cwigvY ‼e‽o hv‽”Q|
5. Rxevk¥ R¦vjvwb e„w×: KjKviLvbv, hvbevnb, we`y¨r Drcv`b, wkívqb cÕf…wZ ‼ÿ‽Î R¦xevk¥ R¦vjvwb e¨envi cÕwZwbqZ
evo‽Q hvi mv‽_ mv‽_ e„w× cv‽”Q Kve©b WvB A·vBW|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖfve:
1. mgy`ªc„ô Z_v e‡½vcmvM‡ii D”PZve„w×:
i. Headly center for climate Prediction and Research (HCCPR) Gi cÕv°vjb AbyhvqxÑ evsjv‽`‽ki
mgy`ªc„‽ôi D”PZv 2080 mv‽j 40 ‼mw›UwgUvi e„w× cv‽e|
ii. Inter governmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC) Gi 6th Assessment Report – 2021 mgy`ªc„‽ôi
D”PZv 1 wgUvi evo‽j evsjv‽`‽ki ¯'jf~wgi 17Ñ20% Zwj‽q hv‽e|
iii. mgy`ªc„‽ôi D”PZv e„w×i d‽j 2050 mv‽j 4 ‼KvwU gvbyl jeYv³Zvi wkKvi n‽e|
iv. bvmvi GK M‽elYvq, AvMvgx 100 eQ‽ii g‽a¨ PÆMÕvg e›`i e‽½vcmvM‽ii M‽f© wejxb n‽q hvIqvi m¤¢vebv
i‽q‽Q|
v. evsjv‽`‽k cÕwZeQi mgy`ªc„‽ôi D”PZv e„w×i nvi 7 wgwj wgUvi
2. c„w_exi Mo ZvcgvÎv e„w×: 1880 ‼_‽K 1986 mv‽ji g‽a¨ c„w_exi ZvcgvÎvÑ 0.60C
3. AwZe„wó:
i. el©vKv‽j b`-b`xi cvwb cÕev‽ni gvÎv ‼e‽o hv‽e G‽Z wb¤œ GjvKvmg~‽n eb¨v Zxeª AvKvi aviY Ki‽e Ges
`xN©¯'vqx n‽e|
ii. AwZgvÎvq cvwb cÕev‽ni d‽j b`x ZxieZ©x GjvKvmg~‽n b`x fv½‽bi gvÎv evo‽e|
4. cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i aŸsm mvab:
i. 2007 mv‽j ÖRjevqyi cwieZ©b I wek^ HwZ‽n¨i cvVÓ kxl©K UNESCO Gi cÕwZ‽e`b g‽Z, mgy‽`ªi cvwbi
D”PZv 45 ‼mw›UwgUvi e„w×‽Z my›`ie‽bi 75% Wz‽e ‼h‽Z cv‽i|
ii. ‼`‽ki ebR m¤ú` webó n‽e Ges wewfbœ `yj©f cÕRvwZi wejyß NU‽e ‼mB mv‽_|
5. jeYv³Zvi we¯’wZ:
i. evsjv‽`‽ki ‼gvU RbmsL¨vi 15% mgy`ª ZxieZ©x AÂ‽j evm K‽i| ‼m ‼ÿ‽Î 3.5 ‼KvwU gvbyl jeYv³Zvq
wkKvi n‽q Rxeb I RxweKv ÿwZi gy‽L co‽e|
ii. mgxÿvbyhvqx mgy`ªc„‽ôi D”PZv 100 ‼mw›UwgUvi e„w× ‼c‽j 25000 nvRvi eM© wK‽jvwgUvi GjvKvq ‼jvbv cvwbi
cÕ‽ek NU‽e|
6. Livq KewjZ: eZ©gv‽b evsjv‽`‽k kxZ ‼gØmy‽g cÕvqÑ 36 nvRvi eM©wK‽jvwgUvi GjvKv Livi Ke‽j c‽o|
7. f~-Mf©¯’ cvwbi ¯Íi wb‡P P‡j hv‡e: Rb¯^v¯'¨ cÕ‽KØkj Awa`ß‽ii wnmv‽eÑ 1985 mv‽i e‽i›`ª AÂ‽j f~ÑMf©¯' cvwbi
¯Íi wQjÑ 44.67 dzU Mfx‽i 2000 mv‽j Zv 62 dz‽U|
8. So I R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi cÖ‡Kvc e„w×: evsjv‽`‽k 1971 mvj ‼_‽K D‽jøL‽hvM¨ wKQz mvB‽K¬vb n‽jv `vbv (2024),
‼igvj (27 ‼g, 2024), Av¤úvb (20 ‼g, 2020) ‼gvLv (19 ‼g, 2023) wgÎvs (25 A‽±vei, 2022) db
(3 ‼g, 2019), ‼fvjv NywbSo/ N~wbSo ‼MvwK©Ñ (1970), g¨vwi GbÑ (1991), wmWiÑ (15 b‽f¤^i, 2007) Ges
1988, 1991, 1998, 2022 I 2024 mv‽j e¨vcK aŸsmvZ¥K eb¨v nq|
9. AvenvIqv wech©q:
i. 2024 mv‽j evsjv‽`‽k m‽e©v”P ZvcgvÎvi ‼iKW©Ñ 43.70 (PzqvWv½v 30 GwcÖj, 2024)
ii. me©wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvÑ 2.60 [‼ZZzwjqv, cÂMo 8 Rvbyqvwi, 2018]
 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 11
†gwib cÖ‡U‡±W Gwiqv (Marine Protected Area) m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
‼gwib cÕ‽U‽±W Gwiqv n‽jv mgy‽`ªi wbw`©ó AÂj hv cwi‽ekMZ msiÿY mvgyw`ªK Rxe‰ewPΨ iÿv Ges mvgyw`ªK m¤ú‽`i
‼UKmB e¨e¯'vcbvi D‽Ï‽k¨ myiwÿZ Kiv nq| Ggb GjvKv wbqwš¿Z ev wbwl× _v‽KÑ
 AwZwi³ gvQ aiv
 LwbR AvniY
 Awbqwš¿Z RvnvR I BwÃb PvwjZ ‼bØKvi PjvPj
 mgy‽`ª eR©¨ I ÿwZKviK ivmvqwbK c`v_© wb‽ÿc
 cÕevj Dcwb‽ek aŸsm
 Rxe‰ewPΨ n«vm I Rjevqy cwieZ©b
‼m›UgvwU©b Øxc msjMœ e‽½vcmvM‽ii 70 wgUvi Mfxi mgy‽`ªi 1,743 eM© wKwg GjvKv‽K ‼gwib cÕ‽U‽±W Gwiqv ‼NvlYv Kiv
n‽q‽Q| GwU ‼`‽ki wØZxq ‼gwib cÕ‽U‽±W Gwiqv| eb¨cÕvYx AvBb, 2012 Gi aviv 13(1) I 13(2) Gi ÿgZv e‽j Marine
Protected Area ‼NvlYv Kiv nq| ‼m›UgvwU©b ‼gwib cÕ‽U‽±W Gwiqv ‼NvlYvi d‽jÑ
1. ˆewk^Kfv‽e ûgwKi m¤§yLxb ‼Mvjvwc Wjwdb, nv½i, ‼i gvQ, mvgyw`ªK KvwQg, mvgyw`ªK cvwL cÕevj,
2. mvgyw`ªK Rxe‰ewPΨ msiÿY n‽e
3. mvgyw`ªK grm¨ m¤ú‽`i ‼UKmB Avni‽Yi gva¨‽g ¯'vbxq Rb‽Mvôxi RxweKvi gv‽bœvbœqb n‽e
4. RvZxq mybxj A_©bxwZ‽K mg„w× NU‽e
5. GmwWwRi jÿ¨gvÎvÑ 14 AR©‽b mnvqK n‽e|
evsjv‡`‡ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †gwib cÖ‡U‡±W GwiqvÑ
AÂj AvqZb
M½vLvZ (2012) 1,734 eM© wKwg
‼m›UgvwU©b (2022) 1,743 eM© wKwg
wbSzg Øxc (2019) 3,188 eM© wKwg
bvd AÂj (2024) 734 eM© wKwg
[m~Î: sdgs.un.org]

evsjv‡`‡ki we`y¨r I R¦vjvwb‡Z fviZ wbf©iZv Kwg‡q Av‡bZ KiYxq Kx? *

MZ GK `k‽K we`y¨r I R¦vjvwb Lv‽Z fviZwbf©iZv A‽bK ‼e‽o‽Q| eZ©gv‽b we`y¨r Drcv`b ÿgZvi 17.3% fviZwbf©i
(cÕ_g Av‽jv: ‼deªæqvwi, 2025)| fviZ ‼_‽K evsjv‽`k Avgv`wb K‽i we`y¨r I wW‽Rj|
‼kL nvwmbvi `xN© kvmbKv‽j we`y¨r I R¦vjvwb Lv‽Z ‼h fviZwbf©iZv ˆZwi n‽q‽Q, ‼mUv evsjv‽`‽ki Rb¨ KZUv
Rb¯^v_©we‽ivax Zv wb‽q A‽bK ch©v‽jvPbv n‽q‽Q| fviwZ wbf©i GB cÕKí¸‽jv ch©v‽jvPbv K‽i miKv‽ii wKQz wm×všÍ
‼bIqv GLb Riæwi:
K. Av`vwbi m‡½ RvZxq ¯^v_©we‡ivax Pzw³:
1. K¨vcvwmwU PvR©: Av`vwbi SvoLÛ we`y¨r‽K›`ª ‼_‽K- 1600 ‼gMvIqvU Avg`vwb Kiv n‽q‽Q| GRb¨ K¨vcvwmwU PvR©
cwi‽kva Ki‽Z n‽q‽QÑ 5 nvRvi 823 ‼KvwU 71 jvL UvKv, hv ‼gvU K¨vcvwmwU Pv‽R©iÑ 20.30%|
2. BDwbU cÖwZ we`¨yr `vg: 2022Ñ2023 A_©eQi cÕwZ BDwbU we`y¨r‽Zi `vg a‽iwQj 14 UvKv 2 cqmv (‼hLv‽b ‼`‽k
we`y¨r‽Zi Mo `vg- 8.77 UvKv| bvbv cÕkœ weZ©‽Ki ci 2023Ñ24 A_©eQ‽i cÕwZ BDwbU we`y¨‽Zi `vg a‽i‽Q- 12
UvKv
3. fZ©~wK eve` LiP e„w×: Av`vwb MÕæ‽ci KvQ ‼_‽K µqK…Z we`y¨r Avevi evsjv‽`‽k 8.95 UvKvq wewµ K‽i PDB
cÕwZeQi fZ©ywK eve` e¨h Ki‽Z 3 nvRvi ‼KvwU UvKvi ‼ewk|
12 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
4. Rwigvbv: Av`vwbi we`y¨r‽K‽›`ªi Drcv`b ÿgZvi 34% ‼P‽q Kg we`y¨r wKb‽j, BPDB ‼K wbw`©ó A‽¼i Rwigvbv
w`‽Z nq| evwl©K ‼NvwlZ Pvwn`vi hZ Kg we`y¨r wKb‽e, ZZzUzKz we`y¨r Drcv`‽b cÕ‽qvRbxq Kqjvi `vg,
RvnvRfvov, e›`‽ii LiP w`‽Z nq|
5. ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi AcPq: evsjv‽`k‽K 25 eQi a‽i Av`vwbi K‽ii Ab¨vh¨ ‼evSv enb Ki‽Z n‽e| B‽Zvg‽a¨ fviZ
miKvi 1 wewjqb Wjvi gIKzd K‽i‽Q|
6. bevqb‡hvM¨ R¦vjvwb m¤úªmvi‡Y euvav: evsjv‽`k m¤¢vq ‼mØiwe`y¨r w`‽q GB mieivn cÕwZ¯'vcb Ki‽Z PvB‽j Av`vwb‽K
Rwigvbv w`‽q ‼mØiwe`y¨r Drcv`b Ki‽Z n‽e|
L. ivgcvj we`y¨r‡K›`ª:
1. hvwš¿K µwU I Kqjv msKU: 2022 I 2023 mv‽j 2wU BDwbU Pvjy nIqvi ci eûj Av‽jvwPZ cwi‽ek weaŸsmx
ivgcvj we`y¨r‽K‽›`ªi hvwš¿K µwU I Kqjv msK‽U GLb ch©šÍ 15 evi eÜ n‽q‽Q|
2. cwi‡ekMZ cÖfve: cÕKíwU eÜ n‽j 20 eQ‽i webv jv‽f 160 ‼KvwU Wjv‽ii FY cwi‽kva Ki‽Z n‽e| Avw_©K ÿwZ
nq‽Zv cywl‽q ‼bIqv hv‽e, wKš` cwi‽e‽ki ÿwZ RbRxe‽b weiƒc cÕfve ‼dj‽e|
3. RjR I ebR Rxe ˆewP‡Î¨i cÖfve: kZ© f½ K‽i ‼RwU ‼_‽K Db¥y³fv‽e Lvjvm Kiv Kqjv mivmwi co‽Q b`x‽Z Ges
wbM©Z cvwb cwi‽kvab QvovB wgk‽Q cÕK…wZ‽Z| GjvKvq evo‽Q bvB‽UªU, dm‽dU, cvi`mn wewfbœ ÿwZKi
ivmvqwb‽Ki hvÎv hv RjR I ebR Rxe‰ewPΨ aŸsm Ki‽Q|
4. RxweKvi †ÿ‡Î: my›`ieb msjMœ b`x¸‽jv‽Z gv‽Qi cwigvY n«vm cv‽”Q|
M. †gNbvNvU GjGbwR wfwËK we`y¨r‡K›`ª:
 fviZxq abKz‽ei Awbj Av¤^vwb I Rvcvwb ‼Kv¤úvwb ‼Rivi wewb‽qv‽M wbwg©Z n‽q‽Q wijv‽qÝ ‼gNbvNvU GjGbwR
wfwËK cvIqvi cø¨v›U| M¨v‽mi cÕ‽qvRbxq ‼hvMvb bv _vKvq BPDB-i 1,315 ‼gMvIqvU mÿgZvi AvïMÃ we`y¨r‽K›`ª
eÜ i‽q‽Q| ‼mLv‽b 750 ‼gMvIqvU mÿgZvi GB cÕKíwU Pvjy Kiv n‽q‽Q hv msKUKvjxb mg‽q ‼Kv‽bv f~wgKvq
ivL‽Z cvi‽Q bv|
N. iƒccyi cvigvYweK we`y¨r‡K›`ª: ivwkqv I fvi‽Zi g‽a¨ wÎcÿxq Pzw³ Abymv‽i iƒccyi cvigvYweK we`y¨r ‼K›`ª cwiPvjbvq
gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‽b fvi‽Zi f~wgKv ivLvi K_v i‽q‽Q| Gi wewb‽qv‽Mi 20% enb Ki‽e fviZ| 20 wK‽jvwgUvi mÂvjb
jvBb wbg©vY cÕK‽í fviZxq Gw‾g e¨vs‽Ki FY ‼`Iqvi ‼cQ‽b e¨vs‽Ki wba©vwiZ wVK`vwi cÕwZôvb‽K AwZwi³ Li‽P KvR
‼`Iqvi D‽Ï‽k¨ wQj e‽j cÕZ¨qgvb nq| evsjv‽`k GB AwZwi³ LiP enb Ki‽Z ivwR bv nIqvq, FY msµvšÍ RwUjZvq
GB cÕKí ev¯Íevqb `xN©w`b Szwj‽q ivLv n‽qwQj|
O. Nivóªxq cÖwZôvb ONGC (Oil and Natural Gas Corporation) :
 fvi‽Zi ivóªxq cÕwZôvb ONGC 2014 mv‽j AMfxi mgy‽`ª M¨vm D‽Ëvj‽bi D‽`¨vM ‼bq| K‽qKevi ‼gqv` ‼kl
n‽jI MZ 10 eQ‽i ‼Kv‽bv D‽jøL‽hvM¨ AMÕMwZ nq wb| 2024 mv‽j ‼gqv` AviI 2 eQi evov‽bvi cÕ¯Íve ‼`Iqv
n‽q‽Q|
P. evsjv‡`kÑfviZ ˆgÎx cvBcjvBb:
 evsjv‽`k-fviZ ˆgÎx ‼Zj cvBcjvBb w`‽q fvi‽Zi bygvwjMo widvBbvwi wjwg‽UW ‼_‽K 1 jvL 30 nvRvi ‼gwUªK
Ub wW‽Rj Avg`vwbi wm×všÍ wb‽q‽Q (BPC) evsjv‽`k ‼c‽Ævwjqvg K‽c©v‽ikb (BPC)| wW‽Rj ‼Kbv eve`
evsjv‽`k‽K G eQi cwi‽kva Ki‽Z n‽eÑ 1,137 ‼KvwU UvKv| we‽`k ‼_‽K Acwi‽kvwaZ ‼Zj G‽b ‼`‽ki
cwi‽kvabvMvi B÷vb© widvBbvwi‽Z cwi‽kvab K‽i wW‽Rj Drcv`b Kiv n‽j mvkÕq n‽Zv e¨v‽ij cÕwZÑ 11 Wjvi|
 fviZ wbf©iZv Kgv‡Z Kibxq:
1. ev¯Íem¤§Z Pvwn`v cÖv°vjb:
i. ch©vß Pvwn`v bv _vKvq we`y¨r‽K›`ª fvov eve` A‽bK UvKv fzZwz K ¸b‽Z nq|
ii. ZijxK…Z cÕvK…wZK M¨v‽mi AeKvVv‽gv ¯'vc‽b I mZ©KZ©v Aej¤^b Kiv Riæwi|
 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 13
iii. R¦vjvwb I we`y¨r Lv‽Zi gnvcwiKíbvq 2050 mvj bvMv` LNG Pvwn`vi ‼h cÕv°vjb Kiv n‽q‽Q Zv 2023
mv‽j Avg`vwbK„Z LNG-i 4.35 ‼_‽K 9.85 ¸Y n‽Z cv‽i| cÕwZ BDwbU LNG-i g~j¨ 8 Wjvi ai‽jI
2050 mv‽j LNG-i wcQ‽b 8 ‼_‽K 18.2 wewjqb gvwK©b Wjvi|
myZivs, Avgv‽`i LwZ‽q ‼`L‽Z n‽e LNG Avg`vwb bv evwo‽q wbR¯^ M¨vmK~c Lb‽b wewb‽hvM ‼ewk hyw³hy³ wKbv|
2. wkíLv‡Z wMÖ‡Wi we`y¨r e¨envi evov‡bv:
i. wMÕ‽Wi we`y¨‽Zi Pvwn`v evov‽bv ‼M‽j fZ©ywK evo‽e e‽j Avk¼v i‽q‽Q|
ii. mgvav‽bi GKwU c_ n‽Z cv‽i wkí KviLvbv¸‽jv‽K wMÕ‽Wi we`y¨r e¨env‽i DrmvwnZ Kiv|
3. bevqb‡hvM¨ R¦vjvwbwfwËK cÖKí ev¯Íevqb Kiv:
i. Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA) 2023 mv‽ji M‽elYvq ‼`Lv
hvqÑ 2 ‼_‽K 3 nvRvi ‼gMvIqvU mÿgZvi bevqb‽hvM¨ R¦vjvwbwfwËK we`y¨r wMÕ‽W mshy³ Kiv ‼h‽Z cv‽i|
ii. 703 ‼gMvIqv‽Ui ‼mØiwe`y¨r hy³ Av‽Q ‼bUwgUvwis‽qi AvIZvq Qv`wfwËK ‼mØiwe`y¨r i‽q‽Q 112
‼gMvIqvU, evqywe`y¨r i‽q‽Q 60 ‼gMvIqvU mÿgZv| 2030 mv‽j g‽a¨ bevqb‽hvM¨ R¦vjvwbi 4000
‼gMvIqvU mÿgZv c~i‽Y GB LvZ Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‽Z n‽e|
4. R¦vjvwbi `ÿZv evov‡bv:
i. 2022Ñ2023 A_©eQ‽ii Z_¨ Abymv‽i, wMÕ‽Wi we`y¨‽Zi cÕvq 56% e¨eüZ n‽q‽Q evmvevwo‽Z|
ii. ‼UKmB I bevqb‽hvM¨ R¦vjvwb KZ©„cÿ (SREDA) (‼¯ªWv) wkí Lv‽Z R¦vjvwb I we`y¨r e¨env‽i ‼h‽nZz
mvkÖqxi my‽hvM i‽q‽Q ZvB wbixÿv I e¨e¯'vcbvq AviI ¸iæZ¡ w`‽Z n‽e|
iii. ‼`‽k we`y¨r Lv‽Z evwl©K fZ©ywKi cwigvY cÕvq 32 nvRvi ‼KvwU UvKv Ges R¦vjvwb Lv‽Z fzZ©wKi cwigvY
cÕvq 20 nvRvi ‼KvwU UvKv fzZ©ywK e„w× K‽i `ÿZv evov‽Z n‽e|
Ñ[Kv‽ji KÉ]

evsjv‡`‡ki bevqb‡hvM¨ kw³i P¨v‡jÄmg~n Kx Kx?

bevqb‽hvM¨ R¦vjvwb n‽jv Ggb GK cÕKvi kw³ hv ¯^í mg‽qi e¨eav‽b cybivq e¨envi Kiv hvq Ges Gi d‽j kw³i
DrmwU wbt‽kl n‽q hvq bv| Rxevk¥ R¦vjvwbi Zzjbvq cwi‽e‽ki Ici bevqb‽hvM¨ kw³i weiƒc cÕfve Kg| hvi Rb¨
KL‽bv KL‽bv G‽K meyR R¦vjvwb ejv nq|
Drm:
 m~‽h©i Av‽jv I Zvc (Sunlight and Heat)  mgy‽`ªi ‼XD (Sea Waves)
 evqycÖevn (Airflow)  ‼Rvqvi fvUv (Tide)
 RjcÖevn (Waterflow)  kn‽ii AveR©bv (Sunlight and Heat)
 ˆRekw³ (ev‽qvM¨vm, ev‽qvg¨vm, ev‽qvdz‽qj) (Bioenergy)  nvB‽Wªv‽Rb dz‽qj‽mj (Hydrogen Fuel Cell)
 f~-Zvc (Geothermal)
bevqb‡hvM¨ kw³
cÖhyw³ 2018 (MW) 2023 (MW) Ad wMÖW (MW) Ab wMÖW (MW)
†mŠikw³ 350 971.80 366.81 604.99
evqykw³ 3 47.9 2 45.9
nvB‡Wªv/cvwb 230 230 0 230
evqyM¨vm 1 0.69 0.69 0
ev‡qvg¨vm 0 0.4 0.4 0
†gvU 584 1250.79 369.90 880.90
 bevqb‡hvM¨ R¦vjvwbi P¨v‡jÄmg~n:
14 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
iv‽Z m~‽h©i Av‽jv _v‽K bv, Avevi evqycÕevn I AwbqwgZ ZvB Drcvw`Z evowZ we`y¨r c‽i e¨env‽ii Rb¨ e¨vUvwi‽Z
msiÿY Ki‽Z nq, hv GL‽bv e¨q eûj|
`yB, bevqb‽hvM¨ kw³i ‼ÿ‽Î wecyj cwigvY cÕv_wgK wewb‽qvM Ki‽Z nq| G‽Z miKvi I Avw_©K cÕwZôvb¸‽jv AvMÕnx
bq| d‽j bevqb‽hvM¨ kw³i AeKvVv‽gv ev¯Íevq‽b miKvi|

ivnv` fvB †bvU

Delta Plan (e-Øxc cixKíbv) 2100 Gi cÖavb cÖavb j¶¨ I LvZmg~n

BD‽ivcxq ‼`k ‼b`vij¨vÛ‽mi Av`‽j MªnY Kiv kZel©x ‼Wëv cø¨vb Z_v Ôe-Øxc cwiKíbv 2100× ‼K ‼`‽ki fwel¨r Dbœq‽bi
PvweKvwV wn‽m‽e ‼`Lv nq| GB cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‽bi Rb¨ KvR Ki‽Q Delta Governance Council. 2020 mv‽ji 01 RyjvB
12 m`‽m¨i GB KvDwÝj MVb Kiv nq| cwi‽ek Ges Rjevqy m¤úwK©Z Znwej wMÕb K¬vB‽gU dvÛ (GCF), miKvwi- ‼emiKvwi
Askx`vwiZ¡ c×wZ‽K we‽ePbv Kiv n‽q‽Q|
 GK bR‡i Ôe-Øxc cwiKíbv 2100Õ:
 NEC Aby‡gv`b †`q: 2018 mv‽ji 4 ‼m‽Þ¤^i
 cÖavb jÿ¨: Rjevqy cwieZ©b ‼gvKv‽ejv
 2030 mvj bvMv` MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q: 80wU cwiKíbv
 cÖ_g 30 eQ‡i e¨q n‡e: 3 jvL ‼KvwU UvKv
 †gvU LiP n‡e: 3 nvRvi 700 ‼KvwU gvwK©b Wjvi
 cwiKíbvq P¨v‡jÄ: 11wU| h_v-
1. ZvcgvÎv e„w× (Rise in Temperature) 7. b`x e¨e¯'vcbv (River Management)
2. AwZ e„wócvZ (Heavy Rainfall) 8. bMi I MÕv‽g cvwb mieivn (Water Supply)
3. Liv (Drought) 9. eR©¨ e¨e¯'vcbv (Waste Management)
4. b`x fvOb (River Erosion) 10. bMi eb¨v wbqš¿Y (Flood Control)
5. mgy`ªc„‽ôi D”PZv e„w× (Sea Level Rise) 11. cvwb wb®‹vkb (Water Drainage)
6. b`xkvmb (Rise in Temperature)
 2030 mv‡ji g‡a¨ wRwWwc cÖe„w× Qvov‡e: 1.5 kZvsk
†Wëv cø¨vb 2100 : miKv‡ii G gnvcwiKíbvq hv _vK‡Q:
 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 15

 †Wëv cø¨v‡b 6wU j¶¨ wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q-

1. eb¨v (Flood)
2. b`x fvOb (River Erosion)
3. b`x e¨e¯'vcbv (River Management)
4. bMi I Mªv‽g cvwb mieivn (Water Supply)
5. eR¨© e¨e¯'vcbv (Waste Management)
6. eb¨v wbqš¿Y I wb®‹vkb (Flood Control and Drainage)

 Delta Governance I Znwe‡ji Drm:

2030 mvj bvMv` ev¯Íevq‽bi Rb¨ MªnY Kiv n‽q‽Q 80wU cÕKí|
Gi g‽a¨ 65wU ‼fØZ AeKvVv‽gv cªKí Ges 15wU cªvwZôvwbK m‿gZv, `‿Zv I M‽elYv welqK c«Kí| G‽Z ‼gvU e¨q aiv
n‽q‽Q wZb nvRvi 700 ‼KvwU Wjvi| evsjv‽`wk UvKvq 3 nvRvi 145 wewjqb UvKviI ‼ewk| GB mKj cÕK‽íi cÕvq 80%
cvwbm¤ú` gš¿Yvjq ev¯Íevqb Ki‽e| GQvov evwK KvR ev¯Íevq‽bi Rb¨ ‼Wëv cø¨v‽b m¤ú„³ 10wU gš¿Yvjq/wWwfkbmg~n KvR
Ki‽e|
e-Øxc cwiKíbvi cÖ_g ch©v‡q †gvU g~jab wewb‡qvM e¨q 3700 †KvwU Wjvi| GB Znwe‡ji m¤¢ve¨ Drm:
1. evsjv‽`k miKvi;
2. Dbœqb mn‽hvMx ms¯'vmg~n;
3. cwi‽ek I Rjevqy m¤úwK©Z Znwej (Green Climate Fund) Ges
4. miKvwi ‼emiKvwi Ask`viZ¡ (Public Private Partnership-PPP)|
†Wëv cø¨vb-2100 ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨Ñ
cvwbm¤ú` ‼m±‽i 78wU cÖKí,
K…wl ‼m±‽i 33wU cÖKí
d‽iw÷ª mve-‼m±‽i 16wU cÖKí,
grm¨ mve-‼m±‽i 14wU cÖKí,
Lv`¨ mve-‼m±‽i 6wU
‼bØ cwienb ‼m±‽i 15wU cÖKí
MÕvgxY Dbœqb 13wU cÖKí
cvwb mieivn I f~wg Dbœqb ‼m±‽i 68wU cÖKí
we`y¨r ‼m±‽i 5wU cÖKí
16 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
cÖKí I nU¯úU:
80wU cÖKí

65wU ‼fØZ 15wU cÖvwZôvwbK mÿgZv I

AeKvVv‽gvMZ welqK `ÿZv Dbœqb Ges M‽elYv welqK

cwiKíbv cÕYq‽b ‼`‽ki 8wU nvB‽WªvjwRK¨vj AÂj‽K wfwË wn‽m‽e a‽i cÕwZwU AÂ‽ji cÕvK…wZK `y‽h©vMRwbZ SuywK‽Z _vKv
‼Rjv¸‽jv‽K Awfbœ MÕæc ev nU¯ú‽U Avbv n‽q‽Q| Gfv‽e ‼`‽k ‼gvU 6wU nU¯úU wPwýZ Kiv n‽q‽Q|
µg nU¯úU †Rjvi msL¨v AvqZb cÖKí msL¨v cÖKí e¨q (†KvwU UvKv)
01 DcK~jxq AÂj 19 27,738 eM© wK.wg 23 88,436
02 e‽i›`ª Ges LivcÕeb AÂj 18 22,848 eM© wK.wg 09 16,314
03 nvIo Ges AvKw¯§K eb¨v AÂj 07 16,574 eM© wK.wg 06 2,798
04 cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg 03 13,295 eM© wK.wg 08 5,986
05 b`x AÂj I ‼gvnbv 29 35,204 eM© wK.wg 07 48,261
06 bMi GjvKvmg~n 07 19,823 eM© wK.wg 12 67,152
07 Zzjbvg~jKfv‽e `y‽h©vMg~³ AÂj 06 - 15 68,880
†gvU = 80 2,97,827
[m~Î: wewWwc 2100 we‡kølY, wRBwW (2015) Ges DcK~jxq AÂj bxwZgvjv- 2005]

 †gqv`/c`‡ÿc: 3wU| h_v-

c`‡ÿc

1g c`‽ÿc 2q c`‽ÿc 3q c`‽ÿc

(2020-2030) (2031-2050) (2051-2100)
 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 17
cwiKíbvq nU¯úU-wfwËK mgm¨v:
1. DcK~jxq AÂ‽jÑ
 N~wY©So  Rjve×Zv|
 eb¨v  b`x I DcK~jxq GjvKvq- fvOb
 R‽jv”Q&evm  f~-Mf©¯' cvwbi ¯Íi ‼b‽g hvIqv|
 jeYv³Zv
2. e‽i›`ª I LivcÖeY GjvKvi mgm¨vÑ
 ¯^v`y cvwbi cÖvc¨Zv  Ach©vß cqtwb¯‹vkb e¨e¯'v
 f~Mf©¯' cvwbi ¯Íi ‼b‽g hvIqv  cwi‽e‽ki Aebgb
3. nvIi Ges AvKw¯§K eb¨vcÖeY AÂ‽ji mgm¨v¸‽jv n‽”QÑ
 ¯^v`y cvwbi cÖvc¨Zv  Rjve×Zv I Ach©vß wb¯‹vkb
 AvKw¯§K ev ‼gØmywg eb¨v  Ach©vß cvwb I cqtwb¯‹vkb|
4. cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg AÂ‽ji mgm¨v¸‽jv n‽”QÑ
 ¯^v`y cvwbi ¯^íZv
 Ach©vß cqtwb¯‹vkb e¨e¯'v
 µgn«vmgvb Rxe‰ewPÎ msi‿Y|
5. b`x AÂj I ‼gvnbvi mgm¨vÑ
 eb¨v  cwje¨e¯'vcbv
 cwi‽e‽ki Aebgb  ‼bØ-cwienb
 cvwb`~lY  b`xM‽f©i cwieZ©b
 fvOb I bZyb Pi ‼R‽M IVv
Note: hgybvq fvOb 1770 ‼n±i, cÙvq fvOb 1298 ‼n±i, ‼gNbvi AeevwnKvq 2900 ‼n±i| 1973 ‼_‽K 2015
mvj bvMv` bZyb Pi ‼R‽M D‽V‽Q ‼gvU 52 nvRvi 313 ‼n±i Rwg|
6. G Qvov bMivÂ‽ji mgm¨v n‽”QÑ
 Ach©vß cqtwb¯‹vkb e¨e¯'v  ¯^v`y cvwbi ch©vßZv
 Rjve×Zv  eR¨© e¨e¯'vcbv
gnvcwiKíbvq cÕ‽Z¨KwU nU¯ú‽UB cwi‽e‽ki Aebgb‽K mvaviY mgm¨v wn‽m‽e aiv n‽q‽Q|
18 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k

 cwiKíbvq RvZxq ch©v‡qi j‣¨¸‡jv n‡”Q

1. 2030 mv‽ji g‽a¨ Pig `vwi`ª¨ `~ixKiY|
2. 2030 mv‽ji g‽a¨ D”P-ga¨g Av‽qi ‽`‽ki gh©`v AR©b Ges
3. 2040 mvj bvMv` GKwU mg…× ‽`‽ki gh©`v AR©b|
 e-Øxc cwiKívbvq evsjv‡‡`‡ki m¤¢vebv:
1. ißvwb m¤¢vebv ˆZwi K‽i‽Q
2. grm¨ Lv‽Z g~j¨ ms‽hvRb Ges Kg©ms¯'vb A‽bKvs‽k e„w× cv‽”Q
3. ‼bØ-cwien‽bi ‼ÿ‽Î myweavRbK Ae¯'v‽b i‽q‽Q
4. mybxj A_©bxwZi weKv‽ki Acvi m¤¢vebv
5. ch©Ub ‼K‽›`ªi gva¨‽g A_© DcvR©b
we: `ª: 46Zg (Basic View) AvšÍR©vwZK eB‽qi 315Ñ317 c„ôv ‼_‽K cvwb e›Ub mgm¨v Ask co※b| AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

nvI‡i AeKvVv‡gv wbg©v‡Yi cÖfve|

 BwZevPK cÖfve:
1. K…wl Drcv`b e„w× I dmj myi‣v:
nvIi AÂ‽j euva I ‼mP e¨e¯'vi g‽Zv AeKvVv‽gv wbg©vY K…lK‽`i Rb¨ eo myweav G‽b‽Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, mybvgM‽Ãi
Uv½yqvi nvI‽ii Av‽kcv‽k euva wbg©v‽Yi d‽j AvKw¯§K eb¨v ‼_‽K ‼ev‽iv av‽bi dmj i‿v ‼c‽q‽Q| GB AÂj
evsjv‽`‽ki avb Drcv`‽bi GKwU eo Ask mieivn K‽i Ges AeKvVv‽gvi Kvi‽Y djb e„w× ‼c‽q‽Q|
2. †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi DbœwZ:
moK I ‼mZz wbg©vY nvIievmxi Rb¨ ‼hvMv‽hvM mnR K‽i‽Q| ‼hgb, nweM‽Ãi evwbqvPs Dc‽Rjvq nvI‽ii Dci
mvegvwm©ej iv¯Ív (Wz‽ev iv¯Ív) wbg©v‽Yi d‽j K…lKiv Zv‽`i dmj evRv‽i `ªæZ ‼cuØ‽Q w`‽Z cvi‽Qb| GwU e¨emv-
evwYR¨ e„w× I Rxebgv‽bi DbœwZ‽Z f‚wgKv ‼i‽L‽Q|
3. grm¨ Pvl I A_©‰bwZK mg„w×:
nvKvjywK nvI‽i Rjvavi e¨e¯'vcbv I ‼QvU euva wbg©v‽Yi gva¨‽g gvQ Pv‽li my‽hvM ‼e‽o‽Q| GwU ¯'vbxq ‼R‽j‽`i Avq
evwo‽q‽Q Ges Lv`¨ wbivcËvq Ae`vb ‼i‽L‽Q|
 †bwZevPK cÖfve:
1. cwi‡ekMZ ‣wZ:
AeKvVv‽gv wbg©vY cÕvqB Rjvf‚wgi cÕvK…wZK cÕev‽n evav m„wó K‽i| D`vniY wn‽m‽e, nvKvjywK nvI‽i AwZwi³ euva
wbg©v‽Yi d‽j cvwbi ¯^vfvweK ‼mªvZ eÜ n‽q Rxe‰ewPZª¨ n«vm ‼c‽q‽Q| kxZKv‽j cwihvqx cvwLi msL¨v K‽g hvIqv
Gi GKwU cÖgvY|
2. Rwgi De©iZv n«vm:
 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 19
euva I iv¯Ív wbg©v‽Yi Rb¨ cÕPzi K…wlRwg AwaMÕnY Kiv nq, hv dmj Drcv`‽bi Rb¨ ‿wZKi| wm‽j‽Ui wKQz nvI‽i
‼`Lv ‼M‽Q, euv‽ai Kvi‽Y DRvb ‼_‽K cwj Avmv eÜ n‽q gvwUi De©iZv K‽g‽Q Ges Gi d‽j `xN©‽gqv‽` djb n«vm
‼c‽q‽Q|
3. mvgvwRK cÖfve I ev¯`Pz¨wZ:
AeKvVv‽gv cÕK‽íi Rb¨ Rwg AwaMÕn‽Y A‽bK cwievi ev¯`Pz¨Z n‽q‽Q| ‼hgb, mybvgM‽Ã GKwU eo moK cÕK‽íi
Rb¨ kZvwaK cwievi Zv‽`i emZwfUv nvwi‽q‽Q, hv mvgvwRK Aw¯'iZv m„wó K‽i‽Q|
nvIi AÂ‽ji AeKvVv‽gv wbg©vY eb¨vi KviY n‽Z cv‽i wKbv, GwU GKwU RwUj welq hv wewfbœ Kvi‽Yi Ici wbf©i K‽i|
nvIi evsjv‽`‽ki DËi-c~e©vÂ‽j Aew¯'Z GKwU Abb¨ Rjvf‚wg ev¯`Zš¿, ‼hLv‽b cÕwZ eQi el©vq cvwb R‽g we¯ÍxY© GjvKv cøvweZ
nq| AeKvVv‽gv wbg©vY, ‼hgb euva, moK, ev ‼cvìvi, eb¨v wbqš¿‽Yi D‽Ï‽k¨ Kiv n‽jI, KLbI KLbI GwU cÕvK…wZK cvwb
cÖev‽n evav m„wó K‽i eb¨vi ZxeªZv evwo‽q w`‽Z cv‽i| wb‽P G wel‽q we‽kølY I mv¤cÕwZK D`vniY D‽jøL Kiv n‽jv:
 AeKvVv‡gv wbg©vY Kxfv‡e eb¨vi KviY n‡Z cv‡i?
1. cvwb cÖev‡n evav: nvI‽i euva ev moK wbg©vY Ki‽j cÕvK…wZK cvwb wb®‹vk‽bi c_ eÜ n‽q ‼h‽Z cv‽i| d‽j cvwb
R‽g eb¨vi cwiw¯'wZ ˆZwi nq|
2. Ach©vß cwiKíbv: A‽bK mgq AeKvVv‽gv wbg©v‽Y cwi‽ekMZ cÕfve we‽ePbv Kiv nq bv| ‼hgb, ch©vß ‼Wª‽bR
e¨e¯'v bv _vK‽j cvwb AvU‽K hvq|
3. cwj Rgv: euva ev Ab¨vb¨ KvVv‽gv cvwbi ‼mªv‽Zi MwZ Kwg‽q w`‽j b`x ev Lv‽j cwj Rg‽Z ïiæ K‽i, hv b`xi
aviY‿gZv n«vm K‽i Ges eb¨vi SyuwK evovq|
4. gvby‡li n¯Í‡‣c: AeKvVv‽gvi Rb¨ Rjvf‚wg fivU ev cÕvK…wZK fvimvg¨ bó n‽j el©vi cvwb a‽i ivLvi ‿gZv K‽g
hvq| mv¤cÖwZK D`vniY
 2024 mv‡ji wm‡jU-mybvgMÄ eb¨v: 2024 mv‽ji ‼g-Ryb gv‽m wm‽jU I mybvgM‽Ãi nvIi AÂ‽j fqven eb¨v ‼`Lv
‼`q| fvix e„wó I DRvb ‼_‽K ‼b‽g Avmv cvnvwo X‽ji cvkvcvwk, we‽klÁiv g‽b K‽ib ‼h AcwiKwíZ euva I
moK wbg©vY cvwb wb®‹vk‽b evav m„wó K‽i‽Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, mybvgM‽Ãi A‽bK GjvKvq eb¨v wbqš¿Y euv‽ai ‼Wª‽bR
e¨e¯'v Ach©vß wQj, d‽j cvwb `ªæZ wb®‹vwkZ n‽Z cv‽iwb| G‽Z K…wl Rwg I emZevwoi e¨vcK ‿wZ n‽q‽Q|
 2022 mv‡ji nvIi eb¨v: 2022 mv‽j nvIi GjvKvq AvKw¯§K eb¨vq dm‽ji e¨vcK ‿wZ nq| ¯'vbxqiv Awf‽hvM
K‽iwQ‽jb ‼h evsjv‽`k cvwb Dbœqb ‼ev‽W©i wbwg©Z wKQz euv‽ai bKkv ÎæwUc~Y© wQj| GB euva¸‽jv cvwbi cÕvK…wZK
cÕevn‽K evavMÕ¯Í K‽i eb¨vi gvÎv evwo‽q w`‽qwQj|
Ab¨w`‽K, AeKvVv‽gv wbg©vY memgq eb¨vi KviY bq| evsjv‽`‽k eb¨v wbqš¿‽Yi Rb¨ euva I ‼cvìvi wbg©v‽Y D‽jøL‽hvM¨
mvdj¨I G‽m‽Q| ‼hgb, mwVK cwiKíbvi gva¨‽g wbwg©Z euva¸‽jv dmj i‿v I RbemwZi ‿wZ Kgv‽Z mvnvh¨ K‽i‽Q| Z‽e,
Gi mvdj¨ wbf©i K‽i mwVK i‿Yv‽e‿Y I cwi‽ekevÜe bKkvi Ici|

nvI‡i AeKvVv‡gv wbg©v‡Yi cÖfve|

11. evsjv‡`‡ki evqy`~l‡Yi cwiw¯’wZ, gvÎv I miKv‡ii c`‡ÿc|

evsjv‽`‽ki evqy`~l‽Yi cwiw¯'wZ (IQAir 2024 cÕwZ‽e`b Abyhvqx)
IQAir-Gi 2024 mv‽ji wek¦ evqy ¸Ygvb cÕwZ‽e`b Abymv‽i, evsjv‽`k we‽k¦i wØZxq me‽P‽q `~wlZ ‼`k wn‽m‽e wPwýZ
n‽q‽Q| ‼`kwUi evqy‽Z PM2.5 (cvwU©Kz‽jU g¨vUvi 2.5 gvB‽µvwgUvi ev Zvi Kg) Gi Mo NbZ¡ wek¦ ¯^v¯'¨ ms¯'vi ( WHO)
wb‽`©wkKvi (5 µg/m³) Zzjbvq 15 ¸‽YiI ‼ewk| GB D”P gvÎvi `~lY cÕavbZ wkí Kvh©µg, hvbevn‽bi wbM©gb, wbg©vY
a~wjKYv, Ges BUfvUvi ‼auvqvi Kvi‽Y NU‽Q| XvKv, bvivqYMÃ, MvRxcy‽ii g‽Zv kni¸‽jv‽Z evqyi ¸Ygvb cÕvqB ÖA¯^v¯'¨KiÓ
‼_‽K ÖSyuwKc~Y©Ó (AQI 150-250+) ch©v‽q ‼cuØ‽Q hvq, we‽kl K‽i kxZKv‽j hLb evZv‽mi w¯'wZkxjZv e„w× cvq|
20 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k

evqy`~l‡Yi gvÎv: PM2.5 gvÎv: IQAir cÕwZ‽e`‽b evsjv‽`‽ki Mo PM2.5 gvÎv WHO-Gi wb‽`©wkKvi Zzjbvq AZ¨šÍ D”P|
D`vniY¯^iƒc, XvKvq kxZKv‽j PM2.5 gvÎv 100 µg/m³ Qvwo‽q hvq, hv ¯^v‽¯'¨i Rb¨ gvivZ¥K SyuwK ˆZwi K‽i|
†gŠmywg cÖfve: kxZKv‽j (b‽f¤^i-‼deªæqvwi) evqy`~lY me‽P‽q Zxeª nq, KviY wb¤œ evqy MwZ Ges Kg wgkÕY D”PZvi Kvi‽Y `~lK
c`v_© Rgv nq| MÕx‽®§ e„wói Kvi‽Y `~lY wKQzUv K‽g|
kniwfwËK cwiw¯’wZ: XvKv we‽k¦i `~wlZ ivRavbx¸‽jvi g‽a¨ D‽jøL‽hvM¨ (3q)| bvivqYMÃ I PÆMÕvgI D”P PM2.5 gvÎvi
Rb¨ KzL¨vZ|
1. XvKv:
 PM2.5 gvÎv: 2024 mv‽j XvKvi Mo PM2.5 gvÎv wQj 78 µg/m³, hv WHO-Gi wb‽`©wkKvi 15 ¸‽YiI ‼ewk|
2023 mv‽j GwU wQj 80.2 µg/m³, A_©vr mvgvb¨ DbœwZ n‽jI cwiw¯'wZ GLbI ¸iæZi|
 cwiw¯’wZ: we‽k¦i `~wlZ ivRavbx¸‽jvi g‽a¨ XvKv Z…Zxq ¯'v‽b i‽q‽Q| kxZKv‽j (b‽f¤^i -‼deªæqvwi) evqyi ¸Ygvb
ÖA¯^v¯'¨KiÓ ‼_‽K ÖSyuwKc~Y©Ó (AQI 150-250+) ch©v‽q ‼cuØ‽Q| BUfvUv, hvbevn‽bi ‼auvqv, Ges wbg©vY a~wjKYv
GLv‽b `~l‽Yi cÕavb Drm|
 †gŠmywg cÖfve: kxZKv‽j evZv‽mi w¯'wZkxjZv e„w×i Kvi‽Y `~lY ‼ewk R‽g, hLb MÕx‽®§ e„wó GwU‽K wKQzUv Kgvq|
2. PÆMÖvg
 PM2.5 gvÎv: mywbw`©ó Mo Z_¨ cÕwZ‽e`‽b D‽jøL bv _vK‽jI, PÆMÕv‽g PM2.5 gvÎv mvaviYZ 50-70 µg/m³-
Gi g‽a¨ _v‽K, hv WHO-Gi gvb`‽Ði 10-14 ¸Y ‼ewk|
 cwiw¯’wZ: e›`i kni nIqvq Rvnv‽Ri wbM©gb, wkí KviLvbv, Ges hvbevn‽bi ‼auvqv GLv‽b evqy`~lY evovq|
kxZKv‽j cwiw¯'wZ AviI Lvivc nq|
 we‡klZ¡: wkívÂj I evwYwR¨K Kvh©µ‽gi Kvi‽Y `~l‽Yi gvÎv D”P, Z‽e XvKvi Zzjbvq wKQzUv Kg|
3. bvivqYMÄ:
 PM2.5 gvÎv: bvivqYM‽Ã PM2.5 gvÎv cÖvqkB 80-100 µg/m³-Gi KvQvKvwQ _v‽K, we‽kl K‽i kxZKv‽j|
 cwiw¯’wZ: wkí KviLvbv, we‽kl K‽i ‼U‾UvBj I ivmvqwbK wkí, Ges XvKvi mvwbœ‽a¨i Kvi‽Y GLv‽b evqy`~lY Zxeª|
BUfvUv Ges a~wjKYvI D‽jøL‽hvM¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‽i|
 ¯^v¯’¨SyuwK: evwm›`v‽`i g‽a¨ k¦vmh‽š¿i mgm¨v e„w× cv‽”Q|

4. MvRxcyi:
 PM2.5 gvÎv: MvRxcy‽i PM2.5 gvÎv 70-90 µg/m³-Gi g‽a¨ IVvbvgv K‽i|
 cwiw¯’wZ: wkívÂj Ges XvKvi KvQvKvwQ Ae¯'v‽bi Kvi‽Y GLv‽b `~lY D”P| ‼cvkvK wkí, hvbevnb, Ges wbg©vY
Kvh©µg cÖavb `~lYKvix|
 †gŠmywg cÖfve: kxZKv‽j evqyi ¸Ygvb ÖA¯^v¯'¨KiÓ ¯Í‽i ‼cuØ‽Q|
5. wm‡jU:
 PM2.5 gvÎv: wm‽j‽U PM2.5 gvÎv Zzjbvg~jKfv‽e Kg, M‽o 40-55 µg/m³, ZeyI WHO-Gi gvb`‽Ði 8-11
¸Y ‼ewk|
 cwiw¯’wZ: cÕvK…wZK ‼mØ›`‽h©i Rb¨ cwiwPZ n‽jI, wbg©vY Kvh©µg, hvbevnb, Ges Avkcv‽ki BUfvUvi cÕfv‽e
evqy`~lY evo‽Q| Z‽e XvKv ev bvivqYM‽Ãi Zzjbvq cwiw¯'wZ wKQzUv fv‽jv|
 we‡klZ¡: cvnvwo GjvKv Ges e„wócv‽Zi Kvi‽Y `~lY wKQzUv wbqwš¿Z _v‽K|
6. Lyjbv:
 PM2.5 gvÎv: Lyjbvq PM2.5 gvÎv 45-60 µg/m³-Gi g‽a¨ _v‽K|
 cwiw¯’wZ: wkí KviLvbv (we‽kl K‽i wPswo cÕwµqvKiY I RvnvR fvOv wkí) Ges BUfvUvi ‼auvqv GLv‽b `~l‽Yi cÕavb
Drm| Z‽e XvKvi Zzjbvq `~lY Kg Zxeª|
 †gŠmywg cÖfve: kxZKv‽j `~lY ev‽o, Z‽e DcK‚jxq Ae¯'v‽bi Kvi‽Y evZvm wKQzUv cwi”Qbœ _v‽K|
 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 21
¯^v¯’¨SyuwK: evqy`~l‽Yi d‽j k¦vmh‽š¿i ‼ivM, ü`‽ivM, Ges wkï‽`i weKvkRwbZ mgm¨v evo‽Q| WHO-Gi Z_¨ Abyhvqx, 2021
mv‽j wek¦e¨vcx 8.1 wgwjqb gvby‽li g„Zz¨i Rb¨ evqy`~lY `vqx, hvi GKwU D‽jøL‽hvM¨ Ask PM2.5-Gi Kvi‽Y| evsjv‽`‽k
GwU Rb¯^v‽¯'¨i Rb¨ GKwU eo ûgwK|
miKv‡ii c`‡‣c:
evsjv‽`k miKvi evqy`~lY ‼gvKvwejvq wKQz D‽`¨vM wb‽q‽Q, hw`I G¸‽jvi djvdj GLbI mxwgZ:
1. cwi‡ek Awa`߇ii gwbUwis: cwi‽ek Awa`ßi (DoE) evqyi ¸Ygvb ch©‽e‿‽Yi Rb¨ ‼÷kb ¯'vcb K‽i‽Q|
XvKv, PÆMÕvg, wm‽jUmn eo kn‽i wbqwgZ AQI Z_¨ cÕKvk Kiv nq|
2. BUfvUv wbqš¿Y: cÕPwjZ BUfvUvi cwie‽Z© cwi‽ekevÜe wRMR¨vM cÕhyw³ e¨env‽ii wb‽`©k ‼`Iqv n‽q‽Q| Z‽e,
ev¯Íevqb axiMwZi|
3. hvbevnb wbM©gb wbqš¿Y: cy‽iv‽bv hvbevn‽bi weiæ‽× e¨e¯'v I CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) PvwjZ Mvwoi
cÕPjb evov‽bv n‽q‽Q| wKš` UªvwdK e¨e¯'vcbvi Afv‽e Gi cÕfve Kg|
4. Rbm‡PZbZv: DoE RbmvaviY‽K gv¯‹ ci‽Z Ges ms‽e`bkxj ‼Mvôx‽K (wkï, eq¯‹) evB‽i Kg ‼h‽Z civgk©
w`‽q‽Q|
5. AvBwb c`‡‣c: evqy `~lY (wbqš¿Y) wewagvjv 2022 cÕYqb Kiv n‽q‽Q, hv wkí I wbg©vY Kvh©µ‽g `~lY Kgv‽bvi
j‽‿¨ KvR K‽i|
P¨v‡jÄ I civgk©
 Z‡_¨i NvUwZ: MÕvgxY GjvKvq gwbUwis ‼÷kb Kg, d‽j c~Y©v½ wPÎ cvIqv hvq bv|
 ev¯Íevq‡bi `ye©jZv: AvBb I bxwZ _vK‽jI K‽Vvi cÕ‽qv‽Mi Afve i‽q‽Q|
 civgk©: we‽klÁiv MYcwienb DbœwZ, bevqb‽hvM¨ R¡vjvwb e¨envi, Ges AvÂwjK mn‽hvwMZv (‼hgb fvi‽Zi m‽½
mxgvšÍeZ©x `~lY wbqš¿Y) evov‽bvi civgk© w`‽q‽Qb|
ms‽‿‽c, evsjv‽`‽ki evqy`~lY cwiw¯'wZ ¸iæZi, Ges miKv‽ii c`‽‿c m‽Ë¡I AviI Kvh©Ki I `ªæZ ev¯Íevqb cÕ‽qvRb|
IQAir-Gi Z_¨ GB mgm¨vi MfxiZv Zz‽j a‽i‽Q, hv Rb¯^v¯'¨ I cwi‽ek i‿vq Riæwi n¯Í‽‿‽ci `vwe iv‽L|
 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 1
Aa¨vq-4: evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ
wm‡jevm: Economy, Society, Literature and Culture of Bangladesh with particular emphasis on developments
including poverty alleviation, Vision 2021, GNP, NNP, GDP etc. after the emergence of the country.
01. AvqKi †gjv (4)
02. XvKv Gwj‡f‡UW G•‡cÖmI‡q (4)
45Zg
03. `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? evsjv‡`‡ki `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b miKvi M„nxZ Kvh©µg¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| (20)
04. "AvR Dbœq‡bi gnvmo‡K evsjv‡`k"-Dw³wUi Av‡jv‡K evsjv‡`k miKvi M„nxZ 3wU cÖKí m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| (20)
01. †gMv cÕKí Kx? (5)
02. cÙv †mZz cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡bi d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i fwel¨r wPÎ A¼b Kiæb (10)
44Zg
03. XvKv †g‡Uªv‡ij cÖK‡íi cwiPq w`b| (5)
04. wfkb 2041 (4)
01. Òwfkb 2041Õ Kx? (5)
02. Òwfkb 2041Õ AR©‡bi Rb¨ miKv‡ii M„nxZ cÖavb cÖavb c`‡‣c Kx Kx? (5)
03. ¯^‡ívbœZ †`k †_‡K Dbœqbkxj †`‡k DËi‡Yi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k‡K †h-mKj kZ© c~iY Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q Zvi eY©bv w`b| (10)
43Zg
04. eZ©gvb miKvi KZ©„K M„nxZ evsjv‡`‡ki †gMvcÖKímg~n Kx Kx? (5)
05. †gMvcÖKímg~‡ni Av_©-mvgvwRK cÖfve Avj‡vPbv Kiæb| (15)
06. Mfxi mgy`ªe›`i (4)
01. 'gnvgvix' I 'AwZgvix'i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| (5)
41Zg 02. evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ I ¯^v¯’¨LvZ‡K '†KvwfW-19' AwZgvix KZUzKz cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q? Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| (10)
03. AwZgvix †gvKv‡ejvq ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni f‚wgKv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| (5)
01. Bwc‡RW (EPZ) Kxfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki wk‡ívbœq‡b f‚wgKv ivL‡Q? (10)
40Zg 02. evsjv‡`k A_©‰bwZK AÂj KZ©„c‣ (BEZA) I evsjv‡`k ißvwb cÕwµqvKiY A‡ji (BEPZ) g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kx? (5)
03. wcwcwc (PPP)-Gi AvIZvq G ch©šÍ m¤úbœ wewfbœ cÖKí¸‡jv Kx Kx? (5)
01. evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨ wbivcËv- UxKv|
38Zg
02. AvšÍR©vwZK kÕgevRvi I evsjv‡`k- UxKv|
01. `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb Kv‡Z wK eySvq?
37Zg
02. `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b evsjv‡`k miKvi †h mKj c`‡‣c MÖnY K‡i‡Q Zv ms‡‣‡c eY©bv Kiæb|
01. mßg cÂevwl©K cwiKíbvi g~j D‡Ïk¨mg~n wK wK?
02. evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii 2021 mv‡ji g‡a¨ Dbœq‡bi j‣¨mg~n ch©v‡jvPbv Kiæb|
36Zg 03. cÙv †mZz cÖKí ev¯Íevqb ejv‡Z wK ey‡Sb?
04. †g‡Uªv‡ij cÖK‡íi m¤¢veb¨ Ges AMÖMwZ ch©v‡jvPbv Kiæb|
05. AvqKi †gjv- UxKv|
01. evsjv‡`‡ki MZ 5 eQ‡ii avivevwnK †gvU †`kR Drcv`‡bi ev wRwWwc'i weeiY w`b|
02. †iwgU¨vÝ LvZ evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b Kx Ae`vb ivL‡Q?
03. evsjv‡`‡k wk‡ívq‡bi †¶‡Î 5wU cÕwZeÛKZv Zz‡j aiæb|
35Zg
04. mvgvwRK Dbœqb m~P‡K evsjv‡`‡ki AMÖMwZi GKwU msw‣ß aviYv w`b|
06. miKvwi PvKzix‡Z †KvUv|
07. evsjv‡`‡k cÖvB‡fU-cvewjK Askx`vwiZ¡|
*** BUvwjK Kiv cÖkœ¸‡jvi ¸iæZ¡ 46Zg wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨ bvB|
we‡kølY: Dch©y³ cÕkœmg~n we‡kølY K‡i ejv hvq †h, mv¤úªwZK Bmy¨i ¸iæZ¡ †ewk Ges eZ©gvb miKv‡ii mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ c~‡e©i
miKv‡ii e¨_©Zvi w`‡K bRi w`‡jB GB Aa¨v‡q fv‡jv Kiv hv‡e| GB Aa¨v‡q fv‡jv Ki‡Z GLv‡bi Av‡jvPbvi cvkvcvwk
Ô†ewmK wfD AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewjÕ †_‡K †UKmB Dbœqb, kÕxjsKv Bmy¨ I Problem Solving †_‡K GjwWwm DËiY I gy`ªv cvPvi
†iva co‡Z n‡e|
2 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
hv cov †h‡Z cv‡i:
01. A_©‰bwZK †k^ZcÎ Kx? A_©‰bwZK †k^Zc‡Îi mycvwikmg~n I ev¯ÍeZv wjLyb| ***
02. `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb ej‡Z wK eySvq? `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b weMZ miKvi †Kb mdj bq?
03. 9g cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbvi j¶¨mg~n| *
04. 5 eQ‡ii †iwgU¨vÝ, GDP, GNP, FDI, Reserve, Import, Export ***
05. †iwgU¨vÝ LvZ evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b Kx Ae`vb ivL‡Q? †iwgU¨vÝ e„w×i Rb¨ AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb miKv‡ii
cwjwmmg~n Kx Kx? ***
06. Social Safety Nets Gi ÎæwUmg~n|
07. mvgvwRK †cbkb I Gi Kvh©KvwiZv| bZzb Kg©m~wPmg~n Kx Kx?
08. wiRvf© msKU †gvKv‡ejvq AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb miKv‡ii c`‡¶cmg~n wjLyb| ***
09. IMF Gi kZ©mg~n evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi Rb¨ BwZevPK bvwK A‡hØw³K? IMF Gi kZ© c~i‡Y KiYxq Kx? ***
10. `ªe¨g~j¨ wbqš¿‡Y Kx Kx c`‡ÿc Riæwi? AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb miKvi Kx Kx c`‡ÿc MÕnY K‡i‡Q? ***
11. AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb miKv‡ii A_©‰bwZK cwjwmmg~n Kx Kx M„nxZ n‡q‡Q? ***
12. †gMv cÕKí Kx? weMZ miKv‡ii mg‡q †gMvcÕK‡íi e¨e‡”Q`mg~n wjLyb? ***
13. gy`ªvýxwZ wbqš¿‡Y miKv‡ii/evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki c`‡ÿc¸‡jv wjLyb| ***
14. †cvkvK wk‡íi mv¤úªwZK mgm¨v I mgvavb Kx n‡Z cv‡i? **
15. evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z SzuwKmg~n I KiYxq Kx? ***
16. c‡Y¨i evwYwR¨K m¤¢vebvi Rb¨ wR-AvB ¯^xK…wZi MyiæZ¡ Kx?

A_©‰bwZK †k^ZcÎ Kx? A_©‰bwZK †k^Zc‡Îi mycvwikmg~n I ev¯ÍeZv wjLyb

†k^Zc‡Îi aviYvwU G‡m‡Q hy³iv‡R¨i msm`xq e¨e¯'v †_‡K| hy³iv‡R¨i cvj©v‡g‡›Ui I‡qemvBU g‡Z,
ÒmiKv‡ii Øviv cÕKvwkZ †Kv‡bv bxwZMZ bw_ †hLv‡b msm`xq cÕ¯Ívebv _v‡K, †m¸‡jvB †k^ZcÎ|Ó
A_©bxwZ I wewb‡qvM welqK Ávb‡Kvl Investopedia g‡Z,
ÒDbwesk kZvãxi weª‡U‡b cvj©v‡g›U wi‡cv‡U©i cÕ”Q` _vK‡Zv bxj i‡Oi| hw` wi‡cv‡U©i welqe¯` miKv‡ii Rb¨ Kg ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
n‡Zv bxj cÕ”Q` ev` w`‡q mv`v cÕ”Q‡`B †m¸‡jv cÕKvk Kiv n‡Zv| †mB wi‡cvU©¸‡jv‡K ejv nZ †k^ZcÎ (Whitepaper).Ó
RvZxq Ávb‡Kvl evsjvwcwWqv g‡Z,
ÒG cÕ_v †Kv‡bv cÕ¯ÍvweZ bxwZ ev Rb¯^v_© m¤úwK©Z mgm¨vi mv‡_ hy³ bq| eis †Kv‡bv ivR‰bwZK `‡ji miKvi cwiPvjbvi
cieZ©x mg‡q Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ivR‰bwZK `j KZ©„K kvmK `‡jj KzKxwZ©i `wjj wn‡m‡e †k^ZcÎ cÕKvk Kiv nq|Ó
 A_©‰bwZK †k^ZcÎ:
miKvi ev †Kv‡bv ms¯'v KZ©„K cÕKvwkZ GKwU bxwZMZ `wjj †hLv‡b A_©‰bwZK cwiw¯'wZ, P¨v‡jà I cwiKwíZ bxwZgvjvi
wek` e¨vL¨v †`Iqv nq| GwU mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv msKU ev ms¯‹vig~jK c`‡ÿc m¤ú©‡K we¯ÍvwiZ
Z_¨ †`q Ges fwel¨r bxwZ wba©vi‡Yi w`K wb‡`©kbv †`q|
ÒA White Paper is a report or guide that informs readers concisely about a complex issue and
presents the issuing body’s philosophy on the matter.
It is meant to help readers understand an issue, solve a problem, or make a decision.Ó
-------African Development Bank Group

 evsjv‡`‡ki †k^ZcÎ:
01. weGbwc †bZ…Z¡vaxb Pvi`jxq †RvU miKvi 2001 mv‡j GKwU †k^ZcÎ cÕKvk K‡i| Zv‡Z Av‡Mi †gqv‡` AvIqvgx jxM
miKv‡ii wewfbœ AM½wZi Z_¨ Zz‡j aiv nq|
 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 3
02. 2022 Öevsjv‡`‡k †gØjev`x mv¤úª`vwqK mš¿v‡mi 2000 w`bÓ bv‡g GKwU †k^ZcÎ cÕKvk K‡i| Z‡e ÔBmjvg we‡Øl× Gi
Awf‡hv‡M GwU wb‡q †mmgq weZ©K †`Lv †`q|
03. 2024 mv‡ji A_©‰bwZK †k^ZcÎ KwgwU| Gi gva¨‡g MZ 15 eQ‡ii AvIqvgx jxM miKv‡ii Am½wZ Zz‡j aiv nq|

 evsjv‡`‡ki we`¨gvb A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi †k^ZcÎ cÖYqb KwgwU:

 MVb: 28 AvM÷, 2024
 cÖavb: W. †`ewcÕq fÆvPvh©
 m`m¨: 12 Rb
 wi‡cvU© cÖKvk: 1 wW‡m¤^i, 2024
 KwgwUi †gqv`: 90 w`b
 cÖwZ‡e`‡bi AvKvi: 400 c„ôv
 D‡Ïk¨: A_©bxwZi eZ©gvb Ae¯'vi GKwU mvgwMÕK ch©v‡jvPbv I g~j¨vq‡bi cvkvcvwk MZ 15 eQi A_©bxwZi Kx NU‡Q Ges
†Kb NU‡Q, Zvi wek` weeiY †`Iqv|
 evsjv‡`‡ki we`¨gvb A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi †k^ZcÎ cÖYqb KwgwUi cÖwZ‡e`‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K:
01. ÔPvgPv cyuwRev` †_‡KB †PviZš¿Õ ˆZwi:
ivRbxwZK, mvgwiK I †emvgwiK Avgjv I wePvicÕkvm‡bi Avgjviv GB †PviZš¿ ˆZwi K‡i‡Q e‡j cÕwZ‡e`‡b †`Lv‡bv nq|
02. PviwU Lv‡Z Afvebxq `yb©xwZ:
mywbw`©ófv‡e `yb©xwZi cwigvY D‡jøL bv Kiv n‡jI cÕwZ‡e`‡b †`Lv‡bv nq †h wb‡¤œv³ 4wU LvZ †ewk `ybxwZMÕ¯Í wQjÑ
i. e¨vswKs LvZ (Banking Sector)
ii. R¦vjvwb LvZ (Energy & Power Sector)
iii. AeKvVv‡gvMZ LvZ (Infrastructure)
iv. Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvMcÕhyw³ LvZ (ICT Sector)
03. 28wU Lv‡Z `yb©xwZi wPÎ:
†k^ZcÎ cÕYqb KwgwU †gvU 28wU wWcvU©‡g‡›Ui Dci Z_¨-DcvË (data) we‡kølY K‡i| cÕwZwU wWcvU©‡g‡›U `yb©xwZi
Z_¨ cvb e‡j cÕwZ‡e`‡b Rvbv‡bv nq|
04. 234 wewjqb Wjvi cvPvi:
MZ 15.5 eQ‡i †gvU cvPvi nIqv A‡_©i cwigvY 234 wewjqb Wjvi ev 28 jvL †KvwU UvKv! eQ‡i M‡o 16 wewjqb
Wjvi cvPvi n‡q‡Q, hv evwl©K ev‡R‡Ui 25% cÕvq|
05. mvZwU wel‡q g‡bv‡hv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv:
i. eZ©gvb miKv‡ii K‡qK gv‡mi AwfÁZvi Dci wfwË K‡i GKwU A_©‰bwZK w¯'wZkxjZv †cÕvMÕvg iƒcvqb Kiv|
ii. Avmbœ RvZxq ev‡RU (2025Ñ2026) Gi Rb¨ GKwU KvVv‡gv wba©viY Kiv|
iii. eZ©gv‡b ¯'wMZ _vKv Aóg cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv (2020Ñ2025) Gi `„p g~j¨vq‡bi wfwˇZ GKwU ga¨Ñ†gqv`x
cwiKíbv KvVv‡gv (2025Ñ2027) cÕ¯Íve Kiv|
iv. AMÕvwaKvicÕvß ms¯‹vi †ÿθ‡jv wPwýZ Kiv
v. ¯^‡ívbœZ †`k (LDCs) †_‡K DËi‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU Kvh©Ki iƒcvšÍi †KØkj cwiPvjbv Kiv|
vi. †UKmB Dbœqb jÿ¨ (SDGs) AR©‡bi MwZ Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv
vii. Dbœqb mn‡hvMx‡`i mv‡_ msjv‡ci Rb¨ GKwU †dvivg Av‡qvRb Kiv|
06. eZ©gvb miKv‡ii Rb¨ cvuPwU civgk©:
i. MZ K‡qK gv‡m †bIqv miKv‡ii D‡`¨vM¸‡jv Rbm¤§y‡L cÕKvk Kiv
ii. g~jýxwZ, my‡`i nvi, UvKvi gvb wel‡q AvMvgx 6 gv‡m Kx ms¯‹vi Kiv n‡e, Zv RbM‡Yi mvg‡b Zz‡j aiv|
iii. fwel¨r m¤ú©‡K ¯úó aviYv bv _vK‡j wewb‡qvMKvixiv wØavMÕ¯Í n‡q co‡eb, ZvB miKvi 2 eQi †gqv`x GKwU
cwiKíbv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
iv. ¯^‡ívbœZ †`‡ki ZvwjKv (LDCs) †_‡K DËiYcÕwµqv‡K ¯'wei K‡i †`Iqvi †Kvb KviY †bB| Z‡e 2026
mv‡ji Av‡M eo ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK wech©q n‡j wm×všÍ cybwe©‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †mB mgq GL‡bv Av‡mwb|
v. Dbœqb mn‡hvMx, evRvi myweav †`Iqv †`k, we‡`‡k wewb‡qvMKvix Ges kÕgkw³ †bq, Ggb †`‡ki cÕwZwbwa‡`i
wb‡q 2025 mv‡j GKwU Dbœqb †dvivg ˆeVK Av‡qvRb Kiv|
 cÖwZ‡e`‡bwUi BwZevPK w`K:
1. †gvU 23wU Aa¨v‡q Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡QÑ
 mvgwóK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v (Macroeconomic problems)
 A_©bxwZi KvVv‡gvMZ P¨v‡jà (Infrastucture Challenges of the economy)
 mvgvwRK mgm¨v (Social problems)
 cÖvwZôvwbK Aeÿq (Institutional degradation) Ges
 miKvwi bxwZ I ms¯‹v‡ii cÕ¯Íve (Government policies and reform proposals)
2. cÕwZ‡e`b cÕYqb KwgwUi m`m¨iv AZ¨šÍ AwfÁ Ges GKv‡WwgK †ÿ‡Î mycÕwZwôZ|
3. KwgwU wewfbœ gš¿Yvjq, `vZv ms¯'v, †ckvRxex msMV‡bi m‡½ 03wU MYïbvwb K‡i‡Qb|
4. wba©vwiZ 90 w`b mgqmxgvi g‡a¨ cÕwZ‡e`b `vwLj K‡i‡Qb|
5. cÕwZ‡e`‡b Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q MZ miKv‡iiÑ
 A_©‰bwZK Ae¨e¯'vcbv I wek„•Ljv (Economic mismanagement and chaos)
 `yb©xwZ I jyUcv‡Ui e¨vcK wPÎ (Images of corruption and looting)
 e¨vswKs `ye©jZv (Banking weakness)
 R¦vvjvwb AeKvVv‡gvMZ `ye©jZv (Weakness in energy infrastructure)
 cY¨`ªe¨ msKU I evRv‡i wek„•Ljv (Comodity shortage and market chaos)
 ivR‰bwZKfv‡e D‡Ïk¨cÕ‡Yvw`Z AKvh©Ki cÖKí (Politically motivated ineffective project)
 AcÕwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK †UÚvi cÕwµqv (Non-competitive tender process)
 †Ljvwc F‡Yi cvnvo (Defaulted Loans)
 Af¨šÍixY I ˆe‡`wkK F‡Yi †evSv (Domestic and foreign debt burden)
 we‡`‡k m¤ú` cvPvi (Asset/money laundering)
 A_©bxwZi SuywK I f½yiZvi wPÎ (Picture of economic risk and fragility)
6. ivRbxwZwe`, e¨emvqx I Avgjv‡`i g‡a¨ AvZuvZ Gevs Gi gva¨‡g e¨emv-evwYR¨ wbqš¿Y I ¯^v_©ev`x (Crony) cuywRev‡`i
weKv‡ki wPÎ Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|
 cÖwZ‡e`‡bi `ye©j w`K:
1. Z_¨ I DcvË wbe©vP‡b mwVK c×wZi Afve:
cÕwZ‡e`‡b ¯úó Kiv nqwbÑ
i. Z_¨ÑDcvË msMÕ‡n Kx c×wZ AbymiY K‡i‡Q?
ii. †Kvb Z_¨ AšÍf©y³ K‡i‡Q?
iii. †Kvb Z_¨ ev` w`‡q‡Q?
iv. Kx‡mi wfwˇZ ev` w`‡q‡Q?
v. Z_¨ wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î Kx gvb`Ú e¨envi K‡i‡Q?
2. mvgvwRK AMÖMwZ‡K D‡cÿv Kiv:
GB cÕwZ‡e`‡b mvgvwRK AMÕnMwZi wel‡q Dc¯'vcb Kiv nqwbÑ
 Lv`¨ Drcv`b e„w×
 MÕv‡gvbœqb
 K¨vjwi MÖnY
 gvZ…g„Zz¨nvi n«vm
 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 5
 Mo Avq®‹vvj e„w× Ges
 `y‡h©vM e¨e¯'vcbvq DbœwZ|
GQvovI International Food Policy Rsearch Institute, (IFPRI) M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, 2006 mv‡j GKRb
K…wlkÕwgK Zuvi gRywi w`‡q †hLv‡b 4.8 †KwR Pvj wKb‡Z cvi‡Zb, 2023 mv‡j wKb‡Z cvi‡Zb 11.4 †KwR Pvj|
3. Z_¨ÑDcv‡Ëi ˆeaZv hvPvB:
†ewki fvM Z_¨ÑDcvË Gray Literature A_©vr cÎÑcwÎKvi Lei, msev`c‡Îi cÕwZ‡e`b, wewfbœ ms¯'vi †UKwbK¨vj
wi‡cvU©| G Z_¨ mwVK c×wZ‡Z wbi‡cÿfv‡e hvPvB evQvB ev wePviÑwe‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv wb‡q cÕkœ i‡q‡Q|
4. ˆewk^K A_©bxwZi cÖfve we‡ePbv bv Kiv:
GB cÕwZ‡e`‡b we‡ePbv Kiv nqwbÑ
 Covid-19 & New Normal
 3F Crisis
 Global Inflation
 Global Dollar Crisis
 Deglobalization
 Food Nationalism
 ivwkqvÑBD‡µb hy×
5. mvgvwRK myiÿv Kg©m~wPi DcKvvi‡fvMx wba©vi‡Y µwU:
GB †k^Zc‡Îi cÕ_g Aa¨v‡q ejv n‡q‡Q, mvgvwRK myiÿv Kg©m~wPi 73% eivÏ P‡j hvq A`wi‡`ªi Kv‡Q| wKš` GB
Z‡_¨i Drm ev wfwË Kx Zv cwi®‹vi bq| Gi Rb¨ cÕ‡qvRb cÕv_wgK Z_¨ msMÕn Kiv|
6. A‡_©i A‰ea cvPv‡ii cwigvc:
Global Financial Intigrity (GFI) cÕwZ‡e`‡b aviYv Kiv nq, A‰ea A_©cvPv‡ii 77% n‡q‡Q evwY‡R¨i (Over
Invoicing and Under Invoicing) gva¨‡g, wKš` cÕwZ‡e`‡b †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q ivRbxwZK I Avgjv‡`i Kvi‡Y
A_©cvPvi N‡U‡Q|

`vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb ej‡Z Kx eySvq? `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b weMZ miKvi †Kb mdj bq
`vwi`ª¨ GKwU eûgyLx aviYv hv‡Z mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK Dcv`vb RwoZ| wbi¼zk `vwi`ª¨ ej‡Z †evSvq Abœ, e¯¿,
evm¯'v‡bi g‡Zv †gØwjK cÕ‡qvRb¸‡jv cwic~Y© Ki‡Z cvivi Amvgv_©¨Zv‡K| †gØwjKfv‡e `vwi`ª¨ n‡jv cQ›` Z_v my‡hv‡Mi
Afve, hv‡K gvby‡li gh©v`vi j•Nb ejv hvq| GwU mgv‡R Kvh©Kifv‡e AskMÕnY Kivi †gØwjK ÿgZvi Afve‡K †evSvq|
wek^ e¨vs‡Ki mv‡eK †cÕwm‡W›U g¨vKbvgviv e‡jb,
Òwbi¼zk ev Pig `vwi`ª¨ ej‡Z Acywó, wbiÿiZv, †ivM, †bvvsiv cwi‡ek, D”Pnv‡i wkïg„Zz¨ I
Mo Avqyi Øviv GKwU mxwgZ Ae¯'v hv cÕK…Zfv‡eB gvby‡li gh©v`v fzjwÙZ K‡i Ggb cwiw¯'wZ‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|Ó
1987 mv‡ji 17 A‡±vei †_‡K RvwZmsN `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb w`em cvjb Ki‡Q|

 `vwi‡`ª¨i aviYv:
FAO I BBS Gi g‡Z,
hviv 2200 K¨vjwi kw³i Lv`¨ cvq bv ZvivB `wi`ª| wek^e¨vsKÑ ˆ`wbK 1.90 Wjv‡ii (148) UvKv Kg Avq Kiv gvbyl
`wi`ª e‡j MY¨ n‡eb| Ges.... Wjv‡ii wb‡P Avq n‡j, Zv‡K AwZ `wi`ª ejv nq|
cÂevwl©K cwiKíbvi cÖ`Ë msÁv Abyhvqx,
Ò`vwi`ª¨ ej‡Z RxebhvÎvi b~¨bZg gv‡bi Rb¨ cÕ‡qvRbxq m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbv I
e¨env‡ii AwaKvi n‡Z ewÂZ gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I gvbwmK Ae¯'v‡K †evSvq|Ó
 `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb:
6 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
`vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb n‡”Q A_©‰bwZK I gvbweK Ggb KZ¸‡jv c`‡ÿ‡ci mgwó hv gvbyl‡K ¯' vqxfv‡e `vwi‡`ª¨i nvZ †_‡K
Zz‡j Avb‡Z cÕ‡Póv Pvjvq| `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb mvwe©K A_©‰bwZK cÕe„w×i GKwU dj|
`vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b wbqvgK kw³ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbvq Avbv nqÑ
 wkï g„Zz¨ nvi K‡g hvIqv
 cywóMZ Dbœqb
 Mo Avqy e„w× I
 wkÿv we¯Ívi‡K
`vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡bi cÕ‡Póv wn‡m‡e eySv‡bv nqÑ
 miKvwi Dbœqb Kg©KvÐ
 †emiKvwi wewb‡qvM I
 eûwea mvgvwRK D‡`¨v‡Mi mgwš^Z cÕqvm‡K|

 evsjv‡`‡k `vwi`ª¨ cwiw¯’wZ:

2023 mv‡ji 27 wW‡m¤^i Zvwi‡L evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv (BBS) cÖKvwkZ Household Income and Expenditure
Surovey - 2022 (Lvbv Avq I e¨q Rwic 2022) Gi P~ovšÍ cÕwZ‡e`b Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k `vwi‡`ª¨i nvi 18.7% Ges
AwZ `vwi‡`ª¨i nvi 5.6%|
AÂj `vwi‡`ª¨i nvi AwZ `vwi‡`ª¨i nvi
cjøx A‡j 20.50% 6.50%
kû‡i A‡j 17.70% 3.80%

wefv‡Mi bvg `vwi‡`ª¨i nvi

XvKv 17.9
PÆMÖvg 15.8
ivRkvnx 16.7
Lyjbv 14.8
iscyi 24.8
wm‡jU 17.4
ewikvjÑ 26.9
gqgbwmsn 24.2
m~Î: cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv (weweGm) cÖKvwkZ Household Income and Expenditure Surovey – 2022
A_©bxwZwe` WvWwj wmqvm© (Dudley Sears) The Economic and Social Revolution MÕ‡š' e‡jb,
Ò†h cÕe„w×i m‡½ Kg©ms¯'vb ev‡o bv, `vwi`ª¨ †gv‡P bv Ges AvqÑ ˆelg¨ K‡g bv Zv‡K Dbœqb ejv hvq bv|Ó
wek^e¨vsK Ges Oxfam g‡b K‡i,
Òevsjv‡`‡k Av‡qi AmgZv µgk evo‡Q|
abx I `wi‡`ªi g‡a¨ Av‡qi e¨eavb e„w× cv‡”Q hv `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b eo GKwU dvu`|Ó
UNESCO- Gi g‡Z,
Òevsjv‡`‡k wkÿvi nvi e„w× †c‡jI wkÿvi ¸bMZ gvb wb¤œgv‡bi|Ó
ILO- Gi g‡Z,
Òevsjv‡`‡k Kg©ms¯'v‡bi my‡hvM GLbI mxwgZ| A‡bK hyeK Kg©ms¯'v‡bi Rb¨ we‡`k †h‡Z eva¨ n‡”Q|Ó

 `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b weMZ miKvi †h Rb¨ mdj bq:

1. `yb©xwZ I cÖkvmwbK A`ÿZv:
 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 7
Vulnerable Women Benefit (VWB) Kv‡W©i eo GKwU AskB ¯'vbxq `jxq Kg©x, msm` m`m¨, Dc‡Rvjv
†Pqvig¨vb, BDwc †Pqvig¨vbiv fvMvfvwM K‡i wb‡q‡Qb|
(cÖ_g Av‡jv 8 Ryb, 2023)
2. Avq-ˆelg¨ e„w×:
evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb Lvbv AvqÑe¨q Rwic 2022 P~ovšÍ cÕwZ‡e`‡b `vwi‡`ª¨i nvi Kg‡jI e„w× †c‡q‡Q Avq ˆelg¨|
Av‡Mi wmuwoi me©wb¤œ av‡ci Zzjbvq m‡e©v”P av‡ci Av‡qi cwigvY `vuwo‡q‡Q 121 ¸Y| Avq-ˆel‡g¨i Ici GNI
m~P‡K evsjv‡`‡ki gvb 0.50 QzuB QzuB A_©vr Avq-ˆelg¨ wec¾bK ch©v‡q|
3. m¤ú`-ˆelg¨ e„w×:
A_©‰bwZK †k^Zc‡Î ejv n‡q‡Q 2016 mv‡j m¤ú` ˆelg¨ 0.82% †_‡K †e‡o 2022 mv‡j 0.84% nq|
4. FYMÖnY e„w×:
MÕv‡g †e‡o‡Q gvby‡li LiP, cvkvcvwk †e‡o †M‡Q cwieviwfwËK FYMÕnY| eZ©gv‡b FY K‡i msmvi Pvjvq 37%
gvbyl| GKwU cvwiev‡ii Mo FY 73 nvRvi 980 UvKv Ges gv_vwcQz Avq 17,366 UvKv| MÕv‡gi Zzjbvq kn‡ii
cwievi¸‡jvi FY 210% †ewk|
5. GNI mnM:
2016 mv‡j ewikvj wefv‡Mi `vwi‡`ª¨i nvi wQj 26.5%, eZ©gv‡b 26.9| wm‡j‡UI †e‡o‡Q `vwi‡`ª¨i nvi|
6. Lv`¨ wbivcËv:
Lv`¨ wbivcËv cwimsL¨vb-2023 g‡Z, †`‡ki cÕvq 22% gvbyl eZ©gv‡b Lv`¨ wbivcËvnxbZvq fzM‡Q| hvi g‡a¨ †ewk
fzM‡Qb Lv`¨ Drcv`bKvix K…lK| †`‡ki gvÎ 10% gvbyl `Lj K‡i Av‡Q mgMÕ RvZxq Av‡qi cÕvq 41%| ivóªxq
bxwZ, c„ô‡cvlKZv I mg_©‡b m„ó GB ˆelg¨|
WHO Gi g‡Z, evsjv‡`‡k cywónxbZvi GL‡bv D”P| A‡bK wkï I gwnjv cywónxbZvi wkKvi n‡”Qb|
[17 Rvbyqvwi, 2024 ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK]
7. mnqZvi Amge›Ub:
†`‡ki Ab¨Zg `vwi`ª¨cÕeY †Rj w`bvRcyi| †RjvwU‡Z wek^e¨vs‡Ki `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb cÕK‡íi gv_vwcQz A_© eiv‡Ïi
cwigvY gvÎ 53 Wjvi| Ab¨w`‡K Kg `wi`ªZvcÕeY †Rjv bvivqYM‡Á gv_vwcQz eivÏ 2,791 Wjvi|
Special Fairness Index (SFI) bv‡g cwiPvwjZ G Rwi‡c †`Lv hvq, `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b A_© me‡P‡q Kg †cØQuv‡”Q
`vwi`ª¨cÕeY A‡j|
8. g~j¨ùxwZ wbqš¿‡Y e¨_©Zv:
2024-25 A_©eQ‡i ev‡R‡Ui g~j jÿ¨ nIqv DwPZ wQj, g~j¨ýxwZ Kwg‡q gvbyl‡K ¯^w¯Í †`Iqv| wKš` G jÿ¨ e¨_©
n‡q‡Q| Wvej wWwR‡Ui (10%+) g~j¨ùxwZ `vwi`ª¨ Rb‡Mvôxi µqÿgZv n«vm K‡i, hv `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb‡K AwbwðZ
K‡i|
9. mvgvwRK Kg©m~wPi mxgve×Zv:
wek^e¨vsK mvgvwRK wbivcËv †eóbxi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© 8wU Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb I Gi cÕfv‡ei Ici Rwic K‡i‡QÑ
i. `vwi`ª bvix‡`i gvZ…Z¡Kvjxb fvZv
ii. DcvR©bgyLx Kg©m~wP/hZœ
iii. wfwRGd I wfwRwW
iv. eq¯‹ fvZv
v. weaev fvZv
vi. ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³ I wbM„nxZ bvixi fvZv
vii. cÖwZewÜ fvZv
viii. `wi`ª‡`i Kg©ms¯'vb m„wói Ici RwicwU cwiPvwjZ nq|
8 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
wek^e¨vs‡Ki cÕwZ‡e`‡b ejv n‡q‡Q Kg©m~wP¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mgš^q I ev¯Íevqb `ÿZvi Afv‡e GKB e¨w³ GKvwaK myweav
cv‡”Q, Avevi A‡b‡K myweavi Dc‡hvMx n‡q cv‡”Q bv| d‡j Gme Kg©m~wP mydj bv wg‡j A_© AcPq n‡”Q|
10. Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Afve:
wek^e¨vs‡Ki g‡Z-†`‡k 9 eQ‡i D”P wkwÿZ †eKvi †e‡o‡Q 3 ¸Y| miKvwi cwimsL¨v‡bi wek^vm‡hvM¨Zv wb‡q cÕkœ|

`vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b eZ©gvb miKv‡ii †Kv‡bv c‡`ÿc _vK‡j w`‡Z n‡e

A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b †iwgU¨v‡Ýi Ae`vb Kx? †iwgU¨vÝ e„w×i Rb¨ AšÍe©Zx©Kvjxb miKv‡ii bxwZmg~n Kx
Kx?
 cÖevmx Avq (Remittance):
GK †`‡ki kÕgkw³ hLb Ab¨ †`‡k K‡g© wb‡qvwRZ †_‡K Zv‡`i DcvwR©Z A_© wbR †`‡k †cÕiY K‡i| Zv‡`i wbR †`‡k
†cÕwiZ A_©B n‡”Q †iwgU¨vÝ ev cÖevmx Avq| cÖevmx Avq evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi Ab¨Zg ¯Í¤¢ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡”Q weMZ
K‡qK `kK a‡iB|
cÕevmx evsjv‡`wk M‡elK W. byiæj Bmjvg e‡jb,
Òevsjv‡`‡ki Av_©mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b cÕevmx evsjv‡`wkiv GKwU †mZzeÛ‡bi g‡Zv KvR K‡i,
hv ¯'vbxq Ges AvšÍR©vwZK A_©bxwZ‡K GKwÎZ K‡i|Ó
A_©eQi cÖevmx Avq (wewjqb Wjvi)
2024-25 (26 gvP©, 2025 ch©šÍ) 21.34
2023-24 23.92
2022-23 21.61
2021-22 21.03
2020-21 24.77
2019-20 18.21
[Sources: BBS, cÖ_g Av‡jv]
cÕevmx kÕwgK‡`i †cÕwiZ †iwgU¨vÝ evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z GKwU cÕavb PvwjKvkw³ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| 2001 mv‡j
MYcÕRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii cÕevmx Kj¨vY I ˆe‡`wkK Kg©ms¯'vb gš¿Yvjq MwVZ nq|
wek^cwim‡i cÖevmx Avq I Rbkw³ ißvwb‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb:
1. Rbkw³ ißvwb‡Z we‡k^ evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯'vbÑ 5g
†iwgU¨vÝ AR©‡b we‡k^Ñ 8g Ges `wÿY GwkqvqÑ 3q
2. cÕvq 1.5 †KvwUi †ewk evsjv‡`wk cÕevmx 168wU †`‡k KvR K‡i‡Qb|
3. cÕevmx kÕwgK me‡P‡q †ewk wb‡qvwRZÑ †mØw` Avi‡e (cÖvq 30 jvL)| wØZxq m‡e©v”PÑ gvj‡qwkqvq Ges Z…ZxqÑ Igv‡b|
4. 2024 mv‡j Rbkw³ ißvwb K‡g‡QÑ cÕvq 30% (msL¨vq 10 jvL)
 ˆe‡`wkK Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †ÿ‡Î:
1. BOESL: Bangladesh Overseas Employment and Services Limited n‡jv miKvwi gvwjKvbvaxb cÖwZôvb, hv
ˆe‡`wkK Kg©ms¯'v‡bi Rb¨ kÕwgK‡`i wb‡qvM, cÕwkÿY I ißvwbi KvR mgš^q K‡i|
2. BAIRA: Bangladesh Association of International Recruiting Agencies n‡jv †emiKvwi AvšÍR©vwZK
wb‡qvMKZ©v ms¯'v¸‡jvi GKwU msMVb| ˆe‡`wkK PvKwii Rb¨ kÕwgK‡`i msMÕn, cÕwkÿY Ges we‡`‡k †cÕi‡Yi Kv‡R
mnvqZv K‡i Ges kÕg idZvwbi bxwZgvjv ev¯Íevq‡b miKv‡ii mv‡_ mn‡hvwMZv K‡i|

 evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b cÖevmx Av‡qi Ae`vb:

 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 9
PvU©

1. GDP/GNP e„wχZ Ae`vb:

evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡bi GKwU eo Ask cÖevmx Avq †_‡K Av‡m| evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki Z_¨vbyhvqx
2023Ñ24 A_©eQ‡i cÕevmx †iwgU¨v‡Ýi cwigvY 23.91 wewjqb gvwK©b Wjvi, hv †`‡ki †gvU wRwWwci cÕvq- 7%|
2. `vwi`ª¨ n«vm:
†iwgU¨v‡Ýi A_© MÕvgxY GjvKvq †cuØQv‡bvq A‡bK cwievi Zv‡`i `vwi`ª¨mxgv AwZµg K‡i‡Q| IMF I wek^e¨vs‡Ki
Z_¨vbyhvqx †`‡k `vwi‡`ª¨i nvi 2000 mv‡j cÕvq 48.9% †_‡K K‡g Ges 2022 mv‡j 20% G †b‡g G‡m‡Q|
3. ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi wiRvf©:
2021 mv‡j evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki wiRvf© m‡e©v”P 48 wewjqb gvwK©b Wjv‡i †cuvQvq, hvi GKwU eo AskB wQj cÖevmx
†iwgU¨vÝ| evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi 10% Ae`vb iv‡L cÕevmx Avq|
4. †UKmB Avw_©K Lv‡Z e¨q e„w×:
BBS GK Rwic cÕwZ‡e`‡b †`Lv hvq, cÕevmx‡`i cvVv‡bv †iwgU¨v‡ÝiÑ
e¨‡qi LvZ e¨‡qi nvi
wbZ¨cÕ‡qvRbxq cY¨ †Kbvi †ÿ‡Î 68.44%
¯'vbxq wewb‡qv‡M 27.98%
†UKmB `ª‡e¨i wewb‡qv‡M 2.13%
mÂq 1.45%
5. miKvwi ivR‡¯^ cÖfve:
we‡`‡k Kg©iZ †jvK‡`i g‡a¨ A‡b‡KB I‡qR Avb©vi ¯‹x‡gi Aax‡b wewfbœ `ªe¨ Avg`vwb K‡i| G¸‡jvi Dci ïé
Av‡ivc Kiv nq| †`‡ki †gvU Avg`vwbi 25% †_‡K 30% GB ¯‹x‡gi AvIZvq Av‡m Ges miKvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨
cwigv‡Y ivR¯^ Av`vq Ki‡Z cv‡i|
6. e¨vswKs Lv‡Z cÖfve:
e¨vswKs P¨v‡b‡j cÕevmx Avq cÕ‡ek Kivq e¨vs‡Ki Zvij¨ msKU n«vm cvq Ges Zvij¨ ev‡o|
7. bvixi ÿgZvqb e„w×:
cyiælMY we‡`‡k _vKvq cwiev‡ii KZ…©Z¡ bvixi Dci wbf©i K‡i| G‡Z bvixi ÿgZvqb e„w× cvq|

 evsjv‡`‡ki Rbkw³ ißvwbRwbZ mgm¨v:

1. Kg©NÈv, Kg©cwi‡ek, QzwUQvUv I Avq m¤ú‡K© mwVK aviYvi AfveRwbZ mgm¨v
2. kÕg evRv‡i cÕwZ‡hvwMZv I `ÿ kÕwg‡Ki Afve
3. kÕgevRvi m¤ú‡K© aviYvi Afve
4. D”P Awfevmb e¨q
5. †iwgU¨vÝ †cÕi‡Y cÖwZeÜKZv
6. we‡`‡k evsjv‡`wk wgkb¸‡jvi Amn‡hvwMZv
7. A‰ea Dcv‡q †jvK †cÕiY
8. ˆewk^K A_©‰bwZK g›`vi cÕfve

 cÖevmx Avq e„wׇZ AšÍe©ZxKvjxb miKv‡ii

1. wegvb fvov n«vm:
MYcÕRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii †emvgwiK wegvb I ch©Ub gš¿Yvj‡qi 2025 mv‡ji 26 †deªæqvwi Zvwi‡Li GKwU
weÁw߇Z Rvbv‡bv nq †h, †mØw` Avi‡e m‡e©v”P 480 Wjv‡ii cwie‡Z© GLb †_‡K 360 Wjvi Ges gvj‡qwkqvq 175
Wjv‡ii cwie‡Z© 150 Wjvi fvov wVK Kiv nq|
10 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
2. ûwÛ e¨emvqx‡`i `gb:
ûwÚ e¨emvqx‡`i ZvwjKv K‡i Zv‡`i m¤ú` ev‡RqvßKiY I †MÕßvi K‡i †`ØivZ¥ Kwg‡q‡Q|
3. cÖevmx Kj¨vY e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©µg m¤úªmviY:
cÕevmx Kj¨vY e¨vsK mivmwi †iwgU¨vÝ cvVv‡bv hv‡e| cÕevmx‡`i 12wU evwYwR¨K e¨vsK FY w`‡e| †mvbvjxÑAMÖYx
e¨vs‡Ki kvLvq cÕevmx e¨vs‡Ki ey_ †Lvjv n‡e|
4. `~Zvev‡m mn‡hvwMZv e„w×:
cÕevmx‡`i Awf‡hv‡Mi Kx e¨e¯'v †bqv n‡q‡Q Kg©KZ©v‡`i Zv Rvbv‡Z n‡e Ggb wb‡`©kbv †`qv nq| cÖevmx Kj¨vY
†mevg~jK Kvh©µg bv Ki‡j e`wji e¨e¯'v|
5. I‡qR Avbvm© †evW©:
Gi gva¨‡g AviI †ewk †iwgU¨vÝ cvVv‡bv hv‡e| cÕevmx‡`i we‡`‡k †h‡Z hvi G‡R›U‡`i †iwR‡÷ªmb Kiv n‡e|
wiµzwUs G‡Rw݇K cvid‡g©‡Ýi wfwˇZ K¨vUvMwi Kiv n‡e|
6. kÖgevRvi m¤úªmviY:
gvj‡qwkqvq AveviI Kg©x cvVv‡bvi wel‡q hvPvB evQvB Kiv n‡”Q|
7. †mev e„w×:
2024 mv‡ji 11 b‡f¤^‡i nhiZ kvnRvjvj (int) AvšÍR©vwZK wegvbe›`‡i cÕevmx jvDà D‡™¢vab| wegvbe›`‡i †Kv‡bv
Ae¯'vq nqivwb bv Kiv, wegvbe›`‡i wfAvBwc mvwf©m cÕ`v‡b GB jvDÃ f~wgKv ivL‡e|
8. Awfevmb e¨q n«vm:
ivóªxq gvwjKvbvaxb wb‡qvMKvix ms¯'v Bangladesh Overseas Employment and Services Limited (BOESL)
KZ©„K webv e¨‡q A_ev me©wb¤œ Awfevmb e¨‡q Kg©x †cÕiY Kiv n‡”Q| bvix Kg©x‡`i eva¨Zvg~jK 1 gv‡mi cÕwkÿY Gi
†gqv` 2 gv‡m DbœxZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
9. cÖwkÿY Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g `ÿZv Dbœqb:
KvwiMwi cÕwkÿY †K›`ª n‡Z wbqwgZ cÕwkÿ‡Yi cvkvcvwk 55 †Uª‡W †gvU 10 jÿ 69 nvRvi 958 Rb cÖwkÿYv_©x‡`i
cÕwkÿY cÕ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÕwZwU Dc‡Rjvq 1wU KvwiMwi cÕwkÿY †K›`ª ¯'vc‡bi cwiKíbv MÕnY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
10. ˆea Dcv‡q †iwgU¨vÝ:
miKvwi bxwZi cÕwZ Av¯'vi Kvi‡Y we‡`‡k emevmKvix evsjv‡`wki GLb e¨vswKs P¨v‡bj e¨envi K‡i Avq cvVv‡”Qb|
11. e¨vswKs e¨e¯’vi DbœwZ:
cvPv‡ii Ici bRi`vwi miK‡ii K‡Vvi d‡j cÕe„w× wbwðZ K‡i‡Q|

weMZ miKv‡ii mg‡q mvgvwRK wbivcËv Kg©m~wPi (Social Safety Program) ÎæwUmg~n
 Social Safety Net:
MYcÕRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi 15 (N) Aby‡”Q‡` (†gØwjK cÕ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯'v) ejv n‡q‡QÑ
ÒmvgvwRK wbivcËvi AwaKvi A_©vr †eKviZ¡, e¨vwa ev c½yZ¡RwbZ¡ wKsev weaev, gvZvwcZ…nxbZv ev eva©K¨RwbZ wKsev
Abyiƒ‡c Ab¨vb¨ cwiw¯'wZRwbZ Kvi‡Y AfveMÕ¯ÍZvi †ÿ‡Î miKvwi mvnvh¨ jv‡fi AwaKvi|Ó
mvgvwRK wbivcËv †eóbxq gva¨‡g GKwU †`‡ki myweavewÂZ Ae‡nwjZ I cÕvwšÍK Rb‡Mvôx‡K wewfbœfv‡e myiÿv cÕ`vb Kiv
nq| GKwU Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª wbg©v‡Y mvgvwRK wbivcËv‡eóbxi gyL¨ f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK wbivcËv †eóbxi
AvIZvq 117wU cÕK‡íi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ i‡q‡QÑ
 eq¯‹fvZv
 `wi`ª¨ Amnvq bvix‡`i Rb¨ fvZv
 A¯^”Qj cÕwZewÛ‡`i Rb¨ fvZv
 Lv`¨evÜe Kg©m~wP
 wfwRwW
 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 11
 wfwRGd
 ¯^vgx cwiZ¨v³ fvZv
 IGgGm Kg©m~wP| cÕf…wZ
1. MÖvnK wbe©vP‡b µwU:
mvgvwRK wbivcËv Kg©m~wP¸‡jvi MÕnxZv wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î AmvgÄm¨Zv i‡q‡Q| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î GB mnvqZv¸‡jv hv‡`i
cÖvc¨ Zviv cvb bv| Avevi mnvqZv hviv cvevi K_v bq Zviv cvb|
2. cwigv‡Y AcÖZzj:
mvgvwRK wbivcËv †eóbxi AvIZvq GKRb eq¯‹ e¨w³i (cyiæl 65+ eQi I bvix 60+ eQi) Rb¨ cÕwZgv‡m 600
UvKv eiv× _v‡K, hv Zvi wPwKrmv, Lvevi I Ab¨vb¨ LiP we‡ePbvq AcÕZzj|
3. m‡PZbZvi NvUwZ:
GB mnvqZv hv‡`i cÕvc¨ Zviv A‡b‡KB GB wel‡q Rv‡bb bv| miKv‡ii cÿ †_‡K e¨vcK cÕPv‡ii NvUwZ i‡q‡Q|
4. Ach©vß Kfv‡iR:
†`‡ki cÕvq 25% gvbyl AiwÿZ| Zviv †h‡Kv‡bv av°vq nVvr `vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P P‡j †h‡Z cv‡ib, †Kvwf‡Wi mgq hv
†`Lv †Mj| mvgvwRK wbivcËv Lv‡Zi AvIZv e„w× K‡i †`‡ki AšÍZ 55Ñ60 kZvsk gvbyl‡K Gi AvIZvq wb‡q Avmv
hvq| GQvovI mvgwRK myiÿvi g‡a¨ AšÍf©y³ Kiv nqwbÑ
 †eKvi fvZv
 Rxeb wegv
 ¯^v¯'¨ wegv
 me©Rbxb †cbkb (ARbwcÕq GB LvZwU m¤úªwZ hy³ Kiv nq)
 `y‡h©vM fvZv
5. Revew`wnZvi Afve:
mvgvwRK myiÿv wel‡q m‡PZbZv, ¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv Riæwi| gwbUwis‡qI ÎæwU jÿ¨bxq|
6. wRwWwci Zzjbvq Kg eivÏ:
miKvi mvgvwRK wbivcËv Lv‡Z wRwWwci 2.5-3% eivÏ †`qv n‡q‡Q| miKvwi Kg©Pvix‡`i †cbkb ev` w`‡j Zv
1.5-1.7 kZvs‡k †b‡g Av‡m|
7. mnvqZvq ˆelg¨:
hZ gvbyl mvgvwRK myiÿvi AvIZvq Av‡Qb, Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ 71% fzj gvbyl‡K †`Iqv nq| Avevi 46.5% Av‡Qb,
cÕ‡qvRb bv _vK‡jI huviv fvZv cv‡”Qb|
8. kni-MÖvg ˆelg¨:
†`‡ki kniv‡j `vwi‡`ª¨i msL¨v 18.9% n‡jI myiÿv cv‡”Qb 10.9% `wi`ª gvbyl| Aciw`‡K, MÕvgv‡j `vwi‡`ª¨i
msL¨v 26.4% n‡jI myiÿv cv‡”Qb 35.7% gvbyl|
[cÖ_g Av‡jv 27 A‡±vei, 2022]
9. eq‡mi ZviZg¨ Abymv‡i mnvqZvq ÎæwU:
 RbmsL¨vi g‡a¨ wkïÑ 9% | wKš` wkï‡`i Rb¨ mvgvwRK myiÿvq e¨q eivÏ gvÎÑ 1.60%
 RbmsL¨vi g‡a¨ wK‡kviÑ 28%| wKš` wK‡kvi wK‡kvixi Rb¨ mvgvwRK myiÿv Lv‡Z e¨qÑ 13%
 Kg©ÿg gvbyl †`‡ki RbmsL¨viÑ 56%| wKš` Zv‡`i Rb¨ mvgvwRK myiÿv Lv‡Z e¨qÑ 13%
 RbmsL¨vi g‡a¨ eq¯‹ gvbyl gvÎÑ 8%| Zv‡`i Rb¨ e¨q eiv``&Ñ 72%|

mv‡b‡gi †Pqvig¨vb I Xvwe A_©bxwZ wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK eRjyj nK L›`Kvi e‡jb,

Ò†`‡ki ga¨we‡Ëi Rb¨I mvgvwRK wbivcËv Kg©m~wP cÕ‡qvRb e‡j g‡b K‡ib|
miKv‡ii mvgvwRK myiÿv‡eóbxi g~j †¯øvMvb n‡jvÑ †KD wcwQ‡q _vK‡e bv|
†¯øvMvbwU PgrKvi, wKš` ev¯Íevqb KwVb|Ó
12 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k

mgZvwfwËK cÕe„w× AR©‡b mvgvwRK wbivcËv †e÷bxi AvIZv I cwigvY e„w×, mwVK MÕnxZv wbe©vPb, fvZv cÕvwßi c×wZ
mnRxKiY BZ¨vw`i †Kvb weKí †bB|

wiRvf© ej‡Z Kx eySvq? weMZ miKv‡ii mg‡q wiRvf© K‡g hvIqvi KviY¸‡jv wjLyb| wiRvf© msKU
†gvKv‡ejvq AšÍeZ©xKvjxb miKv‡ii c`‡ÿc¸‡jv wjLyb?
 wiR©vf (Reserve):
GKwU †`‡ki AšÍZ 3 gv‡mi Avg`vwb e¨q mÂq _vK‡j Zv‡K wiRvf© e‡j| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k †h cwigvY (25 wewjqb
Wjvi) Reserve Av‡Q, Zv‡Z †gvU RbM‡Yi cÖvq 4.3 gv‡mi Avg`vwb e¨q c~iY Kiv m¤¢e|
†Kvb †`‡ki Avw_©K cÕwZôvb¸‡jv‡K Zv‡`i AvgvbZ wn‡m‡e †bIqv †gvU A‡_©i GKwU Ask †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡K (evsjv‡`k
e¨vsK) Rgv ivL‡Z nq| GB A_© FY ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Kv‡R LiP Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Avi ißvwb Avq, †iwgU¨vÝ, FY ev
Ab¨vb¨ Drm †_‡K Avmv ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv †_‡K Avg`vwb, FY I my` cwi‡kva, we‡`‡k wkÿv BZ¨vw` bvbv Lv‡Z hvIqv
ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv ev` †`Iqvi ci †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki Kv‡Q †h ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv mwÂZ _v‡K, †mUvB †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki wiRvf© ev
ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi wiRvf©|
wiRv‡f©i Drm wiRvf© †_‡K e¨‡qi LvZ
iißvwb Avq (export) i. Avg`vwb e¨q (import)
iicÖevmx Avq (remmittance) ii. ˆe‡`wkK gvbem¤ú‡` e¨q (foreign manpower
iiiˆe‡`wkK FY jvf (foreign loan) salary)
iv ˆe‡`wkK wewb‡qvM (FDI) iii. ˆe‡`wkK FY cwi‡kva (my`) (debt repayment)
v ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨/ Aby`vb (Foreign Aide) iv. we‡`‡k wewb‡qvM (investment in abroad)
vi ÿwZc~iY jvf (†hgb: bvB‡Kv gvgjvq evsjv‡`‡ki 8000 v. we‡`‡k mvnvh¨ cÕ`vb (help in abroad)
†KvwU Wjvi jvf) (Compensation) vi. ÿwZc~iY cÖ`vb (payment of comopensation)
vii RvZxqfv‡e †Kvb cyi¯‹vi AR©b (†hgb: †Kv‡bv AvšÍR©vwZK vii. cÖKí e¨q (develoment project expenditure)
cyi¯‹vi jvf ev World cup Rq) | cÕf…wZ viii. R¦vjvwb Avg`vwb e¨q
ix. we‡`‡k wkÿv LiP| cÕf…wZ

 wiRv‡f©i myweav:
h‡_ó cwigv‡Y ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi wiRvf© gv‡b GKUv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK kw³, GKUv †`‡ki ¯^w¯Í| †hvMvb ev gRy` Kg _vK‡j GKUv †`k
msK‡U c‡o hvq| wiRvf© GKwU †`‡ki wbtm‡›`‡n A_©bxwZi gvcKvwVi Ab¨Zg m~PK| ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv e¨eüZ nqÑ
1. A_©‰bwZK mÿgZv e„wׇZ
2. †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK w¯'wZkxjZv eRvq ivL‡Z
3. SuwKgy³ A_©bxwZi Rb¨
4. Avg`vwb e¨q wbe©vn mnR Ki‡Z
5. ˆe‡`wkK F‡Y my` cÕ`vb Ki‡Z
6. ˆe‡`wkK FY Kg wb‡Z
7. gy`ªv cÕev‡n
8. gy`ªvi wewbgq nvi wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z
9. AvšÍR©vwZK evwYwR¨K †jb‡`b m¤ú~Y© Ki‡Z |

wPÎ:

 wiRv‡f©i eZ©gvb cwiw¯’wZ:

 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 13
2021 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki m‡e©v”P wiRvf© wQj 48 wewjqb Wjv‡ii †ewk| Zvici ˆewk^K msKU I †`kxq bxwZi Kvi‡Y wiRv‡f©i msKU
†`Lv †`q| 2024 mv‡ji RyjvB‡q 16 wewjqb Wjv‡i wiRvf© †b‡g hvq| Z‡e 31 gvP©, 2025 ch©šÍ AvšÍR©vwZK gy`ªv Znwe‡ji wnmve
c×wZ Abyhvqx (as per BPM6) wiRv‡f©i cwigvY `vovq 25.44 wewjqb gvwK©b Wjv‡i|

 2024 mvj ch©šÍ wiRvf© Kgvi KviY:

i A_© cvPvi:
RvZxq A_©bxwZ welqK †k^ZcÎ KwgwUi cÕwZ‡e`b Abymv‡i MZ 16 eQ‡i 234 wewjqb Wjvi cvPvi n‡q‡Q|
ii AcÖ‡qvRbxq ivR‰bwZK cÖ‡R±:
ivR‰bwZK we‡ePbvq †bqv AcÕ‡qvRbxq e¨q †ewk nIqv‡Z ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi msKU †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| A_©bxwZ wej¤^ I
`yb©xwZi Kvi‡Y 7.52 wewjqb Wjvi e¨q †e‡o‡Q|
iii †iwgU¨vÝ:
evsjv‡`k cÕevmx Av‡q 7g e„nËg †`k| 2020-21 A_©eQ‡i †iwgU¨vÝ cÕe„w× n‡qwQj 36 kZvs‡ki †ewk n‡jI
2021-22 A_©eQ‡i 15% K‡gwQj|
iv Avg`vwb e¨q e„w×:
†KvwfW-19 cieZ©x bigvjvB‡Rmb Ges ivwkqv-BD‡µb hy‡×i ci Avg`vwb e¨q †e‡o‡Q 42%| ZvB wiRvf©
Kg‡Q|
v ˆe‡`wkK FY cwi‡kva:
18 jvL †KvwU UvKv F‡Yi my` I wKw¯Í cwi‡kv‡ai Kvi‡Y wiRvf© Kg‡ZwQj cÕwZwbqZ|
vi 3F Crisis:
wek^e¨vcx K‡ivbv cieZ©x mg‡q Fund, Food & Fuel msK‡Ui Kvi‡Y Wjvi msKU †`Lv †`q Ges AwZwi³ Wjvi
e¨q Ki‡Z nZ|
vii Wjv‡ii wecix‡Z UvKvi cZb:
wek^e¨vcx Lv`¨, R¦vjvbx I A_© msKU Ges ivwkqvcš'x‡`i Wjv‡ii wecixZ c‡Y¨ e¨env‡ii ûuwkqvwii d‡j Wjv‡ii
msKU ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| Wjv‡ii AcÕZzjZvi Kvi‡Y 14-15% Wjv‡ii cZb n‡q‡Q| ZvB ißvwb evo‡jI Wjv‡ii
wecix‡Z UvKvi gvb K‡g hvIqvq mydj cvIqv hv‡”Q bv|
viii Avg`vwb e„w×:
†KvwfW-19 cieZ©x †fvM †e‡o hvIqvq Avg`vwb †e‡o‡Q| 2020-21 A_©eQi †_‡K 2021-22 A_©eQ‡i Avg`vwb
†e‡o‡Q 20-22%|
ix KuvPvgv‡ji AcÖvPzh©Zv:
w`b w`b cÕhyw³MZ Pvwn`v e„w×i d‡j evsjv‡`k‡K cÕPzi cÕhyw³ c‡Y¨i KvuPvgvj Avg`vwb Ki‡Z n‡”Q| d‡j
wiRv‡f©i Dci Pvc †e‡o‡Q|
 wiRvf© msK‡Ui Amyweav :
1. gy`ªvýxwZ n‡Z cv‡i|
2. Avg`vwb cÕe„w× n«vm cv‡e|
3. A_©bxwZ ¯'wei n‡Z cv‡i (Ajm UvKv †i‡L w`‡j)|

 msKU wbim‡b M„nxZ c`‡ÿcmg~n:

1. A_©bxwZi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î †bZ…Z¡ cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g ms¯‹vi I cwieZ©‡bi cÕwµqv ïiæ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
2. ˆe‡`wkK wiRvf© evov‡bvi Rb¨ GiB g‡a¨ IMF Gi m‡½ Pjgvb FY cÕK‡íi evwK wKw¯Í¸‡jv mgqg‡Zv Qvo Kivi
Aby‡iva Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKB m‡½ ms¯'vwUi Kv‡Q AviI 3 wewjqb Wjvi PvIqv n‡q‡Q|
3. wek^e¨vsK, GwWwe Ges RvBKvi KvQ †_‡KI AwZwi³ AviI 3 wewjqb Wjv‡ii ev‡RU mnvqZv PvIqv n‡q‡Q|
14 Basic View  4_© Aa¨vq: A_©bxwZ  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
4. wiRvf© †_‡K Wjvi wewµ eÛ Ges †iwgU¨vÝ evov‡bvi Rb¨ µwjs †c‡Mi e¨vÚ 1% †_‡K evwo‡q 2.5% Kivi D‡`¨vM
†bIqv n‡q‡Q|
5. wW‡m¤^‡ii g‡a¨ 800 †KvwU Wjvi msMÕ‡ni jÿ¨ w¯'i Kiv n‡qwQj|
6. ißvwb Avq e„w× Ki‡Z Over invoicing & under invoicing wbqš¿‡Y Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
7. ÿwqòz wiRvf©‡K myiwÿZ Ki‡Z ev‡RU mnvqZv‡K Av‡iKwU Drm wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡Q miKvi| ev‡RU mnvqZv
cÕvwß `ªæZ Ki‡Z 16 m`‡m¨i GKwU KwgwU MVb K‡i‡Q A_©wefvM MZ 2024 mv‡ji 10 b‡f¤^i|
8. Awbqg, `yb©xwZ I ÿgZvmxb‡`i QΔQvqvq †_‡K e¨vsK `Lj K‡i bv‡g †ebv‡g FY †bIqv eÛ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
9. A_©bxwZi cÕK…Z Ae¯'v Rvb‡Z Ô†k^ZcÎ cÕYqb KwgwU× MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges wiRvf© e„w×i Rb¨ †k^Zc‡Îi mycvwik
AbymiY Kiv n‡”Q|
10. 2024 mv‡ji 11 †m‡Þ¤^i e¨vsK LvZ ms¯‹v‡i ÔUv¯‹‡dvm© MVb× Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges 30 Rvbyqvwi, 2025 mvj †_‡K
Uv¯‹‡dv‡m©i cÕwZ‡e`b AbymiY Kiv n‡”Q|
11. AvšÍte¨vsK ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv †jb‡`‡bi †ÿ‡Î e¨vÚ wQj 1%| 2024 mv‡ji 18 AvM÷ †_‡K GB e¨vÛ 2.5 kZvsk
Kivi wm×všÍ nq| d‡j Wjv‡ii ga¨eZ©x `uvovq m‡e©v”P 120UvKv| G wmav‡šÍi Kvi‡Y e¨vsK¸‡jv GLb Wjv‡ii `vg
wKQzUv †ewk w`‡Z cvi‡Q, d‡j evo‡Q cÕevmx Avq e„w× cv‡”Q|
12. Awdwkqvj P¨v‡b‡j gy`ªv cvVv‡bvi †ÿ‡Î †h †iU cÕ`vb Kiv nq, †mUv‡K evRv‡ii m‡½ m½wZc~Y© ivL‡Z cvi‡j
ˆeac‡Î †iwgU¨vÝ cvVv‡bvi DaŸ©MwZ eRvq _v‡K; AšÍeZ©x miKvi †m c`‡ÿc MÕnY K‡i‡Q|
13. ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi evRvi e¨e¯'vcbvi †ÿ‡Î mdjZv|
14. Zvij¨ msK‡Ui Kvi‡Y 2024 mv‡ji 11 AvM÷ e¨vsK †_‡K UvKv D‡Ëvj‡bi mxgv †eu‡a †`q evsjv‡`k e¨vsK|
 Basic View  6ô Aa¨vq: cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 1

wm‡jevm: Natural Resources of Bangladesh with focus on their sustainable harnessing and management
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`
01. evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl Rwg AK…wl Kv‡R ¯'vbvšÍwiZ nevi ¯^iƒc I msKU we‡kølY Kiæb| D³ msKU †gvP‡bi
45Zg
Dcvqmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb (2)
44Zg Av‡mwb
43Zg Av‡mwb
41Zg Av‡mwb
40Zg Av‡mwb
01. evsjv‡`‡ki LwbR m¤ú‡`i msw‣ß cwiPq w`b|
38Zg 02. Avgv‡`i LwbR m¤ú` AvniY I wk‡í e¨env‡ii †‣‡Î mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv wK?
03. kw³m¤ú` wn‡m‡e Kqjvi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
37Zg Av‡mwb
36Zg Av‡mwb
01. evsjv‡`‡ki ebR m¤ú‡`i msw‣ß weeiY w`b|
02. evsjv‡`‡ki mgy`ª weRq-UxKv|
35Zg
03. evsjv‡`‡ki LwbR m¤ú`-UxKv|
04. Avgv‡`i mvgyw`ªK m¤ú`-UxKv|
*** BUvwjK Kiv cÖkœ¸‡jvi ¸iæZ¡ 46Zg wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨ bvB|
we‡kølY: Dch©y³ cÖkœmg~n we‡kølY K‡i ejv hvq †h, GB Aa¨vq †_‡K 9wU wjwLZ e¨v‡Pi g‡a¨ 6wU‡ZB Av‡mwb| ZviciI
GKvšÍ †h UwcK¸‡jv †`‡L hvIqv DwPr n‡e bv Zv Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
hv cov †h‡Z cv‡i:
01. evsjv‡`‡ki Lv`¨ wbivcËvq K…wli f‥wgKv| Lv‡`¨ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© n‡Z Kx Kx c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e? ***
02. evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl‡Z Gj wb‡bvi cÖfve wjLyb| **
03. Avgv‡`i LwbR m¤ú` AvniY I wk‡í e¨env‡ii †‣‡Î mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv wK?
04. KzBK †i›Uv‡ji ÎæwUmg~n ***
05. fvi‡Zi mv‡_ weMZ miKv‡ii we`y¨r mn‡hvwMZv Pzw³ †Kb ˆelg¨g~jK wQj? ***
06. iƒccyi cigvYy cÖK‡íi m¤¢vebv I AvksKv| *
07. †mŠiwe`y¨Z cÖKí m¤ú‡K© wjLyb| bevqb‡hvM¨ R¡vjvwb/kw³i P¨v‡jà m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
08. evsjv‡`‡ki R¡vjvwb msKU I P¨v‡jÃ|
2 Basic View  6ô Aa¨vq: cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
evsjv‡`‡ki Lv`¨ wbivcËvq K…wli f~wgKv| Lv‡`¨ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© n‡Z Kx Kx c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e?
Avqvij¨vÛwfwËK Concern world wide Gi ÿzav m~PKÑ 2024 evsjv‡`kÑ 84Zg [†¯‹viÑ 19.8] mv‡K©Ñ 3q
 Lv`¨ wbivcËv:
RvwZms‡Ni Lv`¨ I K…wl ms¯'v (FAO) Abymv‡i, Lv`¨ wbivcËvi n‡jv Ggb GKwU Ae¯'v †hLv‡b mKj gvbyl, me©`v,
ch©vß, wbivc` Ges cywóKi Lv‡`¨ †fŠZ, mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZKfv‡e cÖ‡ekvwaKvi cvq, hv Zv‡`i Lv`¨ cQ›` Ges mwµq,
my¯' Rxebhvc‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cywói Pvwn`v c~iY K‡i| FAO Lv`¨ wbivcËv‡K 4wU cÖavb ¯Í‡¤¢i Ici wfwË K‡i
msÁvwqZ K‡i:
1. cÖvc¨Zv (Availability):
ch©vß cwigv‡Y Lv`¨ ¯'vbxqfv‡e Drcv`b, Avg`vwb ev mieiv‡ni gva¨‡g mnRjf¨ _vKv|
2. cÖ‡ekvwaKvi (Accessibility):
gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK I †fŠZ mvg_¨© Abyhvqx Lv‡`¨ cÖ‡e‡ki my‡hvM _vKv|
1. e¨envi‡hvM¨Zv (Utilization):
Lv‡`¨i cywó¸Y eRvq †i‡L Zv mwVKfv‡e MÖnY I †kvlY Kivi ‣gZv, hv ¯^v¯'¨Ki Rxebhvc‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb|
2. w¯’wZkxjZv (Stability):
Dc‡ii 3wU Dcv`vb (cÖvc¨Zv, cÖ‡ekvwaKvi, e¨envi‡hvM¨Zv) mg‡qi mv‡_ w¯'wZkxj _vKv, hv‡Z cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM,
A_©‰bwZK msKU ev Ab¨vb¨ SyuwK GwU‡K e¨vnZ bv K‡i|
FAO-Gi g‡Z, Lv`¨ wbivcËv †Kej Lv‡`¨i cwigvY bq, eis Gi ¸YMZ gvb, wbivcËv Ges mevi Rb¨ mgvb cÖvwßi welqwUi
IciI ¸iæZ¡ †`q| GwU ÿzav I Acywó `~ixKi‡Yi cvkvcvwk †UKmB Dbœq‡bi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© j‣¨|

 evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨ wbivcËvi Ae¯’v:

01. Lv`¨ wbivcËvnxbZvq 5 †KvwU 27 jvL:
2023 mv‡ji RyjvB‡q RvwZmsNfz³ 5wU ms¯'v FAO, IFAD, WFP, UNICEF & WHO Gi †hŠ_ Rwi‡c ejv nq
†`‡k Zxeª †_‡K gvSvwi Lv`¨ wbivcËvnxbZvq 5 †KvwU 27 jvL gvbyl| Gi g‡a¨ Zxeª SzuwK‡Z 1 †KvwU 87 jvL gvbyl|
02. Lv`¨ Avg`vwb‡Z evsjv‡`k Z…Zxq:
RvwZms‡Ni Lv`¨ I K…wl ms¯'vi (FAO) 2024 mv‡ji Rwi‡c evsjv‡`k Lv`¨ Avg`vwb‡Z we‡k^ Z…Zxq kxl© †`k|
evsjv‡`‡k eQ‡i 9 †KvwU 33 jvL Ub K…wlR cY¨ Drcv`b K‡i Ges 1 †KvwU 25 jvL Ub K…wlR cY¨ Avg`vwb K‡i|
Avgv‡`i Pvwn`vi 11.2% Lv`¨ Avg`vwb Ki‡Z nq|
03. 39 jvL Le©vKvq wkï:
RvwZms‡Ni wkï Znwej (UNICEF)- Gi Z_¨ g‡Z evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZ 3 Rb wkïi g‡a¨ 2 Rb wkï Acywói wkKvi Ges
†gvU 39 jvL wkï Le©vKvq|
04. Lv`¨ NvUwZ e„w×:
cÖwZeQi RbmsL¨vq hy³ nq 17-18 jvL Rb‡Mvôx| 2007-08 mv‡j †gvU Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`‡bi cwigvY wQj 3.13 †KvwU
Ub Ges 2022-23 mv‡j Zv nq 4 †KvwU 77 jvL Ub| ZviciI eQ‡i †`‡k 35 †_‡K 45 jvL Ub Lv`¨ NvUwZ _v‡K|
05. K…wlRwg n«vm:
eQ‡i K…wl Rwg bó nq 1% Ges 20230 mvj bvMv` Lv`¨ Drcv`b Kg‡e 1.2 wgwjqb Ub e‡j g‡b K‡i K…wl m¤úªmviY
wefvM|

 evsjv‡`‡ki Lv`¨ wbivcËvq K…wli f~wgKv:

01. K…wlR m¤ú` Drcv`‡b wek^ Ae¯’vb:
RvwZms‡Ni Food and Agricultural Organaization (FAO) Rwi‡c evsjv‡`k 22wU K…wlcY¨ Drcv`‡b we‡k^i kxl© 10
†`‡ki ZvwjKvq ¯'vb †c‡q‡Q|
Bwjk I jUKb Drcv`‡b evsjv‡`k we‡k^ 1g
 Basic View  6ô Aa¨vq: cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 3
mycvwi, ïK‡bv gwiP, wPwb RvZxq dmj Drcv`‡b evsjv‡`k we‡k^ 2q
Pvj, imyb, mewR dmj Drcv`‡b evsjv‡`k we‡k^ 3q
myMwÜ gmjv, QvM‡ji Pvgov dmj Drcv`‡b evsjv‡`k we‡k^ 4_©
†cqvuR, QvM‡ji gvsm Drcv`‡b evsjv‡`k we‡k^ 5g
Avjy, Av`v, MÖx®§Kvjxb dj, †e¸b Drcv`‡b evsjv‡`k we‡k^ 7g
Avg, †cqviv, dzjKwc, eªKwj, gmyi Wvj, Pv Drcv`‡b evsjv‡`k we‡k^ 8g
K¨vbvwi exR (cvwLi Lv`¨) Drcv`‡b evsjv‡`k we‡k^ 10g
[Drm: FAO]
02. Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`b:
A_©eQi †gvU Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`b
2023Ñ2024 452.95 jÿ †gwUªK Ub
2022Ñ2023 466.88 jÿ †gwUªK Ub
2021Ñ2022 458.96 jÿ †gwUªK Ub
2020Ñ2021 443.56 jÿ †gwUªK Ub
2019Ñ2020 453.44 jÿ †gwUªK Ub
Ñ [Drm: K…wl gš¿Yvjq]
 km¨Lv‡Z AcÖavb k‡m¨i Ae`vb cÖvqÑ 40%
2023Ñ24 A_©eQi †k‡l Drcv`b:
km¨ Drcv`‡bi cwigvY
AvDk 29 jvL 73 nvRvi †gwUªK Ub
Avgb 1 †KvwU 66 jvL 56 nvRvi †gwUªK Ub
†ev‡iv 2 †KvwU 7 jvL 68 nvRvi †gwUªK Ub
Mg 11 jvL 70 nvRvi †gwUªK Ub
fzÆv 46 jvL 34 nvRvi †gwUªK Ub
cvU 17 jvL 38 nvRvi †gwUªK Ub
[Kv‡ji KÉ: 1 †m‡Þ¤^i, 2024]
03. wRwWwc‡Z K„wli Ae`vb:
2023Ñ24 A_©eQ‡i wRwWwc‡Z K…wl:
wRwWwc‡Z K…wl, ebR I grm¨ m¤ú‡`i: 11.02%
K. km¨ I kvKmewR 5.15%
L. cÖvwYm¤ú` 1.80%
M. ebR m¤ú` 1.69%
N. grm¨ m¤ú` 2.38%
[A_©‰bwZK mgxÿv: 2024]
wRwWwc‡Z K…wli Ae`vb µgn«vmgvb n‡jI w`b w`b K…wli Drcv`b evo‡Q|
04. cÖvwYR Lv`¨ Drcv`b:
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvwYm¤ú` Awa`߇ii Z_¨byhvqxÑ †`‡k MZ 10 A_©eQ‡i wWg I `ya Drcv`b wظ‡Yi †ewk †e‡o‡Q|
 2023Ñ24 A_©eQ‡i gvsm Drcv`‡bi cwigvY: 92.25 jÿ Ub
 2023Ñ24 A_©eQ‡i gvs‡mi Pvwn`v: 75-80 jÿ Ub [myÎ: grm I cÖvwYm¤ú` gš¿Yvjq]
05. grm¨ m¤ú` Drcv`b:
i. evsjv‡`‡k Avwg‡li 60% c~iY K‡i grm¨ m¤ú`|
ii. gvQ Drcv`‡b evsjv‡`k we‡k^ - 5g
iii. evsjv‡`k grm¨ M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU (BFRI)- Gi Z_¨ g‡Z, 2023 mv‡j †gvU gvQ Drcv`b n‡q‡Q 48 jvL †g.
Ub| Gi g‡a¨Ñ
4 Basic View  6ô Aa¨vq: cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
Drm Drcv`‡bi cwigvY
Pv‡li cÖvq 32 jvL Ub
Rjvk‡qi cÖvq 13 jvL Ub (50% ev cÖvq 6.5 jvL Ub Bwjk)
mgy‡`ªi cÖvq 03 jvL Ub

 evsjv‡`‡ki Lv`¨ wbivcËvq P¨v‡jÄmg~n:

evsjv‡`‡ki Lv`¨wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv GKwU RwUj welq, hv RbmsL¨v e…w×, Rjevqy cwieZ©b, A_©‰bwZK Pvc Ges K…wl
e¨e¯'vi `ye©jZvi g‡Zv wewfbœ P¨v‡j‡Ãi m¤§yLxb| wb‡P Lv`¨wbivcËvi P¨v‡jø‡jv Zz‡j aiv nj:
RbmsL¨v e„w× I Lv‡`¨i Pvwn`v e„w×:
evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v eZ©gv‡b cÖvq 17.47 †KvwU (wek¦ RbmsL¨v cÖwZ‡e`b-2024) Ges RbmsL¨v e…w×i nvi 1.33% (A_©‰bwZK
mgx¶v- 2024)| GB e…w×i d‡j Lv‡`¨i Pvwn`v `ªæZ evo‡Q, hv Drcv`b evov‡bvi †‣‡Î Pvc m…wó Ki‡Q| 2024 mv‡j cwimsL¨vb
ey¨‡ivi Z_¨ Abyhvqx, †`‡k cÖwZ eQi 17-18 jvL bZzb gvbyl hy³ n‡‧Q, hv Lv`¨k‡m¨i Pvwn`v evwo‡q cÖvq 4 †KvwU U‡bi KvQvKvwQ
wb‡q †M‡Q|
K…wlRwg n«vm:
6ô K…wl ïgvwi Abyhvqx bMivqb, wkívqb I Avevm‡bi Rb¨ K…wlRwg cÖwZ eQi 1% nv‡i Kg‡Q| wek^e¨vs‡Ki 2022 mv‡ji
cÖwZ‡e`b Abyhvqx gv_vwcQz K…wlRwg GLb gvÎ 0.44 †n±i| 2024 mv‡j XvKvi DcK‡É MvRxcy‡i K…wlRwg wkí KviLvbvi Rb¨
iƒcvšÍwiZ nIqvq ¯'vbxq Pvwliv Drcv`b K‡g hvIqvi Awf‡hvM Zz‡j‡Qb|
1. Rjevqy cwieZ©b I cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM:
evsjv‡`k Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y Nb Nb eb¨v, mvB‡K¬vb I jeYv³Zvi m¤§yLxb| GwU dm‡ji ‣wZ K‡i Lv`¨ mieiv‡n
NvUwZ m…wó Ki‡Q| IPCC Gi g‡Z 2050 mvj bvMv` 30% Lv`¨ Drcv`b n«vm cv‡e ˆewk^K DòZvi Rb¨|
2. gvwUi De©iZv n«vm:
`xN©w`b a‡i wbweo Pvl I ivmvqwbK mv‡ii AwZwi³ e¨env‡i gvwUi ¯^v¯'¨ bó n‡q‡Q, hv Drcv`bkxjZv Kgv‡‧Q| 2025
mv‡ji ïiæ‡Z K…wl gš¿Yvj‡qi GK cÖwZ‡e`‡b ejv nq, †`‡ki 30% K…wlRwgi De©iZv n«vm †c‡q‡Q, hv dm‡ji djb
15% Kwg‡q‡Q|
3. cvwbi msKU I f‚Mf©¯’ cvwbi wb¤œMvgx ¯Íi:
†m‡Pi Rb¨ f‥Mf©¯' cvwbi Dci wbf©iZv evo‡Q, wKš` cvwbi ¯Íi µgvMZ wb‡P bvg‡Q| 2024 mv‡j ivRkvnx A‡j f‥Mf©¯'
cvwbi ¯Íi 20 wgUvi wb‡P †b‡g hvIqvq avb Pv‡l †mP e¨q †e‡o‡Q 25%|
4. Lv`¨ g~j¨ùxwZ:
wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨c‡Y¨i `vg e…w× `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ Lv‡`¨i A_©‰bwZK cÖvc¨Zv n«vm Ki‡Q| 2024 mv‡j Lv`¨
g~j¨ýxwZ 10% Qvwo‡q hvq, †hLv‡b Pv‡ji `vg cÖwZ †KwR‡Z 65-70 UvKv Ges †Zj 200 UvKv/wjUv‡i †cuŠ‡Q‡Q|
5. `vwi`ª‡`i Rb¨ mvgvwRK wbivcËv †eóbxi mxgve×Zv:
miKvwi fZ©ywK I mvgvwRK myi‣v Kg©m~wP _vK‡jI, Gi myweav `wi`ª‡`i Kv‡Q †cuŠQvq bv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e| 2025 mv‡j Open
Market Sell (OMS) †cÖvMÖv‡g Pvj weZi‡Y Awbq‡gi Awf‡hvM I‡V, hvi d‡j A‡bK `wi`ª cwievi myweav †_‡K ewÂZ
nq|
6. Lv`¨ ˆewP‡Î¨i Afve I Acywó:
wkï I bvix‡`i g‡a¨ cywóKi Lv‡`¨i Afve Acywói nvi evov‡‧Q| BDwb‡m‡di 2024 mv‡ji cÖwZ‡e`‡b ejv nq,
evsjv‡`‡k 5 eQ‡ii Kg eqmx 3 R‡bi g‡a¨ 2 Rb wkï Lv`¨ `vwi‡`ª¨i wkKvi, hvi d‡j cywó e…w× cv‡‧Q|
7. Avg`vwb wbf©iZv I ˆewk¦K evRv‡ii Aw¯’iZv:
Mg, †Zj I Ab¨vb¨ c‡Y¨i Rb¨ Avg`vwbi Dci wbf©iZv ˆewk¦K g~j¨e…w×i mgq Lv`¨ mieiv‡n SyuwK ˆZwi K‡i| 2024
mv‡j ivwkqv-BD‡µb hy‡×i cÖfv‡e M‡gi `vg †e‡o hvIqvq evsjv‡`‡k iæwUi `vg 20% e…w× cvq|
8. Lv`¨ wbivcËv I gvb wbqš¿Y:
 Basic View  6ô Aa¨vq: cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 5
evRv‡i †fRvj I wb¤œgv‡bi Lv`¨c‡Y¨i cÖv`yf©ve Rb¯^v‡¯'¨i Rb¨ ûgwK| evsjv‡`k wbivc` Lv`¨ KZ©…c‣ †`‡ki wewfbœ
GjvKvq Awfhvb Pvwj‡q gvbnxb I †fRvj Lv`¨ kbv³ K‡i|
GB P¨v‡jø‡jv †gvKv‡ejvq evsjv‡`k‡K †UKmB K…wl c×wZ, Rjevqy mnbkxj dmj D™¢veb, Ges Kvh©Ki bxwZ ev¯Íevq‡bi w`‡K
g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e| GB mgm¨v¸‡jvi mgvavb bv n‡j Lv`¨wbivcËv AviI RwUj iƒc wb‡Z cv‡i|

 Lv‡`¨ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© n‡Z †h †h c`‡ÿc Riæwi:

01. DbœZ K…wl cÖhyw³i e¨envi:
D‧P djbkxj RvZ, †m‡Pi Dbœqb, wWwRUvj cÖhyw³ AwaK dj‡b mnvqK n‡e|
02. K…wl DcKi‡Yi mnRjf¨Zv I mvkÖqx g~j¨ wbwðZKiY:
K…wl‡ÿ‡Î fZ©ywKi cwigvY e…w×, mv‡ii g~j¨ mvkÖq, K…wle¨vsK I cjøx mÂq e¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g mnR k‡Z© FY cÖ`vb|
03. K…lK‡`i `ÿZv e„w×:
K…wl m¤úªmviY Awa`߇ii gva¨‡g K…lK‡`i gvV ch©v‡q cÖwkÿY †`Iqv| K…wl M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU I ¯'vbxq K…wl cÖwkÿY
†K›`ª¸‡jv‡Z cÖwkÿY Kvh©µg|
04. dmj msMÖ‡nvËi e¨e¯’vi Dbœqb:
¸`vgRvZKiY e¨e¯'v DbœZ, msiÿY cÖhyw³i AvaywbKvq‡b †ewk djb m¤¢e|
05. K…wl M‡elYv I D™¢veb:
Rjevqy cwieZ©b mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡Z BARI I BRRI Gi M‡elYv Kvh©µg e…w× Ki‡Z n‡e; jeYv³Zv I Liv mwnòz I
`~‡h©vM mnbkxj exR Drcv`b, K…wl e¨e¯'v wbwðZ Ki‡Z cvi‡j Lv‡`¨i Afv‡e `~i n‡Z cv‡i|
06. wecYb I evRvi e¨e¯’vi Dbœqb:
K…wlc‡Y¨i b¨vh¨ g~j¨ wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K…lK Drcv`‡b AvMÖnx nq Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ ißvwb cÖwµqvi Rb¨ eûgyLx
evRvi mÜvb Ki‡Z n‡e|
07. miKvwi bxwZ I mnvqZv:
evsjv‡`k Lv`¨ wbivcËv bxwZ- 2019 Ges RvZxq ev‡R‡U K…wlLv‡Z eiv‡×i cwigvY evov‡Z n‡e|
08. e-Øxc cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb:
wPwþZ 6wU nU¯úU¸‡jv‡K AMÖvwaKvi wfwˇZ Delta Plan- 2100 ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z cvi‡j Lv`¨vfve c~i‡Y mnvqK n‡e|
09. weKí Lv‡`¨i Dr‡mi D™¢veb:
cyKzi ev LvgviwfwËK Pv‡li m¤úªmviY, ev‡qvd¬K, wi‡j Pvl BZ¨vw`i Kvh©µg e…w× K‡i 12 gvm Lv`¨ wbwðZ Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i|
10. cvwbe›Ub Pzw³:
M½v cvwb e›Ub Pzw³ bevqb, wZ¯Ív Pzw³ I gnvcwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb Ges Ab¨vb¨ AvšÍtmxgvšÍ 57wU b`xi cvwb wbwðZKiY|
11. cwZZ Rwgi Pvlvev`:
evwoi Av‡kcv‡k †Kvb cwZZ Rwg †d‡j ivLv hv‡e bv|

evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl‡Z Gj wb‡bvi cÖfve?

EL-nino n‡jv Little boy ev Christ Child- cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii MÖx®§gÐjxq Mig cvwbi cwðg w`K †_‡K c~e© w`‡K Ae&m_vbMZ
cwieZ©b‡K Gi wb‡bv e‡j| Gj-wb‡bv ga¨ I cwðg cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMi A‡j A warm Episode MVb K‡i, hv ˆewk^K Rjevqy I
AvenvIqvi Ici eo ai‡bi cÖfve †d‡j| evsjv‡`‡k I Gi cÖfve ¯úófv‡e jÿ¨ Kiv hvq, we‡kl K‡i K…wlLv‡Z|
 evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl‡Z Gj wb‡bvi cÖfve:
World Meterology Organaization (WMO) 2023 mv‡j Gj wb‡bvi Avwef©ve wbwðZ K‡i, hv 2024 I 25 mv‡i Zvi c~Y©
cÖfve cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Q|
01. e„wócvZ K‡g hvq:
6 Basic View  6ô Aa¨vq: cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl mvaiYZ el©vKv‡ji e…wócv‡Zi Ici wbf©ikxj| Gj wb‡bvi Kvi‡Y el©vKv‡j (Rybцm‡Þ¤^i) e…wócvZ K‡g
hvq| evsjv‡`‡ki AvenvIqv Awa`߇ii g‡ZÑ 2024 mv‡ji Ry‡b †`‡k ¯^vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q 15-20% Kg e…wócvZ n‡q‡Q
(BMD)| hv AvDk avb, KuvPv gwiP I MÖx®§Kvjxb mewR Drcv`‡b ÿwZKi cÖfve †d‡j‡Q|
02. Livi cÖ‡Kvc e„w×:
i. ivRkvnx I iscyi A‡j `xN©¯'vqx Liv e…w× cv‡‧Q|
ii. K…wl m¤úªmviY Awa`߇ii Z_¨ Abyhvqx, 2023 mv‡j AvDk avb Pv‡li jÿ¨gvÎv wQj 13.95 jvL †n±i wKš` Pvl
n‡q‡Q 10.55 jvL †n±i, hv Liv e…w×i cÖZ¨ÿ cÖfve|
03. grm¨ I cÖvwYm¤ú` Lv‡Z:
i. ZvcgvÎv e…w×i Kvi‡Y Mevw`cïi ZvcRwbZ †ivM, Lv`¨ msKU I Drcv`b n«vm cv‡e|
ii. Dò AvenvIqvi Kvi‡Y Rjvk‡q Aw•‡R‡bi NvUwZ nq, hv gv‡Qi g…Zz¨i KviY| wPswo I wgVv cvwbi gvQ Pvl n«vm
cv‡e|
04. K…wlevRvi I A_©‰bwZK msKU:
i. dmj Drcv`b K‡g †M‡j evRv‡i Lv`¨c‡Y¨i `vg †e‡o hv‡e|
ii. K…lKiv †ckv cwieZ©b Ki‡e, d‡j K…wli Ici `xN©‡gqv`x †bwZevPK cÖfve co‡e|
05. ZvcgvÎv e„w×:
i. 2024 mv‡j Uvbv 27 w`b ZvccÖevn P‡j (31 gvP©Ñ26 GwcÖj) 30 GwcÖj, 2024 (weMZ 50 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ m‡e©v‧P)
ZvcgvÎv †iKW©Ñ 43.80 h‡kv‡i|
ii. ZvcgvÎv e…w×i d‡j dm‡ji Drcv`b I e…w×i euvav m…wó n‡e Ges †ivMevjvB †e‡o hv‡e|
[ˆ`wbK RbKÉ: 22 †deªæqvwi, 2025]

Avgv‡`i LwbR m¤ú` AvniY I wkí e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv|

LwbR m¤ú` ej‡Z f~-cÖ‡ôi Dci I wbP †_‡K †hme `ªe¨ D‡Ëvjb Kiv nq, Zv‡`i †evSvq| LwbR m¤ú‡`i h_vh_fv‡e AvniY I
e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡j evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi †Pnviv e`‡j hv‡e|
 LwbR m¤ú` Avni‡Yi †ÿ‡Î mgm¨v:
01. ch©vß AbymÜv‡bi Afve:
i. 1995 mv‡ji RvZxq R¦vjvwb bxwZgvjvq cÖwZeQi 4wU K‡i AbymÜvb K~c Lbb Kivi K_v ejv n‡qwQ‡jv| wKš` Lbb
Kiv n‡q‡Q 10wU; Gi g‡a¨ f~-L‡Ð 6wU Ges mgy‡`ª 4wU|
ii. AbymÜvb Kvh©µ‡g MwZ Avb‡Z 1995 mv‡j RvZxq R¦vjvwb bxwZgvjv cÖYqb n‡jI †Kvb miKviB †Zgb AbymÜvb
K‡iwb|
02. `ÿ Rbe‡ji Afve:
LwbR m¤ú` D‡Ëvj‡bi Rb¨ †`‡k ch©vß `ÿ I KvwiMwi Ávb m¤úbœ Rbe‡ji Afve i‡q‡Q|
03. DbœZ cÖhyw³i Afve:
cve©Z¨ AÂj I mgy‡`ªi LwbR m¤ú` AvniY I AbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ DbœZ I AvaywbK cÖhyw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq; evsjv‡`‡k
cÖhyw&³MZ mxgve×Zv i‡q‡Q|
04. AeKvVv‡gvMZ `ye©jZv:
cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯'v fv‡jv bv _vKv, Drcv`b DcKi‡Yi MwZkxjZvi Afve LwbR m¤ú` Avni‡Y evavMÖ¯Í Ki‡Q|
05. Rwgi Ach©vßZv:
cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` Avni‡Yi †ÿ‡Î K…wlRwg ev cwi‡e‡ki SuywK i‡q‡Q, ev¯`Pz¨wZi g‡Zv NUbvI NU‡Z cv‡i| Kqjv Zzj‡Z
†M‡j cÖvqB K…wl Rwgi ÿwZ Ki‡Z nq|
06. we‡`wk †Kv¤úvwbi Ici wbf©ikxjZv:
1975 mv‡j 9 AvM÷ we‡`wk †Zj †Kv¤úvwbi †kj I‡qj n‡Z 5wU M¨vm‡ÿÎ µq K‡i ivóªxq gvwjKvbv cÖwZôv K‡i|
1975 mv‡ji 14 gvP© The ESSO Undertakings Acquisition Ordinance Gi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡k Aew¯'Z hy³iv‡óªi
ESSO Eastern Inc †K miKvwifv‡e MÖnY K‡i R¦vjvwb †Z‡ji gRy`, mieivn I weZi‡Y c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i|
 Basic View  6ô Aa¨vq: cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 7
07. `yb©xwZ:
`yb©xwZ †`‡ki LwbR m¤ú` AbymÜvb I Avni‡Yi eo euvav|
08. mwVK Production Sharing Contract (PSC) cÖYqb Ki‡Z bv cviv:
PSC ev Drcv`b mn‡hvwMZv Pzw³ cÖYq‡b µzwU _vKvq we‡`wk cÖwZôvb Øviv AR©b Kiv hv‡‧Q bv|

 LwbR m¤ú` Avni‡Y m¤¢vebv:

01. 48wU eø‡K fvM:
LwbR m¤ú` †hgb †Zj-M¨vm BZ¨vw` AbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ mgMÖ †`k‡K 48wU eø‡K wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ ¯'jfv‡M
22wU Ges mgy‡`ª 26wU| mgy‡`ªi eøK¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Mfxi mvM‡i 15wU Ges AMfxi mvM‡i 11wU| hvi LwbR m¤ú` cÖvwßi
bZzb m¤¢vebv m…wó n‡q‡Q|
02. ev‡c‡•i cwiKíbv:
ev‡c• 2016-2021 mv‡ji g‡a¨ 108wU bZzb K~c Lb‡bi cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jv| ev‡c• cÖwZôvi ci †_‡K 12wU
K~c Lbb K‡i 7wU M¨vm‡ÿÎ Avwe®‹vi K‡i|
03. wRGmwei Rwic cwiPvjbv:
f~ZvwË¡K Rwic Awa`ßi (GSB) †`‡ki 42% f~-L‡Û Rwic cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Q|
04. mgy`ªmxgv we‡iva wb®úwË:
2012 I 2014 mv‡j wgqvbgvi I fvi‡Zi mv‡_ mgy`ª we‡iva wb®úwËi d‡j 1,18,813 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi mgy`ª GjvKvq
LwbR m¤ú` cvIqvi m¤¢vebv m…wó n‡q‡Q|
05. LwbRmg„× †ewmb:
c…w_exi e…nËg e-Øxc Ges †fŠ‡MvwjKfv‡e e½ †ewm‡b Aew¯'Z hvi 12% cvjwjK cv_i, 8% cøvB‡÷vwmb Ges 80%
evwj, Kuv`v I cwj Øviv †ewóZ d‡j LwbR m¤ú` †ewk _vKvi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q|
06. mgy‡`ª Rwic:
mvM‡i Rwic Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ we‡`wk †Kv¤úvwb wb‡qv‡Mi wm×všÍ wb‡q‡Q †c‡Uªv evsjv|
07. Blue Economic Cell MVb:
2017 mv‡j mgy‡`ª LwbR m¤ú‡`i AbymÜvb Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z Blue Economic Cell MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
08. bZzb M¨v‡mi mÜvb:
†fvjvq Bwjkv-1 bv‡gi bZzb M¨vm‡‣‡Î 200 we. NbdzU M¨v‡mi gRy` i‡q‡Q e‡j Rvbv hvq| GwU †`‡ki 29Zg M¨vm‡‣Î|
09. mgy‡`ª bvbvwea Lwb‡Ri mÜvb:
AMfxi mgy‡`ª wecyj cwigvY Ô†K¬Õ-Gi mÜvb wg‡j‡Q| GwU wm‡g›U ˆZwii Ab¨Zg KuvPvgvj| GQvov e‡½vcmvM‡ii 13wU
¯'v‡b fvix LwbR evjy †hgb Bj‡gbvBU, Mv‡b©U, wmwjgvbvBU, wRiKb, iæUvBj I g¨vM‡bUvB‡Ui mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q|

 LwbR m¤ú` wk‡í e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î m¤¢vebv:

01. mvM‡ii Zj‡`‡k 30 †_‡K 80 wgUvi Mfx‡i GK ai‡bi †K¬Õi mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q hv wm‡g›U wk‡í wecøe NUv‡Z cv‡i|
02. evsjv‡`‡ki LwbR m¤ú` wk‡íi R¦vjvwb, KjKviLvbvi Rb¨ LwbR †Zj, M¨vm I Kqjv e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K|
03. evsjv‡`k f~-ZvwË¡K Rwic Awa`ßi (GSB) Gi 2024 mv‡ji b‡f¤^‡ii wnmve Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k cÖvK…wZKfv‡e gRy`
LwbR m¤ú‡`i g~j¨- 2.26 wUªwjqb Wjvi|
04. †`‡ki gRyZ Kqjv mwVKfv‡e D‡Ëvjb K‡i e¨envi Ki‡j we`y¨r wk‡í Kqjvi Avg`vwb n«vm Kiv m¤¢e n‡e|
05. †Zj, M¨vm Qvov mgy‡`ª AcÖPwjZ wKQz g~j¨evb LwbR m¤ú` cvIqv †M‡Q (Bj‡gbvBU, wRiKb, g¨vM‡bUvBU, M¨v‡bU
†gvbvRvBU, KvqvbvBU mn 17 ai‡bi LwbR evjy) Gme c`v_© †hgb g~j¨evb †Zgb wk‡í G¸‡jvi e¨enviI †ewk|
06. †`‡k gRyZ LwbR m¤ú` mwVK D‡Ëvjb K‡i wk‡í e¨envi Ki‡j wk‡íi Rb¨ Avg`vwb LwbR n«vm cv‡e|

KzBK †i›Uv‡ji µwUmg~n?

`ªæZ fvov we`y¨r Drcv`b †K›`ª ev Quick Rental Power Plant (QR Plant) n‡jv †emiKvwi we`y¨r Drcv`b †K›`ª, hv
we`y¨‡Zi AwZwi³ Pvwn`vi mgq `ªæZ fvov †bIqv nq| evsjv‡`‡k GiKg †ewkifvM cøv›U Avg`vwbK…Z Zij R¦vjvwb w`‡q P‡j|
8 Basic View  6ô Aa¨vq: cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
01. we`y¨r †K›`ª¸‡jv‡K Ajm ewm‡q †i‡L ïay K¨vcvwmwU Pv‡R©i bv‡g ¸‡b‡Q 1 jvL 6 nvRvi †KvwU UvKvi †ewk A_© (CAB)
02. 2010 mv‡j webv †UÛv‡i `vqgyw³ AvB‡b ev we`y¨r I R¦vjvwbi `ªæZ mieivn e…w× (we‡kl weavb) AvBb K‡i Gme
we`y¨r‡K‡›`ªi jvB‡mÝ †`Iqv n‡qwQj|
03. ïiæ‡Z 3 eQ‡ii Rb¨ Gme we`y¨r‡K‡›`ªi jvB‡mÝ †`Iqv n‡jI cieZ©x mg‡q `dvq `dvq evov‡bv n‡q‡Q †gqv`|
04. we`y¨r I R¦vjvwb `ªæZ mieivn e…w× (we‡kl weavb) AvBbÑ 2010 Gi 9 I 6(2) aviv Abyhvqx †i›Uvj I KzBK †i›Uvj
we`y¨r‡K‡›`ªi †Kv‡bv Kvh©µg wb‡q cÖkœ Zz‡j AvBbMZ e¨e¯'v †bIqvi Rb¨ Av`vj‡Z Av‡e`b ev gvgjv Kiv hv‡e bv|
05. KzBK †i›Uvj (Quick Rental) we`y¨r‡K›`ª¸‡jv‡Z A¯^vfvweK LiP Avi wbqg hvi Kvi‡Y evievi we`y¨‡Zi `vg e…w×
†c‡q‡Q|
06. 6 avivq: R¦vjvwbgš¿x Zvi GKK we‡ePbvq †Kv‡bv GKK e¨w³ ev †Kv¤úvwbi m‡½ Av‡jvPbv K‡i Zvi m‡½ we`y¨r
Drcv`‡bi Pzw³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
07. 9 avivq: Kv‡K Pzw³ †`qv n‡q‡Q, KZ UvKvi Pzw³ Kiv n‡q‡Q Gme wel‡q cÖkœ Zz‡j Av`vj‡Z kiYvcbœ nIqv hv‡e bv|
2wU avivq msweav‡bi j․Nb nq|

iƒccyi cigvYy cÖK‡íi m¤¢vebv I Avk¼v?

iƒccyi cvigvYweK we`y¨r‡K‡›`ªi cwiKíbv ïiæ nq 1961 mv‡j| wKš` ev¯Íevqb cÖwµqv MwZ cvq 2009 mv‡ji ci| 2011 mv‡j
evsjv‡`k I ivwkqvi g‡a¨ mg‡SvZv ¯§viK ¯^vÿwiZ nq| cÖKí wbg©vY KvR AvbyôvwbKfv‡e ïiæ nq 2017 mv‡j|
 iƒccyi cvigvYweK we`y¨r cÖKí:
 cwiwPwZ : †`‡ki cÖ_g cvigvYweK we`y¨r‡K›`ª
 we‡klZ¡ : †`‡ki BwZnv‡m me©e…nr Dbœqb cÖKí
 Ae¯'vb : iƒccyi, Ck^i`x, cvebv
 mnvqZv : ivwkqvÑ 80% I fvi‡ZiÑ 20%
 Pzw³ : 2011 mv‡j
 e¨q : 1,13,922 †KvwU UvKv
 Drcv`b ÿgZv : 2400 †gMvIqvU
 cÖwZôvb :
 evsjv‡`‡kiÑ Nuclear Power Plant Company Bangladesh Limited (NPCBL)
 fviZÑ Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership (GCNEP)
 ivwkqviÑ †ivmvUg
 19 Ryb, 2012 : Bangladesh Atomic Energy Regulatory Act cvk
 m¤¢vebv:
01. we`y¨r Drcv`‡b ˆewPΨ:
evsjv‡`‡ki we`y¨r Drcv`b eûjvs‡k M¨vm I KqjvwfwËK| Gi d‡j R¦vjvwb (BD‡iwbqvgÑ235) e¨envi K‡i we`y¨r
Drcv`‡b bZzb gvÎv hy³ n‡e| Rxevk¥ R¦vjvwbi Ici wbf©iZv n«vm cv‡e|
02. Kve©b wbtMgb n«vm:
i. Rjevqy cwieZ©b †gvKv‡ejvq mnvqK n‡e
ii. 2024 mv‡ji †g gvm ch©šÍ wek^e¨vcx 32wU †`‡k cvigvYweK we`y¨r †K›`ª cwiPvwjZ n‡‧Q, hv ˆewk^K we`y¨r mieiv‡ni
10% Drcv`b Ki‡Q| cvigvYweK kw³ Kg-Kve©b kw³i Drm| GwU Rxevk¥ R¦vjvwbi g‡Zv ÿwZKi M¨vm wbM©gb K‡i bv|
03. DbœwZ cÖhyw³i e¨envi:
i. ivwkqvi AvaywbK VVER-1200 wiA¨v±i cÖhyw³i e¨envi hv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e wbivc`|
ii. A‡Uv‡g‡UW †mdwU wm‡÷g I wbf©i‡hvM¨Zvi D‧Pgvb i‡q‡Q|
04. A_©‰bwZK:
i. ¯'vqx we`y¨r mieivn wkí Drcv`b I wewb‡qv‡Mi cwi‡ek DrmvwnZ Ki‡e
ii. nvRvi nvRvi kÖwgK cÖK‡í wbhy³ i‡q‡Q hv‡`i Kg©ms¯'vb m…wó n‡q‡Q|
 Basic View  6ô Aa¨vq: cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 9
05. wkívqb:
†U•UvBj, wm‡g›U I Drcv`b wk‡íi Rb¨ we`y¨r mieivn wbwðZ nIqvq iscy‡i wk‡ívbœq‡bi m¤¢vebv ˆZwi n‡e
06. R¦vjvwb msKU †gvKv‡ejv:
iƒccyi cvigvYweK we`y¨r‡K›`ª 2 BDwb‡U 2400 †gMvIqvU we`y¨r Drcv`b Ki‡e, hv we`y¨r Drcv`b mÿgZv e…w× Ki‡e|

 AvksKv:
01. cwi‡ekMZ I wbivcËv SuywK:
cvigvYweK `yN©Ubv Kg n‡jI †Kv‡bv `yN©Ubv NUv‡j Zv e¨vcK †ZRw¯Œq `~lY NUv‡Z cv‡i, hv ¯'vbxq RbMY, K…wl, Rjvavi
I cÖvYx‰ewP‡Î¨i Ici `xN©‡gqv`x e¨vcK †bwZevPK cÖfve †dj‡e| †hgbÑ †P‡iv‡bvwej, dzKzwkgv|
02. cvigvYweK eR©¨ e¨e¯’vcbv:
cvigvYweK eR©¨ kZ kZ ev nvRvi eQ‡ii Rb¨ wbivc`fv‡e msiÿY Ki‡Z nq| mwVK e¨e¯'vcbv bv n‡j GwU cwi‡e‡ki
Rb¨ eo ûgwK n‡Z cv‡i|
03. ¯^v¯’¨SuywK:
wbg©vYKvR PjvKvjxb a~jvevwj, kã`~lY I K¤ú‡bi Kvi‡Y ¯'vbxq RbM‡Yi ¯^v¯'¨ SuywK evo‡Q| K…wlcÖavb A‡j, cyb©evmb
cÖwµqv ¯'vbxq‡`i RxweKv wbe©v‡n eo P¨v‡jà m…wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
04. f~wgK‡¤úi Avk¼v:
evsjv‡`‡ki hgybv b`xi Zj‡`k w`‡q ÔhgybvdëÕ bv‡gi GKwU †UK‡UvwbK dë i‡q‡Q, ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki gvSvgvwS
AÂj‡K f~wgK¤úcÖeY GjvKv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq|

evsjv‡`‡ki R¦vjvwb msK‡Ui KviY/ P¨v‡jÄ?

†h‡Kv‡bv †`‡ki †UKmB Dbœq‡b R¦vjvwb LvZ‡K AMÖvwaKvi LvZ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ Kiv nq| evsjv‡`‡k †ek K‡qK eQi a‡i R¦vjvwb
GKwU eûj Av‡jvwPZ welq| evsjv‡`‡k cÖv_wgK R¦vjvwb e¨env‡ii 2wU w`K| Gi g‡a¨ eo w`KwU n‡jv we`y¨r Drcv`b Av‡iKwU
w`K n‡jvÑ cwienb LvZ 40 jvL Ub| wegvb, RvnvR, evm-UªvKmn hvbevnb¸‡jvq †h Zij R¦vjvwb e¨envi Kiv nq, Zvi eo GKwU
AskB n‡jv wW‡Rj| G 2wU w`K Qvov K‡qK gv‡mi Rb¨ †mKv‡R Avgv‡`i cÖPzi cwigv‡Y wW‡Rj jv‡M|
 R¦vjvwb msK‡Ui KviY:
01. Avg`vwb wbf©iZv:
2016 mv‡ji Av‡M 2010 mv‡ji cwiKíbvq cwi®‹vifv‡e ejv n‡q‡Q †h Avgv‡`i cwiKíbvUv A‡bK †ewk Avg`vwbwbf©i|
eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡`i †gvU e¨eüZ R¦vjvwbi 66% Avg`vwb Kiv| hw` wbR¯^ R¦vjvwbi mieivn e…w×i e¨e¯'v bv Kiv nq,
2030 mvj bvMv` †mwU 90% wM‡q `uvov‡e|
02. ivwkqvÑBD‡µb hy×:
2022 mv‡j ivwkqv BD‡µ‡b AvµgY K‡i Ges BD‡iv‡c M¨vm mieivn eÜ K‡i †`q| Gwkqvi †h evRvi †_‡K evsjv‡`k
R¦vjvwb µq Ki‡Zv, BD‡ivc Zv‡`i A_©‰bwZK mÿgZv wb‡q †m gv‡K©‡U P‡j Gj| Gi d‡j R¦vjvwbi `vg Avgv‡`i
µqÿgZvi evwn‡i P‡j hvq| 2023 mv‡ji gvSvgvwS G Ae¯'v wQj wKš` evsjv‡`‡k †mB Møvwb GLb ch©šÍ we`¨gvb|
03. M¨vm D‡Ëvjb n«vm:
M¨vm D‡Ëvjb n«vm M¨vm D‡Ëvj‡bi cwigvY
2010Ñ2011 709 wewjqb NbdzU 2018-2019 852 wewjqb NbdzU
2011Ñ2012 744 wewjqb NbdzU 2019Ñ2020 680 wewjqb NbdzU
2012Ñ2013 801 wewjqb NbdzU 2020Ñ2021 674 wewjqb NbdzU
2013Ñ2014 820 wewjqb NbdzU 2021Ñ2022 986 wewjqb NbdzU
2014Ñ2015 892 wewjqb NbdzU 2022-2023 840 wewjqb NbdzU
2015Ñ2016 973 wewjqb NbdzU 2023-2024 803 wewjqb NbdzU
2016-2017 972 wewjqb NbdzU 2024-2025
10 Basic View  6ô Aa¨vq: cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
2017-2018 971 wewjqb NbdzU
[m~Î: †c‡Uªvevsjv]
04. Wjvi msKU:
i. e¨vswKs Lv‡Z fqven `yb©xwZ, Awbqg I MZ 15 eQ‡ii cÖwZeQi M‡o 16 wewjqb Wjvi cvPvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
ii. Wjvi msK‡U Kqjv Avg`vwb bv nIqvi d‡j ivgcvj we`y¨r‡K›`ª 1 gvm eÜ ivL‡Z nq| Kqjvi wej evwK †i‡L
cwiw¯'wZ †gvKv‡ejv K‡i cvqiv we`y¨r‡K›`ª|
iii. we`y¨r I R¦vjvwb Lv‡Z me ai‡bi R¦vjvwb Avg`vwb‡Z 125 †KvwU Wjvi jv‡M|
iv. miKv‡ii cwiKíbvq wQj Avg`vwb wbf©iZv, ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Wjvi bv _vK‡j R¦vjvwb msKU e…w× cv‡e|
05. †c‡Uªvevsjvi AÿgZv I e¨_©Zv:
i. 2021 mv‡j Avgv‡`i wbR¯^ M¨vm mieivn K‡g‡Q 300Ñ400 NbdzU
ii. cÖwZeQi 1.5 wgwjqb U‡bi LNG Avg`vwbi Rb¨ 15 eQi †gqvw` †emiKvwi †Kv¤úvwbi m‡½ Pzw³ K‡i‡Q|
†c‡Uªvevsjv GBLv‡b wbR¯^ Dr‡mi R¦vjvwb Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z e¨_©|
iii. †c‡Uªvevsjvi Aax‡b 7 wUwmGd Abyrcvw`Z M¨vm gRyZ Av‡Q wKš` Zviv gvÎ 700 †_‡K 800 wgwjqb NbdzU M¨vm
Drcv`b Ki‡Q| GLv‡b `ÿZv, Ávb I cÖhyw³i Afve †`Lv hvq|
iv. 2008 †_‡K 2009 mv‡i †c‡Uªvevsjvi cwiKíbvq LNG-Gi †Kv‡bv D‡jøLB wQj bv| cÖv°vjb K‡iwQj
2023Ñ2024 mv‡j G‡m 3000 wgwjqb NbdzU M¨vm Drcv`b Ki‡e| wKš` 2010 mv‡ji w`‡K G‡m Avg`vwb Kiv
LNG mieiv‡ni K_v ejv nq †hLv‡b Political Economy KvR K‡i‡Q|
06. wewcwmi (BPC)-Gi jvf I A‡hvw³K g~j¨e„w×:
i. 2024 mv‡ji AvM‡÷ †Z‡ji `vg evov‡bvi ci †_‡K evsjv‡`k †c‡Ævwjqvg K‡c©v‡ikb (BPC) 6000 †KvwU UvKv
jvf K‡i‡Q|
ii. R¦vjvwbi AvšÍR©vwZK Mo `‡ii †P‡q †ewk g~‡j¨ µq Ki‡Z n‡‧Q|
iii. wW‡R‡ji `vg bv Kwg‡q †c‡Uªv‡ji `vg Kgv‡bv DwPZ wQj|
 P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejvq KiYxq:
01. M¨v‡mi ci me‡P‡q Kg LiP n‡‧Q Kqjv w`‡q we`y¨r Drcv`b| d‡j KqjvwfwËK we`y¨‡K›`ª¸‡jv Pvjyi w`‡K
miKv‡ii g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e| Pzw³ †kl n‡q †M‡j †ZjwfwËK we`y¨r‡K›`ª¸‡jv ev` w`‡Z n‡e|
02. †`vKvbcvU ivZ 8Uvi wfZ‡i eÜ Kivi bxwZ AviI Kvh©Kifv‡e ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
03. wbDwK¬qvi I bevqb‡hvM¨ we`y¨‡Zi mgš^‡qi gva¨‡g| wMÖb GbvwR©i w`‡K †h‡Z n‡e|
04. wMÖ‡Wi I DbœwZ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges 1wU ¯§vU© wMÖW M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e
05. Dollar Draining Capacity PvR© eÜ Kiv A_©vr No Electricity No Payment bxwZ ev¯Íevqb
06. `yb©xwZevÜe µq cÖwµqvi ms¯‹vi
[cÖ_g Av‡jv: 20 †deªæqvwi, 2024]

kw³m¤ú` wn‡m‡e Kqjvi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

LwbR m¤ú` Dbœqb ey¨‡ivi Z_¨ Abyhvqx, †`‡k Avwe®‹…Z Kqjv Lwb 5wU| gRy‡`i cwigvY Kqjv Lwb AbyhvqxÑ
µ: Kqjv‡ÿÎ Avwe®‹v‡ii mvj Kqjv ¯Í‡ii MfxiZv (wgUvi) †gvU m¤¢ve¨ gRy` (wg: †gwUªKUb)
01 eocyKzwiqv 1985 118Ñ509 410
02 `xwNcvov 1995 328Ñ455 706
03 dzjevwo 1997 141Ñ270 572
04 Lvjvmcxi 1989 222Ñ516 685
05 RvgvjMÄ 1962 640Ñ1158 5450
†gvU = 7823
Drm: R¦vjvwb I LwbR m¤ú` wefvM
 Basic View  6ô Aa¨vq: cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 11

 kw³m¤ú` wn‡m‡e Kqjvi ¸iæZ¡:

01. †Z‡ji weKí:
†Z‡ji weKí wn‡m‡e Kqjvi e¨envi nq| evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gv‡b R¡vjvwbi g~j Drm n‡‧Q cÖK…wZK M¨vm I Avg`vwbK…Z
LwbR †Zj| wKš` ev‡c‡•i Z_¨ g‡Z, evsjv‡`‡k †h cwigvY M¨vm Avwe¯‹…Z n‡q‡Q ev D‡Ëvjb‡hvM¨ gRy` Av‡Q Zv
AwP‡iB wb:‡kl n‡e| Giƒc cwiw¯'wZ‡Z Kqjv‡KB GKgvÎ weKí R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e wPwþZ Kiv hvq|
02. we`y¨‡Zi KvuPvgvj:
evsjv‡`‡k R¡vjvwbi e¨envi me‡P‡q †ewk nq we`yr Drcv`‡b| g~jZ R¡vjvwb msK‡Ui Kvi‡YB evsjv‡`k we`yr kw³‡Z
¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq Ges ewa©Z Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq we`y‡Zi NvUwZ w`b w`b †e‡oB Pj‡Q| eZ©gv‡b KqjvwfwËK we`y¨Z‡K›`ª 7wU,
hv‡Z Drcv`b ÿgZv 7000 †gMvIqvU|
03. wk‡íi R¦vjvwb:
¸YMZ gv‡b Dcgnv‡`‡ki Kqjvi †P‡q evsjv‡`‡ki Kqjvi gvb A‡bK DbœZ| evsjv‡`‡k cÖvß f‥-Mf©¯' Kqjv M¨v‡m
cwiYZ Ki‡j cÖwZ cvDÛ Kqjv †_‡K 9000 †_‡K 15000 BTU (British thermal units) kw³ cvIqv hvq †hL‡b
fvi‡Zi Kqjv †_‡K cvIqv hvq gvÎ 1500 †_‡K 2000 wewUBD kw³| ZvB evsjv‡`‡k cÖvß Kqjv wkí Drcv`‡b kw³i
Drm wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv †M‡j we`¨gvb R¡vjvwb msKU `~i n‡e|
04. cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ iÿv:
BU fvUv I eqjvi wk‡í ebf‥wg DRvi K‡i R¡vjvwb mieivn Kiv nq| Avevi MÖvgv‡j M…n¯'vwj R¡vjvwbiI GKgvÎ Drm
ebf‥wg| d‡j ebf‥wg DRv‡ii d‡j †`‡ki cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ bó n‡‧Q| ZvB R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e hw` Kv‡Vi cwie‡Z© Kqjvi
e¨envi wbwðZ Kiv hvq, Zvn‡j cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ eRvq _vK‡e|
05. ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv mvkÖq:
we`y¨r‡K‡›`ªi Rb¨ Kqjv Avg`vwb Ki‡Z †`‡k wecyj cwigvY ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv e¨q nq| †`kxq Drm †_‡K Kqjvi Drcv`b
wbwðZ Kiv n‡j wecyj cwigvY ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv mvkÖq Kiv m¤¢e n‡e, hv eZ©gvb A_©‰bwZK msK‡Ui mgq LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

evsjv‡`‡k cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi gRy` I cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|

evsjv‡`‡ki R¦vjvwb Pvwn`vi 60% Avg`vwb K‡i c~iY Ki‡Z nq| evKx †`kxq Dr‡mi g‡a¨ cÖavb LwbR n‡jv cÖvK…wZK M¨vm|
GLb ch©šÍ †`‡k Avwe¯‹…Z M¨vm †‣‡Îi msL¨v 29wU| †c‡Uªv evsjvi wn‡me ej‡Q µgvš^‡q 2021 mv‡ji ci †_‡K †`kxq M¨v‡mi
Drcv`b Kg‡Z ïiæ Ki‡e| †`kxq M¨v‡mi msK‡Ui Kvi‡Y miKvi we‡`k †_‡K GjGbwR Avg`vwb Ki‡Q|
 evsjv‡`‡k M¨v‡mi †gvU gRy`
†c‡Uªvevsjv KZ©…K me©‡kl cÖv°jb AbyhvqxÑ
†gvU M¨vm gRy‡`i cwigvY 40.23 wUªwjqb NbdzU
D‡Ëvjb‡hvM¨ cÖgvwYZ Ges m¤¢ve¨ gRy‡`i cwigvY 28.62 wUªwjqb NbdzU
1960 mvj †_‡K 2022 ch©šÍ M¨vm Drcv`‡bi cwigvY 19.94 wUªwjqb NbdzU
eZ©gv‡b (2024 ch©š)Í D‡Ëvjb‡hvM¨ Aewkó gRy‡`i cwigvY 08.68 wUªwjqb NbdzU

 cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi ¸iæZ¡

01. LvZIqvwi e¨envi:
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi eûgvwÎK e¨envi †`Lv hvqÑ
Lv‡Zi bvg e¨env‡ii nvi
we`y¨r Drcv`b 37%
wkí Lv‡Z 23%
K¨vcwUf we`y¨‡Z 18%
M…n¯'vwj‡Z 10%
12 Basic View  6ô Aa¨vq: cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
mvi Drcv`‡b 7%
wmGbwR‡Z 4%
evwYwR¨K I Pv wk‡í 1%
Drm: †c‡Uªv evsjv, 28 †deªæqvwi, 2024
02. ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi mvkÖq:
ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi AwaKvsk †`‡k R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e LwbR †Z‡ji Avg`vwb Lv‡Z e¨q Kiv nq| wKš` eZ©gv‡b LwbR †Zj I
Kqjvi cwie‡Z© cÖvK…wZK M¨vm‡K R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq e‡j ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi AcPq A‡bKUv n«vm †c‡q‡Q|
03. R¦vjvwbi Pvwn`v c~iY:
†`‡ki †gvU evwYwR¨K R¡vjvwb e¨env‡ii cÖvq 59% c~iY K‡i cÖvK…wZK M¨vm| International Energy Association- Gi
Z_¨ Abyhvqx, 1990 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ Drm †_‡K R¡vjvwb e¨env‡ii cwigvY wQj 13-14 nvRvi wK‡jv Ub A‡qj
BKzBf¨v‡j›U (KTOI). Gi g‡a¨ gvÎ 76 †KwUIB wQj cÖvK…wZK M¨vm| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ Drm †_‡K †gvU
R¡vjvwbi e¨envi 40 nvRvi (KTOI) Qvwo‡q hvq| Gi g‡a¨ 23 nvRvi 11 KTOI. G‡m‡Q cÖvK…wZK M¨vm †_‡K|
04. †cvkvK wk‡í e¨envi:
Avwki `k‡K †cvkvK Lv‡Zi gva¨‡g ax‡i ax‡i wkívq‡bi w`‡K AMÖmi n‡Z ïiæ K‡i †`‡ki A_©bxwZ| Gici M‡o I‡V
†cvkvK Lv‡Zi e¨vKIqvW© wjs‡KR e¯¿ LvZ, hv g~jZ ißvwbgyLx wk‡íi wfZ M‡o w`‡q‡Q|
05. KxUbvkK I mvi Drcv`‡b e¨envi:
K…wl Dbœq‡b cÖvK…wZK M¨vm ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‥wgKv cvjb K‡i| KxUbvkK Ilya I mvi ˆZwi‡Z Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi K…wl hš¿cvwZ
ˆZwi‡Z cÖvK…wZK M¨vm e¨eüZ nq| d‡j K…wl Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z nq|
 Basic View  Problem Solving  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 1

7g Aa¨vq wm‡jevm: The Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh- Preamble, Features,
Directive Principles of State Policy, Constittutional Amendments.
8g Aa¨vq wm‡jevm: Organs of the Government- Legislature, Executive, Judiciary.
evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb I miKv‡ii A½mg~n (AvBb, wbe©vnx I wePvi wefvM)
01. msweav‡bi cÔ¯Ívebv Ges Gi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Kx Rv‡bb? evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b cÂ`k ms‡kvabxi d‡j †hme
45Zg
cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q †m¸‡jv cÖfvemn Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| (20)
01. 'msweavbB evsjv‡`‡ki m‡e©v”P AvBb'-e¨vL¨v Kiæb| (5)
44Zg 02. msweavb ms‡kva‡bi cÖwµqv mswkøó Aby‡”Q` D‡jøLc~e©K eY©bv Kiæb| (10)
03. msweavb Abymv‡i nvB‡Kv‡U©i GKRb wePvicwZ‡K Acmvi‡Yi cÔwµqv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| (5)\
01. evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b ewY©Z ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZmg~n Kx Kx? (10)
02. iv‡óªi cÖavb A½mg~n Kx Kx? (5)
03. evsjv‡`‡ki ¯'vbxq miKvi e¨e¯'v m¤ú‡K© Avj‡vPbv Kiæb| (10)
43Zg
04. MYZš¿ cÖwZôvq wbe©vPb Abyôv‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Kx? (5)
05. evsjv‡`k wbe©vPb Kwgkb MVb cÔwµqv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| (5)
06. evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b ewY©Z wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi `vwqZ¡vewj eY©bv Kiæb| (10)
01. eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi †Kvb 'fvk©bwU' AbymiY Kiv nq? Gi Zvrch© e¨vL¨v Kiæb| (10)
41Zg
02. ÔmsweavbÕ Kv‡K e‡j? evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb cÖ_g K‡e Pvjy nq? Gi g~jbxwZ ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| (5)
01. evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi cÂ`k ms‡kvabxi g~jbxwZ¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb| (10)
40Zg 02. evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi g~jbxwZ¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb| (5)
03. evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi ms‡kva‡bi weavbvewj eY©bv Kiæb| (5)
01. msweav‡bi msÁv w`b| evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b KZwU Aby‡”Q` i‡q‡Q?
02. evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm‡`i MVb, ¶gZv I Kvh©vewj eY©bv Kiæb?
38Zg
03. msm‡` bvix Avmb msiw¶Z ivLv KZUv †h×w³K?
04. cÖkvmwbK UªvBey¨bvj- UxKv|
01. MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b ewY©Z ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZmg~‡ni weeiY w`b
37Zg 02. A¨vUwb© †Rbv‡ij Gi wb‡qvM cÔwµqv I Zvi `vwqZ¡vewj ms‡¶‡c eY©bv Kiæb|
03. MYcÔRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb Abyhvqx ivóª cwiPvjbvq AvBbmfv, wbe©vnx wefvM I wePvi wefv‡Mi f‚wgKv|
01. evsjv‡`‡ki 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡bi ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ¸‡jv Kx Kx?
02. evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb Abymv‡i RbM‡Yi †g×wjK AwaKvimg~n wK wK?
03. evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b DwjøwLZ bvixi AwaKvi¸‡jv wjLyb|
04. "cÔRvZ‡š¿i mKj ¶gZvi gvwjK RbMY" evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi mswkøó Aby‡”Q` Abymv‡i e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
05. mvsweavwbK c` ej‡Z wK eySvq? evsjv‡`‡k 5wU mvsweavwbK c‡`i bvg I ms‡¶‡c `vwqZ¡ wjLyb|
06. evsjv‡`‡ki ¯'vbxq miKv‡ii KvVv‡gv Zz‡j aiæb|
07. ¯’vbxq miKvi †cŠimfv wbe©vPb wewagvjv- 2015 eY©bv Kiæb|
36Zg
08. "evsjv‡`‡ki cve©Z¨ †Rjv ¯’vbxq miKvi cwil`" Av‡jvPbv Kiæb
09. "BDwbqb cwil` wbe©vPb- 2016 ch©v‡jvPbv Kiæb|
10. AvBb Ges Aa¨v‡`‡ki g‡a¨ cv_©K¨|
11. evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi wb¤œwjwLZ ms‡kvabx¸wji ivR‰bwZK †cÔ¶vcU I ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiæb|
K. evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 5g ms‡kvabx
L. evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 12Zg ms‡kvabx
M. evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 15Zg ms‡kvabx
2 Basic View  Problem Solving  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
N. evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 16Zg ms‡kvabx
01. evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi ag© wbi‡c¶Zv msµvšÍ 12 bs avivwU wjLyb|
02. evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 70 avivq Avcwb Kx ai‡bi ms¯‹vi cÔ¯Íve Ki‡eb?
03. evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi cÂ`k ms‡kvabxi 5wU w`K D‡jøL Kiæb|
04. msm`xq miKvi wKfv‡e MwVZ nq?
05. GUwb© †Rbv‡i‡ji KvR wK wK? ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
35Zg 06. evsjv‡`‡k b¨vqcv‡ji ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
07. evsjv‡`‡ki cÔavbgš¿xi mvsweavwbK ¶gZvi GKwU weeiY w`b|
08. evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb cwil‡`i MVb m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
09. evsjv‡`‡ki D”P Av`vj‡Zi MVb m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
10. 2001 mvj †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki msm` wbe©vP‡bi AvB‡b GKRb mvsm‡`i Rb¨ wbe©vPbx e¨‡qi GKwU avivevwnK
cwieZ©bwPÎ Zz‡j aiæb|
*** BUvwjK Kiv cÖkœ¸‡jvi ¸iæZ¡ 46Zg wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨ bvB|
we‡kølY: Dch©y³ cÔkœmg~n we‡kølY K‡i ejv hvq †h, weMZ miKv‡ii mg‡qi ms‡kvabx I 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡bi mgv‡jvPbv
¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Gi cvkvcvwk wRqv I Lv‡j`v miKv‡ii mg‡qi ms‡kvabx¸‡jvi ¸iæZ¡ †ewk|

hv cov †h‡Z cv‡i:

0

01. 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡bi ÎæwUmg~n Kx Kx? Kx ai‡bi cwieZ©b Riæwi? ***
02. ÓcÔavbgš¿x GK”QÎ ÿgZvi AwaKvi w`‡q‡QÖ- 1972 Gi msweavb| GB GK”QÎ ÿgZv n«v‡m Kx ai‡bi cwieZ©b Riæwi?
***
03. msweav‡bi 5g I 13k ms‡kvabxi ¸iæZ¡ wjLyb| ***
04. 4_© I 15k ms‡kvabxi mgv‡jvPbv wjLyb| ***
05. msweavb ms¯‹vi Kwgk‡bi MVb I cÔ¯Ívemg~n wjLyb| Avcwb cÔ¯Ívemg~‡ni mv‡_ GKgZ wK bv? cÔ‡qvRbxq I
AcÔ‡qvRbxq welq¸‡jv Kx Kx? ***
06. wePvicwZ wb‡qvM I wePvicwZ Acmvi‡Y me©‡kl wfwË Kx?/ mywcÔg RywWwmqvj KvDwÝj m¤ú‡K© wjLyb| ***
07. msweav‡bi †Kvb fvm©bwU AbymiY Kiv Riæwi e‡j g‡b K‡ib? †Kb?/ 5g ms‡kvabxi ¸iæZ¡ wjLyb|
08. RbcÔkvmb I ¯'vbxq miKvi welqK ms¯‹vi Kwgk‡bi cÔwZ‡e`b wjLyb| ***
09. 1972 mv‡ji msweavb Abyhvqx ivóªcwZi ÿgZv, Kx Kx cwieZ©b Riæwi? *
10. †g×wjK Pvwn`v, †g×wjK AwaKvi I gvbevwaKv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨|
11. msm‡` bvix Avmb msiw¶Z ivLv KZUv †h×w³K? ms¯‹vi Riæwi wK bv? evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b DwjøwLZ bvixi
AwaKvi¸‡jv wjLyb|
12. AvBb Ges Aa¨v‡`‡ki g‡a¨ cv_©K¨| Aa¨v‡`k KLb AvB‡b cwiYZ nq?
13. evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 70 avivq Avcwb Kx ai‡bi ms¯‹vi cÔ¯Íve Ki‡eb? ***
14. ÓI‡q÷ wgwb÷vi msm` bvwK cÔwZwbwaZ¡ nv‡ii Av‡jv‡K msm` MVbÖ †KvbwU‡K mg_©b K‡ib? †Kb? **
15. AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb miKvi- 2024 Gi MVb wjLyb| AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb miKv‡ii P¨v‡jÃmg~n Kx Kx?
16. evsjv‡`‡ki MYZvwš¿K ev¯ÍeZvq ZË¡veavqK miKvi Riæwi wK bv? †Kb? ***
17. AvšÍR©vwZK Aciva UªvBey¨bvj AvBb-1973, MVb, †cÔÿvcU I fwel¨Z
18. ¯'vbxq miKvi MVb I wbe©vP‡b †Kgb ms¯‹vi Riæwi? ***
19. ivóª ms¯‹v‡ii P¨v‡jÃmg~n Kx Kx? P¨v‡jà †gvKv‡ejvq KiYxq Kx? ***
20. evsjv‡`‡ki cÔv‡`wkK miKv‡ii/ †dWv‡ij miKv‡ii ev¯ÍeZv g~j¨vqb Kiæb| **
21. ag©wbi‡cÿZv I eûZ¡ev‡`i cv_©K¨ wjLyb| ***
22. evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb evwZj bvwK ms¯‹vi? †KvbwUi c‡ÿ Avcwb? AwfgZ w`b| ***
 Basic View  Problem Solving  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 3
1972 mv‡ji msweav‡bi µwUmg~n Kx Kx? Kx ai‡bi cwieZ©b Riæwi?
Õevnvˇii msweav‡bi ga¨ w`‡qB e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK ˆ¯^iZvwš¿K e¨e¯'vi cÔeZ©b|Ò
- [Avjx ixqvR: 1 †deªæqvwi, 2025]
hviv 1972 mv‡j GKwU bZzb iv‡óªi Rb¨ msweavb cÔYqb Ki‡jb, Zv‡`i †hvM¨Zv, †gav I cwikÔ‡gi cÔwZ m¤§vbcÔ`k©b K‡iB G
K_v ¯^xKvi Kiv evÃbxq †h, MYZš¿ÑmgvRZš¿ÑRvZxqZvev` I ag©wbi‡cÿZv‡K †h msweav‡bi g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`Iqv
n‡qwQj, IB msweav‡bi A‡bK weavb ÕmvsweavwbK GKbvqKZ‡š¿iÒ c_ myMZ K‡i‡Q|
 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡bi µwU mg~n:
01. MYcwil` m¤ú©wKZ weZ©K:
msweavb cÔYq‡bi Rb¨ 1972 mv‡j 11 Rvbyqvwi Õevsjv‡`k A¯'vqx msweavb Av‡`k 1972Ò Rvwi Kiv nq| GB Av‡`k
e‡j 1970 mv‡j AbywôZ cvwK¯Ívb RvZxq I cÔv‡`wkK cwil‡`i wbe©vP‡b wbe©vwPZ cÔwZwbwa‡`i wb‡q MYcwil` MVb
Kiv nq| A_©vr cvwK¯Ív‡bi msweavb ˆZwii Rb¨ cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbMY Øviv wbe©vwPZ cÔwZwbwa‡`i w`‡qB
¯^vaxbZv‡Ëvi evsjv‡`‡ki MYcwil` MVb Kiv nq| Avi GB MYcwil`B evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb ˆZwi K‡i| Ab¨fv‡e
ej‡j, cvwK¯Ív‡bi mvgwiK kvmK Bqvwnqv Lvb ÒLegal Framework Odrer, 1970Ò Gi Aax‡b wbe©vwPZ cÔwZwbwaivB
evwb‡q‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb| Lmov msweav‡bi m‡½ 6 Rb MYcwil` m`m¨ wØ-gZ †cvlY K‡ib|
02. we‡ivaxcÿ I wfbœ g‡Zi cÖwZdjb bv nIqv:
msweavb cÔYqb cÔv°v‡j b¨v‡ci myiwÃZ †mb¸ß I ¯^Zš¿ m`m¨ gvb‡e›`ª bvivqY jvigv Rxeb I ¯^vaxbZv, gZ cÔKv‡ki
¯^vaxbZvmn Av‡iv wKQz wel‡q msweavb‡K MYZvwš¿K Kivi j‡ÿ¨ ms‡kvabx cÔ¯Íve Zz‡jb| Gi evB‡i K‡qKRb
MYcwil` m`m¨ Lmov msweav‡bi wewfbœ wel‡q wØgZ †cvlY K‡ib| we‡kl K‡i mgvRZš¿, ag©wbi‡cÿZv I evOvwj
RvZxqZvev` wb‡q|
 msweav‡bi †h mgvRZš¿ g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv Zv wK gvby‡li †g×wjK Pvwn`v c~iY I A_©‰bwZK gyw³i
Rb¨ h‡_ó?
 ag©wbi‡cÿZvi ¯^iƒc wb‡q msL¨vMwiô RbM‡Yi ag©xq Abyf~wZi cÖwZ kÖ×v ivLv nq?
 evOvwj RvZxqZvev` cÔwZôvi bv‡g †`‡ki Ab¨ Rb‡Mvôxi RvwZ mË¡v‡K AMÔvn¨ Kiv n‡”Q wK bv?
03. g~jbxwZ m¤ú©wKZ weZ©K:
msweav‡b ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ‡Z †h 4wU Av`k©‡K AšÍf©z³ Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv 1wU ivR‰bwZK `‡ji cÖwZôvKvjxb
g~jbxwZ| ZvB weZK© Gov‡bv hv‡”Q bv|
04. fviZ I weª‡Ub‡K AÜ AbyKiY:
 Dfq iv‡óª msm`xq MYZš¿ _vK‡jI KvVv‡gvMZ w`K †_‡K i‡q‡Q wfbœZv|
 fviZ 1wU †dWv‡ij ivóª Ges †mLv‡b wØ-Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfv i‡q‡Q| hy³ivR¨ 1wU GK‡Kw›`ªK kvmbe¨e¯'v, Z‡e
†mLv‡b GKw`‡K †hgb ivRZš¿ i‡q‡Q Ab¨w`‡K wØ-Kÿ wewkó AvBbmfvI Av‡Q|
 d‡j GB 2wU †`k‡K AbymiY K‡i msweavb ˆZwi Ki‡Z wM‡q evsjv‡`‡ki kvmbZvwš¿K KvVv‡gv mwUKfv‡e
mvRv‡bv nqwb|
05. AvBbmfvi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ÿzbœ:
1972 mv‡j msweav‡bi msm`xq MYZš¿ cÔeZ©b Kiv n‡jI msweav‡bi 70 Aby‡”Q‡`i AšÍfzw³©i gva¨‡g AvBbmfvi
mve©‡f×gZ¡ ÿzbœ Kiv n‡q‡Q| msweav‡bi 70 Aby‡”Q` AšÍfz©³ K‡i msm`‡K kvmb wefv‡Mi AbyMZ Ges kvmb
wefv‡Mi AvBb Aby‡gv`bKvix GKwU cÔwZôv‡b iƒcvšÍi n‡q‡Q|
06. RvZxq cwiP‡qi msKU:
msweav‡bi 8bs Aby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiKMY ev½vwj e‡j cwiwPZ n‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk
RbMY evOvwj n‡j I GLv‡b Ab¨vb¨ RvwZ‡Mvôxi gvby‡li emevm i‡q‡Q| wKš` msweav‡bi gva¨‡g mevB‡K †Rvi c~e©K
ev½vwj Kivi 1Uv cÔ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
msweavb weZ©‡K gvb‡K›`ª jvigv e‡jwQ‡jbÑ
4 Basic View  Problem Solving  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
ÕAvgiv evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK| Avgiv Avgv‡`i‡K evsjv‡`wk e‡j g‡b Kwi; wKš` evOvwj e‡j bq|Ò
07. cÖavbgš¿xi GKQÎ AwacZ¨:
evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b cÔavbgš¿x‡K miKv‡ii cÔavb wn‡m‡e e¨vcK ¶gZv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| msweav‡bi 55(2) Aby‡”Q`
Abyhvqx, gwš¿cwil‡`i †bZ…‡Z¡ cÔavbgš¿xi nv‡Z cÔK…Z Kvh©wbe©vnx ¶gZv †K›`ªxf‚Z| GwU KL‡bv KL‡bv MYZvwš¿K
fvimv‡g¨i Afve m„wó K‡i, KviY Ab¨vb¨ cÔwZôvb (†hgb msm` ev wePvi wefvM) cÔavbgš¿xi cÔfv‡ei evB‡i _vK‡Z
cv‡i bv| mgm¨v n‡jv, GB ¶gZvi Ace¨envi n‡j ˆ¯^ivPvix kvm‡bi SyuwK ˆZwi nq, hv MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡ev‡ai m‡½
mvsNwl©K| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ZË¡veavqK miKvi e¨e¯'v evwZ‡ji ci wbe©vPbx cÔwµqvq cÔavbgš¿xi cÔfve e„w× †c‡q‡Q e‡j
mgv‡jvPbv i‡q‡Q|
08. ivóªcwZ AvjsKvwiK:
msweav‡bi 48(3) Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx, ivóªcwZ mvaviYZ gwš¿cwil‡`i civgk© Abyhvqx KvR K‡ib, hv Zv‡K GKwU
AvjsKvwiK c‡` cwiYZ K‡i‡Q| GwU ¶gZvi fvimv‡g¨i †¶‡Î mgm¨v m„wó K‡i, KviY ivóªcwZi Kv‡Q msKUKvjxb
cwiw¯'wZ‡Z ev miKv‡ii AMYZvwš¿K c`‡¶c †iv‡a Kvh©Ki ¶gZv †bB| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ivóªcwZ msm` †f‡O †`Iqvi
ev wbe©vPbx msK‡U n¯Í‡¶‡ci †¶‡Î ¯^vaxbfv‡e wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡ib bv| GwU ivóªcwZ c`‡K †Kej AvbyôvwbKZvq
mxgve× K‡i|
09. ivóªag© Bmjvg I ag©wbi‡c¶Zv:
msweav‡bi 2(K) Aby‡”Q‡` Bmjvg‡K ivóªag© wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv 1988 mv‡ji Aóg ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g
cÔewZ©Z nq| GKB m‡½, msweav‡bi cÔ¯Ívebv I 12 Aby‡”Q‡` ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi bxwZ D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| GB ˆØZZv GKwU
mvsNwl©K cwiw¯'wZ ˆZwi K‡i| mgm¨v n‡jv, ivóªa‡g©i Dcw¯'wZ ag©xq msL¨vjNy‡`i g‡a¨ ˆel‡g¨i fq m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i
Ges ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi †PZbv‡K `ye©j K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ivóªxq Abyôv‡b Bmjv‡gi cÔvavb¨ ev ag©xq AvB‡bi cÔfve
weZ‡K©i m„wó K‡i| 2010 mv‡j cÂ`k ms‡kvabx‡Z ag©wbi‡c¶Zv cybtcÔwZôvi †Póv Kiv n‡jI ivóªa‡g©i aviv
AcwiewZ©Z _vKvq GB Ø›Ø i‡q †M‡Q|
10. hy× †NvlYv:
msweav‡bi 63(1) Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx, hy× †NvlYv ev kvwšÍ cÔwZôvi ¶gZv msm‡`i nv‡Z i‡q‡Q| Z‡e, cÔavbgš¿xi
†bZ…Z¡vaxb gwš¿cwil‡`i civg‡k© GB wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq, hv ev¯Í‡e cÔavbgš¿xi cÔfve‡K evwo‡q †Zv‡j| mgm¨v n‡jv,
GB cÔwµqvq msm‡`i f‚wgKv KL‡bv KL‡bv AvbyôvwbK n‡q c‡o, we‡kl K‡i hw` msm‡` miKvwi `‡ji
msL¨vMwiôZv _v‡K| GQvov, hy× †NvlYvi g‡Zv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wm×v‡šÍ RbM‡Yi gZvgZ ev ¯^vaxb weZ‡K©i my‡hvM mxwgZ
_v‡K, hv MYZvwš¿K Revew`wnZvi Afve m„wó K‡i|

 †h ai‡bi cwieZ©b Riæwi:

01. fvlvMZ: evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb wjwLZ n‡q‡Q mvayfvlvq| msweavbwU Ggbfv‡e PwjZ fvlvq †jLv DwPZ, hv‡Z
mvaviY gvbyl mn‡RB eyS‡Z cv‡i| RwUj I KwVb k㸇jv ev` †`Iqv DwPZ|
02. ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvc‡Îi cÖvavb¨: 1971 mv‡ji 10 GwcÔj cÔevmx miKvi RvwiK…Z ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvc‡Î †h 3wU welq
wbwðZ Kivi A½xKvi Kiv n‡qwQj, †m¸‡jvB msweav‡bi g~jbxwZ nIqv DwPZÑ
 mvg¨  gvbweK gh©v`v  mvgvwRK mywePvi
03. g~jbxwZ¸‡jvi bvg cwieZ©b I e¨vL¨v mshy³KiY: eZ©gv‡b envj g~jbxwZ¸‡jv envj _vK‡j G¸‡jvi msÁv
fvjfv‡e cwi®‹vi Kiv DwPZ| ag©wbi‡cÿZvi e`‡j Am¤úª`vwqKZv †jLv DwPZ| evOvwj RvZxqZvev` wb‡q GB
†`‡k emevmiZ Ab¨ RvwZ‡Mvôx, hviv msL¨vq Kg Zv‡`i AvcwËI we‡ePbvq †bqv DwPZ|
04. †gŠwjK Pvwn`v wbðZKiY: Abœ, e¯¿, evm¯'vb I wPwKrmv‡K †g×wjK AwaKvi wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q GB AwaKvimg~n
wbwðZ Kiv iv‡óªi Aek¨ KZ©e¨ wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv DwPZ Ges ivóª hw` G¸‡jv wbwðZ Ki‡Z e¨_© nq Zvn‡j, Gi
cÔwZKv‡ii Rb¨ ÿzã bvMwi‡Ki Av`vj‡Z hvIqvi weavbI ivLv `iKvi|
 Basic View  Problem Solving  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 5
05. GKB e¨w³ cÖvavb¨ n«vm: mvsweavwbK GKbvqKZ‡š¿i cybive„wË †VKv‡Z GKB e¨w³i cÔavbgš¿x, msm` †bZv I `jxq
cÖavb nIqvi c_ eÜ Kiv DwPZ|
06. GKvwaµ‡g ev Ab¨fv‡e 2ev‡ii †ewk cÖavbgš¿x bq: cici †nvK ev bv †nvK, GKRb e¨w³ ivóªcwZi g‡ZvB 2
†gqv‡`i †ewk cÔavbgš¿x n‡Z cvi‡eb bv|
07. DËivwaKvi kãwUi wejywß: cÔavbgš¿xi DËivwaKvi Kvh©fvi MÔnY bv Kiv ch©šÍ cÔavbgš¿x Zvi c‡` envj _vK‡eb GB
weavbwU evwZj Kiv DwPZ|
08. cÖavbgš¿xi ÿgZvi fvimvg¨: cÔavbgš¿x KZ©„K ev Zvi KZ©„‡Z¡ GB msweavb Abyhvqx cÔRvZ‡š¿i wbe©vnx ÿgZv cÔhy³
n‡e e‡j †h weav‡b (55 Aby‡”Q‡`) cÔavbgš¿x‡K GKK ÿgZv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q GLv‡b fvimvg¨ Avbv cÔ‡qvRb|
ivóªcwZi m‡½ cÔavbgš¿xi ÿgZvi fvimvg¨ iÿvi Rb¨ my¯úó weavb Kiv `iKvi|
09. gš¿xmfv MV‡b cÖavbgš¿xi ÿgZv n«vm : cÔavbgš¿x †hiKg PvB‡eb, †miKg msL¨K gš¿x, cÔwZgš¿x I Dcgš¿x wb‡qvM
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb e‡j weavb _vK‡jI GLv‡b I gš¿x, cÔwZgš¿x I Dcgš¿x wb‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î cÔavbgš¿xi GKK ÿgZv
Kgv‡bv `iKvi|
10. †gqv` c~‡Y©i c‡i gš¿xc‡` bv _vKv: msm` †f‡½ hvIqv Ae¯'vq †h‡Kv‡bv mg‡q †Kv‡bvgš¿x‡K ¯^xq c‡` e¨envi Kivi
weavb evwZj Kiv DwPZ|
11. wbe©vPbKvjxb miKvi m¤ú‡K© aviYv ms‡hvRb: †Kv‡bv cwiw¯'wZ‡Z hw` cÔavbgš¿x, gwš¿mfv bv _v‡K, †miKg
cwiw¯'wZ‡Z ivóª cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ AšÍeZ©x e¨e¯'vwU †Kgb n‡e- †m wel‡q mycó weavb _vKv DwPZ|
12. cÖavbgš¿xi c`Z¨vM ev msm` †f‡½ †`qv m¤ú©‡K aviYv: ivóªcwZ me KvR Ki‡Z nq cÔavbgš¿xi m‡½ civgk©µ‡g|
wKš` weavb i‡q‡Q msm‡`i msL¨vMwiô m`‡m¨i mg_©b nviv‡j cÔavbgš¿x c`Z¨vM Ki‡e wKsev msm` †f‡½ †`Iqvi
Rb¨ wjwLZfv‡e ivóªcwZ‡K civgk© w`‡eb, cÔkœ n‡jv- cÔavbgš¿x wK GB civgk© ivóªcwZ‡K w`‡jb?
A_ev Afz¨Ðv‡bi gy‡L cjvqb Ki‡j Kx n‡eÑ †m wel‡q wb‡`©kbv _vK‡Z n‡e?
13. A_©wej ms‡kvab: A_©we‡j ivóªcwZ †Kv‡bv ms‡kvabxi mycvwik Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv e‡j weavb i‡q‡Q, GLv‡b ms‡kvab
Kiv DwPZ
14. 70 bs Aby‡”Q` ms‡kvab: msm` m`m¨‡`i c` evwZj m¤ú©wKZ weZ©wKZ 70 Aby‡”Q‡` ¯úó K‡i D‡jøL _vK‡Z
n‡e †h, †KejgvÎ Av¯'v †fvU I A_© wej (ev‡RU) Qvov Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv we‡ji wec‡ÿ †fvU †`Iqv hv‡e Zv‡Z msm`
m`m¨c` evwZj n‡e bv|
15. GKvwaK Avm‡b wbe©vPb: msweav‡bi 71 Aby‡”Q` ms‡kvab K‡i GKRb e¨w³i GKvwaK Avm‡b cÔwZ×w›ØZvi weavb
evwZj Kiv DwPZ|

1972 Gi msweavb cÖavbgš¿x‡K GK”QÎ ÿgZvi AwaKvi w`‡q‡QÑ GB GK”QÎ ÿgZv n«v‡m Kx
ai‡bi cwieZ©b Riæwi|
1991 mv‡j Øv`k ms‡kvabx cÔeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi e¨e¯'v †_‡K cybivq msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯'v cÔwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| Gi
d‡j evsjv‡`k ivóªwUi bvggvÎ cÔavb ivóªcwZ, cÔK…Z ÿgZv cÔavbgš¿xi nv‡Z b¨v¯Í _v‡K|
ˆewk^K gvbevwaKvi cwiw¯'wZ wb‡q hy³iv‡óªi evwl©K cÔwZ‡e`b- 2022 G ejv nq,
Õevsjv‡`‡k msweavb Abyhvqx †h msm`xq MYZš¿ i‡q‡Q, Zv cÔavbgš¿xi nv‡Z ÿgZv †K›`ªxf~Z K‡i †i‡L‡QÒ|
 cÖavbgš¿xi wb‡qvM:
msweav‡bi 56(1) Aby‡”Q` Abymv‡i GKRb cÔavbgš¿x _vK‡eb Ges 56(3) Abymv‡i †h msm` m`m¨ msm‡`i msL¨vMwiô
m`‡m¨i Av¯'vfvRb ewjqv ivóªcwZi wbKU cÖZxqgvb n‡eb, ivóªcwZ Zv‡K cÔavbgš¿x wb‡qvM Kwi‡eb|
 mvsweavwbKfv‡e cÖavbgš¿xi GK”QÎ ÿgZvmg~n:
01. ivóªcwZi civgk©`vZv wn‡m‡e ÿgZv:
6 Basic View  Problem Solving  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
i. msweav‡bi 48(3) Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx †Kej 56(3) Abymv‡i cÔavbgš¿x Ges 95(1) Abymv‡i cÔavb wePvicwZ wb‡qvM
e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ mKj `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b cÔavbgš¿xi civgk© Abymv‡i Kwi‡eb|
ii. msweav‡bi 48(5) Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx cÔavbgš¿x ivóªxq Ges ciivóª msµvšÍ bxwZ ivóªcwZ‡K AewnZ ivwL‡eb Ges
ivóªcwZ Aby‡iva Ki‡j †h †Kv‡bv welq gwš¿mfvi we‡ePbvi Rb¨ †ck Kwi‡eb|
iii. msweav‡bi 72(1) Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx ivóªcwZ cÔavbgš¿x KZ©„K wjwLZfv‡e cÔ`Ë civgk© Abyhvqx miKvwi weÁwß Øviv
ivóªcwZ msm` Avnevb, ¯'wMZ I f½ Kwi‡eb|
iv. msweav‡b 141(K) (1) Abyhvqx ivóªcwZ Riæwi Ae¯'v †NvlYv Ki‡Z n‡j †NvlYvi c~‡e©B ˆeaZvi Rb¨ cÔavbgš¿xi cÔwZ
¯^vÿi cÔ‡qvRb n‡e|
02. wb‡qvM msµvšÍ ÿgZv:
i. msweav‡bi 55(1) Abyhvqx cÔavbgš¿xi †bZ…‡Z¡ 1wU gwš¿mfv _vK‡e Ges wZwb †hiƒc w¯'i Ki‡eb †miƒc Ab¨vb¨ gš¿ x
wb‡q gwš¿mfv MwVZ n‡e|
ii. 56(1) Abyhvqx cÔavbgš¿x †hiƒc wba©viY Ki‡eb †miƒc Ab¨vb¨ gš¿x, cÔwZgš¿x I Dcgš¿x _vwK‡e|
iii. 58(2) Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx cÔavbgš¿x †h †Kvb mgq †Kvb gš¿x‡K c`Z¨vM Kwi‡Z Aby‡iva Kwi‡Z cvwi‡eb| Ges D³
gš¿x Aby‡iva cvj‡b Amg_© n‡j wZwb ivóªcwZ‡K D³ gš¿xi wb‡hvM Aemvb NUv‡Z civgk© `vb Kwi‡Z cvi‡eb|
iv. ivóªcwZ KZ©„K wb‡qvM 56(3) I 95(1) Qvov mKj wb‡qv‡MB cÔavbgš¿xi civg‡k© wb‡qvM n‡q _v‡K|

03. kvmb msµvšÍ ÿgZv:

i. msweav‡bi 55(2) Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx: cÔavbgš¿x KZ©„K ev Zuvnvi KZ©„‡Z¡ GB msweavb Abyhvqx cÔRvZ‡š¿i wbe©vnx ÿgZv
cÔhy³ nB‡e|
ii. msm`xq ev gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi e¨e¯'vq cÔavbgš¿x‡K †K›`ª K‡iB gwš¿mfv MwVZ n‡e I cwiPvwjZ n‡e, ÿgZvq
wU‡K _vK‡e Ges ÿgZv †_‡K weZvwoZ n‡e|
iii. cÔavbgš¿xi wb‡`©k I civgk©µ‡g A_©gš¿x ev‡RU cÔYqb I msm‡` †ck K‡ib|
iv. gš¿Yvj‡q `vwqZ¡cÔvß gš¿xMY‡K ¯^-¯^ gš¿Yvj‡qi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÔavbgš¿xi wbKU Revew`wn Ki‡Z nq|
v. Aby‡”Q` 52 I 53 ivóªcwZi AcmviY wbf©i K‡i msm` m`‡m¨i Ici †h‡nZz cÔavbgš¿x msm` †bZv Ges msm‡`i
AwaKvsk m`m¨ Zvi `‡ji Ges Ab¨w`‡K 70 Aby‡”Q`, †m‡nZz ivóªcwZ c‡` _vKv A‡bKUv cÔavbgš¿xi Ici wbf©i
K‡i|
 GK”QÎ ÿgZv n«v‡m †h ai‡bi cwieZ©b Riæwi:
01. Gg G gwZb AemicÖvß wePvicwZ e‡jb,
Òwbi¼zk ÿgZv hv‡Z cÔavbgš¿xi nv‡Z bv _v‡K, †m ai‡bi e¨e¯'v Kiv DwPZ| G ai‡bi cÔ¯Íve BwZevPK|Ó
W. AvKei Avwj Lvb (ZË¡veavqK miKv‡ii mv‡eK Dc‡`óv) e‡jb,
Õivwkqvi Rvi I fvi‡Zi †gvMj m¤ªv‡Ui †P‡q I †ewk ÿgZv †fvM K‡ib Avgv‡`i cÔavbgš¿xÒ|
02. msweav‡bi 48(3) Abyhvqx cÔavbgš¿x ivóªcwZ‡K civgk© `v‡b †hme wb‡qvM K‡ib Zv Ki‡Z cÔavbgš¿xi civgk© cÔ‡qvRb
n‡e bv weavb Kiv|
03. 2 ev‡ii †ewk cÔavbgš¿x bq Ggb weavb|
04. cÔavbgš¿x _vKv Ae¯'vq †Kv‡bv ivR‰bwZK `‡ji cÔavb Ges msm` †bZv wn‡m‡e AwawôZ _vK‡Z cvi‡eb bv|
05. msweav‡bi 70 Aby‡”Q‡`i ms¯‹vi ïay A_©wej e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ we‡j `‡ji wec‡ÿ †fvU w`‡Z cvi‡e|
06. ivóªcwZ I cÔavbgš¿xi g‡a¨ ÿgZvi fvimvg¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
07. 141 K(1) Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx Riæwi Ae¯'v †NvlYv Ki‡Z cv‡ib ivóªcwZ| wKš` †NvlYvi c~‡e© cÔavbgš¿xi cÔwZ ¯^vÿ‡ii
weavb evwZj Kiv|

msweav‡bi 5g I 13Zg ms‡kvabxi ¸iæZ¡?

 msweavb ms‡kva‡bi weavb:
msweav‡bi 142bs Aby‡”Q` (msweav‡bi weavb ms‡kvab ÿgZv)
K) msm` AvBb Øviv GB msweav‡bi †Kvb weavb ms‡hvRb, cwieZ©b, cÔwZ¯'vcb ev iwnZKi‡Yi Øviv ms‡kvwaZ nB‡e|
 Basic View  Problem Solving  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 7
L) msweavb ms‡kvab Ki‡Z n‡j msm‡`i †gvU m`m¨ msL¨vi Ab~¨b `yBÑZ…Zxqvsk †fv‡Ui cÔ‡qvRb n‡e|
M) wejwU cvk nIqvi ci ivóªcwZ 7 w`‡bi g‡a¨ wejwU‡Z m¤§wZ w`‡eb| wZwb m¤§wZ `v‡b Amg_© n‡j D³ †gqv‡`i Aemvb
n‡j wZwb wejwU‡Z m¤§wZ w`‡q‡Qb e‡j MY¨ n‡e|
 GKbR‡i 5g ms‡kvabx:
 wk‡ivbvg : msweavb (5g ms‡kvabx) AvBb, 1979
 msm‡` cvk : 6 GwcÔj, 1979 mv‡j
 ms‡kvabx welqe¯` : 1975 mv‡ji 15 AvM‡÷i ci †_‡K 6 GwcÔj, 1979 mvj ch©šÍ mvgwiK miKv‡ii hveZxq
Kg©Kv‡Ði ˆeaZv cÔ`vb|
 ivR‰bwZK †cÖÿvcU : 1975 mv‡ji ci Wvbcš'x ivR‰bwZK `jmg~n ag©wbi‡cÿZv I mgvRZ‡š¿i we‡ivwaZv K‡i Bmjvwg
msweavb cÔeZ©‡bi Rb¨ wee„wZ cÔ`vb K‡i Ges 1975 mv‡j 15 AvM÷ †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K nZ¨vi ga¨ w`‡q ïiæ nq
ivR‰bwZK Aw¯'wZkxjZv| 4_© ms‡kvabxi ci †h mvsweavwbK KvVv‡gv wQj †mme ivR‰bwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi cvkvcvwk
1979 mv‡ji 6 GwcÔj ch©šÍ mvgwiK kvmbvg‡ji me Av‡`k, †NvlYv, AvBb, mvgwiK AvBb cÔweavb, `Ðv‡`k w¯^K…Z
†`Iqvi Rb¨ 5g ms‡kvabx Avbqb Kiv nq|
 cÂg ms‡kvabxi ¸iæZ¡:
01. AvBwb I mvsweavwbK myiÿv:
msweav‡bi 4_© Zdwm‡j 18 Aby‡”Q` ms‡hvR‡bi gva¨‡g †mbvkvm‡bi mKj KvR ˆeaZv `v‡bi cvkvcvwk mvgwiK Av‡`‡k
Rvix wewfbœ AvBb‡K myiwÿZ K‡i|
02. wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv cybt¯’vcb:
mywcÖg-‡Kv‡U©i †g×wjK AwaKvi ejer Kivi ÿgZv Ges mycÔxg †Kv‡U©i wePviK‡`i ¯^vaxbZv cybtcÔwZôv Kiv nq|
wePvicwZ‡`i Acmvi‡Yi Rb¨ mycÔxg †Kv‡U©i cÔavb wePvicwZ Ges cÖexYZg `yRb wePvicwZ wb‡q ÕmywcÔg RywWwkqvj
KvDwÝjÓ MVb Kiv nq|
03. ivóªcwZ, cÖavbgš¿x I msm‡`i g‡a¨ mgš^q:
ivóªcwZi ÿgZv Ges RvZxq msm‡`i mv‡_ Zvi m¤ú©‡Ki †ÿ‡Î wKQz wKQz cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq| 5g ms‡kvabx‡Z: ivóªcwZ
Ggb GKRb‡K cÔavbgš¿x wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM Ki‡eb whwb Aek¨B GKRb msm` m`m¨ Ges msm‡`i
msL¨vMwi‡ôi Av¯'vfvRb n‡eb|
04. eû`jxq ivRbxwZ:
4_© ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g MYZ‡š¿i †h Kɇiva Kiv n‡qwQj 5g ms‡kvabx GK`jxq miKvi c×wZi cwie‡Z© eû`jxq
ivRbxwZi cÖwµqv ïiæ nq|
05. msweavb RbgyLx:
i. msweav‡bi cÔ¯Ívebvq wemwgjøvwni ivngvwbi ivnxg ms‡hvRb Kiv nq
ii. msweav‡bi cÔ¯Ívebvq Õgyw³ msMÔvgÒ k㸇”Qi cwie‡Z© Õ¯^vaxbZv hy×Ò k㸔Q mwbœ‡ewkZ nq
iii. evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡`i cwie‡Z© evsjv‡`wk RvZxqZvev` cÔeZ©b
iv. ag©wbi‡cÿZvi cwie‡Z© me©kw³gvb Avjøvni Dci c~Y© Av¯'v I wek^vm cÔwZ¯'vcb
v. mgvRZš¿ cwieZ©b K‡i A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi Kiv nq
vi. †g×wjK AwaKvi ejerKi‡Yi 44(1) Aby‡”Q‡`i cybtmn‡hvRb|
06. msweavb ms‡kvabxi †ÿ‡Î MY‡fvU:
msweav‡bi cÔ¯Ívebv, ivóªxq Av`k© Ges msweav‡bi ms‡kvab c×wZ m¤ú©wKZ †Kvb ms‡kvabx cÔ¯Íve cvZxq msm‡` M„nxZ n‡j
ivóªcwZ Zv MY‡fv‡U †ck Ki‡eb| G‡Z kvmbKv‡h© RbM‡Yi cÔwZdjb I AskMÔn‡Yi my‡hvM wbwðZ n‡Zv|
07. wØZxq †NvlYvcÎ:
1975 mv‡ji 15 AvM÷ wØZxq wecø‡ei c‡i Ges 1979 mv‡ji 5g ms‡kvabxi Av‡M ch©šÍ mvsweavwbK I AvBb welqK
NUbvewj wØZxq †NvlYvc‡Îi AšÍfz©³ nq|
8 Basic View  Problem Solving  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
 13k ms‡kvabx:
 wk‡ivbvg : msweavb (·qv`k ms‡kvabx), AvBbÑ 1996
 msm‡` cvk : 27 gvP©, 1996
 ms‡kvabxi welqe¯` : Aeva I myôz wbe©vPb Abyôv‡bi Rb¨ wb`©jxqÑwbi‡cÿ ZË¡veavqK miKvi e¨e¯'v cÔeZ©b Kiv|
 ZrKvjxb †cÖÿvcU : gv¸ivÑ2 I wgicyi Dc-wbe©vPb †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK Aw¯ÍwZkxjZv ˆZix K‡i| cÔvq me KqwU
we‡ivax `j G Dcwbe©vP‡b e¨vcK KviPzwci Awf‡hvM Av‡b Ges wb`©jxqÑwbi‡cÿ ZË¡vavqK miKv‡ii Aax‡b wbe©vPb
Abyôv‡bi Rb¨ msweavb ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ `vwe Zz‡j|
 D‡jøL‡hvM¨ welq :
1. Aby‡”Q` 58ÑL: msm` †f‡½ †`Iqvi ci ev †gqv` Aemv‡bi Kvi‡Y †f‡½ hvevi ci †h Zvwi‡L wb`©jxq ZË¡veavqK
miKv‡i cÔavb Dc‡`óv Kvh©fvi MÔnY K‡ib †m ZvwiL n‡Z msm` MwVZ nevi ci bZzb cÔavbgš¿x Zuvi c‡`i Kvh©fvi MÔnY
Kivi ZvwiL ch©šÍ †gqv‡` GKwU wb`©jxq ZË¡veavqK miKvi _vK‡e|
2. Aby‡”Q` 58ÑM: Dc‡`óv nIqvi †hvM¨ZvÑ
K. msm` m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nIqvi †hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e
L. †Kv‡bv ivR‰bwZK `j ev ivR‰bwZK `‡ji m‡½ A½xf~Z †Kv‡bv msMVb m`m¨ nIqv hv‡e bv|
M. msm‡`i Avmbœ wbe©vP‡b cÔv_©x n‡e bv G g‡g© wjwLZ w`‡Z n‡e Ges
N. evnvËi eQ‡ii AwaK eq¯‹ nIqv Pj‡e bv|
3. Aby‡”Q` 58ÑN: wb`©jxq ZË¡veavqK miKv‡ii Kvh©vewjÑ
K. AšÍeZ©Kvjxb miKv‡ii `vwqZ¡ cvjb
L. miKv‡ii ˆ`bw›`b Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b
M. †Kv‡bv bxwZÑwba©viYx wm×všÍ MÔnY Ki‡eb bv|

 13k ms‡kvabxi ¸iæZ¡:

01. wbi‡cÿZv I Aeva-myô wbe©vP‡b:
†h‡nZz ZË¡veavqK miKvi wbi‡cÿ-wb`©jxq nb, ZvB wbe©vPb wbi‡cÿ, Aeva I myô Ki‡Z ¸iæZ¡ enb K‡i|
02. wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi ¯^vaxbZv:
wbe©vPb Kwgkb `jxq miKv‡ii Aax‡b ¯^v”Q‡›`¨i m‡½ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB wbe©vPb Kwgkb‡K miKvwi
`‡ji A‡NvwlZ wb‡`©kbv †g‡b KvR Ki‡Z nq| Gi d‡j wbe©vPb cÿcvZgy³ nq bv| KviY A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB †e‡Q †e‡Q
ÿgZvmxb miKv‡ii bZRvby ai‡bi e¨w³Z¡‡K wbe©vPb Kwgk‡b my‡K×k‡j wb‡qvM †`Iqv nq| wKš` wb`©jxq A¯'vqx
ZË¡veavqK miKv‡ii Aax‡b wbe©vPb Kwgkb ¯^vaxbfv‡e †ckv`vwi‡Z¡i m‡½ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i Gi d‡j wbe©vPb fv‡jv nq|
03. ivR‰bwZK msKU:
1994Ñ1996 mv‡ji g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wbe©vPb wN‡i ivR‰bwZK msKU I Aw¯'wZkxjZv weivR K‡iwQj
†m¸‡jvi mgvavb wQj ·qv`k ms‡kvabx|
04. kvwšÍc~Y©fv‡e ÿgZv n¯ÍvšÍi I RbM‡Yi Av¯’v cybiæ×vi:
ZË¡vavqK miKv‡ii Aax‡b 1996 I 2001 mv‡ji wbe©vPb kvwšÍc~Y©fv‡e AbywôZ n‡qwQj Ges kvwšÍc~Y©fv‡e ÿgZv n¯ÍvšÍi
nq| Gi cvkvcvwk wbe©vP‡bi cÔwZ RbM‡Yi Av¯'v cybiæ×vi nq|
05. wePvi wefv‡Mi f‚wgKv: mywcÔg †Kv‡U©i GB ivq wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv Ges msweav‡bi cÔnix wn‡m‡e Gi f‚wgKv‡K AviI
kw³kvjx K‡i‡Q| GwU †`Lvq †h wePvi wefvM msweav‡bi †g×wjK KvVv‡gv i¶vq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍ wb‡Z m¶g|
06. msweavb ms¯‹v‡ii m¤¢vebv: GB iv‡qi ci msweavb ms¯‹v‡ii welqwU bZzbfv‡e Av‡jvPbvq G‡m‡Q| ivR‰bwZK `j Ges
bvMwiK mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ wbe©vPbx cÔwµqv wb‡q GKwU bZzb HK¨gZ MV‡bi cÔ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv w`‡q‡Q, hv fwel¨‡Z
msweav‡bi AviI ms‡kvabxi c_ cÔk¯Í Ki‡Z cv‡i|
msweavb ms¯‹vi Kwgk‡bi MVb I cÖ¯Ívemg~n wjLyb| Avcwb cÖ¯Ívemg~‡ni mv‡_ GKgZ wKbv?
cÖ‡qvRbxq I AcÖ‡qvRbxq welq¸‡jv Kx Kx? we‡klÁ gZ w`b|
 Basic View  Problem Solving  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 9
MYcÔRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi RbcÔwZ wbwaZ¡kxj I Kvh©Ki MYZš¿ cÔwZôv I RbM‡Yi ÿgZvq‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ 2024 mv‡ji 06 A‡±vei
Òmsweavb ms¯‹vi KwgkbÓ MVb K‡i|
msweavb ms¯‹vi Kwgkb:
01 Aa¨vcK Avjx ixqvR, ivóªweÁvbx I †jLK Kwgkb cÖavb
02 Rbve mygvBqv Lv‡qi, Aa¨vcK, AvBb wefvM, Xvwe m`m¨
03 Rbve Bgivb wmwÏKx, evi-GU-j m`m¨
04 Rbve gynv¤§` BKivgyj nK, Aa¨vcK, AvBb wefvM, Xvwe m`m¨
05 W. kixd f~uBqv, GW‡fv‡KU, evsjv‡`k mycÔxg †KvU© m`m¨
06 Rbve Gg gCb Avjg wd‡ivRx, evi-GU-j m`m¨
07 Rbve wd‡ivR Avn‡g`, †jLK m`m¨
08 Rbve †gv: gy¯ÍvBb wejøvn, †jLK I gvbevwaKvi Kg©x m`m¨
09 Rbve †gv: gvndzR Avjg, wkÿv_x© cÔwZwbwa m`m¨

 Kwgk‡bi cÖ¯Ívemgyn:
msweavb ms¯‹vi Kwgkb GKwU Kvh©Ki MYZš¿, †g×wjK gvbevwaKvi wbwðZKiY I Revew`wnZv cÔwZôvi j‡ÿ¨ 7wU cÔavb welq‡K
¸iæZ¡ w`‡q we‡ePbv K‡i‡Q| †h¸‡jv h_vµ‡g:
01. 1971 mv‡ji ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i gnvb Av`k© Ges 2024 mv‡ji MYAfz¨Ðv‡bi RbAvKv•ÿvi cÔwZdjb¯^iƒc msweavb I iv‡óªi
g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e cÔ¯Íve Kiv nq-
K. mvg¨ (Equality) L. gvbweK gh©v`v (Human Dignity)
M. mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi (Social Justice) N. eûZ¡ev` (Pluralism) O. MYZš¿ (Democracy)
02. ÿgZvi cÖvwZôvwbK fvimvg¨ cÖwZôv
03. AšÍeZ©x miKvi KvVv‡gvi mywbw`ó cÔ¯Íve
04. cÔavbgš¿x c‡`i GK”QÎ ÿgZv n«vm
05. wePvi wefv‡Mi we‡K›`ªxKiY
06. kw³kvjx ¯'vbxq miKvi e¨e¯'v mywbwðZKiY
07. †g×wjK AwaKv‡ii AvIZv m¤úªmviY, mvsweavwbK myiÿv I ejer‡hvM¨Zv wbwðZKiY|
 Ab¨vb¨ cÖ¯Ívemg~n:
01. †`‡ki bvg cwieZ©b: evsjv‡`‡ki msweavwbK bvg ÕMYcÔRvZš¿x evsjv‡`kÒ cwieZ©b K‡i ÕRbMYZš¿x evsjv‡`kÒ| Z‡e
Bs‡iwR ms¯‹i‡Y People’s Republic of Bangladesh’ k㸇jv _vK‡Q|
02. evsjv‡`wk bvMwiK: evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY RvwZ wnmv‡e evOvwj GB weavbwU wejyß Kivi mycvwik| eZ©gvb 6(2) Aby‡”Q`
ms‡kvab K‡i Õevsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiKiv evsjv‡`wkÓ e‡j cwiwPZ n‡eb|
03. cÖavbgš¿x wn‡m‡e 2evi `vwqZ¡ cvjb: GKRb e¨w³ cÔavbgš¿x wn‡m‡e m‡e©v”P 2 evi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
04. ZiæY‡`i ivRbxwZ‡Z m¤ú„³KiY: ZiæY‡`i ivRbxwZ‡Z m¤ú„³ Ki‡Z ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv wb¤œK‡ÿi †gvU Avm‡bi
b~¨bZg 10% cÔv_©x g‡bvbxZ Ki‡e|
05. cÖv_©xi eqm Kgv‡bv: msm`xq wbe©vP‡b cÔwZØw›ØZv Kivi b~¨bZg eqmÑ 21 eQi| ivóª cwiPvjbvi 4 g~jbxwZi g‡a¨ 3wU
ev` †`Iqvi mycvwik K‡i bZzb 4wU mshy³ Kivi cÖ¯ÍveÑ mvg¨, gvbweK gh©v`v, mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi, eûZ¡ev` I MYZš¿|
06. AšÍeZ©xKvjxb miKvi: AvBbmfv †f‡½ †M‡j cieZ©x wbe©vwPZ miKvi kc_ bv †bIqv ch©šÍ 1wU AšÍe©Z©x miKvi wb‡hv‡Mi
mycvwik K‡i‡Q| GB miKv‡ii cÔavb ÕcÔavb Dc‡`óvÖ e‡j AwfwnZ n‡eb| AvBbmfvi †gqv` †kl nIqvi 15 w`b Av‡M
A_ev AvBbmfv †f‡½ †M‡j, cieZ©x Ab~¨b 15 w`‡bi g‡a¨ cÔavb Dc‡`óv wb‡qv‡Mi wm×všÍ P~ovšÍ Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖavb
Dc‡`óv m‡e©v”P 15 m`m¨ wewkó GKwU Dc‡`óv cwil‡`i gva¨‡g Kvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb| AšÍeZ©x miKv‡ii †gqv` m‡e©v”P
90 w`b n‡e| Z‡e hw` wbe©vPb Av‡M AbywôZ nq †m‡ÿ‡Î bZzb miKv‡ii cÔavbgš¿x kc_ MÔnY gvÎ GB miKv‡ii †gqv‡`i
Aemvb NU‡e|
10 Basic View  Problem Solving  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
07. wejywßi cÖ¯Íve: Kwgkb, msweav‡bi 7(K), 7(L), 8, 9, 10, 12, 141(L), 141(M) I 150(2) Aby‡”Q` wejywß Ges G
mswkøó 5g, 6ô I 7g Zdwmj msweav‡b bv ivLvi mycvwik|
08. msm` MVb: wØ-Kÿ wewkó RvZxq msm` msm‡`i †gqv` n‡e 4 eQi| msm‡`i `yB Kÿ wgwj‡q †gvU AvmbÑ 505wU|
D”PKÿ wb¤œKÿ
D”PK‡ÿ Avmb _vK‡eÑ 105wU| Gi g‡a¨ 100 Rb RvZxq msm‡`i wb¤œK‡ÿ Avmb _vK‡e
wbe©vwPZ n‡eb AvbycvwZK c×wZ‡Z| evwK 5wU Avm‡bi 400| Gi g‡a¨ 100 Avmb bvix‡`i Rb¨
m`m¨ ivóªcwZ bvMwiK‡`i g‡a¨ †_‡K (hviv †KvbI K‡ÿiB msiwÿZ _vK‡e| ZvivI wbe©vwPZ n‡eb
m`m¨ I ivR‰bwZK `‡ji m`m¨ bb) g‡bvbxwZ Ki‡eb| mivmwi †fv‡U|
01. nvB‡Kv‡U©i wefvMxq †e MVb: D”P Av`vj‡Zi we‡K›`ªxKiY K‡i †`‡ki me wefv‡M nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi mgvb GLwZqvi
m¤úbœ nvB‡Kv‡U©i ¯'vqx Avmb cÔeZ©‡bi mycvwik|
02. ¯^vaxb wePvi wefvMxq wb‡qvM Kwgkb MVb: wePviK wb‡qv‡M 1wU ¯^vaxb wePvi wefvMxq wb‡hvM Kwgkb MVb| Aa¨v‡`k-
21 Rvbyqvwi, 2025|
03. ¯’vbxq Av`vj‡Zi cÖvavb¨: Aa¯Íb Av`vj‡Zi cwie‡Z© ¯'vbxq Av`vjZ e¨env‡ii cÔ¯Íve|
04. †gŠwjK AwaKvi I ¯^vaxbZv mb` MVb: we`¨gvb msweav‡bi wØZxq I Z…Zxqfv‡Mi AwaKvi¸‡jv mgwš^Z K‡i Õ†g×wjK
AwaKvi I ¯^vaxbZvÒ bv‡g 1wU GKK mb` MV‡bi cÔ¯Íve|
05. GKK KZ…©‡Z¡i Aemvb: 1 Rb msm` m`m¨ GKBm‡½ cÔavbgš¿x, msm` †bZv wKsev ivR‰bwZK `‡ji cÔavb GB 3wUi †h
†KvbI 1wUi †ewk c‡` AwawôZ n‡eb bv|
06. we‡ivax `‡ji cÖvavb¨: A_©© wej Qvov wb¤œK‡ÿi m`m¨iv Zv‡`i g‡bvbqbKvix `‡ji wec‡ÿ †fvU †`Iqvi c~Y© ÿgZv
_vK‡e Ges AvBbmfvi ¯'vqx KwgwU¸‡jvi mfvcwZ me mgq we‡ivax`jxq m`m¨‡`i ga¨ †_‡K g‡bvbxZ n‡eb|
07. B‡jK‡Uªvivj †fv‡U ivóªcwZ: ivóªcwZ wbe©vwPZ n‡eb B‡jK‡Uªv‡ij †fv‡U|
evsjv wUªweDb: msweavb ms¯‹vi Kwgkb cÖwZ‡e`b (cÖ_g Av‡jv)]
 msweavb ms¯‹vi Kwgk‡bi AcÖ‡qvRbxq cÖ¯Íve:
01. ivóªxq 4 g~jbxwZi g‡a¨ 3wU‡K e`‡j †djvi †h mycvwik Kwgkb K‡i‡Q †m¸‡jv G‡Kev‡iB AcÔ‡qvRbxq I AvcwËKi|
 gyw³hy‡×i mgq 10 GwcÔj, 1971 Zvwi‡L ZvRDwÏb Avn‡g` †h 3wU ivóªxq g~jbxwZi wfwˇZ evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi
†NvlYv iPbv K‡i †eZv‡i fvlY w`‡qwQ‡jb †m¸‡jv wQjÑ MYZš¿, mgvRZš¿ I ag©wbi‡cÿZv|
 AZGe, mgvRZš¿ I ag©wbi‡cÿZv‡K msweavb †_‡K Qz‡o †djvi AwaKvi Avgiv KvD‡K w`‡Z cvie bv, Avi Zvi
cÔ‡qvRbI †bB|
02. Kwgk‡bi mycvwikK…Z ÕeûZev`Ò bxwZi g‡a¨ ag© wbi‡cÿZv AšÍfz³© ejv n‡jI mvaviY RbM‡Yi c‡ÿ Zv Dcjw× Kiv
cÖvq Am¤¢e ZvB GB mycvwikwUI AcÔ‡qvRbxq|
03. mvg¨ (Equality) w`‡q mgvRZš¿‡K msweavb †_‡K gy‡Q †djvi cÔqvmI MÔnY‡hvM¨ bq|
04. eûZ¡ev` bxwZi g‡a¨ †`‡ki bvbv Rb‡Mvôxi mggh©v`vi welqwU AšÍfz©³ g‡b Kiv nq| ZvB evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡`i cwie‡Z©
hw` msweav‡b ÕRvwZMZ eûZ¡ev`Ò K_vwU AšÍfz³© Kivi mycvwik MÔnY‡hvM¨ nq bv|
05. Kwgkb ÕMYcÔRvZš¿x evsjv‡`kÒ bv‡gi cwie‡Z© ÕRbMYZš¿x evsjv‡`kÒ bvgK‡i‡Yi mycvwik K‡i‡Q| msweavb ms¯‹vi
Kwgkb GB AcÔ‡qvRbxq bvg cwieZ©b †Kb cÔ‡qvRbxq g‡b Kij, Zv †evaMg¨ bq| 1wU ivóª RbMYZš¿x n‡j †mLv‡b
mgvRZš¿ ivóªxq g~jbxwZ‡Z †_‡K hvq| we‡k^ †h KÖwU iv‡óªi bvg RbMYZš¿x, †m¸‡jvi meKwU‡Z mgvRZš¿‡K ivóªxq
g~jbxwZi ¯^xK…wZ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|
06. wb¤œK‡ÿ 400 m`‡m¨i g‡a¨ 100Rb bvix m`m¨ mivmwi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ n‡eb| GB mycvwik RwUjZv m„wó Ki‡e 100 Rb
bvix m`‡m¨i wbe©vPbx GjvKv wba©vi‡Y|

wePvicwZ wb‡qvM I wePvicwZ Acmvi‡Yi me©‡kl wfwË Kx? mywcÖg RywWwmqvj KvDwÝj m¤ú‡K©
wjLyb|
 Basic View  Problem Solving  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 11
 mywcÖg RywWwkqvj A¨vc‡q›U‡g›U KvDwÝj (Supreme Judicial Appointment Council):
 MV‡bi KviY: D”P ÿgZvm¤úbœ KvDw݇ji gva¨‡g GLb †_‡K mywcÔg †Kv‡U©i Dfq wefv‡M wePviK wb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨|
 Aa¨v‡`k: mywcÔg †Kv‡U©i wePviK wb‡qvM Aa¨v‡`kÑ 21 Rvbyqvwi, 2025
 MVb: KvDw݇ji cÔavb/mfvcwZ n‡ebÑ cÔavb wePvicwZ, GQvovI m`m¨ n‡ebÑ
01. Avwcj wefv‡M K‡g© cÖexYZg GKRb wePviK
02. nvB‡KvU© wefv‡M K‡g© cÖexYZg GKRb wePviK
03. wePvi Kg© wefvM n‡Z wbhy³ nvB‡KvU© wefv‡M K‡g© cÖexYZg GKRb wePviK
04. cÔavb wePvicwZ KZ©„K g‡bvbxZ Avwcj wefv‡Mi AemicÔvß GKRb wePviK
05. A¨vUwb© †Rbv‡ij I KvDwÝj cÔavb KZ©„K g‡bvbxZ GKRb AvB‡bi Aa¨vcK ev AvBb we‡klÁ|
06. mywcÔg †Kv‡U©i †iwR÷vi †Rbv‡ij KvDw݇ji mwPe wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡eb|
07. AemicÔvß wePviK I AvB‡bi Aa¨vcK
08. †gqv` n‡eÑ 2eQi|
 wePviK msL¨v: KvDw݇ji mfvq wba©vwiZ n‡e| msL¨v wba©vi‡Yi c‡i Zv ivóªcwZ‡K Ae¨wnZ Ki‡eb cÔavb wePvicwZ|
 wePvi‡Ki †hvM¨Zv:
01. eqm †Kvbfv‡eB 45 Gi wb‡P n‡e bv|
02. wkÿvMZ I †ckvMZ †hvM¨ZvÑ
K. AwZwi³ wePviK wn‡m‡e Zvi wb®úwËK…Z gvgjvi msL¨v
L. wePvwiK Av‡`k I wm×v‡šÍi ¸bgvb
M. Av`vjZ e¨e¯'vcbv
N. mvwe©K `ÿZv
O. mZZv I mybvgmn Avbylvw½K wePvivw`
 ivóªcwZ‡K civgk© cÖ`vb:
cÔavb wePvicwZ KZ©„K cÔvß civgk©cÔvwßi 15 w`‡bi g‡a¨ wePviK c‡` wb‡qvM `vb Ki‡eb ivóªcwZ| wØ-gZ †cvlY Ki‡j
civg‡k©i m‡½ ivóªcwZ Z_¨ I KviY D‡jøLc~e©K welqwU cybwb©ixÿ‡Yi Rb¨ cÖavb wePvicwZ wbKU †cÔiY Ki‡eb| cybivq
ivóªcwZ wbKU †cÔwiZ n‡j 15 w`‡bi g‡a¨ Kvh©Ki e¨e¯'v MÔnY Ki‡eb|
wePvicwZi Awfksmb [***]
wfwË mvj wePvicwZ Awfksmb ev Acmvi‡Yi ÿgZv
g~j msweavb 1972 msm‡`i wbKU
PZz_© ms‡kvabx 1975 ivóªcwZi wbKU
cÂg ms‡kvabx 1979 mywcÖg RywWwkqvj KvDwÝj (1978)*
†lvok ms‡kvabx 2014 msm‡`i wbKU
 wRqvDi ingvb KZ…©K cÖYxZ The Second Declaration (Tenth Amendment) 1977 mv‡j mywcÖg RywWwkqvj KvDwÝj MwVZ n‡jI 5g
ms‡kvabx‡Z AšÍf©y³ nq 1979 mv‡j| GB KvDw݇ji m`m¨ wQjÑ 3 Rb| KvbvWvi Av`vj‡Zi Av‡jv‡K evsjv‡`‡k cÖavb wePvicwZi
†bZ…‡Z¡ mywcÖg RywWwkqvj KvDwÝj MVb Kiv n‡qwQj|
 2024 mv‡ji 20 A‡±ve‡i Avwcj wefv‡M 16k ms‡kvabxi wiwfD Av‡`k evwZj n‡q †M‡j wePviK‡`i Awfksm‡bi ÿgZv mywcÖg
RywWwkqvj KvBw݇ji Kv‡Q b¨¯Í n‡jv| cÖavb wePvicwZ ˆmq` †idvZ Avn‡g‡`i †bZ…Z¡vaxb Qq m`‡m¨i Avwcj wefv‡Mi c~Y©v½
†e G ivq †`b|
ZvwiL NUbv
17 †m‡Þ¤^i, 2014 16k ms‡kvabx cvk K‡i wePviK Acmvi‡Yi ÿgZv msm`‡K cÔ`vb Kiv nq|
5 †g, 2016 nvB‡KvU© 16k ms‡kvabx evwZj K‡i ivq cÔ`vb K‡i
3 RyjvB, 2017 my‡i›`ª Kzgvi wmbnvi †bZ„Z¡vaxb Avcxj wefv‡Mi c~Y©v½ †e 16k ms‡kvabx evwZ‡ji ivq envj iv‡L
1 AvM÷, 2017 799 c„ôvi c~Y©v½ ivq cÔKvwkZ nq
12 Basic View  Problem Solving  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
24 wW‡m¤^i, 2017 ivóªcÿ 94wU k‡Z© 908 c„ôvi wiwfD Av‡e`b K‡i|
20 A‡±vei, 2024 wiwfD Gi ivq nq|

 mywcÖg RywWwkqvj KvDwÝj (Supreme Judicial Council):

 MV‡bi KviY:
wePviKiv hw` msweavb j•Nb K‡ib wKsev ¸iæZi Am`vPvi‡Yi `v‡q Awfhy³ nb, †h †ÿ‡Î Zv‡`i Acmvi‡Yi Rb¨ mywcÔg
RywWwkqvj KvDwÝj KZ©„K Z`šÍ Kiv n‡e|
 MVb:
msweav‡bi 96 Aby‡”Q‡`i 3 `dvq- 1wU mywcÔg RywWwkqvj KvDwÝj _vK‡e Ges evsjv‡`‡ki cÔavb wePvicwZ I Ab¨vb¨
wePvi‡Ki g‡a¨ cieZ©x †h `yRb K‡g© cÔavb Zuv‡`i wb‡q MwVZ n‡e| A_©vr m`m¨ msL¨v 3 Rb|
 kZ©:
KvDw݇ji m`m¨ GiKg †Kv‡bv wePvi‡Ki mvg_©¨ AvPviY m¤ú‡K© Z`šÍ K‡ib A_ev KvDw݇ji †Kv‡bv m`m¨ hw` Abycw¯'Z
_v‡Kb A_ev Amy¯'Zv wKsev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y KvR Ki‡Z Amg_© nb, Zvn‡j KvDw݇j hviv m`m¨ Av‡Qb| Zuv‡`i g‡a¨
cieZ©x †h wePviK K‡g© cÖexY wZwbB Abyiƒc m`m¨ wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡eb|
 KvR:
msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q` 96(5) Abymv‡i, mywcÔg RywWwkqvj KvDw݇ji 2 ai‡bi `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q:
1. wePviK‡`i Rb¨ AvPiYwewa (Code of Conduct) cÖYqb
2. wePviKM‡Yi AvPiY I mvg_© msµvšÍ Z`šÍ Kiv|
 e¨e¯’v MÖnY:
mywcÔg RywWwkqvj Kv&Dw݇ji gva¨‡g 2003 mv‡j †K Gg nvmvb KZ©„K wePvicwZ kvwn`yi ingvb‡K AcmviY Kiv nq|
 mywcÖg RywWwkqvj KvDw݇ji ¸iæZ¡:
mywcÔg RywWwkqvj KvDwÝj evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b DwjøwLZ GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ms¯'v, hv wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv, ¯^”QZv Ges
Revew`wnZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| GwU cÔavbZ D”P Av`vj‡Zi wePvicwZ‡`i AvPiY, mvg_¨© Ges
AcmviY msµvšÍ wel‡q KvR K‡i| wb‡P mywcÔg RywWwkqvj KvDw݇ji ¸iæZ¡we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
01. wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv i¶v:
mywcÔg RywWwkqvj KvDwÝj wePvicwZ‡`i Acmvi‡Yi ¶gZv msm` ev ivóªcwZi nvZ †_‡K mwi‡q wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv
wbwðZ K‡i| GwU wbwðZ K‡i †h wePvicwZiv ivR‰bwZK Pvc ev n¯Í‡¶c QvovB Zv‡`i `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
2024 mv‡ji A‡±ve‡i mywcÔg RywWwkqvj KvDwÝj cybe©nv‡ji iv‡q Avwcj wefvM †lvok ms‡kvabx evwZj K‡i
wePvicwZ‡`i Acmvi‡Yi ¶gZv KvDw݇ji nv‡Z wdwi‡q †`q| GwU wePvi wefv‡Mi Dci msm‡`i wbqš¿Y n«vm K‡i
¯^vaxbZv †Rvi`vi K‡i‡Q|
02. wePvicwZ‡`i Revew`wnZv wbwðZKiY:
KvDwÝj wePvicwZ‡`i weiæ‡× Am`vPiY ev Amvg‡_¨©i Awf‡hvM Z`šÍ K‡i Zv‡`i Revew`wnZv wbwðZ K‡i| GwU
RbM‡Yi wePvi wefv‡Mi cÔwZ Av¯'v evovq| 2024 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^‡i mywcÔg †Kv‡U©i I‡qemvB‡U cÔKvwkZ Z_¨ Abyhvqx,
KvDwÝj K‡qKRb wePvicwZi weiæ‡× Awf‡hvM Z`šÍ K‡i ivóªcwZi Kv‡Q wi‡cvU© cvwV‡q‡Q, hv Revew`wnZvi cÖgvY|
03. AvPiYwewa cÖYqb:
KvDwÝj wePvicwZ‡`i Rb¨ AvPiYwewa cÔYqb K‡i, hv Zv‡`i †ckvMZ I ˆbwZK gvb eRvq ivL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
hw`I wbw`©ó AvPiYwewa cÔKvwkZ nqwb, 2024 mv‡j KvDw݇ji cybe©nv‡ji ci GwU wePvicwZ‡`i AvPiY wbqš¿‡Y bZzb
bxwZgvjv cÔYq‡bi KvR ïiæ K‡i‡Q e‡j AvBbRxexiv Rvwb‡q‡Qb|
04. ¸iæZi Am`vPi‡Yi Z`šÍ:
KvDwÝj wePvicwZ‡`i weiæ‡× ¸iæZi Am`vPi‡Yi Awf‡hvM Z`šÍ K‡i mwVK e¨e¯'v †bq| GwU wePvi wefv‡Mi mZZv
i¶v K‡i| 2019 mv‡j wZbRb wePvicwZi weiæ‡× Am`vPi‡Yi Awf‡hvM Z`‡šÍi Rb¨ KvDw݇ji f‚wgKv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
wQj, Ges 2024 mv‡j AviI 12 Rb wePvicwZi weiæ‡× Awf‡hvM Z`‡šÍi c_ myMg n‡q‡Q|
05. wePvicwZ‡`i Acmvi‡Y mvsweavwbK cÖwµqv:
 Basic View  Problem Solving  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 13
KvDwÝj kvixwiK ev gvbwmK Amvg_¨© ev Am`vPi‡Yi Kvi‡Y wePvicwZ‡`i Acmvi‡Yi mvsweavwbK cÔwµqv wbwðZ
K‡i| 2024 mv‡j KvDw݇ji Z`‡šÍi ci ivóªcwZi Kv‡Q cvVv‡bv wi‡cv‡U© K‡qKRb wePvicwZi Acmvi‡Yi m¤¢vebv
D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv mvsweavwbK cÔwµqvi Ask|
06. RbM‡Yi Av¯’v e„w×:
KvDw݇ji Z`šÍ I e¨e¯'v MÔn‡Yi cÔwµqv wePvi wefv‡Mi cÔwZ RbM‡Yi Av¯'v evovq| 2024 mv‡j KvDwÝj cybe©nv‡ji
ci AvBb Dc‡`óv Avwmd bRiæj e‡j‡Qb, RyjvB MYwecø‡e ÿzä RbM‡Yi wePvicwZ‡`i cÔwZ Awf‡hvM KvDw݇ji
gva¨‡g wb®úwËi c_ Ly‡j‡Q, hv RbM‡Yi Av¯'v wdwi‡q Avb‡Z mnvqK|
07. ivR‰bwZK n¯Í‡¶c cÖwZ‡iva:
KvDwÝj wePvicwZ‡`i Acmvi‡Y miKvi ev msm‡`i mivmwi n¯Í‡¶c †iva K‡i| 2017 mv‡j cÔavb wePvicwZ my‡i›`ª
Kzgvi wmbnvi c`Z¨v‡Mi NUbvq ivR‰bwZK Pv‡ci Awf‡hvM D‡VwQj| 2024 mv‡j KvDw݇ji cybe©nvj G ai‡bi
n¯Í‡¶c Kgv‡Z mnvqK n‡q‡Q|
08. wePvi wefv‡Mi gv‡bvbœqb:
KvDwÝj A‡hvM¨ ev Am`vPi‡Y RwoZ wePvicwZ‡`i Acmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g wePvi wefv‡Mi mvgwMÔK gvb DbœZ K‡i|
2024 mv‡j KvDw݇ji Z`‡šÍ wKQz wePvicwZi weiæ‡× `yb©xwZi Awf‡hvM D‡V‡Q, hv wePvi wefv‡Mi gv‡bvbœq‡b c`‡¶c
wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡”Q|
09. mvsweavwbK fvimvg¨ eRvq ivLv:
KvDwÝj wbe©vnx, AvBbmfv Ges wePvi wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ ¶gZvi fvimvg¨ eRvq iv‡L| 2024 mv‡ji iv‡q KvDw݇ji
cybe©nvj msm‡`i AwZwi³ ¶gZv n«vm K‡i mvsweavwbK fvimvg¨ cybtcÔwZôv K‡i‡Q|
10. BwZnvm I HwZn¨ i¶v:
KvDwÝj mvsweavwbK BwZnv‡m ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i Ges wePvi wefv‡Mi HwZn¨ i¶v K‡i| 1977 mv‡j wRqvDi
ingv‡bi kvmbvg‡j KvDwÝj cÔwZwôZ n‡qwQj, Ges 2024 mv‡j Gi cybe©nv‡ji gva¨‡g GB HwZn¨ cybiæ¾xweZ
n‡q‡Q|
mywcÔg RywWwkqvj KvDwÝj wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv, Revew`wnZv Ges RbM‡Yi Av¯'v wbwðZ Ki‡Z Acwinvh©|
mv¤cÔwZK mg‡q Gi cybe©nvj Ges Z`šÍ Kvh©µg cÔgvY K‡i †h GwU wePvi wefvM‡K kw³kvjx I ¯^”Q Ki‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|

5g ms‡kvabxi ¸iæZ¡
evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi 5g ms‡kvabx 1979 mv‡j M„nxZ n‡qwQj, hv †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK I mvsweavwbK KvVv‡gv‡Z D‡jøL‡hvM¨
cwieZ©b G‡bwQj| GB ms‡kvabxwU 1975 mv‡ji 4_© ms‡kvabx evwZj K‡i msweav‡bi g~j †PZbv‡K wKQzUv cybiæ×vi Kivi
cvkvcvwk bZzb wKQz welq ms‡hvRb K‡iwQj| wb‡P 5g ms‡kvabxi ¸iæZ¡ Dc¯'vcb Kiv n‡jv:
01. ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi cwie‡Z© ag©xq cwiPq ms‡hvRb:
5g ms‡kvabx msweav‡bi cÔ¯Ívebv I aviv 8(1)-G Õag©wbi‡c¶ZvÒi cwie‡Z© Õme©kw³gvb Avjøvni Dci c~Y© Av¯'v I
wek¦vmÒ ms‡hvRb K‡i| GwU evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªxq cwiP‡q Bmjv‡gi cÔvavb¨ cÔwZôvi cÔ_g c`‡¶c wQj| GB cwieZ©b
†`‡ki msL¨vMwiô Rb‡Mvôxi ag©xq Abyf‚wZ‡K ivóªxq KvVv‡gvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Ki‡jI, ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi g~jbxwZ †_‡K
m‡i hvIqvi Kvi‡Y GwU weZwK©Z nq| GwU ivR‰bwZKfv‡e ag©xq cwiPq‡K kw³kvjx Kivi cÔ‡Póv wn‡m‡e †`Lv nq|
02. evsjv‡`kx RvZxqZvev‡`i cÖeZ©b:
ms‡kvabxwU ÕevOvwj RvZxqZvev`Ò†K Õevsjv‡`kx RvZxqZvev`Ò Øviv cÔwZ¯'vcb K‡i| GwU msweav‡bi aviv 6-G
cwieZ©b G‡bwQj| GB cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g me bvMwiK‡K ag©, fvlv ev ms¯‹…wZ wbwe©‡k‡l Õevsjv‡`kxÒ wn‡m‡e GKwU
mvaviY cwiP‡qi AvIZvq Avbvi †Póv Kiv nq| Z‡e, GwU evOvwj mvs¯‹…wZK cwiP‡qi Dci wfwË K‡i gyw³hy‡×i
†PZbvi mv‡_ wKQzUv mvsNwl©K e‡j mgv‡jvwPZ nq|
03. 4_© ms‡kvabx evwZj:
14 Basic View  Problem Solving  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
5g ms‡kvabx 1975 mv‡ji 4_© ms‡kvabx evwZj K‡i, hvi gva¨‡g GK`jxq kvmbe¨e¯'v (evKkvj) cÔwZwôZ n‡qwQj|
GwU RbM‡Yi ivR‰bwZK AskMÔn‡Yi my‡hvM evovq|
04. ivóªcwZ wbe©vP‡bi c×wZ cybt¯’vcb:
4_© ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g ivóªcwZi wbe©vPb mivmwi RbM‡Yi †fv‡U bv n‡q msm‡`i nv‡Z P‡j wM‡qwQj| 5g ms‡kvabx
GwU evwZj K‡i cybivq mivmwi wbe©vP‡bi weavb cÔwZôv K‡i| GwU ivóªcwZ c‡`i MYZvwš¿K ˆeaZv evovq Ges RbM‡Yi
mivmwi AskMÔnY wbwðZ K‡i| Z‡e, cieZ©x‡Z ivóªcwZi ¶gZv Kgv‡bv n‡j GwUi cÔfve wKQzUv n«vm cvq|
05. †gŠwjK bxwZi cwieZ©b:
5g ms‡kvabx msweav‡bi †g×wjK bxwZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨
ÕmgvRZš¿ (Socialism)Ò kãwUi e¨vL¨vq cwieZ©b G‡b ÕmvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi (Social Justice)Ó
I ÕA_©‰bwZK gyw³ (Economic Freedom)Òi Dci †Rvi †`q|
GwU mgvRZvwš¿K A_©bxwZ †_‡K wgkÔ A_©bxwZi w`‡K hvIqvi Bw½Z †`q| †emiKvwi D‡`¨vM I wewb‡qvM‡K DrmvwnZ
Kivi gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi bZzb Øvi D‡b¥vwPZ nq|
06. msweav‡bi cÖ¯Ívebvq cwieZ©b:
ms‡kvabxwU msweav‡bi cÔ¯Ívebvq Õgyw³hy‡×i HwZnvwmK msMÔvgÒ kãwU hy³ K‡i Ges ag©xq wek¦v‡mi Dci †Rvi
†`q|GwU gyw³hy‡×i Zvrch©‡K msweav‡b AviI ¯úófv‡e Zz‡j a‡i| Z‡e, ag©xq welq ms‡hvR‡bi Kvi‡Y GwU
ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi †PZbvi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K e‡j mgv‡jvwPZ nq|
07. wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv:
5g ms‡kvabx wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv cybtcÔwZôvi Rb¨ wKQz c`‡¶c MÔnY K‡i, hv 4_© ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g ¶wZMÔ¯Í
n‡qwQj| GwU AvB‡bi kvmb cÔwZôvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv wbwðZ Kiv MYZvwš¿K
e¨e¯'vi Rb¨ Acwinvh©|
08. msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i cybtcÖwZôv:
4_© ms‡kvabxi GK`jxq kvm‡bi cwie‡Z© 5g ms‡kvabx msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i cybtcÔwZôv K‡i| GwU ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi
AskMÔnY Ges RbM‡Yi cÔwZwbwaZ¡ wbwðZ K‡i| eû`jxq e¨e¯'v †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK w¯'wZkxjZvq Ae`vb iv‡L|
09. RvZxq msnwZ †Rvi`vi:
evsjv‡`kx RvZxqZvev‡`i cÔeZ©b Ges ag©xq cwiP‡qi ms‡hvR‡bi gva¨‡g 5g ms‡kvabx RvZxq msnwZ †Rvi`vi Kivi
†Póv K‡i| GwU †`‡ki wewfbœ RvwZ‡Mvôx I ag©xq †Mvôx‡K GKwU mvaviY cwiP‡qi AvIZvq Avbvi cÔqvm wQj| Z‡e,
GwU msL¨vjNy m¤cÔ`v‡qi g‡a¨ wKQzUv A¯^w¯Í m„wó K‡i|
 cÂg ms‡kvabx:
1979 mv‡ji 6 GwcÔj evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b †h ms‡kvabx Avbv nq ZvB 5g ms‡kvabx| GB ms‡kvabx‡K Õmsweavb (5g
ms‡kvab) AvBb, 1979Ò bv‡g AwfwnZ nq| Gi gva¨‡g 1975 mv‡ji 15 AvMó †_‡K 1979 mv‡ji 6 GwcÔj ch©šÍ
mvgwiK kvmb Avg‡ji mKj Kg©Kv‡Ûi ˆeaZv †`qv nq|
 cÂg ms‡kvabx Avbvi KviY:
msweav‡bi †Kvb weavb ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ 1979 mv‡ji 6B GwcÔj RvZxq msm‡` 5g ms‡kvabx M„nxZ nqwb, eis GB
ms‡kvab AvB‡bi e‡j 1975 mv‡ji 15 AvM÷ †_‡K 1979 mv‡ji 9 GwcÔj Zvwi‡Li g‡a¨ (Dfq w`bmn) cÔYxZ mKj
Av‡`k, mvgwiK AvBb, cÔweavb, mvgwiK AvBb weavb, †NvlYv Ges D³ †gqv‡`i g‡a¨ Abyiƒc †Kvb Av‡`k aviv
msweav‡b †hme ms‡kvab, ms‡hvRb, cwieZ©b, cÔwZ¯'vcb I we‡jvcmvab Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv ˆea e‡j Aby‡gv`b Kiv nq|
ZvQvov mvgwiK kvmbvg‡j M„nxZ mKj kvmb wefvMxq Kvh©e¨e¯'v Ges Av`vjZ I UªvBey¨bvj KZ©„K cÔ`Ë Av‡`k I
`Ðv‡`k‡KI ˆea e‡j Aby‡gv`b Kiv nq| A_©vr mvgwiK miKv‡ii mKj Kvh©ejx‡K ˆea Kivi Rb¨B msweav‡bi 5g
ms‡kvabx Avbv n‡qwQj|
 cÂg ms‡kvabx cÖYq‡bi cÖwµqv:
1979 mv‡ji 1 GwcÔj evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi 72 (1) aviv Abymv‡i ivóªcwZ RvZxq msm‡`i AvnŸvb K‡ib| msm`
Awa‡ek‡b msm` †bZv kvn& AvwRRyi ingvb Ó5g ms‡kvab AvBb, 1979Ö wejwU DÐvcb K‡ib| GB wejwU wb‡q RvZxq
 Basic View  Problem Solving  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 15
msm‡`i 3q w`‡bi Awa‡ek‡b Zzg~j weZK©, my`xN© Av‡jvPbv, mgv‡jvPbv nq; GgbwK we‡ivax `‡ji wKQz msm` m`m¨
msm` K¶ Z¨vM K‡ib| wKš` 3evi wWwfkvb †fv‡U wejwU h_vµ‡g 243-45, 234-36 I 241-0 †fv‡U M„nxZ nq|
 cÂg ms‡kvabxi ¸iæZ¡:
4_© ms‡kvabxi Kvi‡Y jyß ¶gZv wd‡i cvIqv 5g ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb 4_© ms‡kvabxi Kvi‡Y jyß
¶gZv wd‡i †c‡q‡Q| 4_© ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi cÔRvZvwš¿K PwiÎ, MYZš¿, AvB‡bi kvmb, wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv-
msweav‡bi GmKj ¶gZvi g„Zz¨ N‡U hv 5g ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g wdwi‡q Avbv nq|
 MY‡fvU:
72 msweav‡b msweavb ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ MY‡fv‡Ui weavb wQj bv| 3/2 msL¨v MwiôZvi wfwˇZ msweav‡bi †h †Kvb
Aby‡”Q` cwieZ©b I ms‡kva‡bi c_ †Lvjv wQj| 5g ms‡kvabx‡Z ejv nq nq msweavb ms‡kva‡bi R‡b¨ MY‡fv‡U cvm
Ki‡Z n‡e|
 †gŠwjK AwaKvi ejer Kivi weavb:
72 g~j msweav‡bi 44 Aby‡”Q‡` †g×wjK AwaKvi ejer Kivi †h weavb wQj Zv 4_© ms‡kvabx‡Z evwZj Kiv n‡jI 5g
ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g Zv wdwi‡q Avbv nq|
 wmsnfvM Rbg‡Zi cÖwZdjb:
5g ms‡kvabx‡Z msweav‡bi g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi ¯'‡j Óme©kw³gvb Avjøvni Ici c~Y© Av¯'v I wek¦vmÖ evK¨wU
cÔwZ¯'vwcZ n‡q‡Q| GQvov G ms‡kvabx‡ZB me©cÔ_g Ówemwgjøvwni ivngvwbi ivnxgÖ w`‡q msweavb ïiæ Kiv n‡q‡Q| G 2wU
welq (wemwgjøvn I Avjøvni Ici c~Y© Av¯'v I wek¦vm)-Gi m‡½ G †`‡ki wmsnfvM RbM‡Yi Av‡eM Rwo‡q i‡q‡Q|
 mywcÖg RywWwkqvj KvDw݇ji weavb:
g~j msweav‡bi 96 Aby‡”Q‡` wePviK Acmvi‡b msm‡`i gva¨‡g Awfksm‡bi weavb wQj| 4_© ms‡kvabx‡Z Zvi e`‡j
Am`vPib I Amvg_¨©‡i Kvi‡Y ivóªcwZ‡K Acmvi‡Yi ¶gZv †`qv nq| ZvB G‡¶‡Î 5g ms‡kvabx‡Z Avbv mywcÔg
RywWwkqvj KvDw݇ji weavb AwaKZi MÔnY‡hvM¨|
 †gŠwjK AwaKvi Kvh©Kv‡i nvB‡Kv‡U©i AwaKvi:
evnvˇii g~j msweav‡bi 102 (1) Aby‡”Q‡` †g×wjK AwaKvi Kvh©Kv‡i nvB‡Kv‡U©i AwaKvi we‡jvc Kiv nq| 1977 mv‡j
mvgwiK digv‡bi gva¨‡g nvB‡KvU© †mB ¶gZv wd‡i cvq- hv 5g ms‡kvabxi GKwU BwZevPK w`K|

 wRqvi 2q †NvlYvcÎ (Second Proclamation):

wRqvDi ingv‡bi 2q †NvlYvcÎ ej‡Z mvaviYZ 1976 mv‡j Rvwi Kiv ÒSecond Proclamation OrderÒ †evSvq, hv mvgwiK
kvm‡bi Aax‡b msweav‡b D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwieZ©b Av‡b| GB †NvlYvcÎwU mivmwi 5g ms‡kvabxi Ask bv n‡jI GwU mvgwiK
kvm‡bi mg‡qi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c`‡¶c wQj, hv cieZ©x‡Z 5g ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g ˆeaZv cvq| Gi welqe¯`Ñ
01. kvm‡bi kw³kvjxKiY:
GB †NvlYvc‡Îi gva¨‡g ivóªcwZi ¶gZv e„w× Kiv nq Ges msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i cwie‡Z© ivóªcwZ †Kw›`ªK kvmbe¨e¯'vi wfwË
¯'vcb Kiv nq|
02. msweavb ms‡kvab:
msweav‡bi wKQz aviv ms‡kvab Kiv nq, hvi g‡a¨ Riæwi Ae¯'v †NvlYvi ¶gZv Ges †g×wjK AwaKvi ¯'wMZ Kivi weavb
AšÍf©y³ wQj|
03. ag©xq cwiPq:
GB †NvlYvq ag©xq cwiPq‡K RvZxqZvev‡`i mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Kivi cÔwµqv ïiæ nq, hv cieZ©x‡Z 5g ms‡kvabx‡Z AviI ¯úó
nq|
 MY‡fv‡Ui ¸iæZ¡:
01. RbM‡Yi gZvgZ cÖwZdjb:
16 Basic View  Problem Solving  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
MY‡fvU RbM‡Yi mivmwi AskMÔnY wbwðZ K‡i, hv msweav‡bi g‡Zv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‡q RbgZ cix¶vi Rb¨ Acwinvh©| 5g
ms‡kvabxi mgq MY‡fv‡Ui gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi mg_©b `vwe Kiv n‡qwQj, hw`I Gi ¯^”QZv wb‡q cÔkœ D‡V‡Q|
02. mvsweavwbK ˆeaZv:
msweav‡bi †g×wjK cwieZ©‡bi †¶‡Î MY‡fvU ˆeaZv cÔ`vb K‡i| 5g ms‡kvabx‡Z MY‡fv‡Ui djvdj miKv‡ii c‡¶
wM‡qwQj, hv ivóªcwZ kvmb‡K mvsweavwbKfv‡e MÔnY‡hvM¨ K‡i|
03. MYZvwš¿K bxwZ:
MY‡fvU MYZvwš¿K cÔwµqvi GKwU Ask, †hLv‡b RbM‡Yi gZvgZ mivmwi MÔnY Kiv nq|
04. ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv:
MY‡fv‡Ui gva¨‡g miKvi RbM‡Yi mg_©b †`wL‡q ivR‰bwZK w¯'wZkxjZv AR©‡bi †Póv K‡i| 5g ms‡kvabxi †¶‡Î
MY‡fvU mvgwiK kvm‡bi Rb¨ Rbmg_©‡bi cÔgvY wn‡m‡e Dc¯'vwcZ nq|
 mgv‡jvPbv I ch©‡e¶Y:
01. MY‡fv‡Ui mxgve×Zv:
5g ms‡kvabxi MY‡fv‡U †fvUvi‡`i ¯^vaxb B”Qv cÔKv‡ki my‡hvM mxwgZ wQj e‡j Awf‡hvM i‡q‡Q| mvgwiK kvm‡bi Pvc
I cÔPviYvi Kvi‡Y djvdj c¶cvZ`yó wQj|
02. MY‡fv‡Ui cÖ‡qvRbxqZv:
msweav‡bi †g×wjK KvVv‡gv cwieZ©‡bi †¶‡Î MY‡fvU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Z‡e, GwU Aeva I wbi‡c¶ n‡Z n‡e, hv 5g
ms‡kvabxi †¶‡Î cy‡ivcywi c~iY nqwb|
03. eZ©gvb cÖvmw½KZv:
5g ms‡kvabx Ges Gi MY‡fvU evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡m GKwU weZwK©Z Aa¨vq| GwU MY‡fv‡Ui ¸iæZ¡ Ges mwVK
cÔ‡qv‡Mi cÔ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© wk¶v †`q|
04. AvBwb I ˆbwZK cÖkœ:
MY‡fv‡Ui ¯^”QZv I wbi‡c¶Zv wb‡q weZK© wQj| A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib, GwU RbM‡Yi cÔK…Z gZvgZ cÔwZdwjZ K‡iwb|

cÖkvmb I ¯’vbxq miKvi welqK ms¯‹vi Kwgk‡bi cÖwZ‡e`b wjLyb?

3 A‡±vei, 2024 mv‡ji Zvwi‡L gwš¿cwil` wefvM †_‡K RvixK…Z GK cÔÁvc‡bi gva¨‡g MYcÔRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi RbgyLx,
Revew`wng~jK, `ÿ I wbi‡cÿ RbcÔkvmb e¨e¯'v M‡o †Zvjvi j‡ÿ¨ ÕRbcÔkvmb ms¯‹vi KwgkbÒ bv‡g 1wU Kwgkb MVb K‡i|
 RbcÖkvmb ms¯‹vi Kwgk‡bi cÖwZ‡e`b:
Kwgkb KvR ïiæ Kivi ci †_‡K 49wU mfvq wgwjZ n‡q Kwgk‡bi cÔwZ‡e`b I mycvwik cÔYqb K‡i| Kwgk‡bi cÔwZ‡e`b‡K †gvU
17wU Aa¨v‡q web¨¯Í Kiv n‡q‡Q| 14wU wewfbœ wk‡ivbv‡g `yÖkZvwaK mycvwik †ck Kiv n‡q‡Q|

 D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mycvwik¸‡jv:
01. cÖ‡`k:
cy‡iv‡bv 4wU wefvM wb‡q 4wU Avjv`v cÔ‡`k Ges XvKv I Av‡kcv‡ki GjvKv wb‡q ÓK¨vwcUvj wmwU Mfb©‡g›U ev ivRavbx
gnvbMi miKviÕ Kiv
02. K¨vWvi n«vm:
26wU K¨vWvi Kwg‡q, 13wU cÔavb mvwf©‡m wef³| cÔkvmb K¨vWvi‡K Óevsjv‡`k cÔkvmwbK mvwf©mÖ K‡i Zv‡`i c`¸‡jv
gvVcÔkvm‡b mxgve× ivLv
03. gš¿Yvjq n«vm:
43wU gš¿Yvjq Kwg‡q 25wU Kiv Ges 61wU wefvM Kwg‡q 40wU Kiv
04. c‡`vbœwZ‡Z b¨vh¨Zv wbwðZKiY:
 Basic View  Problem Solving  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 17
DcmwPe c‡` c‡`vbœwZi †¶‡Î cÔkvmb K¨vWv‡ii Rb¨ 50% Ges Ab¨vb¨ K¨vWv‡ii Rb¨ 50% †KvUv wba©vi‡Yi cÔ¯Íve|
GwU c~‡e©i 75:25 Abycv‡Zi cwieZ©b| (BBC: 20 December, 2024)
05. cix¶vi gva¨‡g wb‡qvM:
cix¶vi gva¨‡g me mvwf©m †_‡K evQvB Kiv Kg©KZ©v‡`i mgš^‡q Superior Executive Service (SES) MVb| SES
Gi gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ n‡e mwPevjq| DcmwPe c‡` mivmwi wb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ cÔwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cix¶v cÔeZ©‡bi mycvwik,
hv‡Z †hvM¨Zvi wfwˇZ wb‡qvM wbwðZ nq|
06. K¨vWvi ˆelg¨ wbimb:
wewfbœ K¨vWv‡ii (†hgb: cÔkvmb, wk¶v, ¯^v¯'¨) g‡a¨ c‡`vbœwZ I my‡hvM-myweavi ˆelg¨ `~i Kivi Rb¨ bxwZgvjv cÔYqb|
07. RbgyLx cÖkvmb MVb:
RbcÔkvmb‡K AviI RbevÜe Ki‡Z †mev cÔ`v‡b ¯^”QZv I `¶Zv e„w×i Dci †Rvi †`Iqv|
08. wWwRUvjvB‡Rkb e„w×:
cÔkvmwbK Kv‡R B-Mfb¨©vÝ I wWwRUvj cø¨vUd‡g©i e¨envi evwo‡q `ªæZ †mev cÔ`v‡bi e¨e¯'v|
09. Revew`wnZv wbwðZKiY:
cÔkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v‡`i Revew`wnZv evov‡Z wbqwgZ Kg©m¤úv`b g~j¨vqb e¨e¯'v Pvjy|
10. cÖwk¶Y I `¶Zv Dbœqb:
Kg©KZ©v‡`i Rb¨ AvaywbK cÔwk¶Y Kvh©µg cÔeZ©b, hv‡Z Zviv mg‡qvc‡hvMx `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
11. `yb©xwZ cÖwZ‡iva:
cÔkvm‡b `yb©xwZ Kgv‡Z K‡Vvi bRi`vwi I ¯^”Q wb‡qvM cÔwµqv cÔeZ©b|
12. bvMwiK AskMÖnY e„w×:
RbcÔkvmb ms¯‹v‡i bvMwiK‡`i gZvgZ MÔn‡Yi Rb¨ AbjvBb I AdjvBb cø¨vUdg© ˆZwi|
13. Kg©cwi‡ek Dbœqb:
Kg©KZ©v‡`i Rb¨ DbœZ Kg©cwi‡ek I my‡hvM-myweav wbwðZ Kiv, hv‡Z Zviv Kvh©Kifv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
14. ¯’vbxq cÖkvm‡bi ¶gZvqb:
¯'vbxq miKvi cÔwZôv‡bi m‡½ mgš^q evwo‡q cÔkvmwbK Kvh©µg‡K AviI Kvh©Ki Kiv| †Rjv cwil` evwZj K‡i
Dc‡Rjv I †c×imfv‡K kw³kvjx Kiv|
15. bvix I cÖvwšÍK †Mvôxi AskMÖnY:
cÔkvm‡b bvix I cÔvwšÍK †Mvôxi cÔwZwbwaZ¡ evov‡bvi Rb¨ we‡kl †KvUv I my‡hvM cÔ`vb|
16. cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv mijxKiY:
RwUj AvgjvZvwš¿K cÔwµqv mij K‡i RbM‡Yi †mev cÔvwß mnR Kiv|
17. Aemi I †eZb:
†h‡Kv‡bv miKvwi Kg©KZ©v- Kg©Pvix 15 eQi PvKwi Ki‡j me my‡hvM myweavmn †¯^”Qvq Aem‡i †h‡Z cvi‡e Ges
cÔwZeQi †eZb e„w× Kiv n‡e wKš` Zv 5% Gi †ewk bv|
18. cÖKí ev¯Íevqb `ªæZZi Kiv:
miKvwi cÔKí ev¯Íevq‡b mgq‡¶cY Kgv‡Z cÔkvmwbK ms¯‹vi|
19. AvBwb KvVv‡gv kw³kvjxKiY:
cÔkvmwbK wm×všÍ MÔn‡Y AvBwb KvVv‡gv‡K AviI ¯^”Q I kw³kvjx Kiv|
 BPSC ms¯‹v‡i cÖ¯Ívemg~n:
1. wb‡qvM cÖwµqvi ¯^”QZv I wbi‡c¶Zv:
18 Basic View  Problem Solving  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
BPSC-Gi cix¶v I wb‡qvM cÔwµqvq AviI ¯^”QZv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ wWwRUvj cø¨vUd‡g©i e¨envi evov‡bv| cÔkœcÎ duvm
†iv‡a DbœZ wbivcËv e¨e¯'v Ges cÔhyw³i cÔ‡qvM| 2023 mv‡j BPSC AvBb, 2023 cÔYq‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡qvM cÔwµqvq
wbi‡c¶Zv wbwðZ Kivi cÔ‡Póv ïiæ n‡qwQj|
2. ˆelg¨ `~ixKiY:
wewmGm K¨vWvi wm‡÷‡g cÔkvmb K¨vWv‡ii AvwacZ¨ Kwg‡q Ab¨vb¨ K¨vWv‡ii Rb¨ mgvb my‡hvM wbwðZ Kiv| c‡`vbœwZ I
my‡hvM-myweavq fvimvg¨ Avbvi Rb¨ bxwZgvjv cÖYqb| Kwgk‡bi cÔwZ‡e`‡b ÓK¨vWviÖ k‡ãi cwie‡Z© Ówmwfj mvwf©mÖ kã
e¨env‡ii cÔ¯Íve †`Iqv n‡q‡Q, hv ˆelg¨ Kgv‡Z mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i|
3. `¶Zv e„w×:
BPSC-Gi gva¨‡g wb‡qvMcÔvß Kg©KZ©v‡`i cÔwk¶Y I `¶Zv Dbœq‡b AvaywbK c×wZ cÔ‡qvM| cix¶vi cvV¨µg
AvaywbKxKiY K‡i mgmvgwqK Pvwn`vi m‡½ mvgÃm¨c~Y© Kiv|
4. cÖhyw³i e¨envi:
BPSC-Gi wb‡qvM cÔwµqv m¤ú~Y© wWwRUvjvBRW Kivi Rb¨ B-wiµyU‡g›U wm‡÷g Pvjy Kiv| cix¶vi djvdj cÖKvk I
Av‡e`b cÔwµqvq mgq‡¶cY Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ A‡Uv‡gkb|
5. Revew`wnZv I RbgyLx †mev:
BPSC-Gi Kvh©µ‡g RbM‡Yi AskMÔnY wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ cÔkœgvjv ev RbgZ msMÔ‡ni g‡Zv c`‡¶c MÔnY|

 ¯’vbxq miKvi welqK ms¯‹vi Kwgk‡bi cÖwZ‡e`b:

2024 mv‡ji 18 b‡f¤^i MYcÔRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii gwš¿cwil` wefv‡Mi GKwU cÔÁvcb e‡j cÔ‡dmi †Zvdv‡qj Avn‡g`‡K
cÔavb K‡i Ò¯’vbxq miKvi‡K kw³kvjx I Kvh©Ki Kwi‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq ms¯‹vi cÖ¯Íve Kwievi j‡ÿ¨Ó 8 m`m¨ wewkó 1wU Kwgkb
MVb Kiv nq| Kv‡Ri Rb¨ 15wU †ÿÎ wba©viY K‡i cÔwZ‡e`b KvVv‡gv MVb Kiv nq|
01. ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii †gŠwjK KvVv‡gv: 3wU MÖvgxY ¯'vbxq miKvi cÔwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ †Rjv cwil‡`i Kvh© I KvVv‡gv‡Z
†g×wjK cwieZ©‡bi mycvwik Kiv n‡eÑ
 †Rjv cwil` n‡e 1wU we‡Kw›`ªK…Z cwiKíbv BDwbU|
 †WcywU Kwgkbv‡ii Awdm c„_Kfv‡e R¨vZxq miKv‡ii cÔwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡e Ges f~wg e¨e¯'vcbvq wb‡qvwRZ _vK‡e|
†Rjv cwil‡`i †Pqvig¨v‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ †Rjvi mdj Dbœqb msµvšÍ `ßi¸‡jv †Rjv cwil‡` b¨v¯Í n‡e
 hyM¥-mwPe c`gh©v`vi GKRb Kg©KZ©v †Rjv cwil‡`i gyL¨ wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v wn‡m‡e c`vwqZ n‡eb
 Abyiƒcfv‡e Dc‡Rjv cwil` I BDwbqb cwil‡` wewfbœ `ßi¸‡jv‡Z Kg©iZ mKj Kg©KZ©v- Kg©PvwiMY, Zv‡`i
Kvh©vw`, b_©-m¤ú` cwil‡` b¨v¯Í n‡e|
02. ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii ¯Íi: AvMvgx 10 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ ¯'vbxq miKv‡ii ¯Íi msL¨v n«vm K‡i MÔvgxY I bMixq e¨e¯'vq wefvRb
`~i K‡i mgRvZxq ¯'vbxq miKvi cÔwZôvb cÔwZôvi wel‡q e¨vcK M‡elYv I Aa¨qb K‡i e¨e¯'v MÔnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
03. Amg AvBwb KvVv‡gv: BDwbhb cwil`, Dc‡Rjv cwil` I †Rjv cwil` G 3wU cÔwZôv‡bi AvBb-KvVv‡gv,
mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv I wbe©vPb e¨e¯'v Amg c×wZ‡Z web¨¯Í| GwU‡K GKwU mgRvZxq c×wZ‡Z cybt¯'vc‡bi mycvwik
Kiv n‡q‡Q|
04. RvZxq mKiKv‡ii Av`‡j ¯’vbxq miKvi: †`‡ki RvZxq miKv‡ii Av`‡j ¯'vbxq miKvi e¨e¯'v I cÔwZôvbmg~n‡K
msm`xq c×wZi Av`‡j cybM©Vb, wbe©vPb I Kvh©c×wZ cyY©web¨vm cÔ‡qvRb n‡e| G j‡ÿ¨ Kwgkb wKQz bZzb c×wZ/
cÐv Aej¤^b K‡i‡Q|
05. wbe©vPb e¨e¯’vi ms¯‹vi: wbe©vPb e¨e¯'v-
 mnR
 e¨q mvkÖqx
 my¯' I MYZvwš¿K ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZi weKvk
 Z…Yg~‡j MYZvwš¿K I MVbg~jK Kivi BwZevPK 1wU e¨e¯'vi weKvk|
06. KvVv‡gvi wefw³: MÖvg-bMi wbwe©‡k‡l cÔwZwU ¯'vbxq miKvi cÔwZôv‡bi msMVb KvVv‡gv 2wU cÔavb As‡k wef³
_vK‡e| h_v:
 Basic View  Problem Solving  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 19
K. weavwbK Ask (Legislative Part): RvZxq msm‡`i w¯úKv‡ii Abyiƒc
L. wbe©vnx Ask (Executive Part): wbe©vnx As‡ki cÔavb n‡eb Õ†Pqvig¨vb ev †gqiÒ
07. mfva¨ÿ wbe©vPb: kc_ MÔn‡Yi ci cwil‡`i 1g mfvq mKj mvaviY m`‡m¨i †fv‡U mfva¨ÿ wbe©vwPZ n‡eb| wbe©vPb
Kwgk‡bi cÿ †_‡K 1 Rb cÔwZwbwa Dcw¯'Z †_‡K kc‡_i ci mfva¨ÿ wbe©vP‡bi g‡bvbqb MÔnY Ki‡eb Ges †Mvcb
e¨vj‡Ui gva¨‡g mfva¨ÿ wbe©vPb mgvß Ki‡eb|
08. †Pqvig¨vb/ †gqi wbe©vPb: mfvaÿ wbe©vwPZ nIqvi c‡i Zuvi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ cwil‡`i †Pqvig¨vb ev KvDw݇ji †gqi
wbe©vP‡bi e¨e¯'v MÔnY Kiv n‡e| cwil‡`i Af¨šÍ‡i †Mvcb e¨vj‡U m`m¨MY m`m¨‡`i ga¨ n‡Z †Pqvig¨vb Ges †gqi
wbe©vPb Ki‡eb| G mgq Dc‡Rjv wbe©vPb Awdm ev wbe©vPb Kwgkb g‡bvbxZ †Kv‡bv Dc‡Rjv ch©v‡qi Kg©KZ©v
Dcw¯'Z _vK‡eb| wZwb mfva¨ÿ‡K G wbe©vPb cwPvjbvq mnvqZv Ki‡eb|
09. ˆeVK: cÔwZ 3 gv‡m GKvav‡i me©vwaK 3 w`b ev c„_K w`bÑZvwi‡L cwil` mg~‡ni mfv AvbywôZ n‡e| cÖwZwU
BDwbqb, Dc‡Rjv I †Rjv cwil` Ges †c×imfv I wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb cÔwZ eQi GwcÔj gv‡m 3 w`‡bi 1wU
evwl©K/cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv Awa‡ekb Ki‡e|

1972 mv‡ji msweavb Abyhvqx ivóªcwZi ÿgZv, Kx Kx cwieZ©b Riæwi?

MYcÔRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki mvsweavwbK cÔavb n‡jb ivóªcwZ| c`‡mvcvb Abyhvqx wZwb iv‡óªi mKj e¨w³i D‡aŸ© Ae¯'vb K‡ib| msweavb
Abyhvqx wZwb Zuvi Dci cÖ`Ë I Awc©Z mKj ÿgZv cÔ‡qvM I KZ©e¨ cvjb Ki‡eb| hw`I msweav‡b ivóªcwZi ÿgZv mxwgZ|
msm`xq c×wZ‡Z ivóªcwZi bv‡gB iv‡óªi me Kg©KvÐ P‡j|
01. ivóªcwZi ¯^vaxb ÿgZv:
msweav‡bi 48(3) Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx:
 56 Aby‡”Q‡`i (3) `dv Abyhvqx cÔavbgš¿x I 95 Aby‡”Q‡`i (1) `dv Abymv‡i cÔavb wePvicwZ wb‡qv‡Mi †ÿÎ
e¨ZxZ ivóªcwZ Zuvnvi Ab¨ mKj `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b cÔavbgš¿xi civgk© Abyhvqx KvR Kwi‡eb|
 msm` wbe©vP‡b †h msL¨vMwiô Avmb cv‡e, †mB `‡ji †bZv‡KB cÔavbgš¿x wb‡hvM K‡ib| Z‡e †Kvb `jB GKK
msL¨vMwiôvZv bv †c‡j, ZLb †Kvb `‡ji †RvU †_‡K †K cÔavbgš¿x nevi my‡hvM cv‡eb, Zv ivóªcwZB wba©viY
Ki‡eb| G ai‡bi cwiw¯'wZ n‡qwQj 1911 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi ci| (56 Aby‡”Q‡`i 3bs `dv)
02. ivóªcwZi mvsweavwbK ÿgZv:
 48(2) Aby‡”Q`: ivóªcÔavb iƒ‡c ivóªcwZ iv‡óªi Ab¨ mKj e¨w³i D‡aŸ© ¯'vb jvf Kwi‡eb Ges GB msweavbI Ab¨
†Kv‡bv AvB‡bi Øviv Zuvnv‡K cÔ`Ë I Zuvnvi Dci Awc©Z mKj ÿgZv cÔ‡qvM I KZ©e¨ cvjb Kwi‡eb|
 49 Ayb‡”Q`: (ÿgv cÔ`k©‡bi AwaKvi) †Kvb Av`vjZ, UªvBey¨bvj ev Ab¨ †Kvb KZ©„cÿ KZ©„K cÔ`Ë †h-†Kvb `‡Ði
gvR©bv, wej¤^b I weivg gÃyi Kwievi Ges †h-†Kvb `Û gIKzd, ¯'wMZ ev n«vm Kwievi ÿgZv ivóªcwZi _vwK‡e|
03. ivóªcÖwZ c‡ivÿ ÿgZv:
cÔavbgš¿x ivóªxq I ciivóªxq bxwZ msµvšÍ welqvw` m¤ú©‡K ivóªcwZ‡K AewnZ ivwL‡eb Ges
48(5)
ivóªcwZ Aby‡iva Kwi‡j †h †Kvb welq gwš¿mfvq we‡ePbvq Rb¨ †ck Kwi‡eb|
GKRb cÔavbgš¿x _vwK‡eb Ges cÔavbgš¿x †hiƒc wba©viY Kwi‡eb †mBiƒc Ab¨vb¨ gš¿x,
56(1)
cÔwZgš¿x I Dc-gš¿x _vwK‡eb|
56(2) cÔavbgš¿x I Ab¨vb¨ gš¿x, cÔwZgš¿x I Dc-gš¿xw`M‡K ivóªcwZ wb‡qvM Kwi‡eb|
64(1) cÔavbgš¿xi civgk©µ‡g A¨vUwb© †Rbv‡ij wb‡qvM K‡ib|
118(1) cÔavb wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi I Ab¨vb¨ wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi wb‡qvM K‡ib|
127(1) gnvwnmve wbivÿK I wbqš¿K wb‡qvM K‡ib|
138(1) cvewjK mvwf©m Kwgk‡bi †Pqvig¨vb I Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨‡`i wb‡qvM K‡ib|
04. Ab¨vb¨ ÿgZv:
55(4) ivóªcwZ miKvwi Kvh©vewj e›Ub I cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wewamg~n cÔYqb Kwi‡eb
20 Basic View  Problem Solving  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
evsjv‡`‡ki cÔwZiÿv Kg©wefvMmg~‡ni me©vwabvqKZv ivóªcwZi Dci b¨v¯Í nB‡e Ges
61
AvB‡bi Øviv Zvi cÔ‡qvM wbqwš¿Z nB‡e|
ivóªcwZ cÔavbgš¿x KZ©„K wjwLZfv‡e cÔ`Ë civgk© Abyhvqx miKvwi weÁwß-Øviv ivóªcwZ
72(1)
msm` Avnevb, ¯'wMZ I f½ Kwi‡eb|
73(1) ivóªcwZ msm‡` fvlY `vb I evYx †cÔiY Kwi‡Z cvwi‡eb|
msm` m`m¨‡`i cÔ‡Z¨K mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi ci 1g Awa‡ek‡bi m~Pbvq Ges mgvw߇Z
73(2)
ivóªcwZ msm‡` fvlY `vb Kwi‡eb|
80(2) msm` KZ©„K †Kv‡bv wej M„nxZ n‡j m¤§wZi Rb¨ Zv ivóªcwZi wbKU †ck Kiv n‡e|
ivóªcwZ Riæwi Ae¯'v †NvlYv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Z‡e kZ© _v‡K †h, Abyiƒc †NvlYvi
141 K(1)
ˆeaZvi Rb¨ †NvlYvi c~‡e©B cÔavbgš¿xi cÔwZ ¯^vÿi cÔ‡qvRb nB‡e|
†Kvb A_© wej, A_ev miKvwi A_© e¨‡qi cÔkœ RwoZ i‡q‡Q Ggb †Kvb wej ivóªcwZi
82
mycvwik e¨ZxZ msm‡` DÐvcb Kiv hv‡e bv|
 †hme cwieZ©b Riæwi:
01. cÖavbgš¿xi civg‡k© ivóªcwZi Kv‡Ri wewa cwieZ©b: msweavb Abyhvqx cÔavbgš¿x ivóªcwZ‡K †Mvcb civgk© w`‡q Zvi
AbyMZ Aa¨vcK‡`i fvBm P¨v‡Ýji, †cÔv-fvBm P¨v‡Ýji, †iwR÷vi, cÔ‡fv÷, cÔ±i, wek^we`¨vjq gÃyix Kwgkb BZ¨vw`
wb‡qvM †_‡K ïiæ K‡i mKj KvR Ki‡Z e‡jb| d‡j ÿgZ‡K wPi¯'vqx Kivi Rb¨ 1wU wekvj Aa¨vcK evwnbx‡K jvjb
Kivi mvsweavwbK ÿgZv cÔavbgš¿xi Av‡Q| ZvB Gme c‡`i wb‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î ivóªcwZi cÔavbgš¿xi civgk© cÔ‡qvRb n‡e bv
Ggb weavb Kiv cÔ‡qvRb|
02. wePvi wefvM‡K wbe©vnx wefv‡Mi n¯Í‡ÿc gy³ Kiv: cÔavb wePvicwZ, mywcÔg †Kv‡U©i Avwcj wefv‡Mi wePviK, mywcÔg
†Kv‡U©i nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi wePviK, gnvwnmve wbixÿK I wbqš¿K Ges AvBb Øviv wba©vwiZ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv c` Gme
wb‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î ivóªcwZ‡K cÔavbgš¿xi civgk© wb‡Z n‡e bv| G‡Z wePvi wefv‡Mi wbe©vnx wefv‡Mi n¯Í‡ÿc gy³ nIqvi
my‡hvM evo‡e|
03. RvZxq mvsweavwbK KvDwÝj MVb: ÿgZvi fvimvg¨ ivL‡Z-wbe©vnx wefvM, AvBbmfv I wePvi wefvM-iv‡óªi 3wU A‡½i
cÔwZwbwa‡`i mgš^‡q 1wU ÕRvZxq mvsweavwbK KvDwÝjÒ MVb| cÔavb wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi I Ab¨vb¨ wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi,
A¨vU©wb© †Rbv‡ij, miKvwi Kg©Kwgk‡bi †Pqvig¨vb I Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨, `yb©xwZ `gb Kwgk‡bi cÔavb I Ab¨vb¨ Kwgkbvi,
cÔwZiÿv evwnbx¸‡jvi cÔavb‡`i c‡` wb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ GB KvDwÝj ivóªcwZi Kv‡Q bvg cvVv‡e| Gme c‡` wb‡qv‡Mi
†ÿ‡ÎI ivóªcwZ‡K cÔavbgš¿xi civgk© wb‡Z n‡e bv|
04. ms‡kvab/ evwZj: Abyhvqx ivóªcwZ 120w`‡bi Rb¨ Riæwi Ae¯'v †NvlYv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wKš` GB †NvlYv ˆeaZvi Rb¨
Riæwi Ae¯'v †NvlYvi Av‡M cÔavbgš¿xi cÔwZ¯^vÿi cÔ‡qvRb nq| Riæwi Ae¯'v †NvlYv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ivóªcwZ †Kej
mvsweavwbK KvDw݇ji wm×všÍ Abyhvqx|
05. ivóªcwZi †gqv` I †hvM¨Zv: ivóªcwZ m‡e©v”P 2 ev‡ii (4 eQi) †ewk AwawôZ _vK‡eb bv| ivóªcwZ c‡`i cÔv_©xi mgq
†Kv‡bv e¨w³ †Kv‡bv ivóªxq, miKvwi ev ivR‰bwZK `j ev msMV‡bi c‡` _vK‡Z cvi‡eb bv|
 Basic View  Constitution  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 1
msweav‡bi Av‡jv‡K AšÍeZ©xKvjxb miKvi
01. msweav‡bi 106 Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i gZvgZ:
Zxeª MYAv‽›`vj‽bi gy‽L nvwmbv miKv‽ii cZ‽bi c‽i mvsweavwbK msKU ‼gvKv‽ejv, Rb¯^v_© I ivóªxq wbivcËv i¶v,
A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯'v mPj ivLv Ges iv‽óªi wbe©vnx Kvh© cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb miKvi MVb wel‽q Rb¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÔ‽kœ
msweav‽bi 106 Aby‽⁃Q` Abyhvqx ivóªcwZ mywcÔg ‼Kv‽U©i gZvgZ Pvb| msweav‽bi 106 Aby‽⁃Q‽` cÔ`Ë Dc‽`óvg~jK
GLwZqvi cÔ‽qvM K‽i evsjv‽`k mywcÔg ‼Kv‽U©i Avwcj wefvM 8 AvM÷, 2024 wLªóvã Zvwi‽L ‼¯úkvj ‼idv‽iÝ b¤^i-
01/2024 Øviv gZvgZ cÔ`vb K‽i‽Q ‼h,
Óiv‽óªi mvsweavwbK k~b¨Zv c~i‽Y Riæwi cÔ‽qvR‽b gnvgvb¨ ivóªcwZ iv‽óªi wbe©vnx Kvh© cwiPvjbvi wbwg‽Ë
AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb e¨e¯'v wn‽m‽e cÔavb Dc‽`óv Ges Ab¨vb¨ Dc‽`óv wbhy³ Ki‽Z cvi‽eb|
gnvgvb¨ ivóªcwZ D³iƒ‽c wbhy³ cÔavb Dc‽`óv Ges Ab¨vb¨ Dc‽`óvMY‽K kc_ cvV Kiv‽Z cvi‽ebÖ|
02. msweav‡bi 7 Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx RbM‡Yi AvKv•ÿvi cÖwZdjb:
ZË¡veavqK miKvie¨e¯'v wejywßi ci eZ©gvb msweav‽b AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb miKvi MV‽bi cÔZ¨‿ ‼Kv‽bv weavb ‼bB| Z‽e GKwU
mdj Av‽›`vj‽bi cwi‽cÔw‿‽Z Ges msweav‽bi 7 Aby‽⁃Q‽`i Aaxb RbM‽Yi AvKv⁀ÿvi cÔwZdjb NUv‽bvi j‽‿¨ ivóªcwZ
GB AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb miKvi wb‽qvM w`‽Z cv‽ib| msweavb cÔYxZ n‽q‽Q RbM‽Yi AwfcÔv‽qi Awfe¨w³¯^iƒc|
03. Aby‡”Q` 48 Abyhvqx ivóªcwZi ¶gZv cÖ‡qvM:
Aby‽⁃Q` 48 Abyhvqx ivóªcwZ evsjv‽`k iv‽óªi cÔavb| wZwb msweavb I ‼`‽ki AvBb cÔ`Ë ‿gZv cÔ‽qvM Ki‽Z cv‽ib|
m`¨ c`Z¨vMx cÔavbgš¿xi miKvi ‼h‽nZz `vwqZ¡ cvj‽bi Rb¨ Abycw¯'Z, ivóªcwZ msweav‽bi avivevwnKZv i‿vi Rb¨
me©RbMÔvn¨ GKwU AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb miKvi MVb Ki‽Z cv‽ib| D™¢~Z cwiw¯'wZ‽Z beMwVZ miKvi msm`xq miKv‽ii Av`‽j
ivóª‿gZv cÔ‽qvM Ki‽eb| ivóªcwZ I beMwVZ miKv‽ii cÔav‽bi (ev cÔavb Dc‽`óv) civgk©µ‽g Zuvi ‿gZv cÔ‽qvM
Ki‽eb| bZzb wbe©vP‽bi ci msm` MwVZ n‽j ‼h msm` Dch©y³ AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb miKv‽ii Kvh©µg‽K ˆeaZv w`‽q Aby‽gv`b
I mg_©b cÔ`vb Ki‽Z cvi‽e|
04. msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q` 57(3) I 58(4) Abyhvqx AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb miKvi:
13k ms‽kvabx gvgjvq ZË¡veavqK miKv‽ii wel‽q mywcÔg‽Kv‽U©i iv‽qi ci eZ©gvb msweav‽bi Aby‽⁃Q` 57(3) I
58(4) Abyhvqx AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb miKvi MV‽bi wbqg i‽q‽Q| GB Aby‽⁃Q`¸‽jvq ejv n‽q‽Q ‼h, msm` ‼f‽O hvIqvi ci
‿gZvPz¨Z cÔavbgš¿x Ges Zvi gš¿xiv bewbe©vwPZ miKvi MwVZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb miKvi wn‽m‽e KvR K‽i
hv‽eb| ‼h‽nZz ‿gZvPz¨Z cÔavbgš¿x Ges A‽bK gš¿x B‽Zvg‽a¨B ‼`k ‼Q‽o cvwj‽q‽Qb Ges Zviv wb‽RivB GKwU weZwK© Z
wbe©vP‽bi gva¨‽g ‿gZvq AwawôZ n‽qwQ‽jb, ZvB weKí Dcvq wn‽m‽e AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb miKvi MwVZ n‽Z cv‽i|
05. Doctrine of Necessity:
hw`I msweav‽b wjwLZ bv, msweavwbK AvB‽bi Av‽iKwU gZev` i‽q‽Q, hv evsjv‽`‽ki mvsweavwbK AvB‽bi mycÔwZwôZ
Ask| GUv cÔ‽qvRbxqZvi bxwZ (Doctrine of Necessity) wn‽m‽e cwiwPZ| evsjv‽`‽ki mywcÔg ‼KvU© A‽bK ‼‿‽ÎB GB
bxwZwUi ¯^xK…wZ w`‽q‽Qb| hvi me©‽kl bwRi n‽⁃Q 2011 mv‽ji 13k ms‽kvabxi ivq Ges 2017 mv‽ji 16k ms‽kvabxi
ivq| GB gZev‽`i D‽Ïk¨ n‽⁃Q ivóªxq I mvgvwRK k⁂⁀Ljvi Ic‽i fqven wech©q Gov‽bv, hv mvsweavwbK msKU ev Ab¨
‼Kv‽bv Kvi‽Y D™¢~Z n‽Z cv‽i| GB gZev‽`i g~jK_v n‽jv, hw` ‼Kv‽bv KvR, msweavb Øviv Aby‽gvw`Z bv nIqv m‽Ë¡I
mwØk¦v‽m I mr D‽Ï‽k¨ msweavb, RbMY I ivóª ev mgvR i‿vi D‽Ï‽k¨ Kiv nq, Zv msweavbwm× wn‽m‽e we‽ewPZ n‽e|
W. BDb~‽mi ‼bZ…Z¡vaxb GB AšÍe©Z©x miKvi ¯^vaxbZvi ci me‽P‽q Mfxi GK mvsweavwbK msK‽Ui ga¨ w`‽q MwVZ n‽q‽Q|
G Kvi‽Y evsjv‽`‽ki mvsweavwbK AvB‽b GB miKvi cy‽ivcywi mvsweavwbK|
06. RbM‡Yi AwfcÖv‡qi Awfe¨w³¯^iƒc:
msweavb cÔYxZ n‽q‽Q RbM‽Yi AwfcÔv‽qi Awfe¨w³¯^iƒc| G Afz¨Ðvb QvÎ-wk¶K Ges me©¯Í‽ii RbM‽Yi AskMÔn‽YB
n‽q‽Q weavq ÓWKwUªb Ae ‼b‽mwmwUÖ-Gi cÔ‽qv‽M G AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb miKvi RbM‽Yi g¨v‽ÛU (mandate) wb‽qB MVb n‽q‽Q
e‽j a‽i wb‽Z n‽e|
07. msweav‡bi 93 Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx ivóªcwZi Aa¨v‡`k
2 Basic View  Constitution  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
msweav‽bi 93 Aby‽⁃Q` Abyhvqx, msm` ‼f‽O ‼M‽j ev Awa‽ekb Pjgvb bv _vK‽j Riæwi cÔ‽qvR‽b Aa¨v‽`k Rvwi Ki‽Z
cv‽ib ivóªcwZ| msweav‽bi 93(1) Aby‽⁃Q‽` ejv n‽q‽Q,
Õmsm` fvw½qv hvIqv Ae¯'vq A_ev Dnvi Awa‽ekbKvj e¨ZxZ ‼Kv‽bv mg‽q ivóªcwZi wbKU Avï e¨e¯'v MÔn‽Yi Rb¨
cÔ‽qvRbxq cwiw¯'wZ we`¨gvb iwnqv‽Q ewjqv m‽šÍvlRbKfv‽e cÔZxqgvb nB‽j
wZwb D³ cwiw¯'wZ‽Z ‼hiƒc cÔ‽qvRbxq ewjqv g‽b Kwi‽eb, ‼mBiƒc Aa¨v‽`k cÔYqb I Rvwi Kwi‽Z cvwi‽eb|Ò
08. c~e©eZ©x MY-Afz¨Ìvb I cieZ©x D`vniY:
we‽kl mg‽q ‼`k I RbM‽Yi ¯^v‽_© A‽bK mgq A‽bK wKQz Ki‽Z n‽Z cv‽i| G wel‽q 1991 mv‽j wePvicwZ mvnveyÏxb
Avn‽g`‽K A¯'vqx miKv‽ii ivóªcwZ Kivi D`vniY cÔ‽hvR¨| D‽jøL¨, MY-Afz¨Ðv‽b 1990 mv‽ji 6 wW‽m¤^i Gikv`
miKv‽ii cZ‽bi ci cÂg msm‽`i wbe©vPb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wZb gv‽mi AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb ev A¯'vqx GKwU miKvi MVb Kiv
n‽qwQj| ‼m mgq AvIqvgx jxM Ges weGbwcmn me `‽ji HKg‽Z¨i wfwË‽Z ZrKvjxb cÔavb wePvicwZ mvnveyÏxb
Avng‽`i ‼bZ…‽Z¡ A¯'vqx miKvi MVb Kiv n‽qwQj| ‼mRb¨ wePvicwZ Avng`‽K cÔ_‽g DcivóªcwZ wn‽m‽e `vwqZ¡ ‼`Iqv
nq Ges Gici wZwb A¯'vqx ivóªcwZi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‽ib| GB welqwU ˆeaZv ‼`Iqv n‽qwQj msweav‽bi GKv`k
ms‽kvabxi gva¨‽g| 1991 mv‽j me `‽ji AskMÔn‽Y wbe©vP‽bi gva¨‽g MwVZ cÂg msm‽` GB ms‽kvabx cvm Kiv nq|

msm‡` bvix Avmb msiwÿZ ivLv KZUv †hŠw³K? ms¯‹vi Riæwi wK bv? evsjv‡`‡k msweav‡b
D‡jøwLZ bvix AwaKvi¸‡jv wK wK?
bvix ÿgZvqb wbwðZ Kivi D‽Ï‽k¨ evsjv‽`‽ki RvZxq msm‽` bvix‽`i Rb¨ msiwÿZ Avmb ivLv ïiæ n‽qwQj AvR ‼_‽K 53 eQi
Av‽M| 1972 mv‽ji msweav‽bi 1wU Dcavivq ‼NvlYv ‼`Iqv nq ‼h, msweavb cÔeZ©b nB‽Z 10 ermiKvj AwZevwnZ nIqvi
Ae¨ewnZ cieZ©xKv‽j msm` ‼f‽½ bv hvIqv ch©šÍ 05wU Avmb ‼Kej bvix m`m¨‽`i Rb¨ msiwÿZ _vK‽e| me©‽kl 2018 mv‽j
mß`k ms‽kvabxi gva¨‽g 50wU msiwÿZ Avm‽bi ‼gqv` Av‽iv 25 eQi evov‽bv nq|
ms‡kvabx mvj msm‡`i Avmb bvix Avmb kZKiv (cÖvq)
g~j msweavb 1973 300 15 5%
5g 1979 300 30 9%
14k 2004 300 45 13%
15k 2011 300 50 14%
[m~Î: CPD]
 msiwÿZ Avmb ivLv KZUv †hŠw³K:
01. 1972 mv‽ji g~j msweav‽bi 65(3) Aby‽⁃Q‽` 10 eQ‽ii Rb¨ bvix‽`i 15wU Avmb msiwÿZ ivLv n‽qwQj| ZLbKvi
Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯'vq GwU ¯^vfvweK I ev¯Íem¤§Z wQj| msweavb cÔ‽YZvivI nq‽Zv wKQzUv msk‽q wQ‽jb| ‼mUv ‼evSv hvq
G Rb¨ ‼h, Zviv msiwÿZ Avm‽bi welqwU A¯'vqx wfwË‽Z 10 eQ‽ii Rb¨ ivLvi weavb K‽iwQ‽jb; hv wKbv mgq ‼k‽l wbR
‼_‽K AvcbvAvcwb evwZj n‽q hvIqvi K_v wQj| AvBb we‽kølK kvn`xb gvwj‽Ki g‽Z,
Ò1972 mv‽j ‼h ‼cÔÿvc‽U msm‽` msiwÿZ bvix Avmb Pvjy n‽qwQj GLb ‼mB cÔ‽qvRbxqZv Lye GKUv ‼bB|Ó
02. msiwÿZ Avm‽bi m`m¨iv RbM‽Yi g‽bvbxZ cÔwZwbwa bb| msiwÿZ Avmb Kviv g‽bvbqb cv‽eb ‼mwU GKvšÍfv‽eB `‽ji
wm×všÍ|
03. wbw`©ó wbe©vPbx GjvKv bv _vKvq RbKj¨vYg~jK Dbœq‽b Zv‽`i Ae`vb LyeB Kg|
04. msiwÿZ Avmb¸‽jv msm‽`i ‼kvfvea©bKvix AjsKvwiK| mvgvwRKfv‽e msiwÿZ Avm‽bi Ggwc‽`i Lye GKUv ¸iæZ¡
‼`Iqv nq bv|
05. RvZxq wbe©vP‽b ‼h `j me‽P‽q ‼ewk Avmb cvq, ZvivB Avevi AvbycvwZK nv‽i me‽P‽q ‼ewk msiwÿZ Avm‽bi gvwjK
nq| GUv A‽bKUv ÿgZvevb‽K AviI ÿgZvwqZ Kivi GKUv Kv‽q`v|
 †hme BwZevPK ms¯‹vi cÖ‡qvRb:
01. 33% bvix cÖv_©x: msm‽`i g~j Avmb msL¨v 300 Gi m‽½ msiwÿZ 50wU‽K wewfbœ ‼Rjvq fvM K‽i me `j Kgc‽ÿ
33% bvix cÔv_©x cÔ`vb| ZLb ‼`Lv hv‽e msm‽` bvix‽`i cÔwZwbwaZ¡ evo‽e Ges mivmwi wbe©vwPZ n‽q Avmvi d‽j Zv‽`i
gh©v`v I ¸iæZ¡ evo‽e|
 Basic View  Constitution  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 3
02. KwgwU‡Z 33% bvix m`m¨: MYcÔwZwbwaZ¡ Av‽`k 1972 ms‽kvab K‽i 2008 mv‽j weavb Kiv nq 2020mv‽ji g‽a¨
wbewÜZ me `‽ji cÔ‽Z¨K ¯Í‽ii KwgwU‽Z 1/3 bvix m`m¨ ivL‽Z n‽e| ‼mB weavb msm` wbe©vP‽bi g‽bvbqb ‼ÿ‽Î
cÔ‽qvM Ki‽Z n‽e|
03. ivR‰bwZK ÿgZvqb: msweavb ms¯‹vi Kwgk‽bi mycvwik ev¯ÍevqbÑ 400 Avm‽bi g‽a¨ bvix‽`i Rb¨ wba©vwiZ 100
Avm‽b N~Y©vqgvb c×wZ‽Z wbe©vP‽bi weavb| wbe©vwPZ nIqvi d‽j ivR‰bwZK ÿgZvqb‽K kw³kvjx Ki‽e|
04. bvixevÜe bxwZgvjv cÖYqb: msiwÿZ m`m¨iv `jxq G‽RÛv ev¯Íevq‽b g‽bv‽hvMx bv n‽q bvixevÜe bxwZgvjv cÔYqb I
ev¯Íevq‽b Zv‽`i f~wgKv we¯Í…Z Kiv DwPZ|
05. wbe©vPbx e¨q üm: wbe©vPbx e¨q Kgv‽Z n‽e| wbe©vPb Kwgkb wbqg Abyhvqx, GKRb cÔv_©x ‼fvUvicÔwZ 10 UvKv LiP
Ki‽Z cvi‽eb| evsjv‽`‽ki cÔwZ Avm‽b M‽o cÔvq 4 jvL 12 nvRvi ‼fvUvi i‽q‽Qb| GB wn‽m‽e, GKRbcÔv_xi Rb¨
cÔvq 41 jvL UvKv e¨q cÔ‽qvRb| GZ eo A‽¼i LiP enb Kiv AwaKvsk bvix cÔv_©xi c‽ÿ cÔvq Am¤¢e|
06. Critical Mass Theory: ¯‹¨vwÛ‽bwfqvb ‼`k¸‽jv ÕCritical Mass TheoryÓ AbymiY K‽i msm‽` bvix‽`i Kvh©Ki
AskMÔnY wbwðZ K‽i‽Q| Avgv‽`i ‼`‽kI AbymiY Kiv ‼h‽Z cv‽i|
07. bvix †bZ…Z¡ weKv‡k c`‡ÿc MÖnY: cÔZ¨šÍ AÂ‽j bvix ‼bZ…Z¡ weKv‽k D‽`¨vM MÔnY Kiv|
Note: Critical Mass Theory: wµwUKvj gvm w_Iwi (Critical Mass Theory) n‽jv Ggb GKwU aviYv hv e¨vL¨v K‽i Kxfv‽e
GKwU wbw`©ó msL¨K gvbyl ev m¤ú` GKwU wm‽÷‽g ‼UKmB cwieZ©b ev cÔfve m⁂wó Ki‽Z cv‽i| GwU mvgvwRK Av‽›`vjb,
‼bUIqvK© cÔfve Ges ‼Mvôx MwZkxjZvi ‼‿‽Î cÔ‽hvR¨| hLb GKwU wbw`©ó msL¨K e¨w³ (Critical Mass) GKwU j‽‿¨
AskMÔnY K‽i, ZLb GKwU wUwcs c‽q›U ˆZwi nq, hv eo ai‽bi cwieZ©‽bi c_ myMg K‽i|
D`vniY: iæqvÛvi msm‽` 60% Gi ‼ewk bvix cÔwZwbwa i‽q‽Q, hv Critical Mass AwZµg K‽i‽Q| d‽j bvixi AwaKvi,
wk‿v I ¯^v‽¯'¨i ‼‿‽Î D‽jøL‽hvM¨ AMÔMwZ n‽q‽Q|
 msweav‡b bvixi AwaKvi:
19(3) RvZxq Rxe‽bi m‽ev©cwi gwnjv‽`i AskMÔnY I my‽hv‽Mi mgZv wbwðZ Kiv|
27 mKj bvMwiK AvB‽bi `⁂wó‽Z mgvb Ges AvB‽bi AvkÔq jv‽fi AwaKvix|
28(1) ‼Kej ag©, ‼Mvôx, eY©, bvixcyiæl‽f‽` ev Rb¥¯'v‽bi Kvi‽Y ‼Kv‽bv bvMwi‽Ki cÔwZ ivóª ˆelg¨ Ki‽e bv
28(2) ivóª I MYRxe‽bi me©¯Í‽i bvixcyiæl mgvb AwaKvi jvf K‽ib|
‼Kej, ag©, ‼Mvôx, eY©, bvix cyiæl‽f‽` ev Rb¥¯'v‽bi Kvi‽Y Rbmvai‽Yi ‼Kvb we‽bv`b ev wekÔv‽gi
28(3) ¯'v‽b cÔ‽e‽ki wKsev wkÿvcÔwZôv‽bi fwZ©i wel‽q ‼Kv‽bv bvMwiK‽K ‼Kv‽bviƒc AÿgZv,
eva¨evaKZv, evav ev k‽Z©i Aaxb Kiv hv‽e bv|
bvix I wkï‽`i AbyK~‽j wKsev bvMwiK‽`i ‼h‽Kvb AbMÔmi As‽ki AMÔMwZi Rb¨ we‽kl weavb cÔYqb
28(4)
n‽Z GB GB Aby‽⁃Q‽`i ‼Kvb wKQzB ivóª‽K wbe⁂Ë Ki‽e bv|
29(1) cÔRvZ‽š¿i K‽g© wb‽qvM ev c`jv‽fi ‼ÿ‽Î mKj bvMwi‽Ki Rb¨ my‽hv‽Mi mgZv _vK‽e|
‼Kej ag©, ‼Mvôx, eY©, bvix-cyiæl‽f‽` ev Rb¥¯'v‽bi Kvi‽Y ‼Kvb bvMwiK cÔRvZ‽š¿i K‽g© wb‽qvM ev
29(2)
c`jv‽fi A‽hvM¨ n‽eb bv wKsev ‼h ‼ÿ‽Î Zuvi cÔwZ ˆelg¨ cÔ`k©b Kiv hv‽e bv|
bvixi Rb¨ msm‽` 50wU Avmb msiwÿZ ivLv n‽q‽Q Ges G avivi Aax‽b ¯'vbxq kvmb msµvšÍ
65(3)
cÔwZôvbmg~‽n bvixi cÔwZwbwaZ¡ wbwðZ Kiv n‽q‽Q|

AvBb I Aa¨v‡`‡ki g‡a¨ cv_©K¨| Aa¨v‡`k KLb AvB‡b cwiYZ nq?

mvaviYfv‽e AvBb cÔYq‽bi ÿgZv RvZxq msm‽`i| wKš` we‽kl ‼ÿ‽Î AvBb cÔYq‽bi ÿgZv wbe©vnx wefv‽Mi i‽q‽Q ‼mwU Aa¨v‽`k|
msm` Awa‽ekb ïiæ nIqvi 30 w`‽bi g‽a¨ Aa¨v‽`k‽K AvB‽b iƒcvšÍi Ki‽Z nq bZzev evwZj n‽q hvq|
AvBb Aa¨v‡`k
AvBb cÔYqb K‽i RvZxq msm` Aa¨v‽`k cÔYqb/Rvwi K‽ibÑ ivóªcwZ
msm‽` wej AvKv‽i ‼h cÔ¯Íve cvk nq ZvB nj msm‽` Awa‽ekb bv _vK‽j A_ev msm` wejyß _vK‽j
4 Basic View  Constitution  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
AvBb Riæwi cwiw¯'wZ ‼gvKv‽ejvi Rb¨ ivóªcwZ ‼h AvBb cÔYqb/
Rvwi K‽ib Zv Aa¨v‽`k|
AvBb msm‽` cvk nIqvi ci ivóªcwZi Aa¨v‽`k ivóªcwZ cÔYqb K‽ib ZvB Aby‽gv`b Kivi
Aby‽gv`b cÔ‽qvRb c‽i cÔ‽qvRb c‽o bv|
msweav‽b 80 Aby‽⁃Q‽` AvBbcÔYqb c×wZ msweav‽bi 93 Aby‽⁃Q‽` Aa¨v‽`k cÔYqb ÿgZv m¤ú©‽K
m¤ú‽K© ejv n‽q‽Q| ejv n‽q‽Q|
D`vniY: D`vniY:
1. Z_¨ I ‼hvMv‽hvM cÔhyw³ AvBbÑ 2006 1. bvix I wkï wbh©vZb `gb(ms‽kvab) Aa¨v‽`kÑ 2000
2. mš¿vm we‽ivax AvBbÑ 2009 2. f~wgms¯‹vi Aa¨v‽`kÑ 1984

evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 70 avivq Avcwb Kx ai‡bi ms¯‹vi cÖ¯Íve Ki‡eb?

msweav‡bi 70 Aby‡”Q`: ‼Kv‽bv wbe©vP‽b ‼Kv‽bv ivR‰bwZK `‽ji cÔv_©xiƒ‽c g‽bvbxZ nBqv ‼Kvb e¨w³ msm`-m`m¨
ivR‰bwZK `j nB‽Z wbe©vwPZ n‽j wZwb hw`Ñ
c`Z¨vM ev `‽ji wec‽ÿ K) D³ `j n‽Z c`Z¨vM K‽ib, A_ev
‼fvU`v‽bi Kvi‽Y Avmb L) msm‽` D³ `‽ji wec‽ÿ ‼fvU`vb K‽ib, Zvn‽j msm‽` Zvi Avmb k~b¨ nB‽e, Z‽e
k~b¨ nIqv| wZwb ‼mB Kvi‽Y cieZ©x ‼Kvb wbe©vP‽b msm` m`m¨ nevi A‽hvM¨ n‽eb bv|

 70 Aby‡”Q‡`i c‡ÿ:
01. msm`xq c×wZi miKv‽i `j Z¨v‽Mi Kvi‽Y w¯'wZkxj miKvi MVb Kiv hvq bv, d‽j ‼`‽ki Kvw⁀ÿZ Dbœqb e¨vnZ nq|
02. 70 Aby‽⁃Q` ms‽hvR‽bi HwZnvwmK ‼cÔÿvcUÑ hy³d«›U miKvi ‼ewk w`b wU‽K _vK‽Z cv‽iwb| Gi Ab¨Zg KviY wQj
msm` m`m¨iv `‽ji weiæ‽× ‼fvU w`‽Z cvi‽Zb| ïiæ nq UvKv w`‽q msm` m`m¨‽`i ‼fvU ‼Kbv‽ePv| hv‽K msm`xq
fvlvq Horse-Trading ejv nq| Zuviv G‽KK mgq G‽KK Ae¯'vb wb‽Zb| d‽j wekvj msL¨vMwiôZv _vK‽jI hy³d«›U
miKvi ‼U‽Kwb|
03. `jZ¨v‽Mi gva¨‽g wbe©vwPZ `‽ji mv‽_ cÔZviYv Kiv nq, `jxq ivRbxwZ‽Z wek⁂⁀Ljv ‼`Lv ‼`q; miKvi `j cwiPvjbvq
eva¨MÖ¯Í nq|
04. wewfbœ e¨emvqx I Kv‽qwg ‼Mvôx msm` m`¨m¨‽`i A_© cÔ`vb K‽i wej cvm GgbwK ev‽RU cvmI ‼VwK‽q w`‽Z cv‽i|
05. msweavb Aby‽⁃Q` 70 ms‽hvRb wel‽q Av‽jvPbvi GKch©v‽q msweavb cÔYqb KwgwUi cÔavb W. Kvgvj ‼nv‽mb MYcwil`‽K
Rvbvb, msm`xq MYZ‽š¿i Rb¨ GKwU myk⁂⁀Lj ÕParty SystemÓ _vKv `iKvi|
 70 Aby‡”Q‡`i wec‡ÿ hyw³:
01. evnvËi mv‡jB AvcwË:
KwgwUi ‼Rô¨Zg m`m¨ nv‽dR nvexeyi ingvb 70 Aby‽⁃Q` wb‽q AvcwË Rvbvb| wZwb G wel‽q msweavb we‽ji m‽½
Note of Decent ‼`b| ïay wZwb GKv bb msweavb cÔYqb KwgwUi AviI 4 m`m¨ (Avmv`y¾vgvb Lvb, G ‼K ‼gvkviid
‼nv‽mb AvK›`, Avãyj gyšÍvKxg ‼P×ayix I myiwÃZ ‼mb¸ß) 70 Aby‽⁃Q‽`i we‽ivwaZv K‽ib|
Ñ [The daily Star evsjv]
02. 70 Aby‽⁃Q` msweav‽bi Z…Zxq fv‽M ewY©Z ‼g×wjK AwaKv‽ii m‽½ Am¤¢e Ges GwU msm` m`m¨‽`i wPšÍv I we‽e‽Ki
¯^vaxbZv‽K Le© K‽i|
03. m`m¨c` evwZ‽ji G ai‽bi e¨e¯'vi d‽j `jxq GKbvqKZš¿ Ges `‽ji ‼bZvi GKbvqKZš¿ cÔwZôv cvq|
04. `j KZ©⁂K ewn¯‹v‽ii Kvi‽Y msm` m`m¨ evwZ‽ji Ggb GKwU N⁂Y¨ weavb 1wU `‽ji g‽a¨I A‽bK Ø›Ø I APjve¯'vi m⁂wó
Ki‽e|
05. A¨vU©wb ‼Rbv‽ij ‼gvt Avmv`y¾vgvbÑ msweav‽bi 70 Aby‽⁃Q‽`i Kvi‽YB Kvh©Z evsjv‽`‽ki AvBb wefvM, kvmb wefvM I
wePvi wefvM GK e¨w³i wbqš¿‽Y P‽j ‼M‽Q|
06. `jxq wm×v‽šÍi evB‽i wM‽q ‼Kv‽bv Rb¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‽qI gZvgZ w`‽Z cv‽ib bv|
2024 mv‽ji 23 A‽±vei msweav‽bi 70 Aby‽⁃Q‽`i ˆeaZv P¨v‽jà K‽i wiU `v‽qi K‽ib mywcÔg ‼Kv‽U©i AvBbRxex A¨vW‽fv‽KU
BDbyQ Avjx AvK›`|
 Basic View  Constitution  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 5
 70 Aby‡”Q` ms¯‹vi cÖ¯Íve:
evsjv‽`‽ki we`¨gvb ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯'wZ we‽ePbvq msweavb ‼_‽K 70 Aby‽⁃Q` evwZj Kiv n‽j wn‽Z wecixZ nIqvi Avk¼v
i‽q‽Q|
01. ivR‰bwZK `j¸‽jv‽K AviI MYZvwš¿K n‽Z n‽e| `j MYZvwš¿K n‽j, mgv‽jvPbv mn¨ Kivi ms¯‹…wZ M‽o Zzj‽j Gi cÖfve
¯^vfvweKfv‽eB msm‽` co‽e| GKmgq AvgivI BD‽ivc-Av‽gwiKvi g‽Zv e¨e¯'v ‼`Le, ‼hLv‽b msm` m`m¨iv RbM‽Yi
B⁃Qvi cÔwZdjb NwU‽q `jxq I e¨w³MZ msKxY©Zvi evB‽i wM‽q ‼`‽ki ¯^v‽_©i cÔ‽qvR‽b `‽ji wec‽ÿ ‼fvU w`‽eb| wKš`
ivZvivwZ BD‽ivc-Av‽gwiKv evbv‽Z ‼M‽j ‼`‽k ivR‰bwZK Aw¯'wZkxjZv ˆZwi n‽e|
02. msweavb ms¯‹vi Kwgk‽bi mycvwi‽k A_©wej e¨ZxZ wb¤œK‽ÿi m`m¨ Zv‽`i g‽bvbqbKvix `‽ji we‽cÿ ‼fvU ‼`Iqvi c~Y©
ÿgZv _vK‽e|
03. `jZ¨vM (Floor-Crossing) AvUKv‽bv wQj 70 Aby‽⁃Q‽`i cÔv_wgK D‽Ïk¨, wKš` Kvh©Z Gi cÔfve GB D‽Ïk¨ Qvwc‽q
wM‽q‽Q| ZvB 70 Aby‽⁃Q` ¯úkKvZi cÔwZiÿv miKvi MVb, ev‽RU Aby‽gv`b I Abv¯'v cÔ¯ÍveÒ G 3wU ‼ÿ‽Î mxgve×
Kiv| G‽Z msm` AviI ‼ewk kw³kvjx I Kvh©Ki n‽e|
04. 70 Aby‽⁃Q` evwZj ‼P‽q Kiv wiU Av‽e`‽b ejv nqÑ 70 Aby‽⁃Q` msweav‽bi ‼g×wjK KvVv‽gv 7(1), 11, 19 (1.3),
26(1), 27, 119(1), 142 I 149 Aby‽⁃Q` cwicš'x| ZvB Gme Aby‽⁃Q` myiwÿZ K‽i ms¯‹vi Ki‽Z n‽e|

I‡q÷ wgwb÷vi msm` bvwK cÖwZwbwaZ¡ nv‡ii Av‡jv‡K msm` MVb †KvbwU‡K mg_©b K‡ib? †Kb?
 I‡q÷wgb÷vi msm`xq e¨e¯’v:
I‽q÷wgb÷vi c×wZ hy³iv‽R¨i msm`xq e¨e¯'v ‼_‽K Drcbœ, hv First-past-the-post (FPTP) wbe©vPb c×wZ e¨envi
K‽i| GB c×wZ‽Z cÔwZwU wbe©vPbx GjvKv ‼_‽K m‽e©v⁃P ‼fvUcÔvß cÔv_©x Rqx nb|
myweav:
1. w¯’wZkxj miKvi:
GB c×wZ mvaviYZ GKwU `j‽K ¯úó msL¨vMwiôZv ‼`q, d‽j miKvi MVb mnR I w¯'wZkxj nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc,
2019 mv‽j hy³iv‽R¨i mvaviY wbe©vP‽b KbRvi‽fwUf cvwU© 43.6% ‼fvU ‼c‽q 650 Avm‽bi g‽a¨ 365wU
wR‽Z GKwU kw³kvjx miKvi MVb K‽i|
2. `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY:
msL¨vMwiô `‽ji wbqš¿Y _vKvq AvBb cÔYqb `ªæZ nq| ‼hgb, ‼eªw‾U cÔwµqvq hy³ivR¨ miKvi `ªæZ wm×všÍ wb‽Z
m‿g n‽qwQj|
3. mivmwi cÖwZwbwaZ¡:
cÖwZwU GjvKvi GKRb wbw`©ó msm` m`m¨ (MP) _v‽Kb, whwb ¯'vbxq RbM‽Yi m‽½ mivmwi ‼hvMv‽hvM iv‽Lb|
Amyweav:
1. †fv‡Ui AcPq:
hviv weRqx cÔv_©xi c‽‿ ‼fvU ‼`bwb, Zv‽`i ‼fvU Kvh©Z AcÔwZwbwaZ¡ ‼_‽K hvq| 2019 mv‽j ‼jevi cvwU© 32.1%
‼fvU ‼c‽qI gvÎ 202wU Avmb cvq, hv Zv‽`i ‼fv‽Ui Abycv‽Zi Zzjbvq Kg|
2. †QvU `‡ji AcÖwZwbwaZ¡:
wjev‽ij ‼W‽gvµ¨vUiv 11.5% ‼fvU ‼c‽qI gvÎ 11wU Avmb cvq, hv Zv‽`i RbwcÔqZvi m‽½ m½wZc~Y© bq|
4. GKK `‡ji AvwacZ¨:
GwU wØ-`jxq e¨e¯'v‽K DrmvwnZ K‽i, hv ˆewPΨgq gZvgZ‽K cÔwZdwjZ Ki‽Z e¨_© nq|
 AvbycvwZK cÖwZwbwaZ¡ (PR) msm`:
AvbycvwZK cÖwZwbwaZ¡ ev Proportional Representation (PR) wfwËK msm` GB c×wZ‽Z `j¸‽jv ‼h cwigvY ‼fvU
cvq, Zvi Abycv‽Z Avmb eÈb Kiv nq| Rvg©vwb, myB‽Wb ev wbDwRj¨v‽Ûi g‽Zv ‼`‽k GwU cÔPwjZ|
myweav:
1. b¨vh¨ cÖwZwbwaZ¡:
6 Basic View  Constitution  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
cÔwZwU ‼fv‽Ui g~j¨ _v‽K| D`vniY¯^iƒc, 2021 mv‽j Rvg©vwbi ey‽›`÷vM wbe©vP‽b SPD 25.7% ‼fvU ‼c‽q
206 Avmb, CDU/CSU 24.1% ‼fv‽U 197 Avmb Ges Green Party 14.8% ‼fv‽U 118 Avmb cvq|
‼fv‽Ui m‽½ Avm‽bi AbycvZ cÔvq mgvb|
2. ˆewPΨgq gZvgZ:
‼QvU `j¸‽jv msm‽` cÔ‽e‽ki my‽hvM cvq| Rvg©vwb‽Z FDP (11.5%) Ges AfD (10.3%) DfqB h_vh_
cÔwZwbwaZ¡ ‼c‽q‽Q|
3. mg‡SvZvg~jK kvmb:
miKvi MV‽bi Rb¨ `j¸‽jvi g‽a¨ ‼RvU MVb cÔ‽qvRb, hv mg‽SvZv I mn‽hvwMZv‽K DrmvwnZ K‽i|
Rvg©vwb‽Z 2021 mv‽j SPD, Greens Ges FDP GKwU ‼RvU miKvi MVb K‽i|
Amyweav:
1. Aw¯’wZkxjZv:
‼RvU miKvi cÔvqB f½yi nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, BZvwj‽Z PR c×wZi Kvi‽Y 1945 mv‽ji ci ‼_‽K 60wUiI
‼ewk miKvi MwVZ n‽q‽Q, hvi Mo ‼gqv` 1-2 eQi|
2. axi wm×všÍ MÖnY:
‼Rv‽Ui g‽a¨ g‰Z‽K¨i Afv‽e bxwZ cÔYqb wejw¤^Z n‽Z cv‽i| Rvg©vwb‽Z 2017 mv‽ji wbe©vP‽bi ci miKvi
MV‽b cÔvq 6 gvm ‼j‽MwQj|
3. ¯’vbxq cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i Afve:
wbw`©ó GjvKvi Rb¨ wbw`©ó msm` m`m¨ bv _vKvq ¯'vbxq mgm¨v D‽cw‿Z n‽Z cv‽i|
Zzjbv:
1. cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i w`K †_‡K: cÔwZwbwa‽Z¡i w`K ‼_‽K PR c×wZ I‽q÷wgb÷v‽ii ‼P‽q fv‽jv KviY GwU ‼fv‽Ui
Abycv‽Z Avmb eÈb K‽i, hv ˆewPΨgq mgv‽Ri Rb¨ Dc‽hvMx| evsjv‽`‽ki g‽Zv ‼`‽k, ‼hLv‽b
I‽q÷wgb÷vi c×wZ (FPTP) e¨eüZ nq, 2024 mv‽ji wbe©vP‽b AvIqvgx jxM 70% Avmb wRZ‽jI ‼fvUvi
Dcw¯'wZ wQj gvÎ 40% GwU Rbg‽Zi c~Y© cÔwZdjb bvI n‽Z cv‽i|
2. w¯’wZkxjZvi w`K †_‡K: w¯'wZkxjZvi w`K ‼_‽K I‽q÷wgb÷vi c×wZ PR-Gi ‼P‽q fv‽jv KviY GwU GKK
`‽ji kvmb wbwðZ K‽i| hy³iv‽R¨ GwU `xN©‽gqv`x bxwZ ev¯Íevq‽b mdj, ‼hgb: NHS (National Health
Service) cÖwZôv|
3. ¯’vbxq cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i w`K †_‡K: ¯'vbxq cÔwZwbwaZ¡ I‽q÷wgb÷v‽i ¯'vbxq MP-‼`i f⁁wgKv PR-Gi Zzjbvq
kw³kvjx| ‼Kvb ai‽bi miKvi cÔ‽qvRb Zv wbf©i K‽i ‼`‽ki ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK ‼cÔ‿vc‽Ui
Ici| hy³iv‽R¨i g‽Zv HwZn¨evnx I wØ-`jxq mgv‽R I‽q÷wgb÷vi Dc‽hvMx, ‼hLv‽b w¯'wZkxjZv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
Ab¨w`‽K, Rvg©vwbi g‽Zv eû-`jxq I ˆewPΨgq mgv‽R PR ‼ewk b¨vh¨ I Kvh©Ki| evsjv‽`‽ki g‽Zv
Dbœqbkxj ‼`‽k PR-Gi gva¨‽g we‽ivax`j¸‽jvi cÔwZwbwaZ¡ evo‽Z cv‽i, Z‽e w¯'wZkxjZvi Rb¨
I‽q÷wgb÷vi c×wZ eZ©gv‽b e¨eüZ n‽⁃Q| myZivs, Df‽qiB kw³ I `ye©jZv Av‽Q| cQ›`wU j‽‿¨i Ici
wbf©i K‽i|

AšÍeZ©xKvjxb miKviÑ 2024 Gi MVb wjLyb| AšÍeZ©xKvjxb miKv‡ii P¨v‡jÄmg~n Kx Kx?

msweavb ms‽kva‽bi gva¨‽g ZË¡veavqK miKvi e¨e¯'v D‽V hvIqvi ci wbe©vwPZ GK miKvi ‼_‽K Av‽iK miKv‽i hvIqvi weavbB
i‽q‽Q msweav‽b| G‾UªvAwW©bvwi wmPz‽qk‽b miKvi MV‽bi ‼ÿ‽Î GUv‽K ˆeaZv ‼`Iqvi mvsweavwbK ixwZ Av‽Q, wbqg Av‽QÑ ‼mUv
Abymib Kiv n‽e| 2024 mv‽ji AšÍeZ©xKvjxb miKvi ‼Kvb AvB‽bi wfwË‽Z MwVZ nqwb| MwVZ n‽q‽Q RvwZms‽Ni AvBb Kwgk‽b
Doctrine of Necessity (wecøe; Afz¨Ðvb ev msKUKvjxb cÔ‽qvRb miKvi MVb cÔwµqv) Av‽jv‽K| MYAfz¨Ðvb ‼Kv‽bv AvBb bq|
msweav‽bi ‼Kv_vI MYAfz¨Ðvb ‼bB| Z‽e MYAfz¨Ðv‽b hviv Rqjvf K‽i, Zv‽`i B‽⁃Q g‽Zv mewKQz n‽e| ‼h B⁃Qv Zviv Ki‽e ‼mUv
AvB‽b hvIqvi my‽hvM Av‽Q| ‼mUv c‽i AvB‽b Re-define (cybivq msÁvwqZ) Ki‽Z n‽e| ‼mwU msweavb Abyhvqx dig Ki‽Z nq|
 Basic View  Constitution  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 7
û‽mBb gynv¤§` Gikv‽`i cZ‽bi ci wZb ‼Rv‽Ui iƒc‽iLvi wfwË‽Z 1991 mv‽j ZrKvjxb ZË¡veavqK miKvi MwVZ n‽qwQj&
cieZ©x‽Z 1991 mv‽j 5g msm` wbe©vP‽b GKv`k ms‽kvabxi gva¨‽g mvnveywÏb miKvi‽K ˆeaZv ‼`Iqv n‽qwQj| wVK 2024 mv‽j
WKwUªb Ae ‼b‽mwmwUi gva¨‽g AšÍeZ©xKvjxb miKvi‽K ˆeaZv ‼`Iqv n‽e 18Zg ms‽kvabxi gva¨‽g| Avwmd bRiæ‽ji g‽ZÑ
ÕAvgiv GKUv G‾UªvAwW©bvwi wmPz‽qk‽bi g‽a¨ GB miKvi MVb Ki‽Z hvw⁃Q|Ò
 AšÍeZ©xKvjxb miKv‡ii Aa¨v‡`kÑ 2024 (11 AvM÷, 2024):
1. miKv‽ii wmavšÍ Av`vj‽Z P¨v‽jà Kiv hv‽e ev A‰ea ‼NvlYv Kiv hv‽e bv|
2. ‼gqv` wbw`ó bv K‽i ejv n‽q‽Q, Î‽qv`k msm‽` cÔavbgš¿x wb‽qvM bv Kiv ch©šÍ
3. wbe©vnx ÿgZv cÔ‽qvM, Riæwi Ae¯'v ‼NvlYvq cÔavb Dc‽`óvi civgk© ‼bIqv
4. AšÍeZ©x miKv‽ii ÿgZv I `vwqZ¡| GQvov cÔavb Dc‽`óv I Dc‽`óv‽`i c`gh©v`v Zuv‽`i my‽hvM-myweav Ab¨vb¨
Avbylvw½K welq|

 AšÍeZ©x miKviÑ 2024:

 kc_ MÖnY : 8 AvM÷, 2024
 kc_ covb : gnvgvb¨ ivóªcwZ ‼gvnv¤§` mvnveywÏb (3q Zdwmj Abymv‽i)
 kc_ Abyôvb cwiPvjbv K‽ib : ‼gvnv¤§` gvneye ‼nv‽mb (ZrKvjxb gwš¿cwil` mwPe)
 cÔavb Dc‽`óv : W. gynv¤§` BDb~m
 ‼gvU Dc‽`óv : 23 Rb (cÔavb Dc‽`óvmn)
 bvix Dc‽`óv : 4 Rb
 AšÍeZ©xKvjxb miKv‡ii P¨v‡jÄmg~n:
01. wbe©vPbx cÖwµqvi myôz I ¯^”Q Av‡qvRb:
QvÎ Av‽›`vj‽bi Ab¨Zg `vwe wQj 1wU myôz, wbi‽cÿ Ges MÔnY‽hvM¨ wbe©vP‽bi Av‽qvRb Kiv| KviY wbe©vPbx cÔwµqv wb‽q
Rbg‽b GKwU Mfxi Awek^vm i‽q‽Q|
02. A_©‰bwZK P¨v‡jÄ I fvimvg¨:
i. 2024Ñ25 A_©eQ‽ii cÔ_g 6 gv‽m ˆe‽`wkK wewb‽qvM K‽g‽QÑ 71.37%
ii. RvZxq ivR¯^ ‼ev‽W©i (NBR) Gi Z_¨vbyhvqx,
iii. 2024-25 A_©eQ‽ii cÔ_g 6 gv‽m ivR¯^ Av`v‽q jÿ¨gvÎvi Zzjbvq 58 nvRvi ‼KvwU UvKvi NvUwZ i‽q‽Q&
iv. 2024Ñ25 A_©eQ‽ii cÔ_g 4 gv‽m ‼emiKvwi Lv‽Z F‽Yi cÔe⁂w×i nvi `uvwo‽q‽QÑ 7.66% ‼mLv‽b gy`ªvbxwZ‽Z
jÿ¨gvÎvÑ 9.8%
v. PjwZ A_©eQ‽ii cÔ_g 6 gv‽m miKv‽ii wbU e¨vsKFY `uvwo‽q‽QÑ 14 nvRvi 643 ‼KvwU UvKv|
03. RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨vkv c~iY:
i. AšÍe©Z©x miKv‽ii 100 w`b Dcj‽ÿ International Crisis Group (ICG) ÒA New era in Bangladesh? The
First Hundread Days of ReformÒ kxl©K cÔwZ‽e`b cÔKvk Kiv n‽q‽Q| G‽Z ejv n‽q‽Q,
ÒRbM‽Yi AvKvkPz¤^x cÔZ¨vkv c~iY Kiv AšÍe©Z©x miKv‽ii Rb¨ weivU GK P¨v‽jÃ|Ó
ii. `xN© ‼gqv‽` ms¯‹vi cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb Ki‽Z n‽j Rbmg_©b a‽i ivL‽Z n‽e AšÍeZ©x miKvi‽K|
04. K~U‰bwZK m¤ú©‡K gv_ve¨_v fviZ Avi wgqvbgvi:
 evsjv‽`‽ki m‽½ mxgvšÍeZ©x GjvKv¸‽jv AvivKvb Avwg© `L‽j ‼bqv wbe©vwPZ miKvi Qvov ‼`kwUi m‽½ evsjv‽`‽ki
m¤ú©‽Ki MwZc_ wba©viY ‼ek KwVb n‽e e‽jB gZ we‽kølK‽`i|
 AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú©K wefv‽Mi Aa¨vcK Av‽gbv gnwmb wewewm evsjv‽K e‽jb,
Õevsjv‽`‽ki msL¨vjNy Bmy¨ Ges ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯'wZ fviZ wbweofv‽e ch©‽eÿY Ki‽e Ges
‼hLv‽b Uvbv ‼cv‽ob _vK‽e|Ò
05. AvBb k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZ:
i. AvBb I mvwjk ‼K‽›`ªi (AvmK) Z_¨ AbyhvqxÑ 2025 mv‽ji ïay Rvbyqvwi‽Z me nvgjvi wkKvi n‽q‽Qb 16
Rb, 39 Rb bvix I wkï al©‽Yi wkKvi n‽q‽Q|
ii. Avm‽Ki g‽ZÑ 2024 mv‽j MYwcUzbx‽Z wbnZ n‽q‽QÑ 128 Rb|
8 Basic View  Constitution  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
iii. gvbevwaKvi ms¯‹…wZ dvD‽Ûk‽bi Z_¨ Abyhvqx MZ 6 gv‽m evsjv‽`‽k MYwcUzwb‽Z wbnZ n‽q‽QbÑ 121 Rb
06. Mv‡g©›Um LvZ:
i. weMZ 7 gv‡m eÜ n‡q‡Q:
†Rjv eÜ nIqv KviLvbv
MvRxcyi 54wU
mvfvi (XvKv) 18wU
bvivqYMÄ 23wU
biwms`x 95wU
ii. KviLvb¸‽jv eÜ nIqvq cÔvq 62 nvRvi Kg©Pvix Avw_©K KvR nvwi‽q‽Qb|
[PZz_© Aa¨vq I 9g Aa¨vq ‼_‽K evwK Ask co※b]

evsjv‡`‡ki MYZvwš¿K ev¯ÍeZvq ZË¡veavqK miKvi Riæwi wK bv?

Avwcj wefvM KZ©⁂K cÂ`k ms‽kvabx evwZj ‼NvlYvi ci AvMvgx RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb wb`©jxq ZË¡veavqK miKv‽ii Aax‽b
Av‽qvwRZ nIqvi welqwU ¸iæ‽Z¡i m‽½ D⁃PvwiZ n‽⁃Q| ‼`‽ki cÔvq cÔwZwU ivR‰bwZK `jB Pv‽⁃Q, AvMvgx RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb
ZË¡veavqK miKv‽ii Aax‽b AbywôZ ‼nvK| weMZ AvIqvgxjxM miKv‽ii Avg‽j ‼h 3wU RvZxq wbe©vPb AbywôZ n‽q‽Q, Zvi wZ³
AwfÁZv ‼_‽K GLb me ivR‰bwZK `j GKgZ n‽q‽Q ‼h, AvMvgx RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb ‼Kv‽bvfv‽eB `jxq miKv‽ii Aax‽b
AbywôZ n‽Z ‼`Iqv hv‽e bv|
 ZË¡veavqK miKvi †hme Kvi‡Y Riæwi evsjv‡`‡ki MYZvwš¿K ev¯ÍeZvq:
01. wb`©jxq PwiÎ:
G miKv‽ii cÔavb Dc‽`óv I Dc‽`óviv `jxq cwiPqavix e¨w³Z¡ bv nIqvq Zviv ‼Kv‽bv we‽kl `‽ji c‽ÿ KvR K‽ib
bv| Zv‽`i Kv‽Q me `jB mgvb| me `‽ji cÔwZ G miKvi mgvb AvPiY Ki‽Z cv‽i| wbe©vPbx cÔPviYv, wbe©vPwb
AvPviYwewa ev¯Íevqb Ges wbe©vPb mswkøó KvR¸‽jv G miKvi cÿcvwZZ¡ cwinvi K‽i ‼ckv`vi‽Z¡i m‽½ Ki‽Z cv‽i| G
Rb¨ wbe©vP‽b AskMÔnYKvix `j, cÔv_©x I ‼fvUiiv G miKv‽ii Aax‽b AbywôZ wbe©vP‽b ¯^vaxbfv‽e Zv‽`i f~wgKv cvjb
Ki‽Z cv‽i|
02. wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi ¯^vaxbZv:
wbe©vPb cwiPvjbv K‽i wbe©vPb Kwgkb| Kwgkb `jxq miKv‽ii Aax‽b ¯^v⁃Q‽›`¨i m‽½ KvR Ki‽Z cv‽i bv| A‽bK
‼ÿ‽ÎB wbe©vPb Kwgkb‽K miKvwi `‽ji A‽NvwlZ wb‽`©kbv ‼g‽b KvR Ki‽Z nq| Gi d‽j wbe©vPb cÿcvZgy³ nq bv|
KviY, A‽bK ‼ÿ‽ÎB ‼e‽Q ‼e‽Q ÿgZvmxb miKv‽ii bZRvby ai‽bi e¨w³Z¡‽K wbe©vPb Kwgk‽b my‽K×k‽j wb‽qvM ‼`Iqv
nq| G‽`i A‽b‽KB wewfbœ miKvwi c‽` PvKwi K‽i Av‽mb| d‽j Zv‽`i m‽½ miKv‽ii 1wU A`⁂k¨ ‼evSvcov _v‽K| wKš`
wb`©jxq A¯'vqx ZË¡veavqK miKvivax‽b wbe©vPb Kwgkb ¯^vaxbfv‽e ‼ckv`vwi‽Z¡i m‽½ KvR Ki‽Z cv‽i| Gi d‽j wbe©vPb
fv‽jv nq|
03. K‡Vvi wm×všÍ MÖnY:
`jxq miKvi ÿgZvq _vKv Ae¯'vq wbe©vPb n‽j H miKvi `yb©xwZevR‽`i K‽Vvifv‽e `gb Ki‽Z cv‽i bv| wbR `jxq
K¨vWvi‽`i weiæ‽× e¨e¯'v wb‽Z Mwogwm K‽i| d‽j mš¿vmx Ges `yb©xwZevRiv `jxq miKvivax‽b AbywôZ wbe©vP‽b `yb©xwZ
Ki‽Z fq cvq bv| Z‽e wbe©vPb ZË¡veavqK miKv‽ii Aax‽b n‽j mš¿vmx Ges `yb©xwZKvix‽`i cÔwZ miKvi wR‽iv Ujv‽iÝ
(Zero Tolerance) bxwZ MÔnY K‽i K‽Vvifv‽e Zv‽`i wbqš¿Y Ki‽Z cv‽i| mš¿vmx ‼h `‽jiB ‼nvK bv ‼Kb, Zvi weiæ‽×
K‽Vvi wm×všÍ MÔn‽Y G miKvi wcQcv nq bv, d‽j wbe©vPb ¯^⁃Q nq|
04. GbwRI `g‡b:
ZË¡veavqK miKvi ‼emiKvwi ms¯'v¸‽jv‽K (NGOs) wbe©vP‽bi Ici cÔZ¨ÿ ev c‽ivÿfv‽e cÔfve we¯Ívi Kiv ‼_‽K weiZ
_vK‽Z eva¨ Ki‽Z cv‽i| wKš` `jxq miKv‽ii m‽½ wewfbœ NGOs Av‽M ‼_‽K m¤ú©K _vKvq G miKvi H me NwbôfvRb
NGOs ‼K wbe©vP‽bi Ici c‽ivÿfv‽e cÔfve we¯Ívi Ki‽Z euvav ‼`q bv| d‽j we‽`wk A_©cyó NGOs ‼K A‽bK mgq
wbe©vP‽b we‽kl `‽ji c‽ÿ ev wec‽ÿ KvR K‽i wbe©vPb KjywlZ K‽i|
 Basic View  Constitution  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 9
05. ZË¡veavqK miKv‡ii Aaxb c~e©wbe©vPb:
evsjv‽`k 5gÑ7g Ges 8g msm` wbe©vPb ZË¡veavqK miKv‽ii Aax‽b AbywôZ nq| cÔ‽Z¨KwU wbe©vPbB evsjv‽`‽ki
BwZnv‽m DrK…ó, ¯^⁃Q, myôz I MÖnY‽hvM¨ wbe©vPb wn‽m‽e ¯^xK…Z| GQvov evsjv‽`‽k AbywôZ Ab¨ me wbe©vPb `jxq miKv‽ii
Aax‽b n‽q‽Q Ges cÔ‽Z¨KwU wbe©vPbB cÔ‽kœi D‽ש bq| we‽kl K‽i 2014, 2018 I 2024 mv‽ji wbe©vPb wb‽q me‽P‽q
‼ewk cÔkœ D‽V‽Q hv ‼`‽k we‽`‽k A‽bK weZ©K I cÔ‽kœi Rb¥ ‼`q|

¯’vbxq miKv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ (Importance of Local Government):

evsjv‽`‽ki ¯'vbxq miKvi e¨e¯'v ‼`‽ki Dbœqb, cÔkvmb Ges RbM‽Yi Kj¨v‽Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f⁁wgKv cvjb K‽i| GwU ‼K›`ªxq
miKv‽ii m‽½ ¯'vbxq RbM‽Yi g‽a¨ ‼mZzeÜb wn‽m‽e KvR K‽i| wb‽P ¯'vbxq miKv‽ii ¸iæZ¡ Av‽jvPbv Kiv n‽jv:
01. MYZvwš¿K AskMÖnY e„w×:
¯'vbxq miKvi RbMY‽K mivmwi cÔkvmwbK cÔwµqvq AskMÔn‽Yi my‽hvM ‼`q| Dc‽Rjv cwil`, BDwbqb cwil` Ges
‼c×imfvi wbe©vP‽bi gva¨‽g ¯'vbxq ‼bZ…Z¡ wbe©vwPZ nq, hv MYZ‽š¿i wfZ‽K kw³kvjx K‽i|
02. ¯’vbxq mgm¨vi mgvavb:
¯'vbxq miKvi ¯'vbxq ch©v‽qi mgm¨v ‼hgb: iv¯ÍvNv‽Ui ms¯‹vi, cvwb mieivn, eR¨© e¨e¯'vcbv BZ¨vw` `ªæZ wPwýZ K‽i
mgvavb Ki‽Z cv‽i| ‼K›`ªxq miKv‽ii Zzjbvq GwU ¯'vbxq RbM‽Yi KvQvKvwQ _vKvq mgm¨v ‼evSv I mgvav‽b `‿|
03. Dbœqb cÖKí ev¯Íevqb:
¯'vbxq miKvi MÔvgxY I knivÂ‽ji Dbœqb cÔKí ev¯Íevq‽b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f⁁wgKv cvjb K‽i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, BDwbqb cwil`
MÔvgxY iv¯Ív wbg©vY, ‼mZz ˆZwi Ges ¯‹zj-gv`ªvmvi Dbœq‽b KvR K‽i|
04. mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi wbwðZKiY:
MÖvgxY ch©v‽q mvwjwk ˆeV‽Ki gva¨‽g ¯'vbxq miKvi ‼QvULv‽Uv we‽iva wb®úwË K‽i, hv `ªæZ I mvkÔqx wePvi cÔ`v‽b mnvqZv
K‽i| GwU `wi`ª I cÔvwšÍK Rb‽Mvôxi Rb¨ b¨vqwePvi cÔvwßi GKwU mnR gva¨g|
05. `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb I Kg©ms¯’vb:
¯'vbxq miKvi wewfbœ cÔK‽íi gva¨‽g Kg©ms¯'vb m⁂wó K‽i| ‼hgb: Kv‽Ri wewbg‽q Lv`¨, 40 w`‽bi Kv‽Ri cÔKí BZ¨vw`
MÔvgxY `vwi`ª¨ Kgv‽Z mnvqK|
06. Rb¯^v¯’¨ I wk¶vi DbœwZ:
¯'vbxq miKvi cÔv_wgK ¯^v¯'¨‽mev ‼K›`ª cwiPvjbv, wUKv`vb Kg©m~wP Ges ¯'vbxq ¯‹z‽ji Z`viwKi gva¨‽g Rb¯^v¯'¨ I wk‿vi
gv‽bvbœq‽b f⁁wgKv iv‽L|
07. cwi‡ek msi¶Y:
eR¨© e¨e¯'vcbv, MvQ jvMv‽bv, cvwbi Drm msi‿‽Yi g‽Zv Kv‽R ¯'vbxq miKvi mwµq _v‽K| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ‼c×imfv
kn‽ii cwi⁃QbœZv I b`x `~lY ‼iv‽a KvR K‽i|
08. `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv:
evsjv‽`‽k eb¨v, N~wY©S‽oi (Cyclone) g‽Zv cÔvK…wZK `y‽h©v‽M ¯'vbxq miKvi ÎvY weZiY, AvkÔq‽K›`ª cwiPvjbv Ges
cybe©vm‽b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f⁁wgKv cvjb K‽i| BDwbqb cwil` `y‽h©v‽Mi mgq `ªæZ mvov w`‽Z m‿g|
09. K…wl I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb:
¯'vbxq miKvi K…lK‽`i Rb¨ exR, mvi weZiY Ges cÔwk‿‽Yi e¨e¯'v K‽i| GQvov, ¯'vbxq evRvi Dbœq‽bi gva¨‽g
A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ e⁂w× cvq|
10. ¶gZvi we‡K›`ªxKiY:
‼K›`ªxq miKv‽ii Ici wbf©iZv Kgv‽Z ¯'vbxq miKvi ‿gZvi we‽K›`ªxKi‽Y mnvqZv K‽i| GwU ¯'vbxq ch©v‽q wm×všÍ
MÔn‽Yi ‿gZv evovq Ges cÔkvmb‽K AviI Kvh©Ki K‽i|
evsjv‽`‽ki ¯'vbxq miKvi MÔvgxY I bMi Dfq ‼‿‽ÎB Dbœq‽bi PvwjKvkw³ wn‽m‽e KvR K‽i| GwU RbM‽Yi m‽½
miKv‽ii `~iZ¡ Kwg‽q G‽b myôy I ‼UKmB Dbœqb wbwðZ Ki‽Z m‿g| Z‽e, Gi Kvh©KvwiZv evov‽Z AviI A_©‰bwZK
¯^⁃QZv I RbM‽Yi AskMÔnY cÔ‽qvRb|
10 Basic View  Constitution  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k

¯’vbxq miKvi MVb I wbe©vP‡b †Kgb ms¯‹vi Riæwi?

mvaviYfv‽e ¯'vbxq miKvi n‽jv ¯'vbxq ch©v‽q kvmb I Dbœqb Kg©KvÛ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ ¯'vbxq ch©v‽q cÔwZwôZ miKvi ev kvmb e¨e¯'v|
†nbwi g¨vwWK e‡jb,
ÕGwU GKwU RbmsMVb hv ‼K›`ªxq A_ev cÔv‽`wkK miKv‽ii ‼Kv‽bv GKwU ÿz`ª GjvKvq mxwgZ cwigv‽Y `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‽i|Ò
RvwZms‡Ni g‡Z,
Õ¯'vbxq miKvi ‼Kvb ‼`k ev iv‽óªi AvBbmfvi AwZÿz`ª ivR‰bwZK wefw³KiY‽K wb‽`©k K‽i,
Ki Av‽ivc Ges kÔwgK wb‽qvMmn ¯'vbxq welqmg~‽ni Dci hv‽`i h‽_ó wbqš¿Y we`¨gvb|Ó
¯'vbxq miKvi KvVv‽gv

MÖvgvÂj knivÂj
1. ‼Rjv cwil` 1. ‼c×imfv
2. Dc‽Rjv cwil` 2. wmwU K‽c©v‽ikb
3. BDwbqb cwil`
 ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii MVb:
MÖvgvÂj:
01. BDwbqb cwil` : 1 Rb ‼Pqvig¨vb
9 Rb m`m¨ 9wU IqvW© ‼_‽K
3 Rb msiwÿZ Avm‽b gwnjv m`m¨ [cÔwZ 3wU Iqv‽W©i Rb¨Ñ 1 Rb]
02. Dc‡Rjv cwil` : 1 Rb ‼Pqvig¨vb
1 Rb fvBm ‼Pqvig¨vb
1 Rb gwnjv fvBm ‼Pqvig¨vb [cÔZ¨ÿ ‼fv‽U wbe©vwPZ cÔwZwbwa]
c‡ivÿ cÖwZwbwa : Dc‽Rjv cwil‽`i AšÍfz©³ me BDwbqb cwil‽`i ‼Pqvig¨vb ‼c×imfvi ‼gqi msiwÿZ bvix Avmb
‼_‽K wbe©vwPZ GK-Z…Zxqvsk bvix m`m¨|
03. †Rjv cwil` : 1 Rb ‼Pqvig¨vb
knivÂj :
01. †cŠimfv : 1 Rb ‼gqi cÔwZwU IqvW© ‼_‽K 1 Rb KvDwÝji
IqvW© msL¨vi GK-Z…Zxqvsk msL¨K Iqv‽W©i mgvb msiwÿZ bvix KvDwÝji
02. wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb : 1 Rb ‼gqi
cÔwZ IqvW© ‼_‽K 1 Rb KvDwÝji
IqvW© msL¨vi GK-Z…Zxqvsk msL¨K Iqv‽W©i mgvb msiwÿZ bvix KvDwÝji
 ¯’vbxq miKvi wbe©vP‡b †h ai‡bi ms¯‹vi cÖ‡qvRb:
¯'vbxq miKvi wbe©vPb wb‽q Òwbe©vPb ms¯‹vi KwgkbÓ GiB g‽a¨ wKQz mycvwik Rgv w`‽q‽Q cvkvcvwk ¯'vbxq miKvi ms¯‹vi Kwgkb
I cÔv_wgK cÔwZ‽e`‽b ‼ek wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mycvwik D‽jøL K‽i‽Q| Gme ms¯‹vi ‼`‽ki MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯'v‽K Av‽iv kw³kvjx Ki‽e
Ges ¯'vbxq miKvi‽K Kvh©Ki I Dbœqbg~Lx Ki‽e|
01. ¯’vbxq wbe©vPb Av‡M: RvZxq wbe©vP‽bi Av‽M ¯'vbxq miKvi wbe©vPb Av‽qvRb Kiv DwPZ, hv‽Z ¯'vbxq cÔkvmb Kvh©Kifv‽e
MVb n‽Z cv‽i Ges ivR‰bwZK w¯'wZkxjZv eRvq _v‽K|
02. wb`©jxq ¯’vbxq miKvi wbe©vPb: `jxqfv‽e ¯'vbxq miKvi wbe©vPb AbywôZ n‽j ‼fvUvi‽`i cvkvcvwk cÔkvmb I ivR‰bwZK
cÖfv‽ei wkKvi nq, hv Dbœqb I Rb‽mevg~jK Kvh©µg‽K e¨vnZ K‽i|
 Basic View  Constitution  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 11
03. b~¨bZg wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv: ‼g¤^vi‽`i ‼fv‽U ‼gqi I ‼Pqvig¨vb wbe©vPb cÖwµqv Riæwi| G c`¸‽jv‽Z wbe©vP‽bi Rb¨
b~¨bZg wkÿvMZ ‼hvM¨Zv wn‽m‽e ¯œvZK wWwMÔ eva¨Zvg~jK Kivi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
04. `jxq cÖZxK bv _vKvq: ¯'vbxq miKvi cÔwZôv‽bi ‼Kv‽bv wbe©vP‽b ‼Kv‽bv ivR‰bwZK `‽ji cÔZxK (`jxq cÔZxK) e¨envi
Kiv hv‽e bv|
05. wbe©vPb Abyôv‡bi wel‡q Kwgk‡bi ¯^vaxbZv: msweav‽bi 119(1) Aby‽⁃Q‽` 1wU bZzb jvBb hy³ Kiv ‼h‽Z cv‽i Ówbe©vPb
Kwgkb ¯^vaxbfv‽e ¯'vbxq cwil‽`i wbe©vPb mg~n cwiPvjbv Ki‽e| GwU n‽j wbe©vPb Kwgkb miKv‽ii Aby‽iv‽ai A‽cÿv
bv K‽i wb‽Riv ¯^vaxbfv‽e ¯'vbxq wbe©vP‽bi mKj Zdwmj mgqg‽Zv wba©viY Ki‽Z mÿg n‽e|
06. PvKzixRxex‡`i wbe©vP‡b AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM: ¯'vbxq miKvi wbe©vP‽b miKvwi ‼emiKvwi ‼h ‼Kv‽bv Kg©Pvix KZ©⁂c‽ÿi
AbygwZ mv‽c‽ÿ ¯^ c‽` ‼_‽KI wbe©vP‽b Ask wb‽Z cvi‽eb| Z‽e cwil‽`i mve©ÿwYK ‼Kv‽bv c‽` cÔwZØw›ØZv Ki‽Z
cvi‽eb bv|

ivóª ms¯‹v‡ii P¨v‡jÄmg~n Kx Kx? P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejvq KiYxq Kx?

AšÍeZ©xKvjxb miKvi MV‽bi ci ‼_‽KB G‽Ki ci GK wewfbœ msMV‽bi `vwe-Av‽›`vjb cÔkgb, cywjk cÔkvmb‽K Kv‽R ‼div‽bvmn
wewfbœ P¨v‽jà ‼gvKv‽ejv Ki‽Z nq| Z‽e we‽kò‽`i g‽Z QvÎ RbZvi MYAfz¨Ðv‽bi cÔZ¨vkv Abymv‽i m¤¢vebvgq hvÎvi g‽a¨I ivóª
ms¯‹viB AšÍeZ©xKvjxb miKv‽ii g~j P¨v‽jÃ|
 ivóª ms¯‹vi:
ivóª ms¯‹vi n‽jv ‼mB cÔwµqv, hvi gva¨‽g 1wU ‼`‽ki cÔkvmwbK, ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK KvVv‽gv‽K AvaywbKvqb I DbœZ Kiv nq|
Gi jÿ¨ n‽jv w¯'wZkxjZv, mykvmb Ges RbM‽Yi Rb¨ Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª e¨e¯'v MVb Kiv| DbœZZi bxwZ I wm‽÷‽gi gva¨‽g `yb©xwZ
‼iva, Dbœqb‽K Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv Ges b¨vqwePvi wbwðZ KivB Gi g~j D‽Ïk¨|
ivóª ms¯‹vi cÔ‽qvRb| KviYÑ
1. ivR‰bwZK Aw¯'iZv `~ixKiY
2. `yb©xwZ n«vm
3. RbM‽Yi Av¯'v cybiæ×v‽ii Rb¨
 ivóª ms¯‹v‡i P¨v‡jÄmg~n:
ms¯‹vi wb‽q AšÍZ 3wU P¨v‽jà GLb cÔejfv‽e ‼`Lv hv‽⁃Q|
01. HKgZ¨: ms¯‹v‽ii 1g P¨v‽jà n‽⁃Q ivR‰bwZK `j¸‽jvi g‽a¨ HKgZ¨ ˆZwi Kiv| Kwgkb wi‽c©vU w`‽j AšÍeZ©x miKvi
‼mUv wb‽q mivmwi ev¯Íevq‽b bvg‽Z cvi‽e bv| KviY Zv‽Z cÔej we‽ivwaZvi gy‽L co‽Z n‽Z cv‽i|
myZivs ms¯‹vi cÔ¯Íve nv‽Z Avm‽jI ‼kl ch©šÍ ms¯‹vi ‼Kvb Lv‽Z Kxfv‽e n‽e Zv wb‽h miKvi‽K em‽Z n‽e ivR‰bwZK
`j¸‽jvi m‽½|
02. miKv‡ii AvKvi: ms¯‹vi e¨vcKfv‽e n‽e bvwK ¯^í cwim‽i n‽e ‼mUv wb‽qI `j¸‽jvi m‽½ miKvi‽K HK g‽Z¨ ‼cu×Qv‽Z
n‽e|
03. we‡klÁ gZvgZ: ms¯‹vi GB miKvi Ki‽e bvwK wbe©vP‽bi ci MYZvwš¿Kfv‽e wbe©vwPZ miKvi Ki‽e GB wb‽qI Av‽Q bvbv
gZ| Gi evB‽i Av‽iKwU P¨v‽j‽Ãi K_v e‽j‽Qb mv‡eK mwPe Avey Avjg knx` LvbÑ
ÕGLb ms¯‹vi Kiv Riæwi KvR, wKš` ‼mUv P¨v‽j‽Ãi| KviY Avcwb ‼Kv_vq ms¯‹vi Ki‽eb,
Kxfv‽e ms¯‹vi Ki‽eb ‼m ¸‽jvi cÔ‽mm wVK Kiv| GQvov ms¯‹vi n‽⁃Q GKUv Pjgvb cÔwµqv|
Avgiv A‽bKw`b Kwiwb e‽j Avgv‽`i Ici GLb Pvc ‼e‽o‽Q|Ò
ivRbxwZ we‡kølK Aa¨vcK †RvevB`v bvmixb wewewm evsjv‡K e‡jb:
ÕHKgZ¨ cÔwZôv Qvov miKv‽ii c‽ÿ ms¯‹vi wb‽q GwM‽q hvIqv KwVb n‽e|
KviY weGbwcÖi g‽Zv `j¸‽jv wbe©vPb‽K ¸iæZ¡ w`‽⁃Q|Ò
 P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejvq KiYxq:
Gme mgm¨v mgvav‽b ivRbxwZ we‽kølK‽`i Kv‽Q `yÖai‽bi gZ cvIqv hvqÑ
12 Basic View  Constitution  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
01. we¯ÍvwiZ ms¯‹v‽i nvZ bv w`‽q wbe©vP‽bi ciB ms¯‹vi ïiæ Kiv| G‽ÿ‽Î KviY wn‽m‽e ejv n‽⁃Q, cÔ_gZ `j¸‽jvi g‽a¨
we`¨gvb A‰bK¨ Ges
02. ms¯‹vi ev¯Íevq‽b wewfbœ Lv‽Z bvbv P¨v‽jà Avm‽e, wµqv-cÖwZwµqv ‼`Lv w`‽e| ZLb ‼mme mvgvj ‼`Iqvi mÿgZv bvI
_vK‽Z cv‽i AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb miKv‽ii| ZLb cwiw¯'wZ Aw¯'wZkxj n‽q DV‽Z cv‽i| ‼hgbÑ RbcÔkvm‽bi wKQz ms¯‹vi cÔ¯Íve
cÔKvk nIqvi ci K¨vWvi¸‽jvi g‽a¨ we‽ÿvf, Am‽šÍvl ˆZwi n‽q‽Q&|
XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK I ivRbxwZ we‡kølK †RvevB`v bvmixb e‡jb,
ÕwKQz ms¯‹vi wKš` Ki‽ZB n‽e| KviY Zv bv n‽j Avgiv ‼h Kvw⁀ÿZ wbe©vP‽bi K_v ejxQ, ‼h wbe©vPb myôz n‽e bv|
Avgiv ‼h KvwOÿZ b¨vqwePv‽ii K_v ejwQ, ‼mB b¨vqwePviUv cv‽ev bv|Ó
mv‡eK mwPe †gvt knx` Lvb e‡jb,
ÒcÔ_gZ iv‽óªi bxwZ wba©viY ch©v‽q AwZwi³ `jxq cÔfv‽e _vKv‽`i cwieZ©b,
Aciv‽ai Awf‽hvM _vK‽j Z`šÍ I AvBbMZ e¨e¯'v MÔnY Ki‽Z n‽e|Ó
03 Kxfv‽e ms¯‹vi n‽e ‼m c×wZ wba©vib Ki‽Z n‽e| ‼h ‼Kv‽bv cwieZ©b ev¯Íevqb Ki‽Z mevi Av‽M Av¯'vi RvqMv ˆZwi Kiv
cÔ‽qvRb| hv‽`i g‽a¨ cwieZ©b Avb‽Z n‽e Zv‽`i g‽a¨ Av¯'vi Ges AvZ¥wek^v‽mi RvqMv ˆZwi Kivi cvkvcvwk mswkøó
e¨w³e‽M©i mv‽_ Av‽jvPbv K‽i m¤ú⁂³ Ki‽Z n‽e|
XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi Dbœqb Aa¨vqb wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK KvRx gviædzj Bmjvg e‡jb,
Òcy‽iv e¨e¯'v ‼Lvjbj‽P e`jv‽bvi A‽bK wKQzB msweav‽bi mv‽_ hy³| Avi, KvVv‽gvMZ w`K w`‽qI gvby‽li AvPviY,
‼i¸‽jkb ev cÔweavb, wbqgKvbyb cwieZ©‽bi welq mgq mv‽cÿ welq| mgqUv ‼ewk jvM‽j
Ògvby‽li g‽a¨ ‼hgb A‰ah© cÔeYZv ˆZwi n‽Z cv‽i, GKB mv‽_ ivR‰bwZK ‼Mvôx¸‽jv ‼_‽KI Pvc ˆZwi n‽Z _vK‽e|Ò

evsjv‡`‡ki cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii/†dWv‡ij miKv‡ii ev¯ÍeZv g~j¨vqb Kiæb?

we‽k^i wewfbœ ‼`‽k cÔ‽`k ev ivR¨wfwËK cÔkvmwbK KvVv‽gv `yÖwU g~j Kvi‽Y M‽o I‽V|
01. mvs¯‹…wZK ˆewPΨZv: fvlv, ms¯‹…wZ Ges RvwZMZ ˆewP‽Ψi-Kvi‽Y c⁂_K cwiPq I ¯^vqËkvm‽bi cÔ‽qvRb n‽j cÔ‽`k MVb
Kiv nq| fvi‽Zi ivR¨¸‽jv Zvi 1wU ¯úó D`vniY| cÔwZwU iv‽R¨i wbR¯^ fvlv, ms¯‹…wZ Ges HwZn¨ i‽q‽Q| ZvwgjbvWz -
Zvwgj ms¯‹…wZi, cvÃve wkL ms¯‹…wZi, ¸RivU wbR¯^ ms¯‹…wZi cÔwZwbwaZ¡ K‽i| GKBfv‽e cvwK¯Ív‽bi cvÃve, wmÜz,
‼ejywP¯Ívb Ges LvBevi cvLZzb‽Lvqv cÔ‽`k¸‽jv Avjv`v RvwZ‽Mvôx Ges fvlvi wfwË‽Z MwVZ|
02. †fŠ‡MvwjK we¯Í…wZ I RbmsL¨vi Pvc: eo ‼f×‽MvwjK we¯Í…wZ Ges RbmsL¨vi Pvc mvgjv‽bvi Rb¨ cÔ‽`k ev ivR¨wfwËK
cÔkvmwbK KvVv‽gv MwVZ nq| Avevi cÔ‽`k MVb n‽j ÿgZv I cÔkvmb `y‽UvB we‽K›`ªxK…Z nq, Dbœqb mnRZi nq| cÔ‽`k
MV‽b cÔv_wgK ch©v‽q wKQzUv e¨qeûj n‽jI bZzb K‽i wkívqb, ch©Ub LvZ, ‼hvMv‽hvM I ‼mev LvZmn wewfbœ Drm ‼_‽K
bZzb bZzb Av‽qi my‽hvM m⁂wó nq|
 evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖÿvc‡U cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii ev¯ÍeZv:
01. AvqZb:
evsjv‽`‽ki AvqZb Zzjbvg~jKfv‽e ‼QvU, ‼hLv‽b cÔkvmwbK we‽K›`ªxKi‽Yi Rb¨ cÔv‽`wkK miKvi MV‽bi D‽`¨vM
ev¯Íem¤§Z ev cÔ‽qvRb wK bv, Zv wb‽q hvPvBÑevQvB Kivi h‽_ó KviY i‽q‽Q|
02. fvlv I RvwZMZ:
fvlv I RvwZMZ w`K ‼_‽K evsjv‽`k AZ¨šÍ mgRvZxq 99% gvbyl GKB fvlvq K_v e‽j Ges GKB RvwZ‽Mvôxi AšÍfz©³|
GLv‽b fvlvwfwËK ev RvwZMZ wefvRb ‼bB, hv c⁂_K cÔv‽`wkK kvmb KvVv‽gvi cÔ‽qvRbxqZv m⁂wó K‽i|
03. RvZxq wbivcËvi Rb¨ ûgwK n‡Z cv‡i:
evsjv‽`‽k cÔv‽`wkK miKvie¨e¯'v Pvjyi cÔ¯Ív‽e 1wU eo P¨v‽jà n‽jv RvZxq wbivcËv| ‼`‽ki ‼QvU AvKvi I cÔwZ‽ekx
‼`k¸‽jvi m‽½ m¤ú©‽Ki ‼cÔÿvc‽U cÔv‽`wkK KvVv‽gv ‼`‽ki mve©‽f×g‽Z¡i Rb¨ ûgwK m⁂wó Ki‽Z cv‽i| eZ©gv‽b fviZ I
wgqvbgv‽ii m‽½ evsjv‽`‽ki m¤ú©‽Ki wKQz RwUjZv i‽q‽Q Ges GB cwiw¯'wZ‽Z cÔ‽`kwfwËK wefvRb ‼`‽ki wbivcËv I
msnwZ wb‽q cÔkœ DV‽Z cv‽i|
04. AwZwi³ Li‡Pi †evSv:
 Basic View  Constitution  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 13
bZzb 4wU cÔ‽`k cÔwZôvi d‽j cÔwZwU cÔ‽`‽ki Rb¨ Avjv`v cvj©v‽g›U, gš¿x, Ggwc I Ab¨vb¨ cÔkvmwbK AeKvVv‽gv ˆZwi
Ki‽Z n‽e| eZ©gvb GKK miKvwi KvVv‽gv‽Z hw` AviI 4wU bZzb cÔv‽`wkK miKvi cÔwZwôZ nq, Z‽e cÔwZwU cÔ‽`‽k
Avjv`v Rbej Ges cÔkvmwbK AeKvVv‽gv cÔ‽qvRb nq| GB LiP miKv‽ii Rb¨ wecyj Avw_©K ‼evSv m⁂wó Ki‽Z cv‽i|
05. msweavb cwieZ©‡bi P¨v‡jÄ:
eZ©gvb msweavb GK‽Kw›`ªK kvmbe¨e¯'vi Ici wfwË K‽i ˆZwi Ges GwU bZzb cÔv‽`wkK KvVv‽gv MÔn‽Yi Rb¨ c~Y©fv‽e
Dc‽hvMx bq| d‽j cÔ‽`‽ki mxgvbv, G‽K Ac‽ii m‽½ m¤ú©K Ges cÔv‽`wkK miKv‽ii ÿgZv e›Ub I fvimvg¨ wVK
Ki‽Z n‽j msweav‽bi ‼ek wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cwieZ©b Avb‽Z n‽e ev bZzb msweav‽bi cÔ‽qvRbxqZv ‼`Lv w`‽e|
06. RwUjZv m„wó:
ivóªweÁvbx‽`i g‽Z, cÔv‽`wkK miKvi hw`I ÿgZvi we‽K›`ªxKi‽Y mnvqK, Zey GB kvmbe¨e¯'v AZ¨šÍ RwUj| GwU
miKvwi bxwZgvjv cÔYqb I ev¯Íevq‽b RwUj cÔwZeÜKZv m⁂wó Ki‽Z cv‽i Ges ev¯Íevq‽bi MwZ gš'i K‽i w`‽Z cv‽i|
A‽bK ‼ÿ‽Î miKv‽ii wewfbœ ¯Íi wKsev AÂj ev cÔ‽`‽ki g‽a¨ msNvZ I we‽iv‽ai m⁂wó Ki‽Z cv‽i wKsev we`¨gvb
we‽iva‽K AviI Zxeª K‽i Zzj‽Z cv‽i|
ivóªweÁvbx DBwjqvm GBP ivBKvi Zuvi ÔFederalism: Origin, Operation, Significance (1964)Õ eB‽q we‽kølY
K‽i ‼`wL‽q‽Qb,
ÕKxfv‽e ‼dWvwiwjRg RvZxq HK¨ I msnwZ‽K `ye©j Ki‽Z cv‽i, wew⁃QbœZvev`x Av‽›`vjb‽K DrmvwnZ Ki‽Z cv‽i,
GgbwK MYZš¿‽K Aw¯'wZkxj K‽i Zzj‽Z Ges RvZxq wbivcËvi SuywK e⁂w× Ki‽Z cv‽i|Ò
ivóªweÁvbx A. Lijphart Zuvi Patterns of Democracy (1999): eB‽q 36wU ‼`‽ki miKv‽ii aib, KvVv‽gv Ges
Kvh©KvwiZv we‽kølY K‽i Ic‽ii GKB wmav‽šÍ DcbxZ n‽q‽Qb|
ivóªweÁvbx G. Anderson Zuvi Federalism MÔ‽š' e‽jb ‼h,
ÒFederalism me©`v m‽e©vËg kvmbc×wZ bq Ges me ‼`‽ki Rb¨ GB e¨e¯'v Dchy³ bq|Ó
07. MYZvwš¿K cðv`cmiY:
cÔPwjZ aviYvq g‽b nq, ‼dWv‽ij kvmbe¨e¯'v MYZš¿ Dbœq‽b mnvqK wKš` wewfbœ ‼`‽ki ev¯Íe AwfÁZv ch©v‽jvPbv K‽i Zv
cÖZxqvgvb nq bv| ‼hgb- biI‽q, hy³ivR¨, Rvcvb, `wÿY ‼Kvwiqv GK‽Kw›`ªK kvmbe¨e¯'v cÔPwjZ| wKš` MYZš¿ m~P‽K
Gme ‼`k A‽bK Ic‽i| Ab¨w`‽K hy³ivóªxq kvmbe¨e¯'vi ‼`kÑ
†`k cÖ‡`k msL¨v
ivwkqv 21wU
bvB‽Rwiqv 6wU
cvwK¯Ívb 4wU
‼f‽bRy‽qjv 23wU
fviZ 28wU
MYZš¿ m~P‽K A‽bK wcwQ‽q i‽q‽Q|
m¤úªwZ Cambridge University Press KZ©⁂K cÔKvwkZ GK M‽elYvq ‼`Lv hvq, ‼dWvwiwjRg MYZ‽š¿i cðv`cmiY
‼iv‽a ‼Kvb f~wgKv ivL‽Z cv‽iwb| ‼dWv‽ij iv‽óªi g‽a¨ 22% iv‽óªi MYZvwš¿K cðv`cmiY N‽U‽Q| Ab¨w`‽K
GK‽Kw›`ªK iv‽óªi g‽a¨ 20% iv‽óªi MYZvwš¿K cðv`cmiY N‽U‽Q|
08. Rb‡mevi gvb I `yb©xwZ:
wewfbœ ‼`‽ki ev¯Íe AwfÁZv ch©v‽jvPbv K‽i ‼`Lv hvq, hy³ivóªxq e¨e¯'vq ÿgZv we‽K›`ªxf~Z n‽jI Gi m‽½ Rb‽mevi
gv‽bi ‼Kv‽bv mivmwi m¤ú©K cvIqv hvq bv| D`vniY wn‽m‽e bvB‽Rwiqv, eªvwRj I fvi‽Zi K_v D‽jøL Kiv hvq| Gme
‼`‽k Rb‽mevi gvb AbybœZ, AvgjvZvwš¿K `ÿZv wb¤œ Ges `yb©xwZ e¨vcK| Ab¨w`‽K d«vÝ, Rvcvb I `wÿY ‼Kvwiqv
GK‽Kw›`ªK kvmbe¨e¯'v _vK‽jI Rb‽mevi gvb DbœZ, `yb©xwZ A‽bK Kg Ges wm×všÍ MÔnY I ev¯Íevqb cÔwµqv `ªæZ|
09. `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbvq:
gvwK©b wm‽b‽Ui 2006 mv‽ji cÔwZ‽e`‽b ejv n‽q‽Q,
Õ‼dWv‽ij, ivR¨ Ges ¯'vbxq miKvi¸‽jvi g‽a¨ mgqg‽Zv mgš^‽qi Afv‽e,
`y‽h©vM e¨e¯'vcbvq Kvh©Ki c`‽ÿc MÔnY wej¤^ nq|Ò
14 Basic View  Constitution  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
Pxb I B‽›`v‽bwkqvi RbmsL¨v evsjv‽`‽ki ‼P‽q A‽bK ‼ewk Ges Rb‽mevi gvb I A‽bK ‼`‽ki ‼P‽q fv‽jv| Rvcvb,
d«vÝ, wf‽qZbv‽gi RbmsL¨vI ‼ewk Ges GK‽Kw›`ªK miKvi e¨e¯'vi gva¨‽g fv‽jv gv‽bi Rb‽mev cÔ`vb Ki‽Q| Kv‽RB
Rbeûj ivóª e‽jB evsjv‽`k‽K cÔv‽`wkK kvmbe¨e¯'vq ‼h‽Z n‽e, GB hyw³wU h_v_© bq|

ag©wbi‡cÿZv (Secularism) I eûZev‡`i (Pluralism) cv_©K¨ wjLyb?

ag©wbi‡c¶Zv: Ggb GKwU bxwZ ev e¨e¯'v, ‼hLv‽b ivóª, mgvR ev cÔwZôvb ‼Kv‽bv wbw`©ó a‽g©i cÔwZ c‿cvZ bv K‽i me ag© I
wek¦v‽mi cÔwZ mgvb wbi‽c‿Zv eRvq iv‽L| GwU ag©xq ¯^vaxbZv wbwðZ K‽i Ges a‽g©i wfwË‽Z ˆelg¨ ‼iva K‽i| mnRfv‽e,
ag©wbi‽c‿Zv gv‽b ag©‽K e¨w³MZ welq wn‽m‽e we‽ePbv Kiv Ges ivóªxq ev mvgvwRK Kvh©µ‽g Zv‽K cÔvavb¨ bv ‼`Iqv|
eûZ¡ev`: Ggb GKwU `⁂wófw½ ev bxwZ, ‼hLv‽b mgv‽R wewfbœ ag©, ms¯‹…wZ, wek¦vm I gZvg‽Zi mnve¯'vb‽K ¯^xK…wZ ‼`Iqv nq
Ges Zv‽`i cÔwZ m¤§vb I mnbkxjZv cÔ`k©b Kiv nq| GwU ˆewPΨ‽K g~j¨vqb K‽i Ges ‼Kv‽bv GKK ag© ev ms¯‹…wZi
Avwac‽Z¨i cwie‽Z© mevi mgvb AwaKvi I my‽hvM wbwðZ Kivi ‼Póv K‽i| mnRfv‽e, eûZ¡ev` gv‽b wewfbœZvi g‽a¨ HK¨ I
kvwšÍc~Y© mnve¯'vb|
Aby‡”Q`Ñ12: ag©-wbi‡cÿZv I ag©xq ¯^vaxbZv: ag©wbi‡cÿZv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨Ñ
K) me©cÔKvi mv¤ú`vwqKZv we‽jvc Kiv n‽e
L) ivóª KZ©⁂K ‼Kv‽bv ag©‽K ivR‰bwZK gh©v`v `vb Kiv n‽e bv|
M) ivR‰bwZK D‽Ï‽k¨ ag©xq Ace¨envi Ki‽Z ‼`Iqv n‽e bv|
N) ‼Kv‽bv we‽kl ag© cvjbKvix e¨w³i cÔwZ ˆelg¨ ev Zvi Ici wbcxob wbh©vZb we‽jvc Kiv n‽e|
 eûË¡ev` (Pluralism):
eûZ¡ev`‽K wewfbœ `⁂wó‽Z e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq-
i. ÿgZvi eûZ¡ev` (Pluralism of Power) v. ivR‰bwZK eûZ¡ev` (Political Pluralism)
ii. AwfRvZ eûZ¡ev` (Elite Pluralism) vi. `vk©wbK eûZ¡ev` (Philosophical Pluralism)
iii. be¨ eûZ¡ev` (New Pluralism) vii. ag©xq eûZ¡ev` (Religious Pluralism)
iv. mvs¯‹…wZK eûZ¡ev` (Cultural Pluralism) viii. mvgvwRK eûZ¡ev` (Social Pluralism)
mgvRZ‽Ë¡ eûZ¡ev‽`i A_© n‽jv eûms¯‹…wZi Dcw¯'wZ, eûZ¡ev` wewfbœ ‼Mvôxi Aw¯ÍZ¡‽K ¯^xKvi K‽i Ges GKZ¡ev‽`i we‽ivax
wn‽m‽e cÔwZwôZ| myZivs eû ‼Mvôxwewkó mgv‽R eû ms¯‹…wZi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Ab¯^xKvh©|
 ag©q eûZ¡ev`:
ag©xq eûZ¡ev` n‽jv mgv‽R ag©xq wek^v‽mi ˆewPΨ: ‼hLv‽b 1wU mgv‽Ri ev ‼`‽ki ag©xq ˆewPΨ I a‽g©i ¯^vaxbZv‽K Ges
mv¤úª`vwqK mnbkxjZv‽K ¯^xK…wZ ‼`Iqv nq| ZvB ag©xq eûZ¡ev` wewfbœ ag© I ag©xq m¤ú`v‽qi Abymvix‽`i g‽a¨ AvšÍwiK
mnve¯'v‽bi HK¨Zvb m⁂wó K‽i|
 msweavb ms¯‹vi Kwgk‡b eûZ¡ev`:
evsjv‽`k GKwU eûZ¡ev`x (Pluralist), eûRvwZ (Multiracial), eûag©x (Multi-religious), eûÑfvlx (Multi-lingual)
I eû-ms¯‹…wZi (Multi-culturalism) ‼`k ‼hLv‽b mKj m¤úª`v‽qi mne¯'vb I h_vh_ gh©v`v wbwðZ Kiv n‽e|
Aa¨vcK Avjx ixqvR e‡jb,
ÒeûZ¡ev‽`i gva¨‽g ag©wbi‽cÿZv ev ‼mKz¨vjvwiR‽gi ‼P‽q e⁂nËi g~j¨‽eva Aš`f©y³ Kivi K_v e‽jwQ Avgiv|
‼hLv‽b `wjZ‽`i RvqMv n‽e _vW© ‼RÛvi (Third Gender), RvwZMZ msL¨vjNy (Ethnic Minorities),
ag©xq msL¨vjNy (Religious Minorities) mevi RvqMv n‽e|Ò

evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb evwZj bvwK ms¯‹vi? †KvbwUi c‡ÿ Avcwb? AwfgZ w`b|
msweav‽bi Bs‽iwR cÔwZkã n‽jv Constitution kãwU Latin kã Constituere ‼_‽K G‽m‽Q| hvi A_© cÔwZôv Kiv| msweavb n‽⁃Q
ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ msweavb Abyhvqx iv‽óªi kvmb e¨e¯'v cwiPvwjZ nq Ges 1wU ivóª m¤ú©‽K Zvi msweavb ØvivB Rvbv hvq|
Gwi‡÷U‡ji (Aristotle) g‡Z,
Ómsweavb iv‽óªi Rxeb c×wZ hv ivóª ¯^qs ‼e‽Q wb‽q‽Q|Ò
 Basic View  Constitution  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 15
wm.Gd.÷s (C.F.Strong) Gi g‡Z,
Õmsweavb n‽⁃Q ‼mB mKj wbq‽gi mgwó hv miKv‽ii ÿgZv, kvwm‽Zi AwaKvi Ges G `yÖ‽qi m¤ú©K wba©viY K‽i|Ó
PweŸ‽ki MYAfz¨Ðv‽bi ci ‼_‽K Óivóª ms¯‹v‽iiÖ `vwe Zzj‽Q wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `j, msMVb I bvMwiK mgv‽Ri cÔwZwbwaiv| Ggb
Ae¯'vq GB ms¯‹vi Ki‽Z mevi Av‽M msweab ms‽kva‽bi civgk©I w`‽⁃Qb mykxj mgvR (Civil Society)| ‼KD ‼KD Avevi
ej‽Qb, GB gyû‽Z© msweavb c~b©wjLb Qvov ivóª ms¯‹vi m¤¢e bv|
 msweavb ms¯‹vi I cybwj©L‡bi ˆewk^K `„óvšÍ:
 ms¯‹v‡ii `„óvšÍ:
1991 mv‽j evsjv‽`‽ki RbMY ‼h, mvsweavwbK msKU cÔZ¨ÿ K‽iwQj:
2024 mv‽j evsjv‽`‽ki RbMY RyjvB wecø‽ei ci ‼m GKB mvsweavwbK msKU cÔZ¨ÿ Ki‽Q| Gikv` cZ‽bi ci
evsjv‽`‽ki RbMY bZzb msweavb cÖYqb ev msweavb cybwj©L‽bi c‽_ bv ‼nu‽U msweavb ms‽kva‽bi c‽_ ‼nu‽UwQj| GLb
evsjv‽`‽ki msweavb we‽klÁiv ej‽Qb, eZ©gvb msweavb GZevi ms‽kvab n‽h‽Q ‼h, Zv ms‽kvab Kivi ‼_‽K cybwj©Lb
‼kÔq| hw`I Avgv‽`i cv‽ki ‼`k¸‽jv‽Z msweavb cybwj©L‽bi ‼Kv‽bv aviYv cvIqv hvq bv eis ms‽kva‽bi BwZnvmB ‼ewk|
‼hgbÑ fviZ Zvi msweavb 106 evi, cvwK¯ÍvbÑ 22 evi I kÔxjsKvÑ 21 evi ms‽kvab K‽i‽Q|
hLb 1wU msweavb RbM‽Yi B⁃Qv-AvKvOÿv c~i‽Y e¨_© nq Ges ms‽kva‽bi gva¨‽g c~iY Kiv hvq bv ZLb msweavb
cybwj©L‽bi cÔkœ Av‽m| msweavb cybwj©wLZ nIqvi c~‽e© ‼mLv‽b gnvb gyw³hy‽×i ‼PZbv I Av`k© cÔwZdwjZ n‽e wKbv?
RvwZ, ag© Gme wb‽q we‽f` _vK‽e wKbv? Zv wbwðZ Ki‽Z n‽e Kwgkb‽K|
 msweavb cybwj©L‡bi `„óvšÍ:
msweav‽bi cybwj©Lb Kivi BwZnvm c⁂w_ex‽Z Av‽Q|
 AvBmj¨v‽Û A_©‰bwZK ms¯‹v‽ii Rb¨ msweavb‽K cyb©wjLb Kiv n‽qwQjÑ 2008 mv‽j| [hw`I cieZ©x mg‽q Kv‽R
‼`qwb]
 wgk‽ii wecø‽ei c‽i msweavb‽K cyb©wjLb Kiv n‽qwQjÑ 2012 mv‽j|
 wPwj‽Z e¨vcK ‼Mvj‽hv‽Mi ci msweavb cyb©wjLb Kiv n‽qwQjÑ 2019 mv‽j|
 wZDwbwkqv msweavb‽K cyb©wjLb K‽iwQjÑ2014 mv‽j| [2011 mv‽j Avie em‽šÍi ci]
 `wÿY Avwd«Kv msweavb cyb©wjLb K‽iwQjÑ 1996 mv‽j| [hv cÔMwZkxj msweavb wn‽m‽e we‽ewPZ n‽e]
ZvB msweav‽bi cyb©wjLb hw` evsjv‽`‽k nq Zv bZzb ‼Kv‽bv bwRi n‽e bv eis bwR‽i bZzb GKUv ‼`k hy³ n‽e|
ÿgZv‽K KzwÿMZ Kievi j‽ÿ¨B evievi ms‽kvabxi gva¨‽g msweavb KuvUv‽Qov Kiv nq|
 msweavb ms¯‹v‡ii c‡ÿ hyw³ Ges we‡kølK I wewkóRb‡`i gZvgZ:
msweavb we‽klÁ kvn`xb gvwjK wewewm evsjv‽K e‽jb,
Õˆelg¨nxb ivóª MV‽b hv `iKvi Zv eZ©gvb msweav‽bB Av‽Q|
we`¨gvb msweavb w`‽qB PvB‽jB msK‽Ui mgvavb Kiv hvq|Ò
Xvwe AvBb wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK †kL nvwdRyi ingvb e‡jb,
ÕAvgv‽`i msweavb gnvb gyw³hy‽×i ‼PZbvi Ici wfwË K‽i cÔYqb Kiv n‽q‽Q|
‼mB msweavb bZzb K‽i ‼jLvi wPšÍv `ytLRbK| mg‽qi cÔ‽qvR‽b msweavb ms‽kvab Kiv hvq|
msweav‽bB ‼mB e¨e¯'v Av‽Q|Ó
†WBwj ÷vi m¤úv`K gvndzR Avbv‡gi g‡Z,
Õ1wU e³e¨ G‽m‽Q, Avgiv wK bZzbfv‽e msweavb wjLe, bvwK Av‽Mi Uv ms‽kvab Kie,
Avgvi gZ n‽⁃Q Av‽MiUvi ms‽kvab Kivq evÃbxq| ‼Kbbv Av‽MiwUi g‽a¨ A‽bK g~j¨evb e³e¨ Av‽Q|
HwZ‽n¨i cÔwZ⁃Qwe Av‽Q| GwU‽K AviI MYZvwš¿K Kiv, AviI RbM‽bi AwaKvi cÔwZôv Kiv Ges
fwel¨‽Z ‼hb G ai‽bi miKvi bv Av‽m, hviv me ÿgZv KzwÿMZ Ki‽Z cv‽i| G Rb¨ ms‽kvab `iKvi|Ò

 msweavb cybwj©L‡bi c‡ÿ hyw³ Ges we‡kølK I wewkóRb‡`i gZvgZ:

 msweavb cybwj©L‡bi c‡¶ hyw³:
16 Basic View  Constitution  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
1. ¶gZvi †K›`ªxKiY †iva:
eZ©gvb msweav‽b wbe©vnx wefv‽Mi nv‽Z AwZwi³ ‿gZv ‼K›`ªxf⁁Z nIqvi my‽hvM i‽q‽Q, hv ˆ¯^iZvwš¿K kvm‽bi c_ myMg
K‽i‽Q| D`vniY wn‽m‽e, AvIqvgx jxM miKv‽ii 15 eQ‽ii kvmbvg‽j (2009-2024) cÔavbgš¿xi Kvh©vjq ‿gZvi
cÔavb ‼K‽›`ª cwiYZ n‽qwQj, hv msweav‽bi 70 Aby‽⁃Q‽`i g‽Zv avivi gva¨‽g msm` m`m¨‽`i `jxq wb‽`©‽ki evB‽i
hvIqvi ¯^vaxbZv ‼K‽o wb‽q‽Q| msweavb cybwj©L‽bi gva¨‽g ‿gZvi fvimvg¨ (Checks and Balances) cÖwZôvi `vwe
D‽V‽Q|
2. MYZvwš¿K cÖwZôv‡bi cybM©Vb:
we‽kølKiv g‽b K‽ib, eZ©gvb msweav‽b wbe©vPb Kwgkb, wePvi wefvM Ges `yb©xwZ `gb Kwgk‽bi g‽Zv cÔwZôvb¸‽jvi
¯^vaxbZv wbwðZ Kivi ch©vß weavb ‼bB| 2024 mv‽ji MYAfz¨Ðv‽b ‼`Lv ‼M‽Q, RbMY GB cÔwZôvb¸‽jvi cÔwZ Av¯'v
nvwi‽q‽Q| bZzb msweav‽b Gme cÔwZôvb‽K mvsweavwbKfv‽e kw³kvjx I wbi‽c‿ Kivi cÔ¯Íve i‽q‽Q|
3. RbM‡Yi AvKvOÿvi cÖwZdjb:
1972 mv‽j cÔYxZ msweavbwU ZrKvjxb ‼cÔ‿vc‽U Dchy³ n‽jI, 21 kZ‽Ki evsjv‽`‽ki RbM‽Yi Pvwn`v I g~j¨‽ev‽ai
m‽½ Zv mvgÃm¨c~Y© bq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, 2024 mv‽j QvÎ-RbZvi Av‽›`vj‽b ag©wbi‽c‿Zv I RvZxqZvev‽`i g‽Zv
g~jbxwZ wb‽q bZzb K‽i cÔkœ D‽V‽Q| msweavb cybwj©L‽bi gva¨‽g GB bZzb ev¯ÍeZv‽K AšÍf©y³ Kivi `vwe D‽V‽Q|
4. mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK msKU wbimb:
eZ©gvb msweav‽b MY‽fv‽Ui weavb mxwgZ Ges msm`xq MYZš¿ Kvh©Kifv‽e ev¯ÍevwqZ nqwb| 2025 mv‽ji Rvbyqvwi‽Z
msweavb ms¯‹vi Kwgk‽bi cÔwZ‽e`‽b wØ-K‿ wewkó msm` Ges MY‽fv‽Ui gva¨‽g ms‽kva‽bi cÔ¯Íve ‼`Iqv n‽q‽Q, hv
cybwj©L‽bi GKwU hyw³ wn‽m‽e ‼`Lv n‽⁃Q|
 we‡kølK‡`i gZvgZ
01. Aa¨vcK Avjx ixqvR:
hy³iv‽óªi Bwjbq ‼÷U wek¦we`¨vj‽qi GB ivóªweÁvbx Ges msweavb ms¯‹vi Kwgk‽bi cÔavb wn‽m‽e `vwqZ¡ cvjbKvix Avjx
ixqvR g‽b K‽ib,
ÒeZ©gvb msweavb fwel¨‽Z ˆ¯^iZš¿ cÔwZôvi my‽hvM ‼i‽L‽Q weMZ kvmbvg‽j ‼h ‿gZvi Ace¨envi n‽q‽Q,
Zv msweav‽bi `ye©jZvi Kvi‽Y m¤¢e n‽q‽Q| ZvB GKwU MYcwil` MV‽bi gva¨‽g bZzb msweavb cÔYqb Kiv DwPZ|Ó
02. W. Kvgvj †nv‡mb:
evsjv‽`‽ki msweav‽bi cÔ‽YZv wn‽m‽e cwiwPZ W. Kvgvj ‼nv‽mb g‽b K‽ib,
Õ21 kZ‽Ki g~j¨‽eva I MYZvwš¿K AvKvO&‿vi cÔwZdjb NUv‽Z msweav‽b eo ai‽bi cwieZ©b cÔ‽qvRb|
Gikv‽`i kvmbvg‽ji ms‽kvabx¸‽jv‽K (‼hgb: ivóªag© wn‽m‽e Bmjvg cÔeZ©b) g~jbxwZi m‽½ mvsNwl©K|Ó
03. †RW AvB Lvb cvbœvi we‡ivwaZv I cÖwZ-hyw³:
wmwbqi AvBbRxex ‼RW AvB Lvb cvbœv cybwj©L‽bi wec‽‿ _vK‽jI, wZwb mZK© K‽i e‽j‽Qb ‼h,
Õmsweavb evwZj K‽i bZzb K‽i ‼jLv fwel¨‽Z AviI msKU m⁂wó Ki‽Z cv‽i|Ò
Z‽e, wZwb ms‽kva‽bi gva¨‽g mgm¨v mgvav‽bi c‽‿ gZ w`‽q‽Qb, hv cybwj©L‽bi cÔ‽qvRbxqZvi wecix‽Z GKwU `⁂wófw½
wn‽m‽e ‼`Lv hvq|
04. 2025 mv‡ji msweavb ms¯‹vi Kwgk‡bi cÖwZ‡e`b:
Rvbyqvwi 2025-G Kwgkb AšÍe©Z©x miKv‽ii Kv‽Q cÔwZ‽e`b Rgv ‼`q, ‼hLv‽b ÓMYcÔRvZš¿x evsjv‽`kÖ Gi cwie‽Z© ÓRbMYZš¿x
evsjv‽`kÖ, ÓevOvwjÖ Gi cwie‽Z© Óevsjv‽`wkÖ, Ges g~jbxwZ wn‽m‽e ÓRvZxqZvev`, mgvRZš¿, ag©wbi‽c‿ZvÖ Gi cwie‽Z©
Ômvg¨, gvbweK gh©v`v, eûZ¡ev`Õ cÖ¯Íve Kiv n‽q‽Q| GwU cybwj©L‽bi GKwU cÔgvY wn‽m‽e ‼`Lv n‽⁃Q|

 evOvwj RvZxqZvev` I evsjv‡`wk RvZxqZvev‡`i cv_©K¨:

 evOvwj RvZxqZvev`:
 Basic View  Constitution  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 17
evOvwj RvZxqZvev` evOvwj RvwZi fvlv, ms¯‹…wZ, BwZnvm Ges ¯^vwaKv‽ii msMÔv‽gi gva¨‽g M‽o D‽V‽Q| GwU GKwU
mvs¯‹…wZK I RvwZMZ cwiP‽qi cÔKvk| g~jZ fvlv, ms¯‹…wZ Ges HwZ‽n¨i Ici wfwË K‽i M‽o D‽V‽Q, hv evsjvfvlx
Rb‽Mvôxi cwiPq‽K ‼K›`ª K‽i|
 evsjv‡`wk RvZxqZvev`:
evsjv‽`wk RvZxqZvev` evsjv‽`k bvgK iv‽óªi ‼f×‽MvwjK, ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK cwiP‽qi Dci wfwË K‽i M‽o
D‽V‽Q| GwU evOvwj RvZxqZvev‽`i cwic~iK wn‽m‽e 1970-Gi `k‽Ki ‼kl w`‽K cÔPwjZ nq| evsjv‽`‽ki ‼f×‽MvwjK
I ivóªxq mxgvbvi g‽a¨ mKj Rb‽Mvôxi GKwÎZ cwiP‽qi Ici ‼Rvi ‼`q|
welq evOvwj RvZxqZvev` evsjv‡`wk RvZxqZvev`
Gi wfwË evsjv fvlv, mvwnZ¨ Ges ms¯‹…wZ| Gi wfwË ivóªxq mve©‽f×gZ¡, bvMwiKZ¡ evsjv‽`‽ki ‼f×‽MvwjK I
wfwË 1952 mv‽ji fvlv Av‽›`vjb evOvwj ivR‰bwZK cwiPq| 1971 mv‽ji gyw³hy‽× mKj ag© I RvwZ‽Mvôxi
cwiP‽qi cÔZxK wn‽m‽e MY¨ nq| gvbyl evsjv‽`k bvgK iv‽óªi Rb¨ jovB K‽iwQj|
†fŠ‡MvwjK ‼f×‽MvwjKfv‽e mxgve× bq| fvi‽Zi GwU evsjv‽`‽ki ‼f×‽MvwjK mxgvbvi g‽a¨ mxgve× Ges Gi
cwðge½, wÎcyiv, Avmv‽gi evsjvfvlx bvMwiK‽`i cwiP‽qi Ici ‼Rvi ‼`q| evsjv‽`‽ki RvZxq msMxZ
mxgv GjvKv Ges evsjv‽`‽ki evOvwjiv Gi Ask| ÕAvgvi ‼mvbvi evsjvÒ ïay evsjv‽`‽ki bvMwiK‽`i Rb¨B cÔ‽hvR¨|
ag©xq mKj a‽g©i ‼h‽Kv‽bv ‼`‽ki evOvwj‽K GK ag©wbi‽c‿Zvi evsjv‽`‽ki gymwjg, wn›`y, ‼e××, wLª÷vb
`„wófw½ QvZvi wb‽P wb‽q Av‽m| mK‽j‽KB AšÍf©y³ K‽i|
HwZnvwmK Gi wkKo i‽q‽Q weªwUk Avg‽ji evsjv GwU g~jZ 1947 mv‽ji fviZ-cvwK¯Ívb wefw³ Ges 1971 mv‽ji
‼i‽bmuvm, fvlv Av‽›`vjb Ges mvs¯‹…wZK gyw³hy‽×i d‽j M‽o D‽V‽Q|
†cÖ¶vcU RvMi‽Y|
evsjv mvwnZ¨, m½xZ, bvUK Ges ‼jvKms¯‹…wZi evsjv‽`‽ki wewfbœ RvwZ‽Mvôx (PvKgv, gvigv, muvIZvj) Ges
mvs¯‹…wZK Ici ‼Rvi ‼`q| evsjv beel© (c‽njv ˆekvL) Zv‽`i ms¯‹…wZ‽K GKxf⁁Z K‽i| PvKgv‽`i weRy DrmeI
cwiPq cwðge½ I evsjv‽`‽k GKBfv‽e D`hvwcZ evsjv‽`‽k ivóªxqfv‽e ¯^xK…Z|
nq, hv evOvwj ms¯‹…wZi Ask|
ivR‰bwZK GwU cÔavbZ mvs¯‹…wZK HK¨ I gh©v`v i‿vi GwU ivóªxq ¯^vaxbZv, mve©‽f×gZ¡ Ges RvZxq H‽K¨i Ici ‼Rvi
Rb¨ KvR K‽i, ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv memgq ‼`q| 1971 mv‽j evsjv‽`‽ki ¯^vaxbZv AR©b evsjv‽`wk
j¶¨ Gi j¶¨ bq| RvZxqZvev‽`i cÔavb AR©b|
cÖZxK I Gi ‼Kv‽bv wbw`©ó cZvKv ev cÔZxK ‼bB, GwUi wbw`©ó cZvKv, cÔZxK Ges RvZxq msMxZ i‽q‽Q|
Z‽e evsjv fvlv I ms¯‹…wZi Dcv`vb (‼hgb,
cZvKv evsjv A‿i) cÔZxK wn‽m‽e e¨eüZ nq|
evOvwj RvZxqZvev` Ges evsjv‽`wk RvZxqZvev‽`i g‽a¨ g~j cv_©K¨ n‽jv Zv‽`i ‼dvKvm Ges cwiwa| evOvwj RvZxqZvev`
mvs¯‹…wZK I fvlvMZ H‽K¨i Ici ‼Rvi ‼`q, hv ‼f×‽MvwjKfv‽e mxgve× bq| Ab¨w`‽K, evsjv‽`wk RvZxqZvev` ivóªxq cwiPq I
mve©‽f×g‽Z¡i Ici wfwË K‽i, hv evsjv‽`‽ki mKj Rb‽Mvôx‽K GKwÎZ K‽i| GB cv_©K¨¸‽jv Dfq aviYvi HwZnvwmK, mvs¯‹…wZK
Ges ivR‰bwZK ‼cÔ‿vc‽Ui dj|
 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  evsjv‡`k welqvewj 1
evsjv‡`‡ki wWwRUvj †hvMv‡hv‡M ÷viwjs‡Ki f~wgKv Kx n‡Z cv‡i (What role could Starlink
Play in Digital Communications in Bangladesh)? [**]
Bjb gv‡¯‹i gvwjKvbvaxb ÷viwjsK m¤ú~Y© m¨v‡UjvBU-wbf©i GKwU B›Uvi‡bU †mev, GwU c…w_exi wb¤œ K‣c‡_ ¯'vwcZ nvRvi
nvRvi m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ nq| ÷viwjs‡Ki g~j cÖwZôvb †¯úmG‡•i (SpaceX) I‡qemvB‡U †`Iqv Z_¨ Abyhvqx,
Zv‡`i B›Uvi‡bU-†mev Geostationary (f‥w¯'i DcMÖn) †_‡K Av‡m, hv 35,786 wK‡jvwgUvi Ici †_‡K c…w_ex‡K cÖ`w‣Y
K‡i| c…w_exi wb¤œ K‣c‡_ ¯'vwcZ nvRvi nvRvi m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui 1wU mgwó n‡‧Q ÷viwjsK, hv cy‡iv wek¦‡KB D‧PMwZi B›Uvi‡bU
†mev w`‡Z cv‡i| PjwZ eQ‡ii 30 Rvbyqvwi ch©šÍ wnmv‡e, ÷viwjs‡Ki 6,994wU m¨v‡UjvBU ¯'vwcZ n‡q‡Q| Gme m¨v‡UjvBU
c…w_ex †_‡K cÖvq 342 gvBj (550 wK‡jvwgUvi) Ic‡i K‣c‡_ Nyi‡Q|
SpaceX ÷viwjsK cÖK‡íi KvR ïiæ nq 2015 mv‡j Ges 2019 mv‡j AvbyôvwbK hvÎv ïiæ nq| we‡k¦i cÖvq 100wUi †ewk
†`‡k Zv‡`i Kvh©µg i‡q‡Q| `w‣Y Gwkqvq fzUv‡b cÖ_g ÷viwjs‡Ki Kvh©µg ïiæ n‡q‡Q|
 evsjv‡`‡k ÷viwjsK B›Uvi‡bU:
evsjv‡`‡k cix‣vg~jKfv‡e Pvjy n‡q‡Q ÷viwjs‡Ki B›Uvi‡bU †mev Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q| 09 GwcÖj ivRavbxi
B›UviKw›U‡b›Uvj †nv‡U‡j AbywôZ evsjv‡`k Bb‡f÷‡g›U mvwgU cÖv½Y †_‡K ÷viwjs‡Ki B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi Kiv †M‡Q|
MZ 29 gvP© evsjv‡`k wewb‡qvM Dbœqb KZ©…c‣ ÷viwjs‡Ki wewb‡qvM wbeÜb †`q| evsjv‡`‡ki AšÍe©Z©x miKv‡ii cÖavb
Dc‡`óv Aa¨vcK gynv¤§` BDb~m G eQ‡ii 14 †deªæqvwi †¯úmG‡•i gvwjK Bjb gv‡¯‹i m‡½ GK wfwWI Av‡jvPbvq
evsjv‡`‡k ÷viwjsK m¨v‡UjvBU B›Uvi‡bU †mev Pvjyi wel‡q K_v e‡jb|
 ÷viwjsK B›Uvi‡b‡Ui myweav (Benefits of Starlink Internet):
01. wWwRUvj AšÍf©yw³ wbwðZ:
÷viwjs‡Ki g‡Zv Non-geostationary Satellites (NGSO) cÖhyw³i g~j myweav n‡jv D‧PMwZi, Zviwenxb I
wbiwew‧Qbœ B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM| hv †`‡ki †h‡Kv‡bv cÖvšÍ †_‡K e¨envi Kiv m¤¢e| eZ©gv‡b †`‡ki A‡bK Øxc, Pi,
cvnvwo GjvKv I Mfxi ebv‡j dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej ev Microwave cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM †`Iqv
KwVb| Gme GjvKvq ÷viwjsK mn‡RB B›Uvi‡bU †mev †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z cvi‡e, hv mswkøó Rb‡Mvôxi wWwRUvj AšÍf©yw³
wbwðZ Ki‡e|
02. `ªæZMwZi B›Uvi‡bU:
÷viwjs‡Ki B›Uvi‡bU MwZ †ek fv‡jv| mvaviY WvDb‡jv‡Wi MwZ 97 MBPS KvQvKvwQ| ÷viwjs‡Ki (Data
Latency) D‡jøL‡hvM¨fv‡e Kg, cÖvq 29.8 wgwj‡m‡KÛ|
03. ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv Av‡qi my‡hvM m„wó:
GwU wWwRUvj cÖhyw³i Dbœqb‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Kivi cvkvcvwk wk‣v, e¨emv, ¯^v¯'¨‡mev I wd«j¨vwÞsmn AbjvBbwfwËK
wewfbœ Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv Av‡qi my‡hvM m…wó‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‥wgKv ivL‡e|
04. B›Uvi‡bU AeKvVv‡gv‡Z bZzb gvÎv:
eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM g~jZ mve‡gwib †Ke&‡ji gva¨‡g †`Iqv nq, ZvB ÷viwjs‡Ki AvMgb †`‡ki
B›Uvi‡bU AeKvVv‡gv‡Z bZzb gvÎv †hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j Rvbvb cÖhyw³we`iv|
05. AvaywbK I wWwRUvj wk¶vq AMÖMwZ:
†`‡k ÷viwjsK Avm‡j cÖvwšÍK I Z…Yg~j A‡ji wk‣v cÖwZôvbmg~‡n D‧PMwZi B›Uvi‡b‡Ui ms‡hvM cÖvwßi my‡hvM
e…w× cv‡e| hvi d‡j cÖk¯Í n‡eÑ
i. B-jvwb©s (E-learning)
ii. fvP©yqvj K¬vmiæg (Virtual Classroom)
iii. Z…Yg~j ch©v‡q wk‣K-wk‣v_©x‡`i M‡elYvi c_ (Teacher-Student research at the grassroots level)|
2 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  evsjv‡`k welqvewj
06. AvDU‡mvwm©s †m±i kw³kvjx:
D‧PMwZi B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g wi‡gvU IqvK© (Remote work), wd«j¨vwÝs (Freelancing) AvcIqvK© (Upwork),
dvBfvi (Fiverr) Ges AvDU‡mvwm©s (Outsourcing) †m±i AviI kw³kvjx n‡e| †UK ÷vU©Avc¸‡jv †Møvevj
gv‡K©‡Ui m‡½ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
07. MÖvgxY I Z…Yg~j A_©bxwZi weKvk:
evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY I Z…Yg~j A_©bxwZi weKv‡k †QvU I gvSvwi e¨emv cÖmv‡i Digital Connectivity B‡Zvg‡a¨
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‥wgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q| †mB RvqMvq ÷viwjs‡Ki D‧PMwZi B›Uvi‡bU MÖvgxY D‡`¨v³viv B-Kgvm©,
wWwRUvj gv‡K©wUs, AbjvBb †c‡g›U wm‡÷g BZ¨vw`‡Z hy³ n‡Z cvi‡eb| mivmwi kni I AvšÍR©vwZK evRv‡i cY¨
wewµ K‡i Zv‡`i e¨emvi cwimi evo‡Z cvi‡e|
08. cÖwZi¶v I wbivcËv Lv‡Z myweav:
m¨v‡UjvBU B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g mxgvšÍ I mgy`ªc…‡ôi wbivcËv e¨e¯'vcbv DbœZ Kiv hv‡e| †Wªvb Ges Smart
Security System e¨envi Kiv m¤¢e n‡e|
09. GKm‡½ A‡b‡K e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i
÷viwjsK ivDUvi GKm‡½ 254 e¨enviKvix e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| hw`I 50wUi Kg hš¿ e¨env‡ii civgk© †`qv nq|
10. wWwRUvj ˆelg¨ Kg‡e
÷viwjsK Pvjy n‡j evsjv‡`‡ki cÖZ¨šÍ AÂj¸‡jv‡ZI D‧PMwZi B›Uvi‡bU mnRjf¨ n‡e Ges Kg‡e kni I MÖv‡gi
g‡a¨ wWwRUvj ˆelg¨|
11. weKí my‡hvM
†`‡k we`¨gvb B›Uvi‡bU †mevi gvb wb‡q mgm¨v i‡q‡Q| m¨v‡UjvBU †mev G‡j huviv gvbm¤úbœ B›Uvi‡bU Pvb,
Zuv‡`i Rb¨ weKí my‡hvM ˆZwi n‡e|
12. `y‡h©vMKvjxb mg‡q B›Uvi‡bU
`y‡h©vMKvjxb mg‡q wbiew‧Qbœ †hvMv‡hvM wbwðZ Kivi †‣‡Î ÷viwjsK BwZevPK f‥wgKv ivL‡e|
13. B›Uvi‡bU †mevi `vg Kgv
evRv‡i cÖwZ‡hvwMZv evovi d‡j B›Uvi‡bU †mevi `vgI Kg‡Z cv‡i|
14. ¯^v¯’¨, wk¶v I mvgvwRK m‡PZbZvq bvix‡`i AskMÖnY
D‧PMwZi B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g D‡jøL‡hvM¨ AMÖMwZ NUv‡bv m¤¢e n‡e-
i. bvix‡`i gvZ…Z¡Kvjxb ¯^v¯'¨ †mev
ii. wkï ¯^v¯'¨
iii. AbjvBb wk¶v
iv. †Uwj-†gwWwmb
v. Mvn©¯'¨ I K…wl welqK Z_¨
vi. B-Kgvm© I cÖwk‣‡Yi my‡hvM m…wómn bvbv †‣‡Î

 ÷viwjsK B›Uvi‡b‡Ui Amyweav (Disadvantages of Starlink Internet):

01. wWfvB‡mi D”P g~j¨ :
÷viwjs‡Ki †mev wb‡Z wKQz miÃvg wKb‡Z n‡e| †mB ÷viwjsK wKU Gi g~j¨ 349 †_‡K 599 Wjvi ch©šÍ| hv
evsjv‡`wk UvKvq 43 †_‡K 74 nvRvi UvKv| Gi `vg A‡bK †ewk nIqvq MÖvgxY ch©v‡q e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
02. D”P gvwmK wd :
AvevwmK MÖvnK‡`i Rb¨ ÷viwjs‡Ki gvwmK me©wb¤œ wd 120 Wjvi (cÖvq 15 nvRvi UvKv)| Z‡e Ki‡cv‡iU
MÖvnK‡`i Rb¨ ÷viwjsK wK‡Ui `vg I gvwmK wd wظ‡Yi †ewk| hv ¯'vbxq ISP †hgb wewUwmGj, MÖvgxY,
evsjvwjs‡Ki †P‡q A‡bK †ewk| evsjv‡`‡ki mvaviY gvby‡li Rb¨ e¨qeûj|
 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  evsjv‡`k welqvewj 3
03. AvenvIqvi cÖfve: fvix e…wó ev †gNjv AvenvIqvq wmMb¨vj wewNœZ n‡Z cv‡i|
04. cwi‡ekMZ D‡ØM: m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui msL¨v e…w× gnvKv‡k †Wweªm (Debris/ Space-junk) Ges Av‡jv `~l‡Yi SyuwK
evovq|

K…wÎg eyw×gËv (AI) A_©bxwZ‡Z Kx cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡i? gvbe m¤ú` Dbœq‡bi cÖwZeÜK bv n‡Z
KiYxq Kx?
K…wÎg eyw×gËv ev AvwU©wdwkqvj B‡›Uwj‡RÞ n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖhyw³, hv Z_¨ we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g hš¿ ev A¨vwcø‡Kkb‡K gvby‡li
eyw× I wPšÍvkw³i Av`‡j Kv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zv‡j| GwU Kw¤úDUvi weÁv‡bi GKwU kvLv, †hLv‡b gvby‡li eyw×gËv I
wPšÍvkw³‡K Kw¤úDUvi Øviv AbyK…Z Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
 K…wÎg eyw×gËv A_©bxwZ‡Z †hme P¨v‡jÄ ˆZwi Ki‡Q (AI poses challenges to the economy):
01. A_©bxwZ‡Z cÖfve:
K…wÎg eyw×gËvi DÐvb µ‡gB cwieZ©b wb‡q Avm‡Q A_©bxwZi A½‡b| †ev÷b Kbmvwës MÖæ‡ci fvl¨ g‡Z,
eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvq GAvB cÖ‡hvM Kiv †M‡j 2030 mv‡ji g‡a¨ 2.6 wUªwjqb Wjvi ch©šÍ mvkÖqx n‡e|
02. fwel¨r PvKwi evRvi AI wbf©i:
mv¤cÖwZK wek¦ A_©‰bwZK †dvivg Zv‡`i ÔThe Future of Jobs Report 2025Õ-G we‡k¦i 1000 GiI †ewk
cÖwZôv‡bi Ici Rwic cwiPvjbv K‡i| Rwi‡c AskMÖnYKvix-
kZvsk gšÍe¨
50% cÖwZôvb AI e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g Zv‡`i e¨emvi KvVv‡gv cybM©V‡bi cwiKíbv K‡i‡Q
80% cÖwZôvb Kg©x‡`i AI m¤úwK©Z cÖwk‣Y cÖ`v‡bi D‡`¨vM wb‡q‡Q
67% cÖwZôvb AI `‣Zvm¤úbœ Kg©x wb‡qv‡Mi cwiKíbv Ki‡Q
G‡Z Avgiv mn‡RB Abygvb Ki‡Z cvwi, fwel¨r PvKwi evRvi AI-wbf©i n‡e Ges AI-i w`‡KB SyuK‡Q|
03. gvbe mf¨Zvi Rb¨ SyuwK:
K…wÎg eyw×gËvi (AI) m‣gZv I cwiwa cÖwZwbqZ evo‡Q| wkí LvZ, wPwKrmv, wk‣v me‡‣‡ÎB AI e¨envi n‡‧Q|
Z‡e G cÖhyw³ wb‡q mZK©evZ©vI w`‡q‡Qb we‡kølKiv| hy×v¯¿ ˆZwimn weaßsmx Kvh©µ‡g G cÖhyw³i e¨envi gvbe
mf¨Zv‡K wejywßi gy‡L †dj‡Z cv‡i|
04. Kg©ms¯’v‡b †bwZevPK cÖfve:
Ôg¨vwKbwRÕi Rwic ej‡Q, Av‡M †hgbUv fvev n‡qwQj, Zvi †P‡q `ªæZZvi m‡½ Kg©x ch©v‡q AI-Gi cÖfveRwbZ
cwieZ©b¸‡jv †`Lv hv‡e| 1Rb Kg©xi †gvU Kg©mg‡qi cÖvq 70% †‣‡ÎB AI Uzj¸‡jvi e¨envi cÖPwjZ n‡e Ges
2045 mv‡ji g‡a¨ Kg©x‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡Ri cÖvq A‡a©KB AI wb‡q wb‡Z cv‡i|
05. BwZevPK cÖfve:
AI-Gi M‡elYv ej‡Q, wPwVcÎ ev ¸iæZ¡c~Y© B‡gBj †jLv huv‡`i Kv‡Ri D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask, P¨vUwRwcwU (Chatgpt)
e¨env‡ii d‡j Zuv‡`i KvR Ki‡Z cvivi cwigvY I ‣gZv †e‡o †M‡Q| P¨vUeU mnKvix e¨envi K‡i mgq †eu‡P
hv‡‧Q 40% Ges Kv‡Ri ¸YMZ gvbI †e‡o‡Q 18%|
06. K…wÎg eyw×gËv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cÖwZ‡hvwMZv:
A_©bxwZ‡K bZzb AvKvi †`Iqv, AvšÍR©vwZK wbivcËv mxgv‡iLv cwieZ©b I e…nr LvZ‡K cÖfvweZ Kivi m¤¢vebv
_vKvq we‡k¦i A‡bK †`‡ki miKviB K…wÎg eyw×gËv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi †Póv Ki‡Q|
07. Dbœqb I e¨env‡i bvbv SyuwK:
K…wÎg eyw×gËvi Dbœqb I e¨env‡i bvbv SyuwK ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i, hv gvbevwaKvi I †gŠwjK ¯^vaxbZvi myi‣v, cÖPvi
Ges weKv‡k ‣wZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avi ZvB we‡k¦i cÖvq me †`kB GAvB‡qi weKvk wb‡q wPwšÍZ|
4 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  evsjv‡`k welqvewj
 K…wÎg eyw×gËv gvbe m¤ú` Dbœq‡b cÖwZeÜK bv n‡Z KiYxq Kx (What can be done to prevent AI
from becoming an obstacle to human resource developments):
01. wk¶vi gvb Dbœqb:
evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv †`‡k, †hLv‡b RbmsL¨vi eo Ask GLbI gvbm¤§Z wk‣vi AvIZvi evB‡i, †mLv‡b AI wk¶vi mvgwMÖK gvb
Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‥wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i, hv mgZvwfwËK wk‣vi my‡hvM m…wó I we¯Ív‡i weivU Ae`vb ivL‡e|
02. KvwiMwi `¶Zv e„w×:
AI-i Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K n‡jv, KvwiMwi `‣Zv e…w×| evsjv‡`k GLb PZz_© wkí wecø‡ei (4IR) hy‡M cÖ‡ek Ki‡Q|
G Ae¯'vq wk‣v_©x‡`i Rb¨ AI I Ab¨vb¨ D™¢vebx cÖhyw³ †kLv AZ¨šÍ Riæwi, hv Zv‡`i fwel¨r Kg©ms¯'vb wbwðZ Ki‡Z
mvnvh¨ Ki‡e Ges ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‥wgKv ivL‡e|
03. we‡`wk wewb‡qvM AvKl©Y:
K…wÎg eyw×gËv MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k cÖhyw³ I D™¢ve‡b we‡`wk wewb‡qvM AvKl©Y Ki‡Z cv‡i, wek¦ A_©bxwZ‡Z
wb‡R‡K 1wU cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK µxovbK wnmv‡e Zz‡j ai‡Z cv‡i|
04. ZiæY cÖRb¥‡K Kg©kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi:
ZiæY cÖRb¥‡K Kg©kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z K…wÎg eyw×gËv‡K 1wU kw³kvjx nvwZqvi wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i| mgMÖ c…w_ex Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i e¨emvq A_ev Kv‡R K…wÎg eyw×gËv‡K mvwe©Kfv‡e mshy³ Ki‡Q| ZvB eZ©gv‡b
K…wÎg eyw×gËv cÖhyw³ msewjZ mdUIq¨vi ˆZwi, wd«j¨vwÞs‡qi e¨envi, wewµ evsjv‡`‡ki ZiæY mgv‡Ri Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ
jvfRbK GKwU e¨emvi Dcvq n‡Z cv‡i|
05. mvkÖqx g~‡j¨ KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK wk¶vi e¨e¯’v:
K…wÎg eyw×gËv wk‣v cÖ`vbKvix B-jvwb©s cø¨vUdg©¸‡jv KvwiMwi I e…wËg~jK `‣Zvq mvkÖqx g~‡j¨i e¨w³MZ I ¯'vbxq
cÖwk‣Y cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| K…wÎg eyw×gËv cwiPvwjZ miÃvg¸‡jv wk‣v_©x‡`i kw³ I AvMÖn we‡kølY K‡i Dchy³
K¨vwiqvi c_ Ges cÖwk‣Y Kg©m~wPi civgk© w`‡Z cv‡i|
06. wd«j¨vÝ Lv‡Zi AMÖMwZ‡Z:
AbjvBb K…wÎg eyw×gËv (AI) cø¨vUdg©¸‡jv‡Z ZiæYiv wd«j¨vÞ (Freelance) Ges `~ieZ©x PvKwii evRv‡i mshy³ n‡Z
cv‡i, †hLv‡b Zviv evsjv‡`‡k Ae¯'vb K‡i wek¦e¨vcx KvR I †iwgU¨vÞ Avq Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
07. kni I MÖv‡gi wk¶v_©x‡`i g‡a¨ ˆelg¨ Kgv‡Z f‚wgKv:
1wU †kÖwYi cÖ‡Z¨K wk‣v_©xi †kLvi AMÖMwZ, cv‡V m¤ú…³Zv Ges cvidig¨v‡Þi Z_¨ msMÖn, ch©‡e‣Y K‡i Gi Av‡jv‡K
cÖ‡Z¨K wk‣v_©xi Rb¨ Avjv`v †kLvi AwfÁZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i AI; hvi gva¨‡g G ai‡bi cÖhyw³ Avgv‡`i kni I
MÖv‡gi wk‣v_©x‡`i g‡a¨ ˆelg¨ Kgv‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e e‡j Avgiv Avkvev`x|
08. bZzb Kg©ms¯’vb D™¢veb:
bZzb wkí, ÷vU©Avc (Startup), AvDU‡mvwm©s‡q (Outsourcing) K…wÎg eyw×gËvi µgweKvk Ges wWwRUvj cwi‡levi
Ici `…wó cÖhyw³ †‣‡Î bZzb Kg©ms¯'vb D™¢veb‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡e|
09. DbœZ ¯^v¯’¨‡mev ˆZwi:
K…wÎg eyw×gËv ¯^v¯'¨‡mev mieivn‡K DbœZ Ki‡Z cv‡i, LiP Kgv‡Z cv‡i Ges Drcv`bkxjZv DbœZ Ki‡Z cv‡i, hv
Kg©kw³i ¯^v‡¯'¨i DbœwZ NUv‡e| GwU c‡iv‣fv‡e A_©‰bwZK cÖe…w×i nvi evov‡e|
 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  evsjv‡`k welqvewj 5
wd«j¨vwÝs (Freelancing) wK? evsjv‡`‡k Gi Ae`vb wK? G Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡b KiYxq m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
wd«j¨vwÝs (Freelancing) n‡‧Q hLb †Kvb e¨w³ †Kvb wbw`©ó cÖwZôv‡b KvR bv K‡i Pzw³wfwËK wewfbœ cÖwZôvb ev e¨w³i KvR
K‡i _v‡Kb| GKRb wd«j¨vÞv‡ii †hiKg i‡q‡Q Kv‡Ri aib wba©vi‡Yi ¯^vaxbZv, †Zgwb i‡q‡Q hLb B‧Qv ZLb KvR Kivi
¯^vaxbZv| †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv mvaviYZ AvDU‡mvwm©s (Outsourcing) K‡i Drcv`b LiP Kgv‡bvi Rb¨| wd«j¨vwÞs G me‡P‡q
RbwcÖq KvR n‡jvÑ
i. Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs A¨vÛ †UK (Computer Programming and Technology)
ii. MÖvwd· wWRvBb (Graphic Design)
iii. ivBwUs A¨vÛ Uªv‡Þ‡jkb (Writing and Translation)
iv. wfwWI A¨vÛ Gwbg¨vkb (Video and Animation)
v. wWwRUvj gv‡K©wUs (Digital Marketing)
vi. I‡qe wWRvBb (Web Design)
vii. Uª¨v• dvBj cÖ¯`wZ (Tax File)
viii. mvP© BwÃb AcwUgvB‡Rkb (Search Engine Outimization)
 †hfv‡e wd«j¨vwÝs Kiv nq (Process of Freelancing):
wd«j¨vwÞs n‡‧Q B›Uvi‡b‡U †Kvb K›Uªv± Gi KvR‡K K‡i †`qv| B›Uvi‡b‡U †ek wKQz gv‡K©U‡cøm (Market Place) i‡q‡Q
†h¸‡jv‡Z wewfbœ e¨w³ I cÖwZôvb Zv‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq KvR †cv÷ K‡i Ges wd«j¨vÞviiv (Freelancers) G KvR¸‡jv‡K
wb‡R‡`i g‡Zv K‡i KgwcøU K‡i †`q| KvR¸‡jv wewfbœ gv‡K©U‡cø‡m welqwfwËK fv‡e Avjv`v Avjv`v Kiv _v‡K| wd«j¨vÝvi
wn‡m‡e Avq Ki‡Z PvB‡j Gme gv‡K©U‡cø‡m 1g †iwR‡÷ªkb K‡i KvR cvIqvi Rb¨ Gwcø‡Kkb Ki‡Z n‡e| wKš` Av‡e`b
Ki‡jB mv‡_ mv‡_ KvR cvIqv hv‡e welqUv Ggb bq G‡‣‡Î Kv‡Ri `‣Zv me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq|
 wd«j¨vwÝs Lv‡Zi Ae`vb (Contribution of Freelancing Sector):
01. †eKvi hyeK‡`i Kg©ms¯’vb
cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivi (BBS) me©‡kl wnmve Abymv‡i, †`‡k eZ©gv‡b 7 †KvwU 38 jvL gvbyl kÖgevRv‡i i‡q‡Q| Gi
g‡a¨ 27 jvL gvbyl †eKvi- 4.2% (cÖ_g Av‡jv: 8gvP©, 2025)| 24 jvL gvbyl cÖwZeQi PvKwii evRv‡i XzK‡Q|
wd«j¨vwÞs LvZ AmsL¨ wkw‣Z Ziæ‡bi Kg©ms¯'v‡bi e¨e¯'v Ki‡Q|
02. A_©bxwZ‡Z BwZevPK cÖfve:
wd«j¨vwÞs ïay Kg©ms¯'v‡bi bZzb my‡hvM ˆZwi Ki‡Q bv, eis ZiæY‡`i Rb¨ D‧P Av‡qi GKwU m¤¢vebvgq †‣Î n‡q
D‡V‡Q|
03. †iwgU¨vÝ cÖevn kw³kvjx:
WjviwfwËK Av‡qi Kvi‡Y †`‡ki †iwgU¨vÞ cÖevn AviI kw³kvjx n‡‧Q, hv A_©‰bwZK w¯'wZkxjZv eRvq ivL‡Z
mnvqZv Ki‡Q|
04. †`‡ki PvKwii evRv‡i `¶ †jvK ˆZwi:
wd«j¨vwms‡qi wWgvwÛs w¯‹j (Demanding Skill) G cvi`k©x _vK‡j †Kej B›Uvib¨kbvj gv‡K©U‡cøm bv, †`‡ki wewfbœ
AvBwU †Kv¤úvwb‡ZI PvKzwii Rb¨ †hvM¨ cÖv_©x wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡K M‡o †Zvjv m¤¢e| KviY †`‡ki PvKwii evRv‡i
wk‣vMZ mvwU©wd‡KU Gi cvkvcvwk AvBwU w¯‹jUv (IT Skill) AvRKvj we‡klfv‡e cÖvavb¨ †`Iqv n‡‧Q|
05. AvšÍR©vwZK ¯^xK…wZ:
evsjv‡`‡ki wd«j¨vwÞs LvZ AvšÍR©vwZK ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i‡Q| 2025 mv‡j gvwK©b CEO world cÖKvwkZ cÖwZ‡e`‡b
evsjv‡`k‡K we‡k¦i kxl© 30wU wd«j¨vwÞs MšÍ‡e¨i ZvwjKvq 29Zg ¯'v‡b ivLv n‡q‡Q| GB ¯^xK…wZ cÖgvY K‡i †h,
evsjv‡`wk wd«j¨vÞviiv wek¦e¨vcx cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKvi g‡Zv `‣Zv AR©b K‡i‡Qb|
06. cÖhyw³MZ `¶Zv e„w×:
wd«j¨vwÞs Gi gva¨‡g †`‡ki ZiæY-ZiæYx‡`i cÖhyw³MZ `‣Zv e…w× cv‡‧Q |
6 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  evsjv‡`k welqvewj
 wd«j¨vwÝs Lv‡Z P¨v‡jÄ /wcwQ‡q covi KviY (Challenges of Freelancing):
01. `¶ †jv‡Ki Afve:
Z_¨cÖhyw³ I wd«j¨vwÞs LvZ mswkøóiv ej‡Qb, †`‡k wd«j¨vÞvi evo‡jI `‣ Kv‡Ri †jvK GL‡bv LyeB Kg|
02. nVvr wcwQ‡q co‡Q evsjv‡`k:
A•‡dvW© B›Uvi‡bU Bbw÷wUDU 2017 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki wd«j¨vwÞs Lv‡Zi fv‡jv m¤¢vebvi Bw½Z w`‡qwQj| G Qvov
wewfbœ cÖwZôvbI evsjv‡`k‡K wd«j¨vÞvi‡`i kxl© †`k wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ w`‡qwQj| Z‡e PjwZ eQ‡ii GwcÖ‡j CEO
g¨vMvwR‡b cÖKvwkZ ZvwjKvq wd«j¨vÞvi‡`i kxl© 25 †`‡k evsjv‡`‡ki RvqMv nqwb| evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯'vb 29Zg|
Gi KviY wn‡m‡e RvZxq `‣Zv Dbœqb KZ©…c‣ (NSDA) gvb I `‣Zvi NvUwZi K_v e‡j‡Q|
03. ¸YMZ cÖwk¶‡Yi Afve:
`‣Zv m¤úbœ wd«j¨vÞvi M‡o Zzj‡Z ¸YMZ cÖwk‣‡Yi Afve i‡q‡Q| GQvovI i‡q‡Q wKQz Amvay Pµ, hviv wd«j¨vwÞs
KvR I cÖwk‣Y †`Iqvi bv‡g jvL jvL UvKv AvZ¥mvr K‡i‡Q|
04. †ccvj Pvjy bv nIqv:
†ccvj wm‡÷g evsjv‡`‡k GL‡bv Pvjy bv nIqvq hviv GB Lv‡Z KvR K‡ib, Zviv eo A‡¼i UvKv e¨q K‡i Zv‡`i
Kv‡Ri cvwikÖwgK †`‡k Av‡bb|
05. Bswjk w¯‹j (English Skill):
wd«j¨vwÞs Gi Rb¨ Bswjk w¯‹j †W‡fjc Kiv LyeB cÖ‡qvRb| KviY AwaKvsk evqviiv Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri we¯ÍvwiZ
Bs‡iwR‡Z w`‡q _v‡Kb| wKš` evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk hye‡Ki Bswjk w¯‹j gvbm¤§Z bq|
06. wd«j¨vwÝs‡q Avm‡Qb bv †gavexiv:
¯^íwkw‣Z Ges PvKwi bv cvIqv A‡b‡Ki †kl fimv¯'j wn‡m‡eB GL‡bv cwiwPZ wd«j¨vwÞs LvZ| wd«j¨vwÞs wb‡q hZB
BwZevPK K_vevZ©v †nvK, GL‡bv †`‡ki †gavex ZiæYiv G Kv‡R Lye Kg Avm‡Qb|
07. B›Uvi‡b‡Ui wb¤œMwZ I weåvU:
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui wb¤œMwZ I Nb Nb weåvUI evsjv‡`‡ki wd«j¨vÞvi‡`i Kv‡Ri †‣‡Î gvivZ¥K e¨vNvZ NUvq| wek¦e¨vs‡Ki
ÔDigital Progress and Trends Report- 2023Õ Abyhvqx gv‡m AšÍZ 7 evi evsjv‡`wk MÖvnKiv B›Uvi‡bU weåv‡Ui
k¼vq _v‡Kb| G‡Z ˆewk¦K cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq Zviv wcwQ‡q c‡ob|
08. D”P cvwikÖwg‡Ki KvR Kg nIqv:
Avgv‡`i †`‡k mvaviYZ wb¤œ cvwikÖwg‡Ki KvR †ewk nq| †Mg †W‡fjwcs (Game Developing), ev‡qv‡gwWK¨vj
Kb‡U›U ivBwUs (Bio-medical Content Writing), fvP©yqvj A¨vwm÷¨v›Uwk‡ci (Virtual Assistantship) g‡Zv D‧P
cvwikÖwg‡Ki KvR Lye Kg nq|
09. wd«j¨vÝvi‡`i ¯^xK…wZ:
wd«j¨vÞvi‡`i mvgvwRK ¯^xK…wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ GKwU mgm¨v| cwievi, mgvR Z_v iv‡óª wd«j¨vwms‡qi ¯^xK…wZ LyeB Kg|
10. ˆewk¦K gvb`Ð Abyhvqx Kg Avq:
evsjv‡`‡k wd«j¨vÞvi‡`i Avq ˆewk¦K gvb`‡Ði Zzjbvq h‡_ó Kg| evsjv‡`‡ki I‡qe †W‡fjcviiv cÖwZ NÈvq 10
†_‡K 25 Wjvi Avq K‡i, hv AvšÍR©vwZK evRv‡i 25 †_‡K 50 Wjvi|
11. `yb©xwZi Rb¨ A‡nZzK cÖKí MÖnY:
wd«j¨vÞ AvDU‡mvwm©s cÖwk‣Y †`Iqvi bvg K‡i kZ kZ †KvwU UvKvi cÖKí ev¯Íevqb K‡i‡Q| miKv‡ii AvBwmwU
wefvM wewfbœ cÖKí MÖnY K‡i| †hgbÑ
i. evwo e‡m eo‡jvK
ii. jvwb©s A¨vÛ Avwb©s
iii. wdj¨vÞvi Uz G›Uvi‡cÖwbDi
iv. †gvevBj A¨vcm cÖwk‣K I m…Rbkxj A¨vcm Dbœqb
 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  evsjv‡`k welqvewj 7
v. nvB‡UK cv‡K©i Aax‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi AvBwU cÖwk‣Y
vi. bvixi `‣Zv Dbœq‡b Her Power
vii. wek¦e¨vs‡Ki A_©vq‡b Leveraging ICT for Growth, Employment and Governance mn AMwYZ cÖKí|
Gme cÖKí G Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡b †KvbI f‥wgKv iv‡Lwb eis `yb©xwZi gva¨‡g A_©¸‡jv †jvcvU n‡q‡Q|

 wd«j¨vÝ AvDU‡mvwm©s Lv‡Z GwM‡q †h‡Z KiYxq:

01. Tech Umbrella:
Pwe߇ki MYAfz¨Ðv‡bi dmj wn‡m‡e Avmv AšÍe©Z©x miKvi‡K †`‡ki †eKvi ZiæY‡`i K_v fve‡ZB n‡e| G †‣‡Î
Z_¨cÖhyw³wbf©i `‣ Rbkw³ Movq bRi w`‡Z n‡e| AvBwmwUwbf©i `‣ Rbkw³ ˆZwii cy‡iv Kvh©µg‡K GKwU
QvZvi (Tech Umbrella) wb‡P Avb‡Z n‡e|
02. Training Authority MVb:
AvBwmwU wefv‡Mi AvIZvq cÖwk‣Y-mswkøó Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ A_wiwU/ms¯'v Pvjy Kiv Riæwi| G ms¯'vwUi
Kv‡Q _vK‡Z n‡e †`‡ki ZiæY Rb‡Mvôxi cy‡iv †WUv‡eR|
03. evRvi Pvwn`v wfwËK wkÿv:
evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb wk‣vg~jK Kg©m~wPi m‡½ evRv‡ii Pvwn`vi dvivK i‡q‡Q| D`xqgvb cÖhyw³ †hgb mvBevi
wbivcËv, K…wÎg eyw×gËv (AI) I †gwkb jvwb©s (Machine Learning) AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
04. cÖwkÿY evZvqb Avc‡WU Kiv:
wbe܇bi Rb¨ AvBwmwU wefv‡Mi ÔcÖwk‣Y evZvqbÕ bv‡g cø¨vUdg© _vK‡jI †Zgb nvjvbvMv` Z_¨ †bB| G ai‡bi
cø¨vUdg© Kvh©Ki _vK‡j `‣ Rbkw³ M‡o †Zvjv hv‡e| G‡Z †Uªwbs †Kv¤úvwbi duvwKevwR eÜ n‡e| Avevi
KZmsL¨K ZiæY cÖwk‣Y wbj, Zviv †Kv_vq Kx Ki‡Q, ZvI GLvb †_‡K Rvbv hv‡e|
05. IT ¯œvZK‡`i cÖwkÿY:
†`‡k eQ‡i 20 †_‡K 25 nvRvi AvBwU mœvZK †ei nb| GB wk‣v_©x‡`iI h_vh_ cÖwk‣Y †`qv †M‡j Zviv
wd«j¨vwÞs LvZ‡K A‡bK GwM‡q wb‡Z cvi‡eb|
06. we‡`wk fvlvq `ÿZv AR©b:
evsjv‡`‡ki A‡bK wd«j¨vÞv‡ii we‡`wk fvlvi `‣Zv †bB| GB mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ we‡`wk fvlv wk‣vi e¨e¯'v
Kiv `iKvi|
07. cÖ‡dkbvj †Kv¤úvwb‡K cÖwkÿY:
hviv cÖvwZôvwbKfv‡e eQ‡ii ci eQi `‣ Rbkw³ ˆZwi K‡i Avm‡Q, G iKg cÖwk‣Y`vZv cÖ‡dkbvj
†Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv‡K KvR w`‡Z n‡e| Zv‡Z Gme cÖwZôvb †hgb `‣ Bbw÷wUDU wn‡m‡e M‡o IVvi my‡hvM cv‡e,
†Zgwb `‣ Rbkw³ Mo‡ZI Zviv f‥wgKv ivL‡Z cvi‡e|
08. Joint Venture V¨vKv‡bv:
R‡q›U †fÂv‡ii bv‡g `‣ †Kv¤úvwbi m‡½ ivR‰bwZKmn bvbv we‡ePbvq A`‣ †Kv¤úvwbi hy³ nIqv Kxfv‡e
†VKv‡bv hvq, †mwUI we‡ePbvq wb‡Z n‡e|
09. KvR Avb‡Z Lobbyst wb‡qvM:
KvR Avbvi †‣‡Î wewfbœ †`‡ki m‡½ m¤úK© †Rvi`vi Ki‡Z n‡e|
10. Paypal Payment System Pvjy:
AvDU‡mvwm©s Gi A_© †`‡k Avbvi Rb¨ Paypal Ges Ab¨vb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK †c‡g›U wm‡÷g mnRjf¨ Kivi Ici ¸iæZ¡
w`‡Z n‡e|
8 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  evsjv‡`k welqvewj
B-Kgvm© (E-commerce) wK? B Kgvm© Lv‡Zi we`¨gvb mgm¨v I mgm¨v mgvav‡b KiYxq?
g~jZ B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g cY¨ µq-weµq n‡‧Q E-commerce| A_©vr E-commerce n‡jv B›Uvi‡bU †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g
B‡jKUªwbK hš¿cvwZ †hgb e¨w³MZ Kw¤úDUvi, j¨vcUc, U¨ve‡jU, †gvevBj †dvb BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡i I‡qe I B‡j±ªwbK
WvUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g mKj cÖKv‡ii †fŠZ Ges wWwRUvj cY¨ I †mev µq-weµq Kiv‡K †evSvq| GwU g~jZ AbjvB‡b
e¨emv cwiPvjbvi GKwU AvaywbK wWwRUvj gva¨g, hv miKv‡ii wewfbœ †‣Îmg~‡ni g‡a¨Ñ
i. mgš^q mvab (Coordinate)
ii. e¨emvwqK †jb‡`b (Business Transactions)
iii. †hvMv‡hvM mnRxKiY (Facilitating Commonication)
iv. mviv‡`‡k e¨vcKnv‡i Kg©ms¯'v‡bi my‡hvM m…wó K‡i (Employment Generation)

 †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z B-Kgvm© Lv‡Zi Ae`vb (Contribution of E-commerce to the Country’s Economy):
01. A_©bxwZ‡Z bZzb GK gvÎv:
AbjvBbwfwËK e¨emv, A_©vr E-commerce †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z bZzb GK gvÎv †hvM K‡i‡Q| eû ZiæY D‡`¨v³v
Ges ÿz`ª I gvSvwi e¨emvqxiv wb‡R‡`i mg…w×i Rb¨ E-commerce-†K Aej¤^b wn‡m‡e †e‡Q wb‡‧Qb Ges mdjI
n‡‧Qb| Gi cvkvcvwk eû gvbyl †Wwjfvwig¨vb (Delivery-man) wn‡m‡e †µZv‡`i Kv‡Q cY¨ †cuŠ‡Q w`‡qI ¯^vej¤^x
n‡q DV‡Qb|
02. †eKviZ¡ `~ixKi‡Y f‚wgKv:
B-Kgv‡m©i we¯Í…wZi d‡j bZzb bZzb Kg©ms¯'v‡bi my‡hvM m…wó n‡q‡QÑ
i. AbjvBb †÷vi cwiPvjbv
ii. cY¨ mieivn
iii. Kv÷gvi mvwf©m
iv. wWwRUvj gv‡K©wUs
v. I‡qe †W‡fjc‡g›U cÖf…wZ|
03. m¤¢vebvgq evRvi:
UNB Gi wi‡cvU© Abyhvqx- 2021 mv‡j †`‡ki E-commerce Gi evRvi wQ‡jv cÖvq 568.70 wewjqb UvKv, hv
2022 G cÖvq 660 wewjqb UvKvq †cuŠQvq| ïay ZvB bq, Avkv Kiv n‡‧Q 2026 mv‡ji g‡a¨ †`‡ki E-commerce
evRvi cÖvq 1.5 wUªwjqb UvKvq †cuŠ‡Qv‡e|
04. MÖvgxY A_©bxwZi weKvk:
MÖv‡g e‡mI GKRb ZiæY AbjvBbwfwËK E-commerce-Gi gva¨‡g mviv †`‡ki †fv³v‡`i Kv‡Q Zuvi cY¨ †cuŠ‡Q
w`‡Z cvi‡Qb| we‡kl K‡i XvKvi evB‡i K…wlwfwËK B-Kgvm© D‡`¨v‡Mi msL¨v evo‡QB|
05. †`kxq wk‡íi weKvk:
†`kxq wk‡íi weKvk, D‡`¨v³v ˆZwi Ges Kg©ms¯'v‡bi my‡hvM m…wó K‡i GB LvZ RvZxq A_©bxwZi AMÖMwZ‡Z f‥wgKv
cvjb Ki‡Q|
06. `ªæZ ea©bkxj AbjvBb cø¨vUdg©:
†`‡k AbjvBbwbf©i cø¨vUdg© e¨envi K‡i E-commerce I Facebook-commerce (F- Commerce) Kx cwigvY
cÖwZôvb e¨emv Ki‡Q, cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv Zvi GKwU cwimsL¨vb cÖKvk K‡i‡Q evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv (BBS). m¤cÖwZ
cÖKvwkZ A_©‰bwZK ïgvwi 2024 Abymv‡i, †`‡ki 1 jvL 16 nvRvi 978wU cÖwZôvb wb‡R‡`i †mev I cY¨ †ePv‡Kbv,
†jb‡`bmn wewfbœ Kvh©µg AbjvBb cø¨vUd‡g© K‡i _v‡K|
†emiKvwi M‡elYv cÖwZôvb Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD)-Gi 1wU M‡elYvi wnmve w`‡q E-commerce-i
evRvi m¤cÖmvi‡Yi m¤¢vebvi wPÎ Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| †dmey‡K mwµq Ggb †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k 3q e…nËg †`k|
2027 mv‡j IwUwU cø¨vUdg© (OTT Platform) e¨enviKvixi msL¨v `uvov‡e 1 †KvwU 13 jvL|
 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  evsjv‡`k welqvewj 9
07. ÿz`ª I gvSvwi D‡`¨v³v‡`i Rb¨ bZzb m¤¢vebv
E-commerce Lv‡Zi weKvk ÿz`ª I gvSvwi D‡`¨v³v‡`i Rb¨ bZzb m¤¢vebv ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| A‡bK ZiæY D‡`¨v³v
AbjvBbwfwËK e¨emv ïiæ Ki‡Qb Ges wbR¯^ eª¨vÛ M‡o Zzj‡Qb|
08. kni I MÖvgv‡ji ga¨Kvi ˆelg¨ `~i
E-commerce-i we¯Í…wZ kni I MÖvgv‡ji ga¨Kvi ˆelg¨ Kwg‡q Avb‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡Q| GLb Avi MÖvgv‡ji gvbyl‡K
kn‡i wM‡q †KbvKvUv Ki‡Z n‡‧Q bv, eis AbjvBb cø¨vUd‡g©i gva¨‡g Zviv mn‡RB cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨ wKb‡Z cvi‡Qb|
GKBfv‡e, D‡`¨v³viv kn‡ii evB‡i †_‡KI Zv‡`i cY¨ I †mev mviv †`‡k †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z cvi‡Qb|
 B-Kgvm© Lv‡Zi mgm¨v (Challenges of E-commerce):
01. m¤cÖwZ Lye Aí mg‡q `ªæZ RbwcÖqZv cvIqv K‡qKwU B-Kgvm© cÖwZôv‡bi weiæ‡× kZ kZ †KvwU UvKv AvZ¥mvZmn MÖvnK
I gv‡P©›U‡`i mv‡_ cÖZviYvi Awf‡hvM I‡V| K‡qKwU cÖwZôv‡bi weiæ‡× cÖZviYvi Awf‡hvM IVvi ci †MvUv LvZwU GLb
fzM‡Q Av¯'vi msK‡U|
02. †µZv AwaKvi myi‣vq h_vh_ bxwZgvjv †bB|
03. eZg©v‡b †`‡k †h E-commerce mvBU¸‡jv i‡q‡Q, Zv‡`i me¸‡jvB wek¦¯Í bq| wKQz cÖwZôvb mwVK cY¨, mwVK mg‡q
mieivn, mwVK `vg wbwðZ K‡i bv, d‡j †µZviv cÖZvwiZ-weow¤^Z nb|
04. mgm¨v i‡q‡Q †c‡g›U wm‡÷g wb‡qI| evsjv‡`‡k E-commerce †jb‡`‡bi wmsnfvM GL‡bv K¨vk Ab †Wwjfvwi
cÖwµqv‡Z n‡q _v‡K| Kv‡W© †jb‡`b GL‡bv A‡bK Kg| KviY evsjv‡`k e¨vsK m¤ú~Y©i~‡c Payment Switch Pvjy Ki‡Z
cv‡iwb|
05. cY¨ cwienb e¨e¯'vq E-commerce e¨emvi Rb¨ h_vh_ bq|
06. Av‡iv Awf‡hvM i‡q‡Q, †c‡g›U †MUI‡q †mev`vbKvix cÖwZôvb¸‡jv D‧P nv‡i PvR© K‡i|
07. Avgv‡`i †`‡ki †cÖ‣vc‡U mviv‡`‡k †h‡nZz E-commerce GLbI cy‡ivcywifv‡e cÖwZwôZ nqwb, ZvB bv PvB‡jI
†KbvKvUv Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡q †µZv‡`i evRvigyLx n‡Z n‡‧Q|
08. Avgv‡`i †`‡k E-commerce-Gi †µZviv g~jZ kni‡Kw›`ªK|
09. Lye fv‡jv mieivn k…sLj M‡o D‡Vwb|
 B-Kgv‡m©i mgm¨v mgvav‡b KiYxq:
01. `ªæZMwZi B›Uvi‡bU wbwðZ Kiv:
E-commerce Kvh©µg B›Uvi‡b‡Ui Ici cy‡ivUvB wbf©ikxj| kni ev MÖvg me RvqMvq `ªæZMwZi B›Uvi‡bU wbwðZ
Kiv Riæwi| `ªæZMwZi B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM cvIqvi evav `~i Ki‡j MÖvg I kn‡i A‡bK D‡`¨v³v ˆZwi n‡e| cvkvcvwk
myjf g~‡j¨ B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvMcÖvwß E-commerce e¨emv‡K AviI Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡e|
02. mnR k‡Z© e¨vsK FY:
E-commerce D‡`¨v³viv hv‡Z mnR k‡Z© e¨vsK FY cvq †mwUI wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| E-commerce D‡`¨v³v‡`i
my`gy³ I webv Rvgvb‡Z FY w`‡j RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z BwZevPK f‥wgKv ivLv hv‡e||
03. cÖwk¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv:
E-commerce Lv‡Zi ÿz`ª I gvSvwi D‡`¨v³v‡`i (SME) e¨emvq m¤cÖmvi‡Yi Rb¨ I `‣Zv evov‡Z wb‡¤œv³ wel‡q
cÖwk‣Y †`Iqvi D‡`¨vM wb‡Z n‡eÑ
 jwRw÷Km e¨e¯'vcbv (Logistics Management)
 wWwRUvj wecYb (Digital Marketing)
 Bb‡f›Uwi g¨v‡bR‡g›U (Inventory Management)
 µvDW dvwÛs (Crowdfunding)
 †WUv A¨vbvjvBwmm (Data Analysis)
04. wWwRUvj †jb‡`b‡K Drmvn cÖ`vb:
bM` A‡_©i Ici wbf©iZv Kwg‡q wWwRUvj †jb‡`b‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡‣‡Î wWwRUvj †jb‡`‡bi LiP
Kgv‡Z n‡e|
10 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  evsjv‡`k welqvewj
05. wkí wn‡m‡e †NvlYv †`qv:
wWwRUvj ev AbjvBb cø¨vUdg© e¨envi K‡i E-commerce ev AbjvBb e¨emv‡K BÛvw÷ª ev wkí wn‡m‡e †NvlYv
†`qv| †UªW jvB‡mÞ K¨vUvMwi‡Z E-commerce ev AbjvBb e¨emv‡K mshy³ Kiv|
06. ÷vU©Avc‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv:
÷vU©Avc ms¯‹…wZ Dbœq‡b †g›Uiwkc e¨e¯'v, DbœZ wWwRUvj AeKvVv‡gv, cyuwRevRv‡i ZvwjKvfzw³i bxwZ mnR Kiv
Ges Ki cÖ‡Yv`bv cÖ`vb Kiv Riæwi|
07. we‡`wk wewb‡qvM‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv:
E-commerce Lv‡Zi weKv‡k we‡`wk wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i Av¯'v †div‡Z n‡e| e¨emvevÜe cwi‡ek I mnvqK bxwZgvjv
cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z we‡`wk wewb‡qvMKvixiv DrmvwnZ n‡e|
08. myjf g~‡j¨ ¯§vU©‡dvb:
mevi wWwRUvj AšÍf©yw³ wbwðZ Ki‡Z ¯§vU©‡dvb e¨env‡ii Ici we‡kl †Rvi †`qv DwPZ| ¯§vU©‡dvb Avg`vwb I ¯'vbxq
Drcv`‡b ïé Kgv‡bvi cvkvcvwk ¯^í Av‡qi gvby‡li Rb¨ fZ©ywKi e¨e¯'v Kiv DwPZ|
09. Digital Commerce Cell Kvh©Ki I Gi m¶gZv evov‡bv:
evwYR¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Digital Commerce Cell-†K Active Kiv Riæwi| G‡Z †jvKej evov‡bv Ges Z_¨cÖhyw³ Ávb
m¤úbœ gvbem¤ú` wb‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| GB †mj cÖ‡qvR‡b K…wÎg eyw×gËv e¨envi Ki‡e| GLv‡b Avjv`v BDwbU
_vK‡Z cv‡i ÔAvwU©wdwmqvj B‡›Uwj‡RwÞ BDwbU (Arrtificial Intelligence Unit)Õ bv‡g|
10. Central Complaint Management System ˆZwi Kiv:
evwYR¨ gš¿Yvjq/†fv³v AwaKvi msi¶Y Awa`߇ii gva¨‡g Central Complaint Management System ˆZwi
Ki‡Z n‡e| hv‡Z †µZv we‡µZv I Ab¨vb¨ c‣ mshy³ _vK‡e| G‡Z E-cab-mn mswkøó Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZôvb I wefvM‡K
ch©‡e‣K wn‡m‡e hy³ Kiv hv‡e|
11. mgm¨v cÖwZKv‡i AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvM:
†fv³v AwaKvi msi‣Y Awa`ßi ev evsjv‡`k cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Kwgkb Zv‡`i ‣gZv cÖ‡qvM Kivi gva¨‡g
Awfhy³‡`i weiæ‡× Zvr‣wYK e¨e¯'v I †`vlx me¨¯Í n‡j AvB‡bi AvIZvq G‡b †`‡ki cÖPwjZ AvB‡b kvw¯Í cÖ‡qvM
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
12. wWwRUvj evwYR¨ KZ©„cÿ AvBb-2023:
 wg_¨v Z_¨ w`‡q cY¨ wewµ Ki‡j AbjvBb wewµZv‡K 2 eQ‡ii Kviv`Ð Abv`v‡q 10 jvL UvKv Rwigvbv A_ev
Dfq `‡Ði weavb|
 wba©vwiZ mg‡q cY¨ ev †mev mieivn bv Ki‡j g~‡j¨i 3¸b Rwigvbv Av‡ivc Ki‡e KZ©…cÿ| Abv`v‡q 3 gvm
webvkÖg Kviv`Ð|
 wbwl× cY¨ wewµi †ÿ‡Î 3 eQi Kviv`Ð ev 10 jvL UvKv Rwigvbv Av‡ivc|

Ôevsjv‡`k m¨v‡UjvBU- 1Õ cÖK‡íi `yb©xwZ I Awbqg m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|

ÒBangladesh-1 Satellite: Another white elephantÓ
- Columnist Mahmudul Hasan.
AvIqvgx jxM miKv‡ii me‡P‡q e¨qeûj cÖK‡íi GKwU evsjv‡`k m¨v‡UjvBU Avw_©K Black Hole-G cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| G‡Z
miKv‡ii ‣wZi cwigvY `uvov‡Z cv‡i 1500 †KvwU UvKviI †ewk| evsjv‡`k m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui Rb¨ †h wewb‡qvM n‡q‡Q Zv D‡V
Avmvi m¤¢vebv †bB| mwVKfv‡e evRvi hvPvB bv K‡iB `yb©xwZi D‡Ï‡k¨ G Lv‡Z wecyj A_© wewb‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|
01. 1500 †KvwU UvKviI †ewk ¶wZ:
mswkøóiv ej‡Qb evsjv‡`k m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui Kvi‡Y miKv‡ii 1500 †KvwU UvKviI †ewk ‣wZ n‡Z P‡j‡Q| GB
m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui †ewkifvM MÖvnK ¯'vbxq wUwf †÷kb hv‡`i †_‡K GB wekvj cÖK‡íi e¨q †Zvjv m¤¢e bq|
 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  evsjv‡`k welqvewj 11
02. m¶gZvi †_‡K A‡bK Kg e¨envi (Underutilization):
d«vÞwfwËK _¨v‡jm A¨v‡jwbqv †¯ú‡mi ˆZwi m¨v‡UjvBUwU m‣gZvi †P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwigv‡Y Kg e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GLb ch©šÍ wm-e¨vÛ wd«‡Kv‡qwÞi gvÎ 59% wewµ n‡q‡Q Ges KU-e¨v‡Ûi 25% wewµ Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| wm-e¨vÛ e…wó‡Z
fv‡jv Ki‡jI Gi Rb¨ eo A¨v‡›Ubvi cÖ‡qvRb nq, Ab¨w`‡K KU-e¨vÛ †ewk e¨vÛDBW_ w`‡Z cvi‡jI AvenvIqv
Lvivc _vK‡j Gi KvR e¨vnZ nq|
03. AiweUvj ¯ø‡Ui Rb¨ AwZwi³ g~j¨:
AiweUvj ¯ø‡Ui Rb¨ ivwkqv‡K 36 wgwjqb Wjvi w`‡q‡Q evsjv‡`k| we‡klÁ‡`i g‡Z, GB †c‡g›U A‡bK †ewk wQj|
GB ai‡bi ¯ø‡Ui Rb¨ mvaviYZ 8 †_‡K 10 wgwjqb Wjvi †`Iqv nq|
04. ÎæwUc~Y© m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB:
m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB ÎæwUc~Y© wQj| G‡Z evRv‡ii Pvwn`v, cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Ges ivR¯^ m¤¢vebv‡K AwZ g~j¨vqb Kiv nq| G ai‡bi
AwZg~j¨vqb D‡Ïk¨cÖ‡Yvw`ZI n‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z †`‡ki jvf-‣wZ we‡ePbvq bv wb‡q nq‡Zv e¨w³ ev 1wU P‡µi ¯^v_©
cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q| G‡Z ejv nq m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui m‣gZv B‡›`v‡bwkqv, wdwjcvBb, mvK©fz³ †`kmg~n, KvRvL¯Ívb,
wKiwMR¯Ívb, ZvwRwK¯Ívb, ZzK©‡gwb¯Ívb I DR‡ewK¯Ív‡bi Kv‡Q wewµ Kiv hv‡e| Z‡e m¨v‡UjvBU Dr‡‣c‡Yi mvZ eQ‡iI
evsjv‡`k Gme †`‡k evRvi ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
05. ivóªxq †KvlvMv‡i Rgv nqwb †Kvb A_©:
m¨v‡UjvBU Dr‡‣c‡Yi Av‡M ejv n‡qwQj GwU wecyj jvfRbK GKwU cÖKí n‡e| wKš`, GLb ch©šÍ m¨v‡UjvBU
cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ MwVZ ivóªxq gvwjKvbvaxb †Kv¤úvwb Bangladesh Satellite Company Limited (BSCL) ivóªxq
†KvlvMv‡i GK cqmvI Rgv w`‡Z cv‡iwb|
06. wecyj cwigvY F‡Yi †evSv:
2018 mv‡ji †g gv‡m †¯úmG‡•i d¨vjKb 9 i‡K‡Ui gva¨‡g Dr‡‣cY Kiv m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui Rb¨ cÖwZ Qq gv‡m
GBPGmwewm‡K cÖvq 85 jvL Wjvi cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq evsjv‡`k †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM wbqš¿Y Kwgkb‡K (BTRC)| wKš` MZ
K‡qK eQ‡i Wjv‡ii wecix‡Z UvKvi 40% Aeg~j¨vq‡bi Kvi‡Y BTRC-i Ici FY cwi‡kv‡ai †evSv AviI †Ru‡K
e‡m‡Q| GLb BTRC-†K cÖwZ eQi 2 wKw¯Í‡Z 190Ñ200 †KvwU UvKv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq|
07. LiP cybiæ×v‡ii mgqI cÖvq †kl:
m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui Avqy®‹vj 15 eQi A_©vr 2033 mv‡ji ci Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡B _vK‡e bv ZvB cÖK‡íi LiP cybiæ×v‡ii mgqI †kl
n‡q hv‡‧Q| mvg‡bi K‡qK eQ‡i G LiP cybiæ×vi Kiv m¤¢e bq|
08. `yb©xwZ I †`‡ki ¯^v_©we‡ivax cÖKí:
evsjv‡`k m¨v‡UjvBU-1 Dr‡‣c‡Yi ci ZwoNwo K‡i †bIqv nq wØZxq cÖKí| e½eÜz m¨v‡UjvBU-2 wQj weMZ miKv‡ii
eo ai‡bi Avw_©K `yb©xwZi cÖKí| †mB m‡½ †hfv‡e Pzw³i cÖ¯`wZ PjwQj Zv wQj cy‡ivcywi †`‡ki ¯^v_©we‡ivax|
09. ¯úvi‡mv‡K hy³ Kiv nqwb:
evsjv‡`k gnvKvk M‡elYv I `~i Abyaveb cÖwZôvb‡K (SPARRSO) evsjv‡`k m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui †Kv‡bv ch©v‡qB hy³ Kiv
nqwb| fwel¨‡Zi K_v wPšÍv Ki‡j m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui m‡½ Zv‡`i hy³ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb wQj|
12 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  evsjv‡`k welqvewj
mvBevi myi¶v Aa¨v‡`k, 2025 (Cyber Security Ordinance, 2025) m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
RvwZmsN (UN) KZ©…K gvbevwaKv‡ii me©Rbxb †NvlYv Ges AvšÍR©vwZK gvbevwaKvi AvB‡b gZcÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi AwaKvi‡K
gvbevwaKvi wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB evK¯^vaxbZvi cÖ‡kœB mvBevi wbivcËv AvBb, 2023 evwZj K‡i cÖYqb Kiv n‡‧Q
mvBevi myi‣v Aa¨v‡`k, 2025|
 mvBevi myi¶v Aa¨v‡`k, 2025:
Dc‡`óv cwil‡` MZ 24 wW‡m¤^i,2024 mvBevi myi‣v Aa¨v‡`k, 2024-Gi Lmov Aby‡gv`b †`Iqv n‡qwQj, wKš` Aby‡gvw`Z
LmovwU wb‡q mgv‡jvPbv nq| †mLv‡b aviv 25-G mvBevi eywjs‡qi (Cyber Bullying) bv‡g GKwU weavb wQj| IB avivq ejv
n‡qwQj, mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvMgva¨‡g evZ©v Av`vb-cÖ`vb cø¨vUdg©, I‡qemvBU ev mvBevi †¯ú‡m †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev †Mvôx‡K
fqfxwZ cÖ`k©b, ûgwK cÖ`vb ev nqivwb Kiv, wg_¨v ev ¶wZKi Z_¨, AcgvbRbK evZ©v, MvwjMvjvR, ¸Re ev gvbnvwbKi
Av‡aq (Content) Qov‡bvi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv e¨w³i mybvg ev gvbwmK ¯^v¯'¨ ‣wZMÖ¯Í Kiv n‡j, Zv kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva n‡e|
mgv‡jvPbvi gy‡L bZzb K‡i AvBbwUi Lmov Kiv nq, bZzb AvB‡bi bvg n‡e mvBevi myi‣v Aa¨v‡`k, 2025|
 weZwK©Z mvBevi wbivcËv 2023:
e¨vcK mgv‡jvwPZ I weZwK©Z wWwRUvj wbivcËv AvBb 2018 iwnZ K‡i 2023 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤^‡i AvIqvgx jxM miKvi
mvBevi wbivcËv AvBb- 2023 bv‡g GKwU AvBb cvm K‡i| †`wk-we‡`wk gvbevwaKvi ms¯'v I AwaKviKg©xiv GwU‡K bZzb
†gvo‡K cy‡iv‡bv wbeZ©bg~jK avivmsewjZ AvBb e‡j G‡m‡Qb|
 weZwK©Z mvBevi wbivcËv (Cyber Security) AvB‡bi 9wU aviv evwZj:
cwiewZ©Z Lmov Aa¨v‡`‡k evwZj nIqv 9wU avivi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q:
01. 20 avivq Kw¤úDUvi †mvm© †KvW cwieZ©b msµvšÍ Aciva I `Ð;
02. 21 avivq gyw³hy×, gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv, †kL gywReyi ingvb m¤ú‡K© we‡Øl, weåvwšÍ I Kzrmvg~jK cÖPviYvi `Ð;
03. 24 avivq cwiPq cÖZviYv ev Q݇ek aviY;
04. 25 avivq AvµgYvZ¥K, wg_ ev fxwZ cÖ`k©K, Z_¨-DcvË †cÖiY, cÖKvk BZ¨vw`;
05. 26 avivq AbygwZ e¨ZxZ cwiwPwZ Z_¨ msMÖn, e¨envi BZ¨vw`i `Ð; gvbnvwbKi Z_¨ cÖKvk, cÖPvi BZ¨vw`; c‡ivqvbv
e¨wZ‡i‡K Zjøvwk, Rã I †MÖßvi;
06. 29 avivq gvbnvwbKi Z_¨ cÖKvk, cÖPvi BZ¨vw`;
07. 31 avivq AvBbk…․Ljvi AebwZ NUv‡bv, BZ¨vw`i Aciva I `Ð;
08. 32 avivq n¨vwKs msµvšÍ Aciva I `Ð Ges
09. 55 avivq gnvcwiPvj‡Ki ‣gZv Ac©Y msµvšÍ welq|
 9wU aviv ev` †`Iqvi d‡j IB aviv¸‡jvi Aaxb _vKv 90-95% gvgjv LvwiR n‡e|
 bZzb Aa¨v‡`‡ki Lmovq D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †hme welq i‡q‡Q ev †hme cwieZ©b Avbv n‡q‡Q:
01. cÖ¯ÍvweZ Lmov hy‡Mvc‡hvMx Kivi cÖ‡qvR‡b D‡jøL‡hvM¨msL¨K avivq ms‡kvab Avbv n‡q‡Q| aviv-12-†Z RvZxq mvBevi
myi‣v KvDwÞj cybM©Vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ¯ÍvweZ Aa¨v‡`‡k ARvwgb‡hvM¨ aviv †gvU PviwU (aviv 17, aviv 18(1) (M),
aviv 19, 22)|
02. UªvBey¨bvj KZ©…K Av‡ivwcZ Rwigvbv n‡Z ev Rwigvbvi AwZwi³ A_© ‣wZc~iY wn‡m‡e ‣wZMÖ¯Í e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb‡K
cÖ`v‡bi my‡hvM ivLv n‡q‡Q|
03. mvBevi †¯ú‡m Ryqv, †hŠb nqivwb, eø¨vK‡gwjs ev Akøxj welqe¯` cÖKvk, ag©xq ev RvwZMZ wel‡q N…Yv I we‡Ølg~jK Z_¨
cÖKvk BZ¨vw`msµvšÍ Aciv‡ai wel‡q bZzb aviv AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
04. bvix I wkï‡`i weiæ‡× mvBevi Aciv‡ai Rb¨ Avjv`v aviv mshy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
05. mvBevi †¯ú‡m msNwUZ Aciva‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q mvBevi wbivcËv AvBb-2023-Gi aviv 5wU aviv ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q|
06. Avgj‡hvM¨, Rvwgb‡hvM¨ Ges Avcm‡hvM¨ Aciva wee…Z Kiv n‡q‡Q|
07. cÖ¯ÍvweZ Aa¨v‡`‡ki †gvU avivi msL¨v 52wU| Av‡M wQj 60wU|
08. cÖ¯ÍvweZ Lmovi aviv 2-G K‡qKwU bZzb msÁv ms‡hvRb Ges D‡jøL‡hvM¨msL¨K msÁv cwigvR©b Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb
Global Threat Intelligence, RvZxq mvBevi wbivcËv Acv‡ikb †m›Uvi BZ¨vw`|
 Basic View  Liberation War  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 1
Ògyw³hy× GKK †Kv‡bv †bZ…‡Z¡ m¤úbœ nqwbÓ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
Õ†KvbI GKK e¨w³‡K wb‡q A_ev Zvi Øviv †Kvb I RvwZ-†`k MwVZ nqwbÒ
.... ZrKvjxb cÖavb wePvicwZ my‡i›`ª Kzgvi wmbnv (17 †m‡Þ¤^i, 2014: evsjv‡`k)
gyw³hy‡× AvIqvgx jxM I †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡i cÔ‡kœ evsjv‡`‡ki AvwacZ¨kxj cÔvq me eqv‡bi HK¨gZ i‡q‡Q| wKš`
gyw³hy‡× evwK `j I †bZv‡`i Ae`vb‡K Lv‡Uv K‡i Ges AvIqvgx jx‡Mi `„wófw½‡ZB BwZnvmPP©vi cÔeYZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| GB
`k‡Ki gvSvgvwS, we‡klZ AvIqvgxjxM ÿgZv MÔn‡Yi ci, Õgyw³hy‡×i †PZbvÒ Public Discourse Ask n‡Z ïiæ K‡i|
e‡iY¨ eyw×Rxex, †jLK, M‡elK I BwZnvmwe` e`iæÏxb Dgi e‡jb,
Õgyw³hy‡×i gnvbvqK wn‡m‡e gyw³hy‡× †bZ…Z¡ †`Iqv `~‡ii K_v gywRe Rvb‡ZbB bv †h gyw³hy× n‡”QÒ|
[ˆ`wbK BbwKjve 16 wW‡m¤^i, 2024]
01. AvIqvgx jxM g‡b K‡iÑ
ÒAvIqvgx jxMB gyw³hy×, Z_v ¯^vaxbZv msMÔv‡gi GKgvÎ nK`vi| G‡Z Ab¨ Kv‡ivI K…wZZ¡ †bB|Ò
02. evgcš’x‡`i g‡a¨ g‡¯‹vcš’x Ask g‡b K‡iÑ
Õgyw³hy‡× AvIqvgx jx‡Mi ci Zv‡`i Ae`vbB †ewk| AvšÍR©vwZK †ÿ‡Î Zv‡`i ÓAwffveKÖ ZrKvjxb †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb
†h evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i c‡ÿ Ae¯'vb wb‡qwQj| GUv Zv‡`i `vwei c‡ÿ eo hyw³|Ò
03. wcwKscš’x evg‡`i aviYvÑ
Ò`xN© jovB-msMÔv‡gi ga¨ w`‡q ZuvivB gyw³hy‡×i exRZjv wbg©vY K‡i‡Qb|
AvIqvgx jxM fvi‡Zi m‡½ wg‡j hy×Uv †kl bv Ki‡j ZuvivB Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ _vK‡Zb|Ò
04. RbM‡Yi weivU Ask g‡b K‡i,
1971 mv‡ji gyw³hy× wQj me A‡_© 1wU MYhy×| 25 gvP© iv‡Z cvwK¯Ívwb †mbvevwnbx MYnZ¨v ïiæ Ki‡j mvaviY gvbyl †Kvb
†bZv KLb †NvlYv w`‡jb wKsev †Kvb `j KZ eQi Av‡M ¯^vaxbZvi c‡ÿ cÔ¯Íve †i‡LwQj, †mme we‡ePbv K‡iwb| Zviv
wbR wbR Ae¯'vb †_‡K cÔwZ‡iva M‡o Zz‡j‡Q|
05. †`k‡cÖwgK RbZv g‡b K‡i,
25 gvP© iv‡Z ivRviev‡M cywjk m`i `߇i cywjk m`m¨iv wcjLvbv BwcAvi (EPR) m`i `߇i EPR m`m¨iv †h
cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i AvµgY †gvKv‡ejv K‡iwQ‡jb, †m Rb¨ Zuviv KviI wb‡`©‡ki gyLv‡cÿx wQ‡jb bv| Zuv‡`i m~wPZ cÔwZ‡iva
mvaviY gvbyl‡K I D¾xweZ K‡i‡Q| †hLv‡b KwZcq Ó`vjvjÖ Qvov †MvUv RvwZ cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i weiæ‡× jovB K‡i‡Q, †mLv‡b
`jxq ivRbxwZi weZK© Zz”Q|
06. evsjv‡`‡ki gnvb gyw³hy‡× †e½j †iwR‡g‡›Ui ˆmwbK, BwcAvi (EPR), cywjk, Avbmvi, K…lK-kÖwgK, QvÎÑQvÎx I
me©¯Í‡ii †ckvi gvbyl ¯^Ztù~Z© AskMÔnY K‡i|
A_©vr, G hy‡× me©¯Í‡ii evOvwj AskMÔnY Kivq G hyׇK MYhy× ev Rbhy× ejv nq|
†gRi iwdKzj Bmjvg,Òjÿ cÖv‡Yi wewbg‡qÓ MÔ‡š' D‡jøL K‡ib †h,
Òme †m±‡iB mvgwiK evwnbx A‡cÿv †Mwijv †hv×v‡`i msL¨v †ewk wQj|Ó
07. ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× g‡¯‹vcš’x `j¸‡jvi:
i. 1wU ¯^Zš¿ †Mwijv BDwbU cÔwZôv K‡i Ges cÔvq 2000 †Mwijv‡K cÔwkÿY `vb K‡i, hviv cieZ©x mg‡q Kzwgjøv I
XvKvq mwµqfv‡e hy‡× AskMÔnY K‡i|
ii. ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i `ye©j w`K n‡jv AvIqvgx jx‡Mi g‡a¨ †bZ…Z¡ †K›`ªxf~Z _vKv| Gi cwi‡cÔwÿ‡Z wmwcwei †K›`ªxq
KwgwU, g‡¯‹vcš'x KwgDwb÷ cvwU©, b¨vc, AvIqvgx jxM I Ab¨vb¨ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji †bZ…‡Z¡ 1wU National
Liberation Front MV‡bi cÔ¯Íve K‡i| hvi cwi‡cÔwÿ‡Z me©`jxq Dc‡`óv cwil` MwVZ nq|
08. c~e© evsjv me©nviv cvwU©:
1968 mv‡j 8 Rvbyqvwi wmivR wmK`v‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ 1wU bZzb `‡ji m„wó nq| ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× AskMÔnY K‡iI cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i
weiæ‡× wewfbœ GjvKvq hy× K‡i| gyw³evwnbxi mv‡_ †h×_fv‡e I hy× cwiPvjbv K‡i|
09. AwbqwgZ evwnbx:
QvÎ (60%), hyeK, kÔwgK, K…lK (12%), 13% PvKz‡i, 8% e¨emvqx mn mKj ch©v‡qi gyw³‡hv×v‡`i wb‡q MwVZ
n‡qwQj AwbqwgZ evwnbx| †gRi Kvgiæj nvmvb fu~Bqv Zvi ÒRbhy‡×i MY‡hv×vÓ eB‡qi f~wgKvq D‡jøL K‡ibÑ
Õm¤§yL mg‡i MY‡hv×v‡`i cÔvq mevB wQj MÔvgv‡j †L‡U LvIqv gvbyl,
QvÎ, kÔwgK, c‡KUgvi, †PvivKvievix, Pi`L‡ji jovKz, wmu‡aj †Pvi, †Mi‡¯'i Kvgjv|Ò
2 Basic View  Liberation War  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
gyw³hy‡× fvi‡Zi jvfevb nIqvi wel‡q hyw³ Zz‡j aiæb
01. f~-ivR‰bwZK jvf:
i. cvwK¯Ív‡bi `ye©jxKiY:
1947 mvj †_‡K fviZ-cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨ ˆewiZv we`¨gvb wQj we‡klZ Kvk¥xi Bmy¨i Kvi‡Y| evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb n‡j
cvwK¯Ívb Zvi 1wU kw³ nvivq Ges mvgwiKfv‡e `ye©j n‡q c‡o|
ii. fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k fvi‡Zi cÖfve e„w×:
cvwK¯ÍvbwfwËK GK ai‡bi ˆØZ kÎæZvi Aemvb N‡U| fviZ `yB w`K †_‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi Pvc wb‡q msKU †_‡K gyw³ cvq
Ges `xN©‡gqv‡` evsjv‡`k‡K eÜzmyjf iv‡óª cwiYZ Ki‡Z mÿg n‡qwQj|
02. bZzb evRvi m„wó:
i. evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi d‡j cY¨ I wk‡íi Rb¨ 1wU bZzb evRvi cvq|
ii. 2023Ñ24 A_©eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡k fvi‡Zi ißvwbi cwigvY wQjÑ 1.8 wewjqb gvwK©b Wjvi|
03. mxgvšÍ wbivcËv e„w×:
i. c~e© cvwK¯Ívb _vKvKvjxb mxgv‡šÍ fvi‡Zi Rb¨ wbivcËv ûgwK wQj|
ii. fvi‡Zi mv‡_ mxgvšÍ ˆ`N©¨Ñ 4156 wK‡jvwgUvi (BGB Gi g‡Z), hv c„w_exi 5g e„nËg mxgvšÍ ˆ`N©¨| fviZ myiwÿZ
K‡i wbivcËv ûgwK †_‡K|
04. DËi-c~e© fvi‡Zi wew”QbœZvev`x mgm¨v wbqš¿Y:
i. c~e© cvwK¯Ívb _vKvKvjxb mg‡q †m‡fb wm÷vm© cvwK¯Ív‡bi mg_©b †cZ| evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxbZv †c‡j fvi‡Zi GB msKU
†_‡K gyw³ wg‡j|
ii. Kvk¥xi Ges DËi-c~e©v‡ji 7wU iv‡R¨ AwaK ˆmb¨ †gvZvqb K‡i fviZ Gme GjvKvi ¯^vaxbZv I ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vjb
`vwe‡q †i‡L‡Q|
iii. c~e© cvwK¯Ívb eZ©gvb _vK‡j GKw`‡K Pxb I Ab¨w`‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi gva¨‡g †m‡fb wm÷v‡m©i wew”QbœZvev`xiv fviZ †_‡K
mn‡R Avjv`v ivóª MVb K‡i †dj‡Zv|
05. kiYv_©x msKU mgvavb:
i. gyw³hy‡×i mgq cÔwZw`b M‡o 20,000 †_‡K 40,000 evOvwj fvi‡Z AvkÔq †bq Ges †gvU kiYv_©xi msL¨v nq cÔvq 1
†KvwU|
ii. Ryb 1971 ch©šÍ fviZ RvwZmsN I Ab¨vb¨ Drm †_‡KÑ 26 †KvwU 30 jvL Wjvi mvnvh¨ †c‡qwQj †hLv‡b fvi‡Zi e¨q
wQj gvÎ 50 †KvwU UvKv| [m~Î: 26 gvP©, 2014 (cÔ_g Av‡jv)]
iii. ZvB gyw³hy‡× fviZ mnqZv cÔ`vb K‡i kiYv_©x msKU mgvavb K‡i jvfevb nq| evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi d‡j
evsjv‡`‡k †diZ cvVv‡bv m¤¢e nq|
06. fvi‡Zi K~U‰bwZK Ae¯’vb kw³kvjx nq:
i. 1971 mv‡ji 9 AvM÷ mgwóMZ bxwZi AvIZvq fviZ-†mvwf‡qZ ˆgÎx Pzw³‡Z Ave× nq, hv †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi m‡½
fvi‡Zi m¤ú‡K© my`„p K‡i Ges ¯œvqyhy‡× fvi‡Zi Rb¨ djcÖm~ nq|
ii. gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g fviZ AvšÍR©vwZK A½‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKvq Av‡m|
07. DËiÑc~e©v‡j cwienb myweav:
gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k cÔwZwôZ nIqvq 1972 mv‡j ˆgÎx Pzw³i AvIZvq evsjv‡`‡ki ga¨ w`‡q UªvÝwkc‡g›U I UªvbwRU
myweav Av`vq K‡i †bq fviZ| cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨ w`‡q GB myweav m¤¢e wQj bv|
08. gyw³hy× wb‡q fvi‡Zi `„wófw½:
i. fviZ hyׇK †¯ªd 12 w`‡bi, cvK- fviZÖ hy× g‡b K‡i| Zv‡`i e³e¨ I wee„wZ‡Z, mfv-†mwgbv‡i, †jLvq, AvbyôvwbK
A_ev AbvbyôvwbK Abyôv‡b gyw³‡hv×v‡`i exiZ¡ Muv_v K_v KgB D‡jøL _v‡K|
ii. evsjv‡`‡ki wewkó mvsevw`K I gyw³hy‡×i M‡elK Avdmvb †P×ayix iwPZ Ôevsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vjb avivevwnKZvi
BwZnvmÖ gwnDwÏb Avn‡g` iwPZ ÓcÔwZbvqÖ, Avãyj AvwRR evMgvi iwPZ Õ¯^vaxbZvi ¯^cœ D‡b¥l I AR©bÒ BZ¨vw` eB‡q
40 `kK †_‡KB c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K ¯^vaxb Kivi j‡ÿ¨ fviZ bvbv Kvh©µg I ZrciZv ïiæi Z_¨ cvIqv hvq|
 Basic View  Liberation War  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 3
fvlv Av‡›`vjb (Language Movement): [***]
 fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi KviY:
01. A-evOvwj‡`i nv‡Z ÿgZv †K›`ªxqKiY:
 Mfb©i : Avjx wRbœvn&
 cÔavbgš¿x : wjqvKZ Avjx Lvb
 gyL¨gš¿x : LvRv bvwRg [A-ev½vwj]
 1947 mv‡j 18 Rb gš¿xi g‡a¨ gvÎ 4 Rb evOvwj
02. ïiæ‡ZB evOvwj‡`i cÖwZ Ae‡njv:
i. Awdm, Av`vjZ, WvKwU‡KU, ÷¨v¤ú, †cv÷KvW©, Lvg I wU‡K‡U Bs‡iwRi cvkvcvwk D`y©i e¨envi|
ii. 1947 mv‡ji b‡f¤^‡ii Civil Service cwiÿvq Bs‡iwR, D`y©, wnw›`, †d«Â I Rvg©vbmn 9wU fvlv e¨env‡ii
AbygwZ †`qv nq, †mLv‡b evsjv fvlv e¨env‡ii AbygwZ †`qv nq bvB| A_P †Kvb cÔ‡`‡ki fvlv D`y© I Bs‡iwR
wQj bv| mvaviY gvby‡li g‡a¨ fvlv e¨nv‡ii nv‡i evsjv- 56.40%, D`y©- 3.37%, Bs‡iwR wQjÑ 0.02%|
03. ax‡i›`ªbv_ `‡Ëi cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vL¨vb:
i. 23 †deªæqvwi, 1948 mv‡j KivwP‡Z MYcwil‡`i cÔ_g Awa‡ek‡b MYcwil‡`i fvlv Bs‡iwRi cvkvcvwk D`y©i
mv‡_ evsjv e¨env‡ii cÔ¯Íve K‡ib|
ii. †deªæqvwi, 1948 mv‡j ax‡i›`ªbv‡_i cÔ¯Íve wb‡q Av‡jvPbv nq Ges MYcwil‡` Zv cÖZ¨vL¨vZ nq|
04. †jLK, mvwnwZ¨K I eyw×Rxex‡`i †jLbx:
 1918 : W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn& evsjv‡K fvi‡Zi ivóªfvlv Kivi `vwe K‡ib|
 1921 : bIqve Avjx †P×ayix evsjv‡K Awef³ evsjvi ivófvlv Kivi `vwe K‡ib|
 1947 : Õˆ`wbK AvRv` cwÎKvÒ evsjv‡K fvi‡Zi ivóªfvlv Kivi wbeÜ †j‡Lb|
 RjyvB 1947 : AvjxMo wek^we`¨j‡qi wfwm. W. wRqv DwÏb D`y©‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªfvlv Kivi cÔ¯Íve
Ki‡j W. gyn¤§v` knx`yjøvn& Õˆ`wbK AvRv` cwÎKvqÒ cÔwZev` wbeÜ †j‡Lb|
 15 †m‡Þ¤^i 1947 : ZgyÏb gRwjm KZ©„K ÕcvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªfvlv evsjv bv D`y©Ò cyw¯ÍKv cÔKvk K‡i|
m¤úv`bvq Aveyj gbmyi Avn‡g`, Aveyj Kv‡kg I KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb|
 wW‡m¤^i 1948 : XvKvq AbywôZ mvwnZ¨ m‡¤§j‡b mfvcwZi fvl‡Y W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn& e‡jb-
ÕAvgiv wn›`y ev gymjgvb †hgb mZ¨
Zvi †P‡q †ewk mZ¨ Avgiv evOvwj...Ò
05. Aviwe ni‡d evsjv †jLvi cÖ¯Íve :
1947 mv‡ji 27 wW‡m¤^i wkÿvgš¿x dRjyi ingvb (evOvwj) wbwLj cvwK¯Ívb wkÿK m‡¤§j‡b Ges 1948 mv‡j Õwkÿv
Dc‡`óv †evW©Ò Gi mfvq Aviwe ni‡d evsjv †jLvi cÔ¯Íve K‡ib|
06. wRbœvni `‡¤¢w³:
21 gvP©, 1948 - †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b
24 gvP©, 1948 - KvR©b n‡j mgveZ©‡b
“Urdu and only Urdu Shall be the state Language of Pakistan.”
07. LvRv bvwR‡gi wek^vmNvZKZv:
27 Rvbyqvwi 1952 mv‡j - wRbœvni e³e¨ wiwcU K‡ib
30 Rvbyqvwi 1952 mv‡j - QvÎ ag©NU
4 †deªæqvwi 1952 - mviv‡`‡k ag©NU
08. wjqvKZ Avjx Lv‡bi †NvlYv:
†m‡Þ¤^i 1950 - wRbœvni fvlY wiwcU
4 Basic View  Liberation War  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
09. ¯^vqË¡kvm‡bi †PZbv:
jv‡nvi cÔ¯Íve ev¯Íevqb bv nIqvq evOvwj ¯^vqËkvm‡bi †PZbvq D`MÔxe wQj|
10. ˆelg¨:
ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK, wkÿvMZ, mvgwiK I mvs¯‹…wZK BZ¨vw` ˆelg¨|

fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi Zvrch©: [***]

1. evOvwj RvZxqZvi D‡b¥l: evOvwji ¯^Zš¿ ¯^Ëv I AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb nq Ges ¯^vaxb mve©‡f×g evsjv‡`k MVb
D`MÖxe/mvnmx nq|
2. mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡›`vjb ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vj‡b iæc †bq: fvlvi Rb¨ Av‡›`vjbwU me©¯Í‡ii gvbyl 3wU Kvi‡Y Ask †bq-
K) cvÃvex Avgjv I †mbvP‡µi MYwe‡ivax
L) A_©‰bwZK †kvlY
M) evOvwj‡`i cÔwZ wegvZvmyjf AvPiY
me©¯Í‡ii gvby‡li GB AskMÔnY ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vj‡b DRRxexZ K‡i|
3. evOvwjiv AwaKvi m‡PZb nq: b¨vqm½Z `vwe‡Z m‡PZb _v‡K|
4. msMÖvgx †PZbvi m~Pbv: msMÔvgx †PZbvi D‡b¥l N‡U|
5. ¯^vZš¿¨‡ev‡ai weKvk: cvwK¯Ív‡b emevm Ki‡jI ¯^Zš¿ ¯^v_©, Aw¯ÍZ¡ I ˆewkó¨ msiÿ‡Y evOvwj‡`i ¯^vZš¿¨‡ev‡ai weKvk N‡U|
6. QvÎ mgv‡Ri ¸iæZ¡ e„w×: ms¯‹„wZ I GKvZ¥‡ev‡ai ¸iæZ¡ e„w× cvq| A_©vr GKvZ¥‡ev‡ai gva¨‡g `vwe Av`vq m¤¢e nq|
7. Am¤úª`vwqK †PZbv m„wó: wn›`y, gymwjg a©g‡K ¸iæZ¡ bv w`‡q evOvwj wn‡m‡e Am¤úª`vwqK mgvR m„wó K‡i‡Q|
8. knx` wgbvi:mvnm, mnvq I wbf©iZvi cÔZxK n‡q D‡V‡Q|

ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b cvwK¯Ív‡bi wbh©vZb I ˆel‡g¨i wPÎ Zz‡j aiæb|

 cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivR‰bwZK ˆelg¨ (Political Discrimination):
1) †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii c~e© evsjvi cÔv‡`wkK ¯^vqË¡kvmb I Abxnv|
2) MYZš¿‡K D‡cÿv K‡i ˆ¯^i I mvgwiKZš¿ ev¯Íevqb
3) msL¨vMwi‡ô¨i emevm XvKvq n‡jI ivRavbx KivwP‡Z ¯'vcb|
4) 1947-1971 ch©šÍÑ
 211 Rb gš¿xi g‡a¨ evOvwjÑ 95 Rb
 AvBqye Lv‡bi 62 Rb gš¿xi g‡a¨ ev½vwjÑ 22 Rb
 4 Rb ivóªcÔav‡bi g‡a¨ evOvwjÑ 1 Rb
 c~e© evsjvq 4 Rb Mfb©‡ii g‡a¨ evOvwjÑ 1 Rb
 †mvnivIqv`©x‡K cÔavbgš¿x †_‡K eiLv¯Í K‡ibÑ B¯‹v›`vi gxR©v
 hy³d«›U miKvi‡K †f‡½ †`qÑ 56 w`‡bi gv_vq
 AvMiZjv gvgjvq Awfhy³ Kiv nqÑ †kL gywRemn 35 Rb‡K
 1947 mv‡j †`k fv‡Mi ci 18 Rb gš¿xi g‡a¨ evOvwjÑ gvÎ 4 Rb
 cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖkvmwbK ˆelg¨ (Administrative Discrimination):
1966 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÔkvmwbK wPÎ:
LvZ †cÖwm‡W›U mwPevjvq †`kiÿv wkí ¯^ivóª wkÿv AvBb K…wl
evOvwj 19% 8.1% 25.7% 22.7% 27.3% 35% 21%
A-ev½vwj 81% 91.9% 74.3% 77.3% 72.7% 65% 79%
m~Î: 1965 mv‡ji cvwK¯Ívb Wb cwÎKvi Z_¨
 Basic View  Liberation War  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 5
1952 mv‡ji Av‡iK Z‡_¨ †`Lv hvqÑ
 mwPe- 95 R‡bi mevB cvwK¯Ívwb
 hyMœmwPe- 19 R‡bi 1 Rb evOvwj
 DcmwPe- 59 R‡bi 4 Rb evOvwj
mvgwiK Awdmvi
c`ex †Rbv‡ij †gRi †Rbv‡ij we‡MÖ. †Rbv‡ij †bŠ-evwnbx Awdmvi K‡b©j wegvb evwnbx
evOvwj 0 0 0 7 1 40
A-ev½vwj 3 20 34 593 49 640
Source: Gradadion last of Civil service of Pakistan 1955, 1 July
 cvwK¯Ív‡bi mvgwiK ˆelg¨ (Military Discrimination):
01. mvgwiK †ÿ‡Î †KvUv cØwZ:
 cvÄvex- 60%
 cvVvb- 30%
 wmÜz, †ewjP I Ab¨vb¨- 5%
02. 1955 mv‡j 2211 Rb Kg©KZ©v‡`i g‡a¨ evOvwj wQ‡jvÑ 82 Rb|
03. 1966 mv‡j 17 Rb kxl© †mbv Kg©KZ©v‡`i g‡a¨ evOvwj wQjÑ 1 Rb|
04. W. Avjxg Avj ivRx Zvi “Process of Economic Disparity” wbe‡Ü 1966 m‡b e‡jb, ÕmvgwiK Kg©ms¯'v‡bi
3.9% wQj evOvwj|Ó
05. 1967-68 A_©eQ‡i mvgwiK †ÿ‡Î cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b eivÏ wQjÑ 2888 †KvwU UvKv Ges c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b eivÏ wQj
288 †KvwU UvKv|
 cvwK¯Ív‡bi A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨ (Economic Discrimination):
01. †K›`ªxq e¨vsK, exgv I evwYwR¨K cÔwZôv‡bi †K›`ª wQjÑ cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b|
3wU cÂevwl©K cwiKíbvq eivÏ-
cÂevwl©K bs evOvwj‡`i Rb¨ cwðgv‡`i Rb¨
1g 113 †KvwU iæwc 500 †KvwU iæcx
2q 900 †KvwU iæwc 1350 †KvwU iæcx
3q 36% 63%
02. 1956 mv‡ji †gvU e¨v‡qi 5.10% wQ‡jv c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨|
03. 1969 mv‡j Bmjvgvev‡`i Dbœq‡b eivÏÑ 300 †KvwU UvKv Ges XvKvi Rb¨ eivÏ- 25 †KvwU UvKv
04. RvZxq Drcv`‡bi 52% I ˆew`wkK gy`ªvi 57.59% mieivn KiZ c~e© cvwK¯Ívb
05. 1959- 60 A_©eQ‡i evvRvi `i wQjÑ
cY¨ c~e© cvwK¯Ívb cwðg cvwK¯Ívb
1 gb Pvj 35 UvKv 20.25 UvKv
1 gb AvUv 25 UvKv 15.20 UvKv
mwilvi †Zj 5 UvKv 2.50 UvKv
 wkÿvq cvwK¯Ív‡bi ˆelg¨ (Discrimination in Education):
01. 1956-57 A_©eQ‡i wkÿvq cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b eivÏÑ 2084 wg. UvKv Ges c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bÑ 797 wg. UvKv
02. 35wU e„wËi g‡a¨ cwðg cvwK¯Ívb- 30wU Ges c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b- 5wU
03. wkÿvq gv_vwcQz eivÏ cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b 8.63 UvKv, Avi c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b 5.63 UvKv
04. cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b wek^we`¨vjq 6wU Ges c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b wQjÑ 2wU
05. †gwW‡Kj, BwÃwbqvwis I K…wl wek^we`¨vjq cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b 17wU Ges c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b- 9wU
6 Basic View  Liberation War  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
 mvgvwRK ˆelg¨ (Social Discrimination):
1971 mv‡ji wPÎ [m~Î: D”Pgva¨wgK †c×ibxwZ, †gvRv‡¤§j nK]
†kÖwY cwðg cvwK¯Ívb c~e-© cvwK¯Ívb
1. RbmsL¨v 5.50 †KvwU 7.50 †KvwU
2. wPwKrmK 12,700 7600
3. nvmcvZv‡ji †eW 26,000 6,000
4. cjøx ¯^v¯'¨ 325 88
5. kni mgvR Dbœqb †K›`ª 81 52
6. fvlv D`©y- 3.27% evsjv- 56%

iYhy‡× wRqvDi ingvb‡K g~j¨vqb Kiæb?

01. hy‡× AskMÖnY:
25 gvP© ivZ AvbygvwbK 11 Uvq PÆMÔvg e›`‡i †bv½i Kiv cvwK¯Ívwb A‡¯¿i RvnvR Õ†mvqvZÒ †_‡K A¯¿¿ Lvjvm Z`viwK
Kivi Rb¨ RvbRyqv wRqvDi ingvb‡K wb‡`©k †`b| wRqvDi ingvb ZLb PÆMÔv‡gi B÷ †e½j †iwR‡g‡›Ui mnKvix
KgvÛvi wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡iZ| wZwb 2 Rb cvwK¯Ívwb Awdmvi mv‡_ wb‡q †b×evwnbxi 1wU Uªv‡K iIbv †`b| AvMÔvev‡` G‡m
UªvKwU hLb e¨vwi‡K‡W †_‡g †Mj ZLbB Ab¨ cÔvšÍ n‡Z †gRi LvwjK¾ygvb wRqvDi ingv‡bi Kv‡Q Gm Rvbv‡jb
cvwK¯Ívbxiv K¨v›Ub‡g‡›U _vKv evOvwj ˆmwbK I Awdmvi‡`i Dci nvgjv Ki‡Q| mv‡_ mv‡_ wZwb We Revolt e‡j Zuvi
mv‡_ _vKv Awdmvi 2 Rb‡K wbi¯¿ Ki‡jb| [†Mvjvg gyiwk`, gyw³hy×I Zvici: 1wU wb`©jxq BwZnvm]
02. ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv:
27 gvP© mܨv 7.30 wgwb‡U PÆMÔv‡gi KvjyiNvU ¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi †K›`ª †_‡K †NvlYv w`‡jbÑ I Major Zia,
Provisional Commander-in-Cheif of the Bangladesh Liberation Army, hereby proclaim, on behalf of
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the Independence of Bangladesh. `Lj`vi evwnbxi weiæ‡× Zuvi HwZnvwmK
Aby‡cÔiYvg~jK Dw³ wQj We Revolt Ges gywReyi ingv‡bi c‡ÿ ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv cvV|
[ˆ`wbK BbwKjve: 17 wW‡m¤^i, 2024]
03. Z-Force:
gyw³evwnbxi 1g we‡MÔW †dvm©| MVb Kiv nq 7 RyjvB, 1971 mv‡j| MwVZ nq 1g, 2q I 8g B÷ †e½j e¨v‡Uwjqb wb‡q,
hvi AwabvqK wQ‡jb †gRi wRqvDi ingvb| Z-Force Gi m`i `ßi wQj †Zj`vn|
04. †m±i KgvÛvi:
gyw³hy‡×i 1 b¤^i †m±‡ii AÂj wQj PÆMÔvg I cve©Z¨ PÆMÔvg Ges †dbx b`x ch©šÍ, AvqZ‡b me‡P‡q eo †m±i| Gi Aax‡b
mve- †m±i wQj 5wU| †hwUi KgvÛvi wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib †gRi wRqvDi ingvb 10 GwcÔj †_‡K 10 Ryb ch©šÍ|
05. †Mwijv hy× †KŠkj:
Z-Force MV‡bi ci †_‡K GK Uvbv 28 RyjvB ch©šÍ mvgwiK Awfhv‡b AwfÁ cvwK¯Ívbx evwnbxi weiæ‡× mivmwi
cÔwZ‡iva hyׇK †Rvi`vi Kivi R‡b¨ ÒWvB-nvW©-÷¨vwgbvÓ Avi ÒWz-Avi-WvBÓ AvZ¥wek^vm D¾xweZ Ki‡Z †gRi wRqv
†Uªwbs I hy‡×i iY‡K×kj wkÿv w`‡Zb|
 †i×gvix gy³vÂj wQj e„nËi iscyi †Rjvi †i×gvix, Rvgvjcyi gnKzgvi †`IqvbMÃ _vbvi DËi-cwðgvsk Ges
dzjQwo, mvNvUv, my›`iMÃ MvBevÜv, wPjgvix KzwoMÔvg, bv‡Mk^i I fziæ½vgvwi _vbvi Askwe‡kl wb‡q MwVZ n‡qwQj
†i×gvwi gy³vÂj|
 gyw³hy‡× cy‡iv 9 gvm G AÂjwU cvwK¯Ívbx `Lj`vi evwnbxgy³ wQj hvi wcQ‡b wRqvDi ingv‡bi †Mwijv †K×kj I
†emvgwiK cÔkvmb M‡o †Zvjv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wbqvgK wQj|
 H gy³vÂj n‡Z cÔvq 18,000 †Mwijv hy× cÔwkÿY wb‡qwQ‡jv|
 Basic View  Liberation War  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 7
06. hy×:
†hme hy× wRqvDi ingv‡bi cÔZ¨ÿ wb‡`©‡k I iY‡K×kj n‡qwQj Zvi g‡a¨Ñ
 Kvgvjcy‡ii 1g hy×  wPjgvwi DfPi Awfhvb  ajvB Pv-evMvb
 we‡jvwbqvi hy×  nvRxcvov †QvULvj  Avwj gq`vb
 bKkx weIwci hy×  †MvqvbNvU  fvbyMvQ hy×
 evnv`yivev` hy×  †UsivwUjv  KvbvBNvU hy×
 †`IqvbMÃ _vbv Avµgb  mvjywUKvi wegvbe›`i  dzjZjv-Pv evMvb hy× cÔf…wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
07. hy‡×i ¯^xK…wZ:
†`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi ci hy‡×i exiZ¡ cÔ`©k‡bi Rb¨ †c‡jb †eu‡P _vKv‡`i g‡a¨ m‡e©v”P ivóªxq m¤§vb exiDËg|
evsjv‡`wk RvZxqZvev‡`i w¯úwiU wjLyb|
 evsjv‡`kx RvZxqZvev‡`i w¯úwiU:
01. D`vi‰bwZK RvZxqZvev`:
fvlv, ms¯‹…wZ, RxebvPiY, Lv`¨vfvm, †cvkvK-cwi”Q`, g~j¨‡eva, RvwZMZ Avkv-AvKvOÿv BZ¨vw` bvbv wel‡q
AvR‡Ki evsjv‡`k bvgK f~-LÐwUi Awaevmxiv GKw`‡K †hgb fviZxq evOvwj ÕRvZfvBÒ †`i †_‡KI Avjv`v|
myZivs 1wU ¯^vaxb, mve©‡f×g iv‡óªi ¯^vZš¿¨gwÐZ me Awaevmxi mgweKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`wk RvZxqZvev` GKwU
AbyNUK| AvaywbK iv‡óª D`vi‰bwZK RvZxqZvev`B me RvwZ‡Mvôxi Kj¨vY wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
02. evOvwj I AevOvwji we‡iva †iv‡a:
evOvwj RvZxqZvev` evsjv‡`‡k emevmiZ A-evOvwj I DcRvZxq‡`i g‡a¨ we‡iva ˆZwi K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki
bvMwiKMY evOvjx e‡j cwiwPZ n‡eb| GwU wQj evsjv‡`‡k emevmKvix wewfbœœ ÿz`ª RvwZmËvi Rb‡Mvôxi c„_K
Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K A¯^xKvi Kivi mgvb| evsjv‡`kx RvZxqZvev‡`i gva¨‡g iv‡óªi mxgv‡iLvi †fZi emevmiZ me ag© -fvlv I
e‡Y©i gvbyl wg‡j RvwZivóª| Gi d‡j ag©-fvlv I e‡Y©i wfwˇZ †KDB ev` c‡owb| evOvwj I AevOvwji †ÿ‡Î
RvZxqZvev‡`i msKU wbim‡b evsjv‡`wk RvZxqZvev` f~wgKv iv‡L|
03. RvZxq ¯^v_©iÿv:
evsjv‡`‡k wn›`y-gymjgvb, †e××-wLª÷vb, R‡ov DcvmK mn bvbv a‡g©i gvbyl evm K‡i| GLv‡b fvlviI bvbv ˆewPΨ
Av‡Q †hgb: PvKgv, gvigv, gvw›`, KziæL, weòzwcÔqv mn A‡bK¸‡jv fvlv I b„-ZvwË¡K cwiP‡qi RvwZ‡Mvôxi gvbyl-
Giv mevB evsjv‡`‡ki fz-L‡Ð emevm K‡i| †mB A‡_© Gi mevB evsjv‡`kx| myZvivs RvZxqZvev` evsjv‡`kx
nIqv‡Z GLv‡bB mevi RvZxq cwiPq I RvZxq ¯^v_© myiwÿZ _v‡K| Gi gva¨‡g Avgv‡`i RvwZmËvi mycó KvVv‡gv
weKwkZ nq|
04. f~LÐ-†Kw›`ªK RvZxqZvev`:
GK‡`w›`ªK RvZxqZvev` iv‡óªi me bvMwiK‡K GKwÎZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Ges cÔvK…wZK ˆelg¨ m„wó K‡i, ZvB
evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv GKvwaK ag©-fvlv I e‡Y©i gvbyl Aay¨wlZ †`‡k f~LÐ-†Kw›`ªK RvZxqZvev`B †kÔô| evsjv‡`wk
RvZxqZvev` G †`‡ki msL¨vMwiô gvby‡li BwZnvm‡eva I Abyf~wZ‡K bvov w`‡q‡Q Ges cÔwZwbqZB w`‡”Q| KviY
we‡k^i †Kv‡bv †`kB GKK †Kv‡bv ag©, fvlv-fvlx A_ev GKK †Kv‡bv e‡Y©i gvbyl bq| wnUjvi e‡Y©i wfwˇZ Rvg©vwb
evbv‡Z †P‡q BwZnv‡m RNb¨Zg ee©iZv †`wL‡q‡Qb| BmivBj a‡g©i wfwˇZ ivóª evbv‡Z †P‡q eZ©gvb we‡k^i me‡P‡q
ee©i AvMÔvmb Pvjv‡”Q| GK‡Kw›`ªK RvZxqZvev` gvby‡l gvby‡l we‡f` I ˆelg¨ ˆZwi K‡i, †mLv‡b f~LÐ-†Kw›`ªK
RvZxqZvev`B cv‡i mevB‡K GK QvZvi wb‡P wb‡q Avm‡Z|
05. mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póv:
gZ`‡k©i w`K w`‡q evsjv‡`‡k wfbœ wfbœ g‡Zi mÜvb Aek¨B cvIqv hv‡e wKš` evsjv‡`kx RvZxqZvev` me wfbœ wfbœ
g‡Zi gvbyl‡K 1wU cøvUd‡g© GKwÎZ K‡i‡Q| mvg¨, MYZvwš¿K Ges D`viZ‡š¿i wPšÍvi ewntcÔKvk evsjv‡`kx
RvZxqZvev‡` cÔwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q|
mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK Ges ivR‰bwZKfv‡e cðrc` evOvwj gymjgvb gvb‡m mw¤§wjZ mvwnZ¨ cÔ‡Póvq cÔwZdwjZ
n‡q‡Q Avgv‡`i HwZ‡n¨i iƒc‡iLv|
8 Basic View  Liberation War  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡× gvwK©b hy³ivóª, ZrKvjxb †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb I Px‡bi f~wgKv wK wQj Zv
Av‡jvPbv Kiæb?
 †mvwf‡qZ BDwbh‡bi f~wgKv: gyw³hy‡×i c‡ÿ, cvwK¯Ív‡bi wec‡ÿi kw³
AvbyôvwbK f~wgKv AbvbyôvwbK f~wgKv
01. 25 gvP©, 1971 Acv‡ikb mvP© jvB‡Ui gva¨‡g †h MYnZ¨v 01. B‡qfMvb B‡qf Zz‡mv¯‹i ivwkqvb Kwe|
msNwUZ nq Zvi cÔwZev‡` I MYnZ¨v e‡Üi Rb¨ 3 GwcÔj gyw³hy‡×i A_© msMÔ‡ni Rb¨ KweZv cv‡Vi
†mvwf‡qZ †cÔwm‡W›U c‡`vMwb© Bqvwnqv‡K 1wU wPwV †`b| BwZnv‡m Av‡qvRb K‡ib|
Zv Podogorny Letters bv‡g cwiwPZ| 02. 1972 †_‡K 1973 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^i ch©šÍ Ò`¨v
02. 9 AvM÷, 1971 fviZ I †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi g‡a¨ ˆgÎx Pzw³ †mvwf‡qZ †bwf †cvU© wK¬wbs Acv‡ik‡biÓ
¯^vÿwiZ nq| GB ˆgÎx Pzw³ Pxb‡K A‡bKvsk wbqš¿Y K‡i| gva¨‡g hy× eR©¨ I gvBb AcmviY K‡i PÆMÔvg
03. 1971 mv‡j 20 †m‡Þ¤^i ZrKvjxb †mvwf‡qZ ciivóªgš¿x gvwK©b I †gvsjv e›`i‡K evsjv‡`‡ki e¨envi
ciivóª mwPe iRvm©‡K e‡jb- Õc~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi NUbvewj GLb Dc‡hvMx K‡i †`q|
Avi cvwK¯Ív‡bi Af¨šÍixY NUbv bq|Ó
03. cvwK¯Ívb †hme we`y¨r †K›`ª¸‡jv aŸsm K‡i
04. 4 wW‡m¤^i eyk hy×weiwZ cÔ¯Íve †`q †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb Zv‡Z
†`q, †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb †m¸‡jv cybtwbg©vY
†f‡Uv cÔ`vb K‡i|
K‡i e¨envi Dc‡hvMx K‡i †`q|
05. 6 wW‡m¤^i Av‡R©w›Ubvi †bZ…‡Z¡ Avevi I hy×weiwZ cÔ¯Íve K‡i
Zv‡Z I †f‡Uv cÔ`vb K‡i| 04. evU©vi wm‡÷‡g e¨emv Kivi my‡hvM K‡i †`q
06. 9 wW‡m¤^i †cÔwm‡W›U wiPvW© wb•b e‡½vcmvM‡i 7g †b×eni
cvVv‡bvi wb‡`©k †`b| Gi cÔwZwµqvq 8g †b×eni evwëK mvMi
Z¨vM Ki‡j 7g †b×eni e‡½vcmvMi Z¨vM K‡i|
07. 13 wW‡m¤^i wbivcËv cwil‡`i gyjZwe ˆeV‡K hy×weiwZ cÔ¯Ív‡ei
wec‡ÿ 3q ev‡ii g‡Zv †f‡Uv cÔ‡qvM K‡i|
 gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi f~wgKv: gyw³hy‡×i wec‡ÿ
AvbyôvwbK f~wgKv AbvbyôvwbK f~wgKv
01. cvwK¯Ívb SEATO I SENTO G 2wU 01. 1971 mv‡j 1 AvM÷ evsjv‡`‡ki kiYv_©x‡`i mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨
mvgwiK †Rv‡Ui m`m¨ nIqvq hy³ivóª wbDBq‡K©i g¨vwWmb ¯‹qviMv‡W©‡b ÕThe Concert for BangladeshÓ
cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÿ Aej¤^b K‡i| Av‡qvRb Kiv nq|
02. †nbwi wKwmÃvi wcwKs md‡ii ci 02. gvwK©b Kwe A¨v‡jb wMÝevM© iwPZ KweZvÑ ÕSeptember on Jessore
†_‡KB cvwK¯Ívb †Nlv bxwZ ¯úó RoadÒ h‡kvi †iv‡W© mxgv‡šÍi Icv‡i kiYv_©x wkwei Ny‡i †h AwfÁZv
cwijwÿZ nq| AR©b K‡ib Zvi Av‡jv‡K †jLv|
03. 3 wW‡m¤^i cvK fviZ me©vZ¥K hy× ïiæ 03. AvP©vi †K›U eø¨‡Wi †jLv weL¨vZ eBÑ ÕThe Cruel Birth of
n‡q †M‡j †cÔwm‡W›U wb•b cvwK¯Ívb‡K BangladeshÓ wZwb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b Av‡gwiKvi Kbmy¨jvi wQ‡jbÑ
me ai‡bi ˆbwZK I K~U‰bwZK mg_©b nvbv`vi evwnbxi b„ksmZv e‡Ü hy³ivóª Kvh©Ki e¨e¯'v bv †bIqvq 6
†`Iqvi Rb¨ †nbwi wKwmÃvi‡K wb‡`©k GwcÔj, 1971 mv‡j XvKvi gvwK©b `ßi †_‡K 1wU †UwjMÔvg Zvi evZ©v
†`b hv, ÕTILT POLICYÒ bv‡g cvVvb hv ÕeøvW †UwjMÔvgÒ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
cwiwPZ| 04. Ò1971: eÜzi gyL kÎæi QvqvÒ MÔ‡š' nvmvb †d×i‡`×m †gwij¨vÛ A½iv‡R¨i
04. 4 wW‡m¤^i eyk hy×weiwZ cÔ¯Íve †`q| evwë‡gvi RbM‡Yi gyw³hy‡× Ae`v‡bi K_v D‡jøL K‡ib|
05. 9 wW‡m¤^i †cÔwm‡W›U wiPvW© wb•b 05. 23 †m‡Þ¤^i wm‡bUi †K‡bwW Îvb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ 400 wjqb Wjv‡ii
e‡½vcmvM‡i 7g †b×eni †cÔi‡bi wb‡`©k eivÏ mw¤^wjZ wej DÐvcb K‡ib| wb•b 250 wgwjqb eivÏ K‡ib|
†`b| USs Enterprise Rvnv‡Ri, 06. Ryb, 1971 gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi 4wU wegvb wÎcyiv †_‡K kiYv_©x ¯'vbvšÍi
†bZ…‡Z¡ ÒUv¯‹‡dvm©-74Ó MVb K‡i ïiæ K‡i|
e‡½vcmvM‡ii Awfgy‡L hvÎv K‡i|
 Basic View  Liberation War  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 9
 Px‡bi f~wgKv: gyw³hy‡×i wec‡ÿ
AvbyôvwbK f~wgKv AbvbyôvwbK f~wgKv
01. 11 GwcÔj, 1971 mv‡j †P× Gb jvB †cÔwm‡W›U Bqvwnqv‡K wPwV‡Z 01. `wÿY Gwkqvq †mvwf‡qZ cÔfve †gvKv‡ejv
Rvbvb- cvwK¯Ív‡bi NUbvewj cvwK¯Ív‡bi Af¨šÍixY e¨vcvi Ges Kivi Rb¨ Px‡bi cÔ‡qvRb wQj cvwK¯Ívb‡K
RbMY we‡`wk n¯Í‡ÿc QvovB Zv mgvavb Ki‡e| cvwK¯Ív‡bi mn‡hvwMZv Kiv|
ÒRvZxq ¯^vaxbZvÓ I Òivóªxq mve©‡f×gZ¡Ò iÿvq Px‡bi ب_©nxb 02. Pxb wb‡R GKwU eûRvwZK ivóª| cvwK¯Ív‡bi
mg_©‡bi K_vI wj‡LwQ‡jb| wewfbœ RvwZ ev cÔ‡`‡ki wfwˇZ Avjv`v ivóª
02. †Mwijv hy‡×i cÔwkÿY `v‡bi Rb¨ Pxb A‡±vei gv‡m XvKvq cÔwZôvccvq Zvn‡j †m cÔfve Px‡bI co‡Z
200 mvgwiK we‡klÁ cvwV‡qwQj| cv‡i G we‡ePbvq Pxb cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÿ
03. 1971 mv‡j Pxb cvwK¯Ívb‡K 45 wgwjqb Wjv‡ii mvgwiK A‡¯¿i Aej¤^b K‡i|
mnvqZv w`‡qwQj| 03. 1971 mv‡ji 9-11 RyjvB ch©šÍ †Mvc‡b Pxb
04. 5 wW‡m¤^i, 1971 mv‡j RvwZms‡N †mvwf‡q‡Zi cÔ¯Íve wQj c~e© mdi K‡i gvwK©b ciivóªgš¿x †nbwi wKwmÃvi
cvwK¯Ív‡b Ggb GK ivR‰bwZK wb®úwË cÔ‡qvRb hvi d‡j jÿ¨ wQj gvwK©b-Px‡bi m¤ú©‡Kvbœqb Gi Rb¨
eZ©gvb msNvZ I cvK evwnbxi mwnsmZv Awej‡¤^ eÜ nq- hv cvwK¯Ívb Z…Zxq cÿ wn‡m‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv
Px‡bi †f‡Uvi Kvi‡Y nqwb| cvjb K‡i d‡j cvwK¯Ívb Px‡bi Avi mg_©b
05. evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb n‡j Pxb GK wee„wZ‡Z evsjv‡`k‡K Z_vKw_Z cvq|
¯^vaxb ivóª wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i Gi Rb¨ †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb I
fviZ‡K `vqx K‡i|

gyw³hy‡×i w¯úwi‡Ui mv‡_ MYZvwš¿K msMÖv‡gi w¯úwiU wjLyb?

gy³hy‡×i w¯úwiU I MYZvwš¿K msMÔv‡gi w¯úwiU G‡K Ac‡ii m‡½ Mfxifv‡e m¤ú©Khy³| gyw³hy× wQj evOvwji ivR‰bwZK,
mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK gyw³i Rb¨ 1wU P~ovšÍ jovB, hv MYZ‡š¿i wfwˇZB cwiPvwjZ n‡qwQj| MYZvwš¿K msMÔv‡gi w¯úwiU
gyw³hy‡×i †PZbviB avivevwnK iƒc, hv RbM‡Yi AwaKvi, gZ cÔKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv, b¨vqwiPvi I mykvmb cÔwZôvi j‡ÿ¨
cwiPvwjZ nq|
01. gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv:
 evsjv‡`k n‡e 1wU ag©wbi‡cÿ, Amv¤úª`vwqK Ges mgZvwfwËK ivóª †hLv‡b mevi my‡hvM _vK‡e Ges abx-Mwi‡ei
g‡a¨ †Kvb cÔKvi ˆelg¨ weivR Ki‡e bv|
 RbMY‡K my¯', my›`i I gvbm¤§Z Rxebavi‡Yi wbðqZv ivóª cÔ`vb Ki‡e| d‡j mKj bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ Abœ, e¯¿,
AvkÔq, wkÿv, wPwKrmvmn Rxebavi‡Yi †g×wjK DcKiY¸‡jv wbðqZv _vK‡e|
 me©Rbxb cÔvßeq¯‹‡`i †fvUvwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ RbM‡Yi Øviv wbe©vwPZ miKvi KZ©„K ivóªhš¿ cwiPvwjZ n‡e|
 mKj bvMwi‡Ki gvbemËvi gh©v`vi cÔwZ kÔ×v‡eva wbwðZ Kiv n‡e|
 m¤ú‡`i AmgZv `~i Kiv n‡e Ges mgeÈb wbwðZ Kiv n‡e|
 evsjv fvlv, ms¯‹…wZ, HwZn¨, K…wó‡K †K›`ª K‡i M‡o DV‡e evsjv‡`‡ki mgvRe¨e¯'v|
 RvwZ, ag©, eY© wbwe©‡k‡l mKj bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ my‡hv‡Mi mgZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z ivóª KvR Ki‡e|
02. gyw³hy‡×i w¯úwiU: MYZ‡š¿i g~j wfwË
 1947 mv‡j weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb †_‡K gyw³ cvIqvi ci cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôx evOvwj‡`i MYZvwš¿K AwaKvi
niY K‡i|
 1948 mv‡j D`y©‡K GKgvÎ ivóªfvlv Kivi wm×v‡šÍ 1952 mv‡j fvlv Av‡›`vjb|
 1954 mv‡ji hy³d«‡›Ui weRq I †Kw›`ªq kvmK‡`i `gbbxwZ|
 1969 MYAfz¨Ðvb, 70 Gi wbe©vPb Gme NUbvi d‡j MYZš¿ cÔwZôvi msMÔvg gyw³hy‡× iƒc †bq|
 MY Av‡›`vjb †_‡KB gyw³hy‡×i †bZ…Z¡ MwVZ nq|
10 Basic View  Liberation War  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
03. MYZvwš¿K msMÖv‡gi w¯úwiU:
 gyw³hy‡×i avivevwnKZv: gyw³hy‡×i ci evsjv‡`k MYZvwš¿K †PZbvi wfwˇZ cwiPvwjZ n‡jI wewfbœ mgq MYZš¿ evavMÔ¯Í nq
 4_© ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g, 1975 mv‡ji GK`jxq kvmbe¨e¯'v, mvgwiK kvmb, MYZvwš¿K AwaKvi Le© nIqv BZ¨vw`i
Kvi‡Y bZzb K‡i MYZš¿ cybtcÔwZôvi msMÔvg M‡o I‡V|
04. MYZvwš¿K msMÖv‡gi wewfbœ avc:
mgqKvj cÖavb MYZvwš¿K msMÖvg djvdj
1975 GK`jxq kvmbe¨e¯'v weiæ‡× Av‡›`vjb eû`jxq kvmbe¨e¯'v cÔeZ©b
1975Ñ78 mvgwiK kvmb e¨e¯'v i`e`j MYZš¿ cÖwZwôZ MY‡fv‡U
1982Ñ90 mvgwiK kvm‡bi weiæ‡× ev Gikv` we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb 1990 mv‡j ˆ¯^iPvi cZb I MYZš¿ cybtcÔwZôv
2007Ñ08 †mbvmgw_©Z ZË¡veavqK miKvi e¨e¯'v 2008 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g MYZš¿ cÖwZôv
2013Ñ2024, wbe©vPbx ¯^”QZv, evK ¯^vaxbZv, †fvUvwaKvi I ˆ¯^iPvi cZb I MYZš¿ cybiæ×v‡i Avkv
5 AvM÷ gvbevwaKvi cÔwZôvi Av‡›`vjb|
05. hy×vcvivax‡`i wePvi I MYZ‡š¿i b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôv:
 2010 mv‡j AvšÍR©vwZK Aciva UªvBey¨bvj MVb K‡i GKvˇii hy×vcivax‡`i wePvi ïiæ nq, MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vjb-
msMÔvg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L|
 gyw³hy‡×i b¨vqwePv‡ii w¯úwiU MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva‡K AviI kw³kvjx K‡i|
06. gyw³hy‡×i w¯úwiU I MYZvwš¿K msMÖv‡gi m¤úK©:
gyw³hy‡×i w¯úwiU MYZvwš¿K msMÖv‡gi w¯úwiU
 RbM‡Yi AwaKvi cÖwZôv  RbM‡Yi gZcÖKvk I AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv
 ˆ¯^ikvm‡bi weiæ‡× msMÖvg  ˆmiZvwš¿K cÔeYZvi weiæ‡× cÔwZ‡iva
 mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi  ˆelg¨nxb mgvR MV‡bi cÔ‡Póv
 ¯^vaxb wePvi e¨e¯'v  AvB‡bi kvmb cÔwZôv
 MYZvwš¿K msMÖv‡gi g~j ˆewkó¨¸wj:
1. AvB‡bi kvmb
2. †g×wjK AwaKvi I gvbevwaKvi
3. ÿgZvi Revew`wn
4. mykvmb I `yb©xwZi weiæ‡× msMÔvg
5. myôz I ¯^”Q wbe©vPb|
fvmvbxi gyw³hy‡× Ae`vb
ÕevOvjx RvwZi gyw³ msMÔvg‡K iæwL‡Z cv‡i c„w_ex‡Z Ggb Kvb kw³ bvB| mvdj¨ Avgv‡`i mywbwðZÒ|
....fvmvbx, 30 b‡f¤^i 1971, c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi ÕAvRv`x i‣v I gyw³msMÔv‡g SuvcvBqv coybÒ kxl©K GK cÔPvic‡Î RbM‡Yi cÖwZ

†`k I RvwZi Rb¨ AZzjbxq wQj gvIjvbv fvmvbxi Z¨vM, msMÔvg I Ae`vb| ¯^vqËkvmb †_‡K ¯^vaxbZv hy× ch©šÍ `xN© msMÔv‡gi
cÔwZwU ch©v‡q Zvi wQj ewjô I †M×i‡ev¾j f‚wgKv| Ôcwðg cvwK¯ÍvbÕ †Kw›`ªK cvwK¯Ívwb kvlK‡`i †kvlY, wbh©vZb I ˆel‡g¨i
weiæ‡× ¯^vqIkvm‡bi †h ch©vqµwgK Av‡›`vjb 1971 mv‡j ¯^vaxbZv hyׇK Awbevh© K‡iwQj, gvIjvbv fvmvbx wQ‡jb Zvi
Ab¨Zg cÔavb †bZv| 1947 mv‡j cvwK¯Ívb cÔwZôvi cici AvR‡Ki evsjv‡`k Z_v ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÔwZ †kvlY eÂbv
I AwePv‡ii m~Pbv n‡j cÔ_‡g e¨w³MZfv‡e Ges cieZx©‡Z wb‡Ri †bZ…‡Z¡ MwVZ `‡ji gva¨‡g ¯^vqIkvm‡bi Av‡›`vjb wZwb
µgvMZ ZxeªZi K‡iwQ‡jb| gvIjvbv fvmvbx ¯^vqËkvmb PvB‡Zb cvwK¯Ívb cÔwZôvi wfwË 1940 mv‡ji jv‡nvi cÔ¯Íve Abyhvqx,
†hLv‡b c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡Zv cÔwZwU cÔ‡`k ev A½iv‡Ri Rb¨ ¯^vaxbZv I mve©‡f×g‡Z¡i ¯^xK…wZ †NvwlZ n‡qwQj|
 Basic View  Liberation War  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 11
1971 mv‡ji 25 gvP© †_‡K MbnZ¨v Awfhvb ïiæ| 3 GwcÔj cvwK¯Ív‡bi †mbvevwnbx m‡šÍv‡l fvmvbxi evwo R¦vwj‡q †`q|
fvmvbx cvwj‡q GKwU †Kvlv †b×Kvq K‡i : 10 GwcÔj wmivRMà †cu×Qvb| 15 GwcÔj mxgvšÍ cvwo †`b Ges Avmv‡gi
†Mvqvjcvov †Rjvi wkïgvix‡Z AvkÔq †bb|
01. ¯^vaxb c~e© cvwK¯Ívb WvK:
1971 mv‡ji 13 Rvbyqvwi bIMuvq, 14 Rvbyqvwi ivRkvnx‡Z Rbmfvq e‡jb, ¯^vaxb mve©‡f×g c~e© cvwK¯Ívb cÔwZôvi msMÔvg
Ae¨vnZ ivL‡eb| 18 Rvbyqvwi iscy‡i Rbmfvq wZwb ej‡jb, †Kvb ûgwK‡ZB wZwb ¯^vaxb RbMYZvwš¿K c~e© cvwK¯Ívb
m„wói msMÔvg †_‡K weiZ n‡eb bv| 20 Rvbyqvwi MvBevÜvq, 26 Rvbyqvwi Puv`cy‡ii nvwRM‡Ã ¯^vaxbZvi WvK w`‡q
Pj‡jb|
02. †hme Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g ¯^vaxbZv w`‡K avweZ nb:
6-10 †deªæqvwi, 1957 KvMgvix m‡¤§jb, jvBb cÔ_v we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb, c~e© cvwK¯Ívb AvIqvgx jxM MVb, b¨vc MVb, fzLv
wgwQ‡j †bZ…Z¡ `vb| me©`jxq ivóªfvlv Kg©cwil` mfvq mfvcwZZ¡|
03. Qq `dvq mg_©b `vb:
1971 mv‡ji 15 †deªæqvwi fz‡Æv nVvr †NvlYv K‡i em‡jb, Qq `dvÖi Dci †`‡ki msweavb iwPZ n‡j Zuvi `j msm`
Awa‡ek‡b hv‡e bv| fvmvbx Gi Zxeª cÔwZwµqv e¨³ K‡i e‡jb, Qq `dv wb‡q K_v ejvi AwaKvi ev †Kv‡bv cÔ‡qvRb
fz‡Ævi †bB, wZwb cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi myZvivs cwðg cvwK¯Ívb wb‡qB _vKzb| hw`I cÔ_‡g wZwb Qq `dv we‡ivax wQ‡jb|
04. cvuP `dv Kg©m~wP:
wbe©vP‡bi ci 1971 mv‡ji 7 Rvbyqvwi gvIjvbv fvmvbx ¯^vaxbZv msMÔv‡gi 05 `dv Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jb| ¯^vaxbZv
msMÔv‡gi cš'v wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ 9 Rvbyqvwi Zvi D‡`¨v‡M m‡šÍv‡l AbywôZ n‡qwQj me©`jxq m‡¤§jb| GB m‡¤§jb †_‡K
¯^vaxbZvi cÔ‡kœ MY‡fvU Abyôv‡bi `vwe Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb wZwb| 3 gvP© †_‡K Aby‡ôq RvZxq cwil‡`i Awa‡ekb ¯'wMZ Kivi
cÔwZev‡` AviI GKevi ¯^vaxbZv msMÔv‡gi AvnŸvb gy‡L †mv”Pvi n‡qwQ‡jb fvmvbx| 4 gvP© GK wee„wZ‡Z wZwb ¯^vaxbZv
hy‡×i Rb¨ cÔ¯`wZ †bIqvi WvK w`‡qwQ‡jb|
05. mvZ gv‡P©i fvlY‡K mg_©b:
7 gvP© AbywôZ †im‡Kv‡m©i mgv‡e‡k ¯^vaxbZvi cÔkœ‡K my‡K×k‡j cvk KvwU‡q hvIqv n‡jI GKw`b ci 9 gvP© cëb
gq`v‡b AbywôZ Rbmfvq gvIjvbv fvmvbx †cÔwm‡W›U Bqvwnqv Lv‡bi cÔwZ e‡jb,
ÕA‡bK n‡q‡Q Avi bq wZ³Zv evwo‡q jvf †bBÒ|
AviI e‡jb 25 gv‡P©i g‡a¨ c~e© evsjvi ¯^vaxbZv †g‡b †bIqvi AvnŸvb Rvbvb| fvl‡Y D‡jøL K‡ib,
ÕAwP‡iB c„e© evsjv ¯^vaxb n‡eÒ|
06. AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb miKv‡ii `vwe K‡ib:
17 gvP© PÆMÔv‡gi jvj`xwN gq`v‡bi mgv‡e‡k gvIjvbv fvmvbx e‡jwQ‡jb, †cÔwm‡W›U wn‡m‡e Bqvwnqvi DwPZ Ggb
GKwU AšÍeZ©xKvjxb miKvi MVb Kiv, hvi KvR n‡e RbmsL¨vi Abycv‡Z cÔvc¨ m¤ú` c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K eywS‡q
†`Iqv| GKB fvl‡Y †kL gywR‡ei cÔwZ AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q fvmvbx e‡jwQ‡jb, Bqvwnqvi m‡½ mg‡SvZv ˆeVK Kivi
cwie‡Z© Zvi DwPZ evsjvi msMÔvgx †bZvi f‚wgKv cvjb Kiv| me©‡kl GK wee„wZ‡Z gvIjvbv fvmvbx 23 gvP©‡K
jv‡nvi ev¯Íevqb w`em †NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jb| Av_©vr IBw`b c~e© cvwK¯Ívb ¯^vaxb iv‡óª cwiYZ n‡e|
07. wee„wZ I cÖPvicÎ †`b:
RbM‡Yi cÔwZ ¯^vaxbZv hy× GwM‡q †bIqvi AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Qb, wewfbœ iv‡óªi miKvicÔav‡bi Kv‡Q evsjv‡`k‡K
mg_©b Kivi I ¯^xK…wZ †`Iqvi AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q ZvievZ©v cvVvb|
08. cvwK¯Ívb‡K A¯¿ mieivn bv Ki‡Z hy³iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvnŸvb:
25 GwcÔj 1971 mv‡j fvmvbx †mvwf‡qZ †cÔwm‡W‡›Ui Kv‡Q cvwK¯Ívb evsjv‡`‡k †h ee©‡ivwPZ AZ¨vPvi Pvjv‡”Q Zvi
weiæ‡× Kvh©Ki e¨e¯'v MÔn‡Yi Rb¨ Aby‡iva K‡ib| †cÔwm‡W›U wiPvW© wb•b‡K Zvi evZ©v cvVvb GB g‡g© †h, wZwb
†hb cvwK¯Ívb‡K A¯¿ mieivn bv K‡ib, DcišÍ evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`Iqvi AvnŸvb Rvbvb|
12 Basic View  Liberation War  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k
09. gywRebMi miKv‡ii cÖwZ mg_©b:
KjKvZvq MwVZ gywRebMi miKv‡ii cÔwZ c~b© mg_©b Rvbv‡bv Ges H miKv‡ii weiæ‡× wewfbœ lohš¿ bm¨vr K‡i †`IqvB
wQj gvIjvbv fvmvbxi we‡kl Ae`vb| 1971 mv‡ji 09 †m‡Þ¤^i MwVZ A¯'vqx miKvi Zv‡K me©`jxq Dc‡`óv cwil‡`i
mfvcwZ evwb‡qwQj|
....nKK_v Aej¤^‡b Z_¨ msM„nxZ|
ˆelg¨we‡ivax QvÎ Av‡›`vjb I gyw³hy‡×i g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ I ˆemv`„k¨ Kx Kx?
1971 Ges 2024: mv`„k¨ I ˆemv`„‡k¨i ¯^iƒc mÜvb:
1971 n‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki wfwËf‚wg Avi 2024 n‡jv Pjvi bZzb wbkvbv| ivR‰bwZK we‡ePbvq 1971 Ges 2024 GK bq| `y‡Uv
Avjv`v mËv ¯^Zš¿ gwngvq Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj| GKwUi m‡½ Av‡iKwUi Zzjybv nq bv| Avevi Zzjbv Qvov A‡bK welq ev NUbv e¨vL¨v
KivI hvq bv|
cÔK…Z A‡_©, †Kvb wKQzi m‡½ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wKQzi Zzjbv nq bv| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU _¡vg iæj (Rule of thumb) n‡jv - c„w_exi
cÖwZwU cÖc Avjv`vÑ
ÔEvery unit is unique in the worldÕ
myZvivs GKvËi Ges PweŸk GK bq| `y‡Uv NUbv‡K co‡Z n‡e ¯^Zš¿ avivq| Ugvm Dj‡Ki GKwU eB‡q i‡q‡Q-
ÒYou cant go your home again (†KD wØZxqevi Zvi N‡i †h‡Z cv‡i bv)Ó

01. ¯^vaxbZv GKUvB hv AwR©Z n‡qwQj 1971 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤^i| Ab¨vb¨ mKj Av‡›`v‡jvb, msMÔvg I AR©b Zvi ewa©Z
ms¯‹iY| wKš` Zv †Kvb A‡_©B 16 wW‡m¤^‡ii m‡½ Zzjbv‡hvM¨ bq| Zvi A_© GB bq †h RyjvB MY-Afz¨Ðvb‡K †QvU K‡i
†`‡Lv n‡”Q| GwUI Avgv‡`i AZ¨šÍ DuPzgv‡bi AR©b| ev½vwj Zvi AwaKv‡ii cÔ‡kœ †h wbqZ †R‡M Av‡Q- G Afz¨_vb Zv
cÖgvY K‡i|
02. PweŸk‡K ejv n‡”Q wØZxq ¯^vaxbZv Ges bZzb evsjv‡`k| Av‡›`vj‡bi ïiæi w`‡K g‡b n‡Zv nq‡Zv GUv iƒcKv‡_© ejv
n‡”Q| wKš` w`b hZ Mov‡”Q cwiw¯'wZ †`‡L g‡b n‡”Q Zv we‡kl A_©v‡ivc K‡iB ejv n‡”Q|
gyw³hy‡×i †g×j AvKvO&‣v wQj cvwK¯Ívwb †kvlY I eÂbv †_‡K gyw³i j‡‣¨ GKwU bZzb †`‡ki wVKvbv| GKvËi n‡jv
cÔkœ, mve©‡f×g‡Z¡i cÔkœ, gvbwP‡Îi cÔkœ| PweŸk n‡jv GK wbcxoK †¯^ikvm‡Ki D‡”Q‡`i jovB|
03. evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m 1971, 1990 Ges 2024 ¯^Kxq avivq engvb| mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q Z‡e ˆemv`„k¨ Kg bq|
04. mewKQz †QvU-eo ev Zzjbv †hvM¨ n‡q DV‡Q| 07 †KvwU gvby‡li Av‡›`vjb †hgb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †Zgb 18 †KvwU gvby‡li
Av‡›`vjb mgvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© | GgbwK GKRb gvby‡li Av‡›`vjb ev msMÔvgI Kg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bq| KviY mgwó n‡jv e¨w³i
Auvavi| e¨w³ bv euvP‡j mgwó euvPv mnR bq| PwiÎMZfv‡e `y‡Uv msMÔv‡gi †K‡›`ª i‡q‡Q gvby‡li gyw³i cÖkœ| `y‡UvB
wbcxobg~jK kvm‡bi huvZvK‡j wcó gvby‡li euva fv½vi Mí| GKwU wbcxo‡bi eqm 23 eQi Av‡iKwU eqm 15| GKvËi
- Gi kÎæ evB‡ii Avi PweŸk Gi kÎæ N‡ii| w¯úwi‡Ui w`K †_‡K I mvRhy¨Zvi RvqMv n‡jv GKvËi gv‡b n‡jv mvg¨,
gvbweK gh©v`v I mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi AvKzwZ Avi PweŸk n‡jv ˆelg¨we‡ivax ¯^cœKí|
05. AvIqvgx jxM miKv‡ii weiæ‡× †h Zxeª MY-Av‡›`vjb M‡o D‡VwQj Zvi Dcwi¯Í‡i wQj mxgvnxb wbcxob, `yb©xwZ-Awbqg,
MYZš¿nxbZv| G¸‡jvi wecix‡Z Õˆelg¨we‡ivaxÓ c`evP¨ Pvwe kã n‡q I‡V| kãwU Av¸‡bi g‡Zv kvK© K‡i| Kg‡ewk
mevB‡K Kv‡b± K‡i| GKvËi †hgb †¯øvMvb I fvlvi wfbœZv ˆZwi n‡qwQj PweŸ‡kI bZzb fve-fvlvi mÜvb cvIqv †Mj|
gyw³hy‡× Qv·`i Ae`vb
01. ¯^vaxb evsjv QvÎ msMÖvg cwil`:
1971 mv‡ji 1 gvP© ¯^vaxb evsjv QvÎ msMÖvg cwil` MVb Kiv| Gi m`m¨MY wQ‡jbÑ
1. b~‡i Avjg wmwÏKx 2. kvnRvnvb wmivR 3. Av m g Avãyi ie 4. Avãyj KzÏym gvLb
GB 4 Rb QvÎ †bZv‡K ejv n‡Zv gyw³hy‡×i 4 Lwjdv|
 Basic View  Liberation War  wewmGm wjwLZ: evsjv‡`k 13
02. ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g cZvKv D‡Ëvjb:
1971 mv‡ji 2 gvP© ¯^vaxb evsjvi cÔ_g cZvKv D‡Ëvjb Kiv nq- Xvwei eUZjvq| D‡Ëvjb K‡ib WvKmy wfwc Av.m.g Avãyi
ie|
03. ¯^axbZvi Bk‡Znvi †NvlYv:
03 gvP©, 1971 mv‡ji Zvwi‡L XvKvi cëb gq`v‡b ¯^vaxb evsjv QvÎ msMÔvg cwil‡`i c‡ÿ kvn&Rvnvb wmivR|
04. Acv‡ikb mvP©jvBU:
1971 mv‡ji 25 gvP© iv‡Z XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq GjvKvq cvwK¯Ívwb bicïiv †h nZ¨vhÁ Pvwj‡qwQj Zvi cÔ_g wkKvi
n‡qwQj G-†`‡ki QvÎ I eyw×Rxex †kÔwY| Uv‡M©U Kiv n‡qwQj wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wewfbœ QvÎvevm| ïay BKevj n‡ji 200 Rb
QvÎ, wk‣K wbnZ nq 25†k gvP© iv‡Z|
05. AwbqwgZ evwnbx:
QvÎ, hyeK, kÔwgK, K…lK I mKj ch©v‡qi gyw³‡hv×v‡`i wb‡q wewfbœ †m±‡ii Aax‡b AwbqwgZ evwnbx MVb Kiv nq| GB
evwnbxi miKvwi bvg MYevwnbx ev gyw³‡hv×v| fvi‡Zi wewfbœ AÂj †_‡K GB evwnbx cÔwk‣Y wb‡q cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbx‡`i
weiæ‡× AZwK©Z AvµgY KiZ|
06. µ¨K cøvUzb:
gyw³hy‡× Qv·`i †Mwijv BDwbU BDwbU wQjÑ K¨vK cøvUzb| ÕwnU A¨vÛ ivbÒ c×wZ‡Z AvµgY K‡i †nv‡Uj
B›UviKw›U‡b›Uvj|
07. niZvj I Kg©m~wP:
1971 mv‡ji 2 gvP© QvÎ BDwbqb I ¯^vaxb evsjv QvÎ msMÔvg cwil‡`i Awfbœ `vwe‡Z wekvj Rbmfv K‡i| cÔwZw`b QvÎiv
wekvj wekvj Kg©m~wP w`‡q mviv †`‡ki RbMY‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi weiæ‡× Ges evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^vaxb Ki‡Z DØy× K‡i| c~e©
cvwK¯Ív‡bi me wk‣v cÔwZôv‡b cix‣v eÜ ivLvi AvnŸvb Rvbvq| 3 gv‡P©i ci 4,5 I 6 gvP© mKvj 8Uv †_‡K 2Uv ch©šÍ
niZvj cvwjZ nq| 19 gvP© Zviv ¯^vaxb evsjv cÔwZôvi `vwe‡Z cÔPvicÎ weZiY ïiæ K‡i|
08. cÖ_g kwn` 6ô †kÖwYi QvÎ:
gyw³hy‡× cÔ_g kwn` (6ô †kÔwYi QvÎ) ksKz gRyg`vi| kwn` nb 3 gvP© 1971 mv‡j RvnvR †Kv¤úvwbi †gvo, iscy‡i |
 Basic View Bangladesh Written- 46th
Made by Md Nayem Hossen

Aa¨vq- 11 : evsjv‡`‡ki wbe©vPb e¨e¯’v

cÖkœ : MYZš¿ cÖwZôvq wbe©vPb Abyôv‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Kx? 43Zg
MYZš¿ n‡jv Ggb GK ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v †hLv‡b wba©vwiZ †gqv` †k‡l miKvi cwieZ©‡bi j‡¶¨ myôy wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq hv‡Z
cÖvßeq¯‹‡`i me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi _v‡K| G e¨e¯’vq GKvwaK ivR‰bwZK `j Ges ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ð RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY
_v‡K| RbM‡Yi wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡`i gva¨‡g kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv Ges iv‡óªi Kvh©µ‡g RbM‡Yi AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i
¯^vaxbZv msi¶Y I Kj¨vY e„w×i e¨e¯’v MYZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri ˆewkó¨|
MYZš¿ cÖwZôvq wbe©vPb Abyôv‡bi ¸iæZ¡
1. MYZ‡š¿i wek¦Rbxb PviwU ˆewk‡ó¨i `ywU n‡”Q -
 me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi,A_©vr me bvMwiK †fv‡Ui Øviv RbcÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g ivóª¶gZvq AskMÖn‡Yi
mgvb AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡e|
 Aeva, wbi‡c¶ I myôy wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g AvBbmfv I miKvi MwVZ n‡e|
2. MYZ‡š¿i GKwU †gŠwjK welq n‡jv wbe©vPb| wbe©vPb Qvov MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’v wPšÍv Kiv hvq bv| ivóª I miKv‡ii wewfbœ
¯Í‡i RbcÖwZwbwa evQvB‡qi Rb¨ wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq |
3. MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vi g~j n‡”Q RbMY| wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY Ges †fvU`v‡bi gva¨‡gB RbMY Zv‡`i GB MYZvwš¿K
AwaKvi cÖ‡qvM K‡i| RbM‡Yi g¨v‡ÛU wb‡q wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡`i ØvivB miKvi MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq| myZivs
wbe©vPb e¨e¯’vi mv‡_ ˆea KZ©„c¶ wbe©vPb Ges MYZvwš¿K miKvi MV‡bi m¤úK© i‡q‡Q|
4. wbe©vPb cÖwµqvi gva¨‡gB RbMY PvB‡j c~e©eZ©x miKvi I `j‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| †h miKvi ev `j RbM‡Yi
¯^v_© ev Rbg‡Zi we‡ivwaZv K‡i Zvi ev Zv‡`i cÖwZ RbM‡Yi Av¯’v _v‡K bv| wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡gB RbMY Zv‡`i Reve
cÖ`vb K‡i| MYZš¿ RbM‡Yi mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i ¯^xK…wZ †`q| RbM‡Yi mve©‡fŠg¶gZvi cÖ‡qvM N‡U wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g |
5. MYZš¿ I wbe©vPb mgv_©K kã bq, Z‡e wØZxqwU cÖ_gwUi cwic~iK| wbe©vPb Qvov MYZš¿ nq bv Avevi MYZš¿ Qvov
wbe©vPb cÖvq A_©nxb| MYZš¿ Qvov wbe©vPb AvZ¥vnxb †`‡ni g‡Zv| ZvB †`‡k †`‡k MYZš¿ cvIqvi Avkvq nvRvi eQi
a‡i wbe©vPbPP©v Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q|

cÖkœ: evsjv‡`‡ki wbe©vPb Kwgkb MVb cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb। 43Zg
wbe©vPb Kwgkb GKwU mvsweavwbK cÖwZôvb Ges wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi‡`i c` n‡jv mvsweavwbK c`| MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’vq myôz
Ges wbi‡cÿ wbe©vPb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GKwU `ÿ, m¦vaxb I wbi‡cÿ wbe©vPb Kwgkb LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| GRb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki
msweav‡bi 7g fv‡M wbe©vPb Kwgkb cÖwZôv, wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi‡`i wb‡qvM, Zv‡`i c‡` †gqv` I `vwqZ¡ msµvšÍ weavb ewY©Z
n‡q‡Q|
wbe©vPb Kwgkb MVb: 118 bs Aby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡Q †h, cÖavb wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi Ges AbwaK 4 Rb wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi (m‡e©v”P
†gvU 5 Rb) wb‡q evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU wbe©vPb Kwgkb _vK‡e|
wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi‡`i wb‡qvM:
Bwm AvBb wej 2022 Abyhvqx, wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi‡`i wb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ mvP© KwgwU MV‡bi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|
mvP© KwgwU:
mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i Avwcj wefv‡Mi GKRb wePvicwZi †bZ…‡Z¡ Qq m`‡m¨i GKwU mvP© KwgwU Bwmi cÖv_©x‡`i ZvwjKv ivóªcwZi Kv‡Q
cvVv‡e| KwgwUi Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨MYÑ
 01 Rb nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi wePvicwZ
 K¤ú‡Uªvjvi A¨vÛ AwWUi †Rbv‡ij
 evsjv‡`k cvewjK mvwf©m Kwgk‡bi †Pqvig¨vb Ges
 ivóªcwZ KZ©„K g‡bvbxZ AviI 2 Rb e¨w³ _vK‡eb| IB `yBRb wewkó bvMwi‡Ki g‡a¨ GKRb bvix _v‡Kb|
we‡ji GKwU weavb mvP© KwgwU‡K ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi bvg Rvb‡Z PvIqvi AbygwZ †`q, Z‡e ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv Bwm MVb
cÖwµqvq mivmwi RwoZ bq|
cÖavb wbe©vPb Kwgkb (wmBwm) I wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi‡`i 03wU †hvM¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e
1. Zv‡K evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK n‡Z n‡e|
2. b¨~bZg 50 eQi eqm n‡Z n‡e|
3. †Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© miKvwi, wePvi wefvMxq, Avav miKvwi ev †emiKvwi c‡` Zvi Ab¨~b 20 eQi Kv‡Ri AwfÁZv _vK‡Z
n‡e|
G we‡j wmBwm I wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi‡`i 06wU A‡hvM¨Zvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| A‡hvM¨Zv mg~n n‡”QÑ
1. hw` Av`vjZ KZ©„K AcÖK…wZ¯’ e‡j †NvwlZ nb|
2. †`Dwjqv nIqvi ci `vq n‡Z Ae¨vnwZ bv †c‡q _v‡Kb|
3. †Kv‡bv we‡`wk iv‡óªªi bvMwiKZ¡ †bb ev we‡`wk iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ †NvlYv ev ¯^xKvi K‡ib|
4. ˆbwZK öjbRwbZ †dŠR`vwi Aciv‡a †`vlx mve¨¯Í n‡q Ab~¨b 02 eQ‡ii Kviv`‡Ð `wÐZ nb|
5. B›Uvib¨vkbvj µvBgm (UªvBey¨bvjm) A¨v±-1973 ev evsjv‡`k †Kvjve‡iUim (†¯úkvj UªvBey¨bvjm) AW©vi-1972 Gi
Aax‡b †Kv‡bv Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `wÐZ n‡q _v‡Kb|
6. AvB‡bi Øviv c`vwaKvix‡K A‡hvM¨ †NvlYv Ki‡Q bv, Ggb c` e¨ZxZ cÖRvZ‡š¿i K‡g© jvfRbK c‡` AwawôZ _v‡Kb|

wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi‡`i c‡`i †gqv` I AcmviY: 118 (3) bs Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi‡`i c‡`i ‡gqv` Kvh©fvi MÖn‡Yi
ZvwiL n‡Z 5 eQi ch©šÍ| GLv‡b Kwgkbvi‡`i eq‡mi †Kv‡bv kZ© †bB|
wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi‡`i Acmvi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i wePvicwZiv †hme Kvi‡Y I †h c×wZ‡Z AcmvwiZ n‡Z cv‡ib, wbe©vPb
KwgkbviivI †mB me Kvi‡Y Ges Abyiƒc c×wZ‡Z AcmvwiZ n‡Z cv‡ib|
wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi‡`i Kv‡Ri ¯^vaxbZv: 118 (4) bs Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx wbe©vPb KwgkbviMY `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¯^vaxb _vK‡e
Ges msweavb I AvB‡bi Aaxb _vK‡e|
wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi Kvh©vewj: msweav‡bi 119 bs Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx wbe©vPb Kwgkb-
1. ivóªcwZ c‡`i wbe©vPb Abyôvb Ki‡e|
2. msm` m`m¨‡`i wbe©vPb Abyôvb Ki‡e|
3. msm` wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ wbe©vPbx GjvKvi mxgvbv wba©viY Ki‡e|
4. ivóªcwZi c‡`i Ges msm‡`i wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ †fvUvi ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡e|
5. AvBb Øviv Av‡ivwcZ Ab¨vb¨ `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡e|

MYZvwš¿K cÖwµqvi cÖmv‡i wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi f~wgKv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 43Zg/41Zg/37Zg

AvaywbK MYZš¿ n‡”Q cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK MYZš¿| cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK MYZ‡š¿i mdjZvi c~e©kZ© n‡”Q wbe©vPb|
1. myôz I wbi‡cÿ wbe©vPb Abyôvb cwiPvjbv:
wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi cÖ_g I cÖavb `vwqZ¡ n‡jv Aeva, myôz I wbi‡cÿ wbe©vP‡bi mKj e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv|
2. wbe©vPbx GjvKvi mxgvbv wba©viY:
wbe©vPb Kwgkb wewfbœ A‡ji AvqZb, RbmsL¨v, f~LÛMZ Ae¯’vb BZ¨vw` wel‡qi Dci wfwË K‡i wbe©vPbx GjvKvi
mxgvbv wba©viY K‡i|
3. †fvUvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi:
cÖvßeq¯‹ †fvUvi‡`i †fvUvi ZvwjKvq bvg AšÍf©~³Ki‡Yi gva¨‡g †fvUvi‡`i mwVK msL¨v wba©viY, †m Abyhvqx wbe©vPbx
†K›`ª¸‡jv‡Z miÄgvw` mieivn BZ¨vw` wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi KvR|
4. †fvUvi ZvwjKv nvjbvMv`KiY:
 byZb cÖvßeq¯‹ †fvUvi‡`i bvg ZvwjKvq AšÍf©yw³, g„Z †fvUvi‡`i bvg ev` †`Iqv ‡fvUvi ZvwjKvq fzj ms‡kvab,
wbe©vPKgÛjxi wbe©vPbx GjvKv cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y ZvwjKv cwieZ©b BZ¨vw` nvjbvMv`Ki‡Yi gva¨‡g wbe©vPb Kwgkb
Aeva, myôz I wbi‡cÿ wbe©vPb Abyôv‡b e¨e¯’v K‡i _v‡K|
5. cÖvw_©Zv/g‡bvbqbcvÎ evQvB:
wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ AvMÖnx cªv_©x‡`i g‡bvbqbcÎ MÖn‡Yi ci †mLv‡b cÖ`Ë Z‡_¨i mZ¨Zv hvPvB K‡i wbe©vPb Kwgkb cÖv_©xi
†hvM¨Zv-A‡hvM¨Zv wba©viY K‡i|
6. wbe©vPbx Zdwmj †NvlYv:
wbe©vPb Kwgkb wbw`©ó mg‡q wbe©vPb Abyôv‡bi jÿ¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Ôwbe©vPbx ZcwkjÕ (Election schedule) †NvlYv
K‡i| wbe©vPbx Zcwk‡j wbe©vPbx GjvKv, wbe©vP‡bi wbqg Kvbyb, †fvU`v‡bi wbqg, cÖv_©xi †hvM¨Zv, wbe©vPbx cÖPv‡ii
wewa-weavb, †fvUv‡ii †hvM¨Zv cÖf…wZ welq ¯úófv‡e D‡jøL _v‡K|
7. wiUvwb©s Awdmvi wb‡qvM:
wbe©vP‡bi mgq wbe©vPb Z`viwK, AvBb-k„•Ljv iÿv BZ¨vw` wewfbœ welq †`Lfv‡ji Rb¨ wiUvwb©s Awdmvi wb‡qvM Kiv
nq| wiUvwb©s Awdmvi ¯’vbxq cÖkvmb, ¯’vbxq cÖwZwbwa I AvBb-k„•Ljv iÿvKvix evwnbxi mnvqZvq D³ `vwqZ¡ cvjb
K‡ib|
8. wbe©vPbx AvB‡bi ev¯Íevqb Z`viwK:
wbe©vPb Kwgkb ïay wbe©vP‡bi wewfbœ wbqgKvbyb Rvwb‡q †`q bv eis Zvi h_vh_ †cÖv‡qv‡Mi IciI ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i|
9. †fvU MÖnY I djvdj cÖKvk:
†fvU MÖn‡Yi ci e¨vjU †ccvi MYbv K‡i mKj cÖv_©xi cÖvß †fv‡Ui wnmve Rvbv‡bvi cvkvcvwk †ewk †fvUcÖvß e¨w³‡K
weRqx †NvlYv Kiv wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi `vwqZ¡|
10. wbe©vwPZ m`‡m¨i A‡hvM¨Zv hvPvB:
†Kv‡bv e¨w³ msm` m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nIqvi ci Zvi m`m¨ c‡`i A‡hvM¨Zv msµvšÍ †Kv‡bv cÖkœ weZK© †`Lv w`‡j welqwU
wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi wbKU †cÖwiZ nq, Kwgkb D³ wel‡q †h wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i Zv P~ovšÍ e‡j MY¨ nq|

cÖkœ: evsjv‡`‡ki wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î wbe©vPb ch©‡eÿY `jmg~‡ni f~wgKv/¸iæZ¡? 41Zg

RPO ev MYcªwZwbwaZ¡ Av‡`k Abyhvqx Ôch©‡eÿY ms¯’vÕ ej‡Z eySvq Ggb ms¯’v hv evsjv‡`‡ki wbe©vPb Kwgkb n‡Z wbe©vPb
ch©‡eÿ‡Yi Rb¨ Aby‡gv`bcÖvß| wbe©vPb ch©‡eÿY `jmg~n g~jZ 02 ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K| h_v: ¯’vbxq I AvšÍRv©wZK|
Dfq cÖKvi ch©‡eÿY `jB wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi AbygwZ mv‡c‡ÿ RvZxq I ¯’vbxq miKvi wbe©vP‡b ch©‡eÿ‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
wbe©vPb ch©‡eÿY `‡ji g~jKvR n‡”Q wbe©vP‡b wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi f~wgKv, ¯’vbxq cÖkvm‡bi f~wgKv, wbe©vP‡bi ¯^”QZv, wbe©vPb
†K‡›`ªi e¨e¯’vcbv, wbe©vPwb Kg©KZ©v I cÖv_©x‡`i AvPiY, wbe©vP‡b RbAskMÖnY, wbe©vP‡bi cwi‡ek BZ¨vw` wel‡q ch©‡eÿY c~e©K
wi‡cvU© ˆZwi I Zv Rbm¤§y‡L cÖKvk Kiv|
evsjv‡`‡ki wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î wbe©vPb ch©‡eÿY `jmg~‡ni ¸iæZ¡ wb‡¤œ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-
1. evsjv‡`k Z…Zxq we‡k^i GKwU DbœqbKvgx MYZvwš¿K †`k| wbe©vP‡b ¯^”QZv, Rvevew`wnZv I RbAskMÖn‡Yi Afv‡ei
cÖkœ cÖvqB DÌvwcZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| Giƒc cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wbe©vPb Kwgkb Zv‡`i wbi‡cÿZvi cÖgvY c`k©‡bi Rb¨ ¯^”Q
wbe©vPwb ch©‡eÿK `jmg~n‡K we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
2. ch©‡eÿY `jmg~‡ni G ai‡bi Kvh©µg GKw`‡K †hgb wbe©vPb‡K Aeva I myôz Ki‡Z f~wgKv cvjb K‡i, Ab¨w`‡K
wbe©vPb Kwgkb‡K Z‡`i Kv‡Ri ÎywU, wePz¨wZ I mxgve×Zv m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb K‡i †Zv‡j| d‡j †Kv‡bv GKwU wbe©vP‡bi
wi‡cvU© †_‡K wbe©vPb Kwgkb cieZ©x wbe©vP‡b wb‡R‡`i fyj-ÎwU¸‡jv ïa‡i wb‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov wbe©vPb ch©‡ÿY
`jmg~‡ni wi‡cvU© wbe©vP‡b †Kv‡bv KviPzwc n‡q‡Q wKbv, RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY KZUzKz wQj ZvI Zy‡j aiv nq| d‡j
†`‡ki RbMY †hgb G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© AwfwnZ n‡Z cv‡i, †Zgwb AvšÍRv©wZK m¤úª`vq I wbe©vPb m¤ú‡K© mwVK I ¯^”Q
GKwU aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i| hv AvšÍRv©wZK A½‡b †`‡ki fveg~wZ© ˆZwi‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
 3. wbe©vPb ch©‡e¶Y, we‡klZ we‡`wk ch©‡e¶K‡`i Dcw¯’wZi GKUv Ab¨Zg w`K n‡”Q, Zv huviv wbe©vPb cwiPvjbv K‡ib
Zuv‡`i Ic‡i GK ai‡bi AwZwi³ bRi`vwii e¨e¯’v K‡i Ges Zuv‡`i GK ai‡bi Revew`wnZvi gy‡LvgywL K‡i, hw`I
`„k¨Z ch©‡e¶K‡`i †Kv‡bv AvBwb ¶gZv †bB| GwU GK ai‡bi ˆbwZK Pv‡ci m„wó Ki‡Z m¶g nq|
4. wewfbœ M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, ch©‡ÿKMY wbev©Pb‡K wek^vm‡hvM¨ K‡i †Zv‡jb| wek¦vm‡hvM¨ wbe©vPb n‡j Zv‡Z †ewk
†fvUvi Ask †bb|
5. †hme †¶‡Î wbe©vP‡bi wewfbœ cÖwµqv wb‡q cÖkœ DV‡Z cv‡i ev wbe©vP‡bi wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv cÖkœwe× nevi Avk¼v _v‡K,
†mLv‡bB Z…Zxq c¶ wn‡m‡e we‡`wk ch©‡e¶‡Ki Dcw¯’wZi ZvwM` ˆZwi nq|
6. wbe©vPb ch©‡eÿ‡Yi dj Ges M‡elK‡`i we‡kølY n‡”Q GB †h, †fvU RvwjqvwZi NUbv cÖKvwkZ n‡e- GB fq RvwjqvwZ
†_‡K weiZ ivL‡Z m¶g nq, civwRZiv djvdj gvb‡Z AvMÖnx nq Ges wbe©vP‡b weRqx‡`i ˆeaZv ˆZwi nq|

cÖkœ: MYcÖwZwbwaZ¡ AvBb (AviwcI) ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sb? 2023 mv‡ji ms‡kvabx wjLyb| 41Zg
evsjv‡`‡k msweav‡bi AvIZvq wbe©vPb mswkøó hZ¸‡jv AvBb Av‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ wbe©vPb cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ g~j AvBb n‡jv AviwcI
ev MYcÖwZwbwaZ¡ AvBb|evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x‡Z msweavb ˆZwii ci wbe©vPb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv AviwcI
ev MYcÖwZwbwaZ¡ Av‡`k 1972 cÖYqb Kiv n‡qwQ‡jv| wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ †`‡ki gvby‡li MYAwaKvi †Kvb¸‡jv Ges G AwaKvi i¶vq
wbe©vPb Kwgkb Kx Ki‡e †mwUB ejv n‡q‡Q AviwcI‡Z|
MYcÖwZwbwaZ¡ Av‡`k, 1972 (RPO) n‡jv msweav‡bi G aviv e‡j ivóªcwZ KZ…©K cÖYxZ msm` wbe©vPb msµvšÍ AvBb| hw`I Gi
wk‡ivbv‡g ÔAv‡`kÕ (order) k‡ãi D‡jøL i‡q‡Q ZeyI Zv A¨v‡±i ghv©`vq f~wlZ| GwU MYcÖwZwbwaZ¡ Av‡`k bv‡g mgwaK
cwiwPZ| GwU wQj 1972 mv‡ji ivóªcwZi 155 b¤^i Av‡`k| 1973 mv‡j wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g MwVZ RvZxq msm‡` Av‡`kwU
Aby‡gv`b jvf K‡i|
MYcÖwZwbwaZ¡ Av‡`k ms‡kvab
me©‡kl 4 RyjvB, 2023 msm‡` cvk n‡q‡Q MYcÖwZwbwaZ¡ (ms‡kvab) AvBb 2023|
1. AviwcI ms‡kvab Abyhvqx, Awbq‡gi Kvi‡Y Bwmi wbe©vP‡bi †h †Kv‡bv ch©v‡q †fvU eÜ Kivi ¶gZv wQj| wKš‘
ms‡kvabx‡Z GB ¶gZv mxwgZ K‡i ïay †fv‡Ui w`b Awbq‡gi Kvi‡Y wbw`©ó msm`xq Avm‡bi wbw`©ó †K‡›`ªi †fvU eÜ
Ki‡Z cvivi ¶gZv †`qv n‡q‡Q Bwm‡K|
2. AviwcIi ms‡kvabx Abyhvqx, wiUvwb©s Kg©KZ©v djvdj †NvlYv Kivi ci †Kv‡bv Avm‡bi cy‡iv djvdj ¯’wMZ ev evwZj
Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv Bwm| †hme †fvU‡K‡›`ª Awbq‡gi Awf‡hvM Avm‡e, ïay †mme †fvU‡K‡›`ªi djvdj ¯’wMZ Kiv hv‡e|
Gici Z`šÍ mv‡c‡¶ djvdj evwZj K‡i IB me †K‡›`ª bZzb wbe©vPb w`‡Z cvi‡e Bwm|
3. ms‡kvabx‡Z ÔB‡jKkb (election)' kã‡K Ô†cvwjs (polling)' kã w`‡q cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
4. wbe©vP‡bi msev` msMÖ‡ni `vwq‡Z¡ _vKv MYgva¨gKg©x Ges ch©‡e¶K‡`i Kv‡R †KD evav w`‡j me©wb¤œ 02 eQi †_‡K
m‡e©v”P 07 eQi Kviv`‡Ði weavb ivLv n‡q‡Q|
5. ms‡kvwaZ AviwcI‡Z g‡bvbqbcÎ Rgv †`Iqvi Av‡Mi w`b ch©šÍ ÿz`ª FY Ges †Uwj‡dvb, M¨vm, we`y¨r, cvwbi miKvwi
†mevi wej cwi‡kv‡ai my‡hvM †`qv n‡q‡Q| Av‡M g‡bvbqb †`qvi 07 w`b Av‡M Gme ÔFY' cwi‡kva Ki‡Z n‡Zv|
cÖkœ : `yb©xwZ `~ixKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wbe©vPbx e¨q n«vmKiY GKwU g‡nŠla- gZvgZ w`b?- 37Zg
msm` wbe©vP‡b cÖv_©xi LiP:
wbe©vPb †fvUvi cÖwZ LiP cÖv_©xi m‡e©v”P LiP
Øv`k msm` 10 UvKv 25 jvL UvKv
GKv`k msm` 10 UvKv 25 jvL UvKv
`kg msm` 08 UvKv 25 jvL UvKv
beg msm` 05 UvKv 15 jvL UvKv
Aóg msm` 05 UvKv 05 jvL UvKv
Dch©y³ PvU© †_‡K †`Lv hvq, MZ wZbwU wbe©vP‡b cÖv_©xi m‡e©v”P LiP GKB i‡q‡Q| d‡j wbe©vPbx e¨q n«vm n‡q‡Q e‡j cÖZxqgvb
n‡q‡Q|
Øv`k msm` wbe©vP‡b `jxq LiP:
 cÖv_©x msL¨v `jxq m‡e©v”P LiP
0-50 Rb 75 jvL UvKv
51-99 Rb 1.5 †KvwU
100-199 3 †KvwU
200+ Rb 4.5 †KvwU
**Øv`k msm` wbe©vP‡b †gvU `jxq LiP n‡q‡Q 9 †KvwU 27 jvL UvKv| Gi g‡a¨ ïay AvIqvgx jx‡Mi `jxq LiP n‡q‡Q 2
†KvwU 77 jvL UvKv (cÖvq)|
cÖKvk _v‡K †h, wbe©vPbx e¨q n«vm n‡j `ybx©wZ `~i Kiv m¤¢e| †KbbvÑ
1. wbe©vP‡b A‡_©i cÖfve LvUv‡bv m¤¢e nq bv|
2. †ckx kw³ e¨envi n«vm cvq|
3. A‰eafv‡e †fvU‡K cÖfvweZ Kiv hvq bv|
4. wbe©vPbx `vwqZ¡ cvjbKv‡j A‡nZzK KZ…©Z¡ _v‡K bv|
5. k„•Ljvevwnbxi Ace¨envi Am¤¢e nq|

cÖkœ : †cŠimfv wbe©vPb wewa- 2015 wjLyb|- 35Zg

eZ©gv‡b GB cÖ‡kœi ¸iæZ¡ bvB| K¬vm †bvU †_‡K Dc‡Rjv wbe©vPb wewagvjv 2024 co–b|
cÖkœ : wbe©vP‡b †j‡fj †cøwqs wdì ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
†j‡fj †cøwqs wdì `vwe Kivi A_© n‡jvÑ
Òwbe©vP‡b cÖwZØw›ØZv Kiv me `j I me cÖv_©x mgvb my‡hvM-myweav cv‡eb|Ó
G `vwqZ¡wU g~jZ wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi| Z‡e wbe©vP‡b †j‡fj †cøwqs wdì ïay ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi Rb¨ Zv bq| †j‡fj †cøwqs wdì
n‡Z n‡e mevi Rb¨| †mUv †fvUvi †_‡K †fvU MÖn‡Yi `vwq‡Z¡ _vKv Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix mevi Rb¨| fqnxb, mskqnxb, ms‡KvPnxb
fv‡e †fvUviiv Zv‡`i †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡j, †mUvB eis †j‡fj †cøwqs wd‡ìi eo D`viniY n‡Z cv‡i|
GKwU Aeva, myôy I wbi‡c¶ wbe©vPb Av‡qvR‡bi Rb¨ wbe©vPbx gv‡Vi mgZv Z_v Level Playing Field wbwðZ Kiv AZ¨vek¨K|
†hgb GKwU dzUej †Ljv wbi‡c¶fv‡e Av‡qvR‡bi Rb¨ GKRb wbi‡c¶ †idvwii cvkvcvwk gvV‡KI mgZj ivLv nq, hv‡Z
†Kv‡bv GKwU `j we‡kl myweav bv cvq| GQvov AwZwi³ evZv‡mi cÖevn I cvwicvwk¦©K Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv GKwU `j hv‡Z evowZ
myweav bv cvq †mRb¨ 45 wgwbU ci cvk¦© cwieZ©b Kiv nq| ZvQvov †Ljvq dvDj Ki‡j kvw¯Í¯^iƒc †idvwi KZ©„K jvj I njy`
KvW© †`Lv‡bv, AdmvBW n‡j †Mvj evwZj I mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q †Mvj evwZ‡j cÖhyw³i mnvqZv †bqv n‡”Q|
wbe©vPb n‡jvÑ
ÔRight, power or privilege of making a choiceÕ
A_©vr †e‡Q †bqvi ¶gZv, AwaKvi I we‡kl my‡hvM| ZvB †hLv‡b weKí _v‡K bv, †mLv‡b †e‡Q †bqvi my‡hvMI _v‡K bv| d‡j
†Kv‡bv †fv‡Ui Av‡qvR‡bi †¶‡Î hw` weKí cÖv_©x bv _v‡K, Zvn‡j †mwU‡K wbe©vPb ejv msMZ bq|
cÖkœ : wbe©vPbx AvPiY wewa m¤ú‡K© wjLyb| (msm` wbe©vPb- 2024 wewagvjv)
cÖv_©x‡`i AvPiY, `j¸‡jvi AvPiY, msm` m`m¨, gwš¿mfvi m`m¨– mevi e¨vcv‡iB GB AvPiYwewa cÖ‡hvR¨|
Representation of the People Order, 1972 Gi Article 91B G cÖ`Ë ¶gZve‡j wbe©vPb Kwgkb wb¤œiƒc AvPiY wewagvjv
cÖYqb K‡i-
01. †Kvb cÖwZôv‡b Puv`v, Aby`vb BZ¨vw`, cÖ`vb wbwl×
†Kvb cÖv_©x wKsev Zvnvi c¶ nB‡Z Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³ wbe©vPb-c~e© mg‡q D³ cÖv_©xi wbe©vPbx GjvKvi g‡a¨ ev Ab¨Î
Aew¯’Z †Kvb cÖwZôv‡b cÖKv‡k¨ ev †Mvc‡b †Kvb cÖKvi Puv`v ev Aby`vb cÖ`vb Kwi‡Z ev cÖ`v‡bi A½xKvi Kwi‡Z
cvwi‡eb bv|
02. mvwK©U nvDR, WvK-evs‡jv BZ¨vw` e¨envi:
miKvwi WvK-evs‡jv, †i÷ nvDR, mvwK©U nvDR ev †Kvb miKvwi Kvh©vjq‡K †Kvb `j ev cÖv_©xi c‡¶ ev wec‡¶ cÖPv‡ii
¯’vb wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv hvB‡e bv|
03. mfv mwgwZ Abyôvb msµvšÍ evav wb‡la
†Kvb wbewÜZ ivR‰bwZK `j wKsev Dnvi g‡bvbxZ cÖv_©x ev ¯^Zš¿ cÖv_©x wKsev Zvnv‡`i c‡¶ Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³⎯
(K) cÖPviYvi †¶‡Î mgvb AwaKvi cvB‡e Z‡e cÖwZc‡¶i mfv, †kvfvhvÎv Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖPvivwfhvb cÛ ev Dnv‡Z
evav cÖ`vb Kwi‡Z cvwi‡e bv;
(L) mfvi w`b, mgq I ¯’vb m¤ú‡K© h_vh_ KZ…©c‡¶i wbKU nB‡Z wjwLZ AbygwZ MÖnY Kwi‡e Z‡e GBiƒc AbygwZ
wjwLZ Av‡e`b cÖvwßi mg‡qi µgvbymv‡i cÖ`vb Kwi‡Z nB‡e;
04. †cv÷vi, wjd‡jU ev n¨vÛwej e¨envi msµvšÍ evav-wb‡la
(K) wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb Ges †cŠi GjvKvq Aew¯’Z `vjvb, †`Iqvj, MvQ, †eov, we`y¨Z I †Uwj‡dv‡bi LyuwU ev Ab¨ †Kvb
`Ûvqgvb e¯‘‡Z;
(L) mgMÖ †`‡k Aew¯’Z miKvwi ev ¯’vbxq KZ…©c‡¶i ¯’vcbvmg~‡n; Ges
(M) evm, UªvK, †Uªb, w÷gvi, jÂ, wi·v wKsev Ab¨ †Kvb cÖKvi hvbevn‡b †cv÷vi, wjd‡jU ev n¨vÛwej AvVv w`‡q
jvMv‡Z cvwi‡e bv|
05. hvbevnb e¨envi msµvšÍ evav wb‡la:
†Kvb wbewÜZ ivR‰bwZK `j wKsev Dnvi g‡bvbxZ cÖv_©x ev ¯^Zš¿ cÖv_©x wKsev Zvnv‡`i c‡¶ Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³⎯
(K) †Kvb UªvK, evm, †gvUi mvB‡Kj, †bŠ-hvb, †Uªb wKsev Ab¨ †Kvb hvwš¿K hvbevnb mnKv‡i wgwQj wKsev gkvj
wgwQj evwni Kwi‡Z cvwi‡e bv wKsev †Kvbiƒc †kvWvDb Kwi‡Z cvwi‡e bv;
(L) g‡bvbqbcÎ `vwL‡ji mgq †Kvb cÖKvi wgwQj wKsev †kvWvDb Kwi‡Z cvwi‡e bv;
(M) wbe©vPbx cÖPvi Kv‡h© †nwjKÞvi ev Ab¨ †Kvb AvKvkhvb e¨envi Kiv hvB‡e bv Z‡e `jxq cÖav‡bi hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨
Dnv e¨envi Kwi‡Z cvwi‡e wKš‘ hvZvqv‡Zi mgq †nwjKÞvi nB‡Z wjd‡jU, e¨vbvi ev Ab¨ †Kvb cÖPvi mvgMÖx cÖ`k©b
ev weZiY Kwi‡Z cvwi‡e bv;
(N) wbe©vP‡b kvwšÍ k„sLjv i¶vi myweav‡_© wbe©vPb Kwgkb KZ…©K Aby‡gvw`Z e¨w³ e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³ KZ…©K
†fvU‡K‡›`ªi wba©vwiZ †PŠnwÏi g‡a¨ †gvUi mvB‡Kj ev Ab¨ †Kvb hvwš¿K hvbenvb PvjvB‡Z cvwi‡e bv|
06. †`Iqvj wjLb msµvšÍ evav wb‡la|
†Kvb wbewÜZ ivR‰bwZK `j wKsev Dnvi g‡bvbxZ cÖv_©x ev ¯^Zš¿ cÖv_©x wKsev Zvnv‡`i c‡¶ Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³⎯
(K) †`Iqv‡j wjwLqv †Kvb cÖKvi wbe©vPbx cÖPviYv PvjvB‡Z cvwi‡eb bv; Ges
(L) Kvwj ev is Øviv ev Ab¨ †Kvbfv‡e †`Iqvj QvovI †Kvb `vjvb, _vg, evox ev N‡ii Qv`, †mZz, moK Øxc, †ivW
wWfvBWvi, hvbevnb ev Ab¨ †Kvb ¯’vcbvq cÖPviYvg~jK †Kvb wjLb ev AsKb Kwi‡Z cvwi‡eb bv|
07. †MBU ev †ZviY wbg©vY, c¨v‡Ûj ev K¨v¤ú ¯’vcb I Av‡jvKm¾vKiY msµvšÍ evav wb‡la:
†Kvb wbewÜZ ivR‰bwZK `j wKsev Dnvi g‡bvbxZ cÖv_©x ev ¯^Zš¿ cÖv_©x wKsev Zvnv‡`i c‡¶ Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³⎯
(K) wbe©vPbx cÖPviYvq †Kvb †MBU ev †ZviY wbg©vY Kwi‡Z cvwi‡eb bv wKsev PjvP‡ji c‡_ †Kvb cÖKvi cÖwZeÜKZv
m„wó Kwi‡Z cvwi‡eb bv;
(L) wbe©vPbx cÖPviYvi Ask wnmv‡e we`y¨‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb cÖKvi Av‡jvKm¾v Kwi‡Z cvwi‡eb bv;
 08. D¯‹vwbg~jK e³e¨ ev wee„wZ cÖ`vb, D”Q„sLj AvPiY Ges we‡ùviK enb msµvšÍ evav wb‡la
†Kvb wbewÜZ ivR‰bwZK `j wKsev Dnvi g‡bvbxZ cÖv_©x ev ¯^Zš¿ cÖv_©x wKsev Zvnv‡`i c‡¶ Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³⎯
(K) wbe©vPbx cÖPviYvKv‡j e¨w³MZ PwiÎ nbb Kwiqv e³e¨ cÖ`vb ev †Kvb ai‡bi wZ³ ev D¯‹vbxg~jK wKsev wj½,
mv¤cÖ`vwqKZv ev ag©vbyf~wZ‡Z AvNvZ jv‡M Ggb †Kvb e³e¨ cÖ`vb Kwi‡Z cvwi‡eb bv;
(L) gmwR`, gw›`i, wMR©v ev Ab¨ †Kvb ag©xq Dcvmbvj‡q †Kvb cÖKvi wbe©vPbx cÖPviYv PvjvB‡Z cvwi‡eb bv;
09. cÖPviYvi mgq
†Kvb wbewÜZ ivR‰bwZK `j wKsev Dnvi g‡bvbxZ cÖv_©x ev ¯^Zš¿ cÖv_©x wKsev Zvnv‡`i c‡¶ Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³ †fvU
MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ w`‡bi 03 mßvn mg‡qi c~‡e© †Kvb cÖKvi wbe©vPbx cÖPvi ïiæ Kwi‡Z cvwi‡eb bv|
10. gvBK e¨envi msµvšÍ evav wbla
†Kvb wbewÜZ ivR‰bwZK `j wKsev Dnvi g‡bvbxZ cÖv_©x ev ¯^Zš¿ cÖv_©x wKsev Zvnv‡`i c‡¶ Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³ †Kvb
wbe©vPbx GjvKvq gvBK ev k‡ãi gvÎv ea©bKvix Ab¨wea h‡š¿i e¨envi `ycyi 2 (`yB) NwUKv nB‡Z ivZ 8 (AvU)
NwUKvi g‡a¨ mxgve× ivwL‡eb|
11. miKvwi myweav‡fvMx KwZcq e¨w³i wbe©vPbx cÖPviYv msµvšÍ evav wb‡la
 msm‡`i †Kvb k~b¨ Avm‡b Dc-wbe©vPb AbywôZ nBevi †¶‡Î miKv‡ii †Kvb gš¿x, cÖwZgš¿x, Dc-gš¿x wKsev D³
gš¿x‡`i c`gh©v`v m¤úbœ miKvwi myweav‡fvMx †Kvb e¨w³ mswkó wbe©vPbx GjvKvq wbe©vPb-c~e© mg‡qi g‡a¨ †Kvb
mdi ev wbe©vPbx cÖPviYvq hvB‡Z cvwi‡eb bv t Z‡e kZ© _v‡K †h, mswkó e¨w³ D³ wbe©vPbx GjvKvi †fvUvi
nB‡j wZwb †Kej †fvU cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ D³ GjvKvq hvB‡Z cvwi‡eb|
 wbe©vP‡bi Zdwmj †NvlYvi ci wbe©vPbx GjvKvq, mswkó †Rjvq ev Ab¨ †Kv_vI †Kvb wbewÜZ ivR‰bwZK `j
wKsev Dnvi g‡bvbxZ cÖv_©x ev ¯^Zš¿ cÖv_©x wKsev Zvnv‡`i c‡¶ Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³ wbe©vPbx Kv‡R miKvwi cÖPvi h‡š¿i
e¨envi, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v ev Kg©PvixMY‡K e¨envi ev miKvwi hvbevnb e¨envi Kwi‡Z cvwi‡eb bv Ges ivóªxq
my‡hvM-myweav †fvM ev e¨envi Kwi‡Z cvwi‡eb bv|
12. wbe©vPbx e¨qmxgv msµvšÍ evav wb‡la
†Kvb cÖwZØ›Øx cÖv_©x wba©vwiZ wbe©vPbx e¨qmxgv †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB AwZµg Kwi‡Z cvwi‡eb bv|
13. †fvU‡K‡›`ª cÖ‡ekvwaKvi
 †fvU‡K‡›`ª wbe©vPbx Kg©KZ©v Kg©Pvix, cÖwZØ›Øx cÖv_©x, wbe©vPbx G‡R›U, wbe©vPbx ch©‡e¶K, Kwgkb KZ…©K Aby‡gvw`Z
e¨w³eM© Ges †Kej †fvUvi‡`iB cÖ‡ekvwaKvi _vwK‡e|
 †Kvb ivR‰bwZK `‡ji ev cÖwZØ›Øx cÖv_©xi Kg©xMY †fvU‡K‡›`ªi Af¨šÍ‡i †Nviv‡div Kwi‡Z cvwi‡eb bv|
 †cvwjs G‡R›UMY Zuvnv‡`i Rb¨ wba©vwiZ ¯’v‡b Dcweó _vwKqv Zuvnv‡`i wbw`©ó `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kwi‡eb|

14. wewagvjvi weavb j•Nb kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva

 †Kvb cÖv_©x ev Zvnvi c‡¶ Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³ wbe©vPb-c~e© mg‡q GB wewagvjvi †Kvb weavb j•Nb Kwi‡j AbwaK 06
gv‡mi Kviv`Û A_ev AbwaK 50 nvRvi UvKv A_©`‡Û A_ev Dfq `‡Û `Ûbxq nB‡eb|
 †Kvb wbewÜZ ivR‰bwZK `j wbe©vPb-c~e© mg‡q GB wewagvjvi †Kvb weavb j•Nb Kwi‡j AbwaK 50 nvRvi UvKv
A_©`‡Û `Ûbxq nB‡e|
14wU c‡q›UB co‡eb| cixÿvq †h‡Kvb 1/2wU c‡q›U †W‡UBj wjL‡Z ej‡Z cv‡i|
cÖkœ : wbe©vPK gÐjx Kviv? wbe©vPKgÐjxi f~wgKv Kx?
MYZ‡š¿i Rb¨ wbe©vPKgÐjx GKwU Acwinvh© A½| Aa¨vcK †M‡U‡ji g‡Z, wbe©vPKgÐjx Kvh©Z miKv‡ii GKwU ¯^Zš¿ I AZ¨šÍ
cÖfvekvjx kvLv | MYZvwš¿K kvmb eve¯’vq wbe©vPb‡K ¯^”Q I mve©Rbxb Kivi †¶‡Î wbe©vPKgÐjxi ¸iæZ¡ I f‚wgKv Acwimxg|
wbe©vPKgÐjx GKwU mvsweavwbK c`gh©v`vi Kg©KZ©v| hviv wbi‡c¶ Ae¯’vb †_‡K wbe©vPb cwiPvjbv K‡i| wb‡¤œ G m¤ú‡K©
Avj‡vPbv Kiv n‡jv-
wbe©vPKgÐjxt
†`‡ki AvBb Abyhvqx hviv mvaviY wbe©vP‡b f‡vU`v‡bi AwaKvi Dcf‡vM K‡ib mvwe©Kfv‡e Zv‡`i mgwó‡K wbe©vPKgÐjx eySvq|

JW Garner e‡jb, `An electorate is the bodz of citizens which is most democratic states determines in the last analysis
the form of government of the state and choose those who guide and direct its affairs.’
ivóªweÁvbx DBjex e‡jb, ÒcÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK MYZ‡š¿i g~jwfwË n‡”Q wbe©vPKgÐjx|Ó
myZivs wbe©vPKgÐjx ej‡Z AvBb Abyhvqx f‡vUvwaKvicÖvß bvMwiK‡`i mgwó‡K eySvq, hviv cÖZ¨¶ A_ev ci‡v¶fv‡e cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb
K‡i miKvi MV‡b Ges kvmb Kvh© wbqš¿Y I cwiPvjbvq f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
wbe©vPKgÐjxi Kvh©vewj:
1| cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPbt
wbe©vPKgÐjxi cÖavb KvR n‡jv miKvi cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb Kiv| gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡i wbe©vPKgÐjx AvBbmfvi
m`m¨‡`i‡K wbe©vwPZ K‡i| Aciw`‡K, ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii cÖkvmb RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nq|
2| miKvi cwieZ©bt
miKvi cZb Ges cwieZ©‡b wbe©vPKgÐjx AMÖYx f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| RbcÖwZwbwaiv Rb¯^v‡_©i c‡¶ KvR Ki‡Q wK bv wbe©vPKgÐjx
Zv wbweofv‡e j¶ K‡i| †Kv‡bv RbcÖwZwbwa Rb¯^v_© we‡ivax KvR Ki‡j wbe©vPKgÐjx cieZ©x wbe©vP‡b miKvi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ bZzb
cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb Kivi ¶gZv iv‡L|
3| cÖengvb Rbg‡Zi cÖwZdjbt
cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK kvmbe¨e¯’vq wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g wbe©vPKgÐjxi cÖK…Z Rbg‡Zi cÖwZdjb N‡U| G ai‡bi kvmb e¨e¯’vq MYZvwš¿K
Av`k© Abyhvqx AvBbmfv Rbg‡Zi cÖK…Z `c©Y wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ nq|
4| MYZ‡š¿i mdj ev¯Íevqbt
wbe©vPKgÐjx miKv‡ii Rb¯^v_© we‡ivax Kvh©µ‡gi mgv‡jvPbv K‡i| G ai‡bi mgv‡jvPbv miKvi‡K †¯^”QvPvix nIqv †_‡K weiZ
iv‡L| MYZ‡š¿ RbMY miKvwi Kv‡R mivmwi AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM cvq| Gfv‡e wbe©vPKgÐjx MYZ‡š¿i mdj ev¯Íevq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
5| miKvi‡K wbqš¿Yt
AvaywbK MYZ‡š¿ miKv‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ i¶vq wbe©vPKgÐjxi f‚wgKv A‡bK| AvaywbK cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª miKvi hw` Rb¯^v_©
we‡ivax KvR K‡i Zvn‡j wbe©vPKgÐjx MY‡fvU, MYD‡`¨vM I MYwb‡`©‡ki gva¨‡g Zv †iva K‡i Ges miKvi‡K wbqš¿Y ¶gZv
iv‡L|
6| msweavb cÖYqb I ms‡kva‡b mnvqZv `vbt
MYZvwš¿K iv‡óªi msweavb cÖYqb I ms‡kva‡b wbe©vPKgÐjx ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| GLv‡b wbe©vPKgÐjxi Øviv wbe©vwPZ
RbcÖwZwbwai gZvg‡Zi Dci wfwË K‡i iv‡óªi msweavb cÖYqb I ms‡kvab Kiv nq|
7| miKv‡ii Acwinvh© A½t
AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª wbe©vPKgÐjx miKv‡ii Acwinvh© A½ ev mnvqK kw³ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| †Kvb †Kvb ivóªweÁvbx
wbe©vPKgÐjx‡K miKv‡ii PZz_© wefvM wn‡m‡e AewnZ K‡ib|
8| miKvi I RbM‡Yi †mZzt
miKvi Ges RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM i¶vi †¶‡Î MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª wbe©vPKgÐjx miKv‡ii Kvh©µg I RbM‡Yi Avkv- AvKvO&¶vi
cÖwZdjb NUvb| GwU miKvi I RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †mZz m„wó nh|
9| †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qvMt
MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vq †hvM¨, weÁ, `¶ cÖv_©x wbe©vPb Kiv wbe©vPKgÐjxi GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡ we‡kl| MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª RbMYB
mve©‡fŠg kw³i AwaKvix| RbM‡Yi G kw³ GKgvÎ †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡gB cÖKvwkZ nq|
10| miKvi‡K mnvqZv`vbt
miKvi †Kvb mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡j wbe©vPKgÐjxi mnvqZv Kvgbv K‡i| †mB gyn~‡Z© wbe©vPKgÐjx miKvi‡K mnvqZv K‡i kvmb
KvR cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z e¨vcKfv‡e mvnvh¨ K‡i|
11| AvBb cÖYq‡b cÖfve we¯Ívit
cÖZ¨¶ MYZ‡š¿ wbe©vPKgÐjx AvBb cÖYqb I cwieZ©‡b mivmwi AskMÖnY K‡i _v‡K৷ AvBbmfvq RbM‡Yi Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi AvBb
cÖYq‡bi mgq wbe©vPKgÐjx AvBbmfvi m`m¨‡`i‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
12| GKbvqKZš¿ I `yb©xwZ †ivat
Rbg‡Zi Dci wfwË K‡i MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’v cÖwZwôZ I cwiPvwjZ nq| mvaviYZ wbe©vPKgÐjx mr, `¶ I weÁ cÖwZwbwa‡`i
wbe©vPb K‡i _v‡Kb Ges Gfv‡e Zviv GKbvqKZvwš¿K kvmb I `yb©xwZ †iva K‡i _v‡Kb|
13| ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Dci wbqš¿Yt
wbe©vPKgÐjx ivR‰bwZK `‡ji DciI cÖfve Ges wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K| wbe©vPKgÐjxi gZvgZ ev Zv‡`i wPšÍvaviv Øviv ivR‰bwZK
`j¸‡jv cÖfvweZ I cwiPvwjZ nq|
14| RvZxq mgm¨vi mgvavbt
iv‡óª †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi RvZxq mgm¨vi m„wó n‡j †mB mgm¨v mgvav‡b wbe©vPKgÐjx miKv‡ii mv‡_ GK n‡q KvR Kivi AwfcÖvq
e¨³ K‡i| mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ miKvi‡K Pvc w`‡Z _v‡K Pv‡ci gy‡L miKvi mwVK wm×všÍ wb‡Z eva¨ nq|
15| RbgZ MVbt
wbe©vPKgÐjx Zv‡`i †fvUvwaKvi cÖ`vb K‡i|cvkvcvwk iv‡óªi Ab¨vb¨ RbMY‡K †fvU `v‡b DrmvwnZ K‡i| ivR‰bwZK AskMÖnY
I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g †Kvb miKv‡ii c‡¶ wKsev wec‡¶ Ae¯’vb K‡i| ZvB wbe©vPKgÐjx‡K Rbg‡Zi e¨v‡ivwgUvi ejv nq|