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SpringerBriefs in Computer Science
Ting Wang · Bo Li · Mingsong Chen · Shui Yu

Machine Learning
Empowered Intelligent
Data Center Networking
Evolution, Challenges and
Opportunities
SpringerBriefs in Computer Science

Series Editors
Stan Zdonik, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
Shashi Shekhar, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Xindong Wu, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
Lakhmi C. Jain, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
David Padua, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
Xuemin Sherman Shen, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Borko Furht, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
V. S. Subrahmanian, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
Martial Hebert, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Katsushi Ikeuchi, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Bruno Siciliano, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
Sushil Jajodia, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
Newton Lee, Institute for Education, Research and Scholarships, Los Angeles, CA,
USA
SpringerBriefs present concise summaries of cutting-edge research and practical
applications across a wide spectrum of fields. Featuring compact volumes of 50 to
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**Indexing: This series is indexed in Scopus, Ei-Compendex, and zbMATH **
Ting Wang • Bo Li • Mingsong Chen • Shui Yu

Machine Learning
Empowered Intelligent Data
Center Networking
Evolution, Challenges and Opportunities
Ting Wang Bo Li
Software Engineering Institute Software Engineering Institute
East China Normal University East China Normal University
Shanghai, China Shanghai, China

Mingsong Chen Shui Yu

Software Engineering Institute School of Computer Science
East China Normal University University of Technology Sydney
Shanghai, China Ultimo, NSW, Australia

ISSN 2191-5768 ISSN 2191-5776 (electronic)

SpringerBriefs in Computer Science
ISBN 978-981-19-7394-9 ISBN 978-981-19-7395-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7395-6

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse
of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Preface

To support the needs of ever-growing cloud-based services, the number of servers

and network devices in data centers is increasing exponentially, which in turn results
in high complexities and difficulties in network optimization. To address these
challenges, both academia and industry turn to artificial intelligence technology
to realize network intelligence. To this end, a considerable number of novel and
creative machine learning-based (ML-based) research works have been put forward
in recent few years. Nevertheless, there are still enormous challenges faced by
the intelligent optimization of data center networks (DCNs), especially in the
scenario of online real-time dynamic processing of massive heterogeneous services
and traffic data. To the best of our knowledge, there is a lack of systematic
and original comprehensive investigations with in-depth analysis on intelligent
DCN. To this end, in this book, we comprehensively investigate the application
of machine learning to data center networking and provide a general overview and
in-depth analysis of the recent works, covering flow prediction, flow classification,
load balancing, resource management, energy management, routing optimization,
congestion control, fault management, and network security. In order to provide
a multi-dimensional and multi-perspective comparison of various solutions, we
design a quality assessment criteria called REBEL-3S to impartially measure the
strengths and weaknesses of these research works. Moreover, we also present
unique insights into the technology evolution of the fusion of data center networks
and machine learning, together with some challenges and potential future research
opportunities.

Shanghai, P.R. China Ting Wang

March 2022 Bo Li
Mingsong Chen
Shui Yu

v
Acknowledgments

This work was partially supported by the grants from National Key Research and
Development Program of China (2018YFB2101300), Natural Science Foundation
of China (61872147), the Dean’s Fund of Engineering Research Center of Soft-
ware/Hardware Co-design Technology and Application, Ministry of Education (East
China Normal University), and the grants from Shenzhen Science and Technology
Plan Project (CJGJZD20210408092400001).

vii
Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Fundamentals of Machine Learning in Data Center Networks. . . . . . . . . 9
2.1 Learning Paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 Data Collection and Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2.1 Data Collection Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.2 Data Collection Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.3 Feature Engineering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.4 Challenges and Insights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3 Performance Evaluation of ML-Based Solutions in DCN . . . . . . . . . . . 13
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3 Machine Learning Empowered Intelligent Data Center
Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.1 Flow Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.1.1 Temporal-Dependent Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.1.2 Spatial-Dependent Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.1.3 Discussion and Insights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2 Flow Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2.1 Supervised Learning-Based Flow Classification . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.2.2 Unsupervised Learning-Based Flow Classification . . . . . . . . 23
3.2.3 Deep Learning-Based Flow Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.2.4 Reinforcement Learning-Based Flow Classification . . . . . . . 24
3.2.5 Discussion and Insights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.3 Load Balancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.3.1 Traditional Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.3.2 Machine Learning-Based Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.3.3 Discussion and Insights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4 Resource Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.4.1 Task-Oriented Resource Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.4.2 Virtual Entities-Oriented Resource Management . . . . . . . . . . 37

ix
x Contents

3.4.3 QoS-Oriented Resource Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

3.4.4 Resource Prediction-Oriented Resource Management . . . . . 38
3.4.5 Resource Utilization-Oriented Resource Management . . . . 38
3.4.6 Discussion and Insights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.5 Energy Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.5.1 Server Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.5.2 Network Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.5.3 Data Center Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.5.4 Discussion and Insights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.6 Routing Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.6.1 Intra-DC Routing Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.6.2 Inter-DC Routing Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.6.3 Discussion and Insights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.7 Congestion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.7.1 Centralized Congestion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.7.2 Distributed Congestion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.7.3 Discussion and Insights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.8 Fault Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.8.1 Fault Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.8.2 Fault Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.8.3 Fault Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.8.4 Fault Self-Healing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.8.5 Discussion and Insights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.9 Network Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.10 New Intelligent Networking Concepts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.10.1 Intent-Driven Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.10.2 Knowledge-Defined Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.10.3 Self-Driving Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.10.4 Intent-Based Network (Gartner). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.10.5 Intent-Based Network (Cisco) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4 Insights, Challenges and Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.1 Industry Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.1.1 Network Intelligence Quantification Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.1.2 Data Quality Assessment Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.2 Model Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.2.1 Intelligent Resource Allocation Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.2.2 Inter-DC Intelligent Collaborative Optimization
Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.2.3 Adaptive Feature Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.2.4 Intelligent Model Selection Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.3 Network Transmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.4 Network Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Contents xi

5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Acronyms

AIMD Additive Increase Multiplicative Decrease

ANN Artificial Neural Network
AR Augmented Reality
ARIMA Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model
ARMA Autoregressive Moving Average Model
BGP Border Gateway Protocol
BI Blocking Island
BMP BGP Monitoring Protocol
Bof Bag of Flow
CC Congestion Control
CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics
CNN Convolutional Neural Networks
CRAC Computer Room Air Conditioner
CRE Cognitive Routing Engine
DBN Deep Belief Network
DC Data Center
DCN Data Center Network
DDoS Distributed Denial of Service Attack
DDPG Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient
DL Deep Learning
DNN Deep Neural Network
DPI Deep Packet Inspection
DQN Deep Q-Network
DRL Deep Reinforcement Learning
DT Decision Tree
ELM Extreme Learning Machine
eMBB Enhanced Mobile Broadband
eMDI Enhanced Media Delivery Index
eMTC Enhanced Machine-Type Communication
FCT Flow Completion Time
FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array

xiii
xiv Acronyms

FTR Fundamental Theory Research

GBDT Gradient Boosting Decision Tree
GNN Graph Neural Network
GRU Gated Recurrent Unit
GWO Grey Wolf Optimization
HSMM Hidden Semi-markov Model
IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
IDS Intrusion Detection System
IT Information Technology
LA Automatic Learning
LSTM Long Short-Term Memory
MA Moving Average
MAE Mean Absolute Error
MAPE Mean Absolute Percentage Error
ME Mean Error
ML Machine Learning
MSE Mean Squared Error
NBD Naïve Bayes discretization
NFV Network Functions Virtualization
NIDS Network Intrusion Detection System
NMSE Normalized Mean Square Error
NN Neural Network
O&M Operations and Maintenance
PAC Packaged Air Conditioner
PC Personal Computer
QoS Quality of Service
RAE Relative Absolute Error
RF Random Forest
RFR Random Forest Regression
RL Reinforcement Learning
RMSE Root Mean Squared Error
RNN Recurrent Neural Network
RRMSE Relative Root Mean Squared Error
RRSE Relative Root Squared Error
RSNE Ratio of Saved Number of Entries
RTT Round-Trip Time
SDN Software Defined Network
SL Supervised Learning
SLA Service-Level Agreement
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol
SVM Support Vector Machine
SVR Support Vector Regression
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
TPU Tensor Processing Unit
TWAMP Two-Way Active Measurement Protocol
Acronyms xv

UL Unsupervised Learning
uRLLC Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication
VC Virtual Container
VM Virtual Machine
VN Virtual Network
VR Virtual Reality
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Jaffa, Palm, Capt. Williams, Pichegru, Cahon, Toussaint, &c., &c.
Robberies innumerable.’
 CHAPTER XLVII.
RETREAT TO CORUNNA—THE BROKEN BRIDGE OVER THE DANUBE—WAGRAM—
JOSEPHINE’S DIVORCE.

In the year 1809 there are very few caricatures of Napoleon.

After the taking of Madrid, Sir John Moore thought it prudent to
retreat, which he did, and, after many difficulties, reached Corunna.
The repulse of the French there, although at the cost of Sir John
Moore’s life, enabled the troops to be embarked.
Napoleon had but little rest, for in March the Austrians again
took up arms against him, to which he replied by victoriously
marching to Vienna, which was bombarded before it capitulated.
One incident in this campaign was seized upon by the caricaturist.
There had been much fighting about Aspern and Essling, with pretty
equal fortune, until the destruction of a bridge, caused by a sudden
rise of the Danube, which brought down timber rafts, barges, &c.,
deprived Napoleon of all the advantage he had gained, and
compelled him to retreat to the island of Lobau.
There is a caricature by Rowlandson (June 12, 1809) of ‘Boney’s
Broken Bridge.’ An aged general, cocked-hat in hand, is thus
addressing Napoleon: ‘With all due deference to your little Majesty—
It was the Austrian Fire-boats that destroyed the Bridge.’ Napoleon,
however, turns on him savagely, and, pointing to the broken bridge,
says, ‘Ah! who is it that dares contradict me, I say it was some
floating timber, and the high swell of the river that caused the
Shocking Accident.’ The Austrian army, on the opposite bank, are
singing a paraphrase of ‘London bridge is broken down’:—
 Boney’s Bridge is broken down,
Dance over the Lady Lea—
Boney’s Bridge is broken down,
18
By an Arch Duke—ee.

Ansell gives his version of this event, shewing the Austrian

Archduke, pickaxe in hand, having destroyed the bridge, and,
pointing to some ducks and geese, he sings:—
The Ducks and the Geese with ease swim over,
Fal de rol de rido, Fal de rol de rido.
The Ducks and the Geese with ease swim over,
Fal de rol de rido, Fal de rol de rido.

But Napoleon, dancing with rage, on the other side, yells out, ‘You
Rascal you! How dare you break down my Bridge, If I knew how to
get over, this invincible arm should make you repent your rashness.’
In the background an officer calls out to the army, ‘Invincible Army
go back, the bridge is broke down and we should not be able to run
away.’
It was in this retreat that Lannes was killed—but it was avenged
at Wagram, a battle that so crippled the Austrians that they had to
ask an armistice, which afterwards led to a peace between the rival
nations.
 It seems he wanted satisfaction,
So Wagram was the scene of action.
By some, however, ’tis believ’d,
The Emp’ror Francis was deceiv’d,
That Boney had, in his caprice,
Made secret overtures for peace,
And a connubial match propos’d
With which the Cabinet had clos’d;
They having been assured, that by it
They should be peaceable and quiet.
And that great Bonaparte might seem
A victor worthy of esteem,
Unknown to Francis they acceded,
To such a battle as he needed;
So that the battle of Wagram,
They say was nothing but a sham—
In other words,—tho’ low, but certain,
‘’Twas all my eye and Betty Martin.’
But if a sham, as it is said,
The farce was admirably played,
For twenty thousand men each lost,
So that they acted to their cost;
But, be ’t a real one, or a mock,
They fought both days till six o’clock;
Nap to the vict’ry laid claim,
And saved the credit of his name.
Hostilities began to cease,
It seems both parties thought of peace.

Sauler (August 1809) shews us ‘The rising Sun, or a view of the

Continent.’ This rising sun is inscribed ‘Spain and Portugal,’ and gives
great uneasiness to Napoleon, who says, ‘The rising sun has set me
upon thorns.’ He is employed in rocking a cradle, in which peacefully
reposes a Russian bear, muzzled with ‘Boney’s Promises.’ Behind is
Sweden, who brandishes his sword, calling to Russia to ‘Awake thou
Sluggard, ere the fatal blow is struck, and thou and thy execrable
ally sink into eternal oblivion.’ Holland is fast asleep, and leans
against Napoleon. Poland is represented by a shadow, and Denmark
wears a huge extinguisher on his head. Turkey is virtually dead, on
the ground; but Austria is springing into activity, exclaiming, ‘Tyrant,
I defy thee and thy Cursed Crew.’ Prussia is depicted as a lunatic,
with straws in his hair, wearing a strait-waistcoat, and, with a very
vacuous expression of countenance, is singing, ‘Fiddle diddle dee,
Fiddle diddle dee, The Mouse has married the humble bee—and I
am Emperor of the Moon.’ Underneath are the following lines:—
 Just as the Rising Sun dispels
The gloom of night to bless us with new day,
So genuine Patriotism expels
Vindictive Tyrants from despotic Sway.
Thus Spain, the source of patriotic worth
(A Rising Sun of Freedom to the Earth),
Invites the Captive Nations to forego
The Yoke and crush their sanguinary foe.
Why then, ye Nations, will ye not embrace
The proffer’d Freedom smiling in your face?
Why dilly-dally when to sink or rise
Rests with yourselves—dare ye contemn the prize—
Is Freedom nothing worth, that for her sake
Ye dare not e’en one gen’rous effort make?
Alas! infatuated Monarchs see,
What is, and what your Fate must ever be.
Spain is a Sun arising to illume
The threefold horrors of your future doom,
While she on Freedom’s golden wings shall tow’r,
The Arbitress of Continental pow’r.
Russia’s a Bear amid impending woes,
Rock’d by th’ insidious Tyrant to repose.
Sweden’s a Warrior of distinguished worth,
Sweden hath giv’n to many heroes birth.
Austria’s a Phœnix rising renovated,
Whose genial warmth with Spain, incorporated,
Longer disdains to crouch at the fell shrines
Of Usurpation, and the foulest crimes.

Prussia, poor Prussia, with straightjacket on,

And Crown of Straw, proves what delays have done.
Denmark too, half extinguish’d, shows,
The fruits of leaguing with old England’s foes.
And Holland, drowsy Holland, dreams
Of aggrandizement, potent Kings and Queens.
While Poland, a mere shadow in the rear
 While Poland, a mere shadow in the rear
(As proof of something once existent there),
Yields to the Yoke, nor dares its shackles break,
Lest by so doing, she her Freedom stake.
Poor silly mortals, will ye ever bow
To the dread Shrine of Tyranny and Woe;
Or by co-operation overwhelm
The Scourge of Nations, and resume the Helm?
One of the great events of this year, as regards Napoleon, was
his divorce from Josephine. That he loved her, as far as he could
love any woman, there is no doubt; but there were State reasons
why he should have another consort. His ambition could not be
satisfied till he had an heir male of his own. The dynasty he fondly
hoped to found ought not to descend to any of his brothers; and
none but his own son could have any hold upon the affection of the
French nation.
Nap oftentimes began to swear
That he must get a son and heir—
He, with affected sorrow, told
His present lady was too old,
He might as well have her grandmother,
And therefore he must seek another;
Yes, seek another,—so of course,
He intimated a divorce—
That with propriety, like Harry
The Eighth, another he might marry.
This was enforc’d by his mamma,
And recommended by Murat.
Yet at this very time, good lack!
He had a violent attack,
A kind of stupor he was in,
Attended by his Josephine;
And, as a certain author says,
It lasted very near two days;
On his recovery, he cried,
‘A son and heir I must provide;’
Then giving Josephine a look,
His head repeatedly he shook,
He said—(he could refrain no longer)—
‘I wish, my dear, that you were younger,
But you are old, and I despair
Of ever getting now an heir.’
While this he said, with doleful phiz,
She told him that the fault was his;
For several children she’d before,
And hoped to have as many more.
Now Josephine display’d her spirit,
Of patriotism she made a merit:
‘If,’ she observ’d, ‘our separation
Will be of service to the nation,
Then I agree, with all my heart,
My dearest Emperor—to part—
My dearest Emperor—to part—
That you may seek another fair,
And, if you can, provide an heir.’
When kindly her consent she gave
Nap scarcely knew how to behave;
At Josephine awhile he star’d,
He humm’d a bit, and then declar’d,
For fifteen years to him she’d been
All that was lovely and serene,
And that no better for himself e’er
Wou’d wish, but for his country’s welfare—
Of course, for a successor’s sake,
The sacrifice he needs must make.
He found no fault, as it appears,
But that she was advanc’d in years;
To follies past he ne’er alluded,
For no such sentiment intruded;
’Twas not for this he wish’d to sever,
Her virtue he suspected never;
On this occasion, Nap, ’tis said,
A fine speech to the Senate made,
Assuring them it was with pain,
He a divorce strove to obtain;
For still he Josephine regarded,
Tho’ as a consort now discarded;
But, notwithstanding, she should reign
And be considered as a queen.
Josephine, with an air divine,
Declar’d the throne she would resign,
And hop’d her Boney might, ere long,
Meet with a lady fair and young,
And in nine months procure a boy,
To be his comfort and his joy.
19
’Twas on the 15th of December,
As the Parisians well remember,
The parties in full court appear’d
db l bl h ’d
 And by a large assembly cheer’d;
A kind of form took place, of course,
Which fully strengthened the divorce—
The Senate sent a deputation,
To ratify the separation,
Which, that it might be ne’er repeal’d,
Was, in their presence, sign’d and seal’d.
Nap was a long time ere he sign’d—
A proof of a perturbed mind;
But some have thought, and so they might,
’Twas inability to write.
Soon as the pen the lady took,
Her hand for several minutes shook,
A proof of sorrow and regret,
Tho’ she did not appear to fret.
And ’twas the opinion of the sage
That it proceeded from old age.
When thus divorc’d—a parting kiss
Was confirmation of their bliss.’
How Josephine herself felt on this subject is pathetically told by
Madame Junot, with an excessively womanly grace:—
‘I had an interview with the Empress at Malmaison: I went
thither to breakfast by invitation, accompanied by my eldest
daughter Josephine, to whom she was much attached.... “And
Madame Mère, have you seen her since your return?” “Certainly,
Madame, I have already been in waiting.” Upon this, the Empress
drew closer to me—she was already very near—and, taking both my
hands, said, in a tone of grief which is still present to my mind after
an interval of four-and-twenty years: “Madame Junot, I entreat you
to tell me all you have heard relating to me. I ask it as an especial
favour—you know they all desire to ruin me, my Hortense, and my
Eugène. Madame Junot, I again entreat, as a favour, that you will
tell me all you know!”
 ‘She spoke with the greatest anxiety; her lips trembled, and her
hands were damp and cold. In point of fact she was right, for there
could be no more direct means of knowing what was passing,
relative to her, than by learning what was said in the house of
Madame Mère. But it was indiscreet, perhaps, to ask these questions
of me. In the first place, I should not have repeated the most
insignificant sentence which I had heard in Madame’s drawing-room;
in the second, I was quite at ease upon the subject; for, since my
return, I had not heard the word divorce uttered by Madame, or the
princesses. The strength of mind of the unfortunate wife failed
totally on hearing the dreadful word pronounced; she leant upon my
arm and wept bitterly. “Madame Junot,” she said, “remember what I
say to you this day, here, in this hothouse—this place which is now a
paradise, but which may soon become a desert to me—remember
that this separation will be my death, and it is they who have killed
me?”
‘She sobbed. My little Josephine, running to her, pulled her by
the shawl to shew her some flowers she had plucked, for the
Empress was so fond of her, as even to permit her to gather flowers
in her greenhouse. She took her in her arms, and pressed her to her
bosom, with an almost convulsive emotion. The child appeared
frightened; but, presently, raising her head, and shaking the forest
of light silken curls which clustered round her face, she fixed her
large blue eyes upon the agitated countenance of her godmother,
and said: “I do not like you to cry.” The Empress again embraced her
tenderly, and setting her down, said to me: “You can have little idea
how much I have suffered when any of you has brought a child to
me! Heaven knows, I am not envious, but in this one case I have felt
as if a deadly poison were creeping through my veins, when I have
looked upon the fresh and rosy cheek of a beautiful child, the joy of
its mother, but, above all, the hope of its father! And I! struck with
barrenness, shall be driven in disgrace from the bed of him who has
given me a crown! Yet God is witness that I love him more than my
life, and much more than that throne, that crown, which he has
given me!”
 ‘The Empress may have appeared more beautiful, but never
more attractive, than at that moment. If Napoleon had seen her
then, surely he could never have divorced her.’
We have a most touching account in ‘Memes’s Memoirs of the
Empress Josephine:’ ‘The divorce was, unquestionably, a melancholy
reverse of fortune for Josephine, which she felt most severely, but
she bore it with magnanimity. The particulars of the interview
between her and the Emperor are very affecting. When Napoleon
mentioned the necessity of a Divorce, he approached Josephine,
gazed on her for a while, and then pronounced the following words:
“Josephine, my excellent Josephine, thou knowest if I have loved
thee! To thee, to thee alone do I owe the only moments of
happiness which I have enjoyed in this world. Josephine! my destiny
overmasters my will. My dearest affections must be silent before the
interests of France.” “Say no more,” she replied, “I was prepared for
this; but the blow is not less mortal!”
‘Josephine, on hearing from his own lips the determination of
the Emperor, fainted, and was carried to her chamber. At length the
fatal day arrived.
‘On December 15, 1809, the Imperial Council of State was
convened, and, for the first time, officially informed of the intended
separation. On the morrow, the whole of the family assembled in the
grand salon at the Tuileries. All were in Court costume. Napoleon’s
was the only countenance which betrayed emotion, but ill concealed
by the drooping plumes of his hat of ceremony. He stood motionless
as a statue, his arms crossed upon his breast: the members of his
family were seated around, showing in their expression less of
sympathy with so painful a scene, than of satisfaction, that one was
to be removed, who had so long held influence, gently exerted as it
had been, over their brother. In the centre of the apartment was
placed an armchair, and, before it, a small table with a writing
apparatus of gold. All eyes were directed to that spot, when a door
opened, and Josephine, pale but calm appeared, leaning on the arm
of her daughter, whose fast falling tears shewed that she had not
attained the resignation of her mother. Both were dressed in the
simplest manner. Josephine’s dress of white muslin exhibited not a
single ornament. She moved slowly, and with wonted grace, to the
seat provided for her, and there listened to the reading of the act of
separation. Behind her chair stood Hortense, whose sobs were
audible, and a little farther on, towards Napoleon, Eugène, trembling
as if incapable of supporting himself. Josephine heard in composure
the words that placed an eternal barrier between her and greatness,
between her and the object of her affection. This painful duty over,
the Empress appeared to acquire a degree of resolution from the
very effort to resign with dignity the realities of title for ever.
Pressing, for an instant, the handkerchief to her eyes, she rose, and,
with a voice which, but for a slight tremor, might have been called
firm, pronounced the oath of acceptance; then, sitting down, she
took the pen from the hand of the Comte Regnault St. Jean d’Angely,
and signed it. The mother and daughter now left the salon, followed
by Eugène, who appeared to suffer most severely of the three.
‘The sad incidents of the day had not yet been exhausted.
Josephine had remained unseen, sorrowing in her chamber, till
Napoleon’s usual hour of retiring to rest. He had just placed himself
in bed, silent and melancholy, when suddenly the private door
opened, and the Empress appeared, her hair in disorder, and her
face swollen with weeping. Advancing with a tottering step, she
stood, as if irresolute, near the bed, clasped her hands, and burst
into an agony of tears. Delicacy seemed at first to have arrested her
progress, but, forgetting everything in the fulness of her grief, she
threw herself on the bed, clasped her husband’s neck, and sobbed
as if her heart would break. Napoleon also wept while he
endeavoured to console her, and they remained a few minutes
locked in each other’s arms, silently mingling their tears, until the
20
Emperor, perceiving Constant in the room, dismissed him to the
ante-chamber.
‘After an interview of about an hour, Josephine parted, for ever,
from the man whom she so long and so tenderly loved. On seeing
the Empress retire, which she did in tears, the attendant entered to
remove the lights, and found the chamber silent as death, and
Napoleon sunk among the bed-clothes, so as to be invisible. Next
morning he still showed the marks of suffering. At eleven, Josephine
was to bid adieu to the Tuileries, never to enter the palace more.
The whole household assembled on the stairs, in order to obtain a
last look of a mistress whom they loved, and who carried with her
into exile the hearts of all who had enjoyed the happiness of access
to her presence. Josephine was veiled from head to foot, and,
entering a close carriage with six horses, drove rapidly away, without
casting one look backward on the scene of past greatness and
departed happiness.’
The only drawback to Memes’s narrative is, that it does not
exactly tally with the ‘Register of the Conservative Senate,’ of
Saturday, December 6, 1809, extracts from which are given in the
‘Times’ of December 27, 1809. In that document Napoleon makes a
speech, a portion of which is as follows:—
‘The politics of my monarchy, the interest, and the wants, of my
people, which have constantly guided all my actions, require that,
after me, I should leave to children, inheritors of my love for my
people, that throne on which Providence has placed me.
Notwithstanding, for several years past, I have lost the hope of
having children by my well-beloved consort, the Empress Josephine.
This it is which induces me to sacrifice the sweetest affections of my
heart; to attend to nothing but the good of the State, and to wish
the dissolution of my marriage.
‘Arrived at the age of forty years, I may indulge the hope of
living long enough to educate, in my views and sentiments, the
children which it may please Providence to give me: God knows how
much such a resolution has cost my heart; but there is no sacrifice
beyond my courage, that I will not make, when it is proved to me to
be necessary to the welfare of France. I should add, that far from
ever having had reason to complain, I have only had to be satisfied
with the attachment and affection of my well-beloved consort. She
has adorned fifteen years of my life, the remembrance of which will
ever remain engraven on my heart. She was crowned by my hand. I
wish she should preserve the rank and title of Empress; but, above
all, that she should never doubt my sentiments, and that she should
ever regard me as her best and dearest friend.’
English opinion on this act of Napoleon’s may be gathered from
the ‘Times’ of December 28, which thus comments upon it:—
‘While the affair of the dissolution of Buonaparte’s marriage was
transacting in the Senate, he retired to Trianon. The repudiated
Josephine withdrew, at the same time, to Malmaison, probably never
to behold him again; or, at most, only for a few minutes, during a
visit of cold ceremony. Whatever errors there might have been in the
early conduct of this woman, were in a great measure redeemed by
her behaviour during her slippery, and precarious, exaltation. She
has often stepped in between the rage of the tyrant to whom she
was united, and the victim he had marked for destruction, and by
her tears, and entreaties, softened him into pity and pardon. Such
instances of feeling, and humanity, had wrought a powerful
impression in her favour among the inhabitants of Paris, amongst
whom, her unmerited disgrace has probably occasioned no less grief
than astonishment. The temporary seclusion to which Buonaparte
appears to have condemned himself, may possibly be for the
purpose of preventing any opportunity of an explosion of public
sentiment on this subject. We think, on the whole, that Josephine
has been hardly treated. The reasons assigned for her repudiation
have existed in equal force for many years; and the act itself might
have been carried into effect, with less outrage to her feelings, at a
former period.’
 CHAPTER XLVIII.

FAILURE OF EXPEDITIONS TO SPAIN, PORTUGAL, AND

HOLLAND—NAPOLEON’S WOOING OF, AND MARRIAGE
WITH, MARIA LOUISA—BIRTH OF THE KING OF ROME—
NAPOLEON IN THE NURSERY.

In closing the record of this year, I cannot omit to mention the

fact of the failures of the expeditions to Spain, Portugal, and
Holland. The latter, or Walcheren expedition, as it was called, was
just returning in a woful plight, fever having thoroughly done its
work among the troops; and, in December, the City of London,
through the Lord Mayor, memorialised the King on the subject of this
latter expedition, and prayed ‘your Majesty will direct enquiry to be
forthwith instituted, in order to ascertain the causes which have
occasioned it.’
‘To which Address and Petition his Majesty was graciously
pleased to return the following answer:—
‘“I thank you for your expressions of duty and attachment to me
and to my Family.
‘“The recent Expedition to the Scheldt was directed to several
objects of great importance in the interest of my Allies, and to the
security of my dominions.
‘“I regret that, of these objects, a part only has been
accomplished. I have not judged it necessary to direct any Military
Inquiry into the conduct of my Commanders by sea or land, in this
conjoint service.
 ‘“It will be for my Parliament, in their wisdom, to ask for such
information, or to take such measures upon this subject as they shall
judge most conducive to the public good.”’
This was the Royal, or Ministerial, snubbing to those men who
were then giving of their blood, and treasure, without stint, and
without grumble.
The ‘Times’ of December 21, 1809, is very wroth about it, and
the sturdy citizens answered it by having a Common Hall on January
9, 1810, at which it was resolved that instructions be given to the
representatives of the City, to move or support an address to his
Majesty, praying an inquiry into the cause of the failures of the late
expeditions to Spain, Portugal, and Holland; they also voted a similar
address themselves; and asserted a right to deliver their addresses
or petitions to the King upon his throne. But they got no redress.
The year 1810 is mostly noteworthy to the caricaturist by
Napoleon’s second marriage. On February 1, 1810, a grand council
was called together to help the Emperor in selecting another
empress. But Napoleon had not been wasting his time since his
divorce from Josephine. He had sent to the Emperor Alexander,
proposing to marry his sister, the Grand Duchess Anna Paulovna; but
the Russian Emperor, although he professed great friendship for
Napoleon, hardly cared about a closer alliance with him, and the
proposal was declined.
The Council, in their wisdom, thought of an Austrian princess,
and a proposal was made to the Austrian ambassador for the hand
of the Arch-Duchess Maria Louisa, the result of which should have
been, if there is any truth in the old rhyme,
Happy’s the wooing
That’s not long a-doing,

the perfection of bliss to the principal parties concerned. It was all

settled in four-and-twenty hours, and Berthier, as Napoleon’s proxy,
married Maria Louisa at Vienna on March 11, and, two days
afterwards, she started on her journey to France.
We are indebted to Madame Junot for an insight into her
innocent and childlike character: ‘At length the day of departure
arrived. The young Empress bade farewell to all the members of her
family, and then retired to her apartment, where etiquette required
that she should wait till Berthier came to conduct her to her
carriage. When Berthier entered the cabinet, he found her bathed in
tears. With a voice choked with sobs, she apologised for appearing
so childish: “But,” says she, “my grief is excusable. See how I am
surrounded here by a thousand things that are dear to me. These
are my sister’s drawings; that tapestry was wrought by my mother;
those paintings are by my uncle Charles.” In this manner she went
through the inventory of her cabinet, and there was scarcely a thing,
down to the carpet on the floor, which was not the work of some
beloved hand.
‘There were her singing birds, her parrot, and, above all, the
object which she seemed to value most, and most to regret—a little
dog. It was of course known at the Court of Vienna how greatly the
Emperor used to be annoyed by Josephine’s favourite pet dogs, with
Fortuné at their head. Therefore, Francis II., like a prudent father,
took care that his daughter should leave her pet dog at Vienna. Yet
it was a cruel separation, and the princess and her favourite parted
with a tender duo of complaint.’
But the surprises in store for her on her journey soon made her
forget her dog and parrot. She was met at Braunau by Caroline
Bonaparte, Queen of Naples, and sister of the Emperor. At this place,
on the frontier of Austria and Bavaria (the latter of which was then
part of the French empire), a wooden building had been erected for
the use of the French and Austrian suites. Napoleon could play many
parts, and he played the rôle of devoted lover to perfection. At
Munich an officer met the new Empress with a letter from her
husband. At Strasburg a page was waiting for her with another
letter, some choice flowers, and some pheasants shot by the imperial
gun; and every morning brought a page with a letter, which the
young bride immediately answered.
Every detail of her progress had been settled with rigid
ceremonial, and at one place (Compiègne) it was appointed that he
was to meet her, when ‘the Empress should prepare to kneel, and
the Emperor should raise her, embrace, and seat her beside him.’ But
the imperial bridegroom was far too impatient for that. Accompanied
by the King of Naples (Murat), he left the palace privately, and
pushed on to the village of Courcelles, where he anxiously awaited
her arrival. When the carriage stopped, he ran towards it, opened
the door himself, and jumped in without any announcement, the
bride being only advised of his advent a moment before by the
startled exclamation of the Queen of Spain: ‘It is the Emperor!’
Two days afterwards they made their state entry into Paris,
where Napoleon, from a balcony at the Tuileries, presented his
young bride to the assembled multitude.
Once more to quote Madame Junot: ‘On returning from the
balcony, he said to her, “Well, Louise, I must give you some little
reward for the happiness you have conferred on me,” and, leading
her into one of the narrow corridors of the palace, lighted only by
one lamp, he hurried on with his beloved Empress, who exclaimed,
“Where are we going?”—“Come, Louise, are you afraid to follow
me?” replied the Emperor, who now pressed to his bosom, with
much affectionate tenderness, his young bride.
‘Suddenly they stopped at a closed door, within which they heard
a dog that was endeavouring to escape from the apparent prison.
The Emperor opened this private door, and desired Louise to enter.
She found herself in a room magnificently lighted; the glare of the
lamps prevented her for some moments from distinguishing any
object. Imagine her surprise when she found her favourite dog from
Vienna was there to greet her; the apartment was furnished with the
same chairs, carpet, the paintings of her sisters, her birds—in short,
every object was there, and placed in the same manner as she had
left them on quitting her paternal roof.
 ‘The Empress, in joy and gratitude, threw herself in Napoleon’s
arms, and the moment of a great victory would not have been to the
conqueror of the world so sweet as this instant of ecstasy was to the
infatuated heart of the adoring bridegroom. After a few minutes had
been spent in examining the apartment, the Emperor opened a small
door; he beckoned to Berthier, who entered. Napoleon then said,
“Louise, it is to him you are indebted for this unexpected joy: I
desire you will embrace him, as a just recompense.” Berthier took
the hand of the Empress; but the Emperor added, “No, no, you must
kiss my old and faithful friend.”’
The civil marriage was celebrated on April 1 at St. Cloud, and the
religious marriage on the 2nd in the Chapel of the Louvre;
Napoleon’s uncle, Cardinal Fesch, officiating.
We have just read the real story of the wooing and home-
coming; I will not spoil it by repeating the caricaturist’s version,
quoting only a few lines:—
Louisa off for Paris set,
And by her anxious swain was met.
To see the lady, what a throng!
The road with flow’rs they strew’d along.
No sooner Nap beheld her charms
Than round the maid he threw his arms,
And gave her a true lover’s kiss,
As prelude to his greater bliss.

* * * * *
Oh what rejoicings and what fêtes!
What hurly-burly in the streets!
The marriage, as it was advised,
Now publicly was solemnized;
The first of April, as they say,
Was chosen for the happy day,
When children, in and out of school,
Are trying to make each a fool.

FIRST INTERVIEW WITH MARIA LOUISA.

 This year is so unproductive of Napoleonic caricatures, that I can
only find one worth mentioning, and this is apropos of the marriage:
it is called ‘Three Weeks after Marriage, or the Great little Emperor
playing at Bo-peep,’ and is by Rowlandson (May 15, 1810). It shows
the conjugal relations of Napoleon and his Empress, as they were
supposed to be. She is in a violent rage, and, having knocked down
Talleyrand, she hits him over the head with a sceptre; he,
meanwhile, making moan: ‘Begar she will give us all de finishing
stroke. I shall never rise again.’ She has plucked off her crown, and
is about to throw it at the Emperor, who dodges behind an armchair,
calling out, ‘Oh Tally, Tally, rise and rally.’ She fiercely declaims, ‘By
the head of Jove, I hate him worse than Famine or Disease. Perish
his Family; let inveterate Hate commence between our Houses from
this Moment, and, meeting, never let them bloodless part.’
Somebody, probably one of the marshals, has got behind the
curtains for safety, calling out, ‘Marblue. Vat a Crown Cracker she
be.’
At the time of the marriage the English newspapers were much
taken up with Sir Francis Burdett, and consequently Napoleon’s
marriage did not receive the attention it otherwise might have
claimed. In a notice of the religious ceremony, however, the ‘Times’
breaks out with a little bit of spite, ‘The Imperial Ruffian, and his
spouse, again knelt at the “Ite, missa est.”’
The only other great event during this year, connected with
Napoleon, was the abdication of the crown of Holland by his brother
Louis, and the absorption of his kingdom into the French empire.
The birth of the King of Rome (on March 20, 1811) at last gave
Napoleon the hope of founding a dynasty. He was very anxious
about the welfare of Maria Louisa, hardly bestowing a thought upon
his son, until assured of her safety.
21
‘As soon as the King of Rome was born, the event was
announced by telegraph to all the principal towns of the empire. At
four o’clock the same afternoon, the marks of rejoicing in the
provinces equalled those in Paris. The Emperor’s couriers, pages,
and officers, were despatched to the different foreign Courts, with
intelligence of the happy event. The Senate of Italy, and the
municipal bodies of Rome and Milan, had immediate notice of it. The
different fortresses received orders to fire salutes; the seaports were
enlivened by the display of colours from the vessels; and everywhere
the people voluntarily illuminated their houses. Those who regard
these popular demonstrations as expressions of the secret
sentiments of a people might have remarked that in all the
faubourgs, as well as the lowest and poorest quarters of Paris, the
houses were illuminated to the very uttermost stories. A fête was
got up on the occasion by the watermen of the Seine, which was
prolonged until a late hour of the night. Much of all this was not
ordered: it came spontaneously from the hearts of the people. That
same people, who, for thirty-five years previously, had experienced
so many emotions, had wept over so many reverses, and had
rejoiced for so many victories, still showed, by their enthusiasm on
this occasion, that they retained affections as warm and vivid as in
the morning of their greatness.
‘The King of Rome was baptized on the very day of his birth
(March 20, 1811). The ceremony was performed, at nine in the
evening, in the chapel of the Tuileries. The whole of the imperial
family attended, and the Emperor witnessed the ceremony with the
deepest emotion. Napoleon proceeded to the chapel, followed by the
members of the household, those of the Empress, of Madame Mère,
the princesses, his sisters, and of the kings, his brothers. He took his
station under a canopy in the centre of the chapel, having before
him a stool to kneel on. A socle of granite had been placed on a
carpet of white velvet embroidered with gold bees, and on the socle
stood a gold vase destined for the baptismal font. When the
Emperor approached the font bearing the King of Rome in his arms,
the most profound silence pervaded. It was a religious silence,
unaccompanied by the parade which might have been expected on
such an occasion. This stillness formed a striking contrast with the
joyous acclamations of the people outside.’
 The news was announced to the British public in the ‘Times’ of
March 25; and in the ‘Morning Herald’ of March 26 is an amusing

Impromptu
On the French General Victor’s Defeat before Cadiz.

His Victor vanquish’d, and his Eagle taken,

Boney will stay at home to save his bacon;
Sip Caudle with his wife, and for young Nap,
Make with parental daddle, sugar’d pap;
Content to see the Nurs’ry colours fly,
By holding out his bantling’s clouts to dry.

Rowlandson caricatures the birth of the King of Rome (April 9,

1811) in ‘Boney the Second, or the little Babboon created to devour
French Monkies.’ The young Napoleon, naked, with the exception of
a cocked hat, but with the cloven hoofs, and tail, of a devil, is being
presented on a cushion to his father by a very buxom nurse. The
cushion rests on a cradle, on which is inscribed ‘Devil’s Darling.’
Napoleon is looking after the nursery arrangements, and is cooking a
caudle of ‘French blood,’ which is to be drunk out of a ‘Bitter Cup.’
He turns his face towards his little son, and exclaims: ‘Rejoice O ye
Frenchmen, the Fruits of my Labour has produced a little image of
myself. I shall, for the love I owe to your country, instill in my Noble
Offspring the same principles of Lying, Thieving, Treachery, Letchery,
Murder, and all other foul deeds for which I am now worshipped and
adored.’ The Pope is on his knees pronouncing a benediction, which,
however, is of rather doubtful character.
22
The Owl shrieked at thy Birth, an evil Sight,
The Night Crow cry’d foreboding luckless time,
Dogs howl’d, and hideous Tempests shook down Trees,
The Raven rook’d her on the Chimney Top,
And Chattering Pies in dismal discord sung.
 Napoleon was very fond of his little boy, and the caricaturist
represents him in the nursery, thus—
 But in his babe he found relief,
This was a cure for all his grief,
For his delightful dulcet squall
Wou’d not allow a tear to fall.
What wondrous splendor was devised
When the dear Infant was baptized;
For Emperors, Kings, Queens, and Dukes
Assembled with their smiling looks,
Bestowing their congratulations,
And making curious observations.
With curiosity they eyed
The King of Rome—the father’s pride,
And some old gossips cried ‘Oh la!
How he resembles his papa.’

Madame Junot gives some interesting details of Napoleon as a

father:—‘On my return to France, I found the Emperor much altered
in appearance. His features had acquired a paternal character. What
a beautiful child was the young King of Rome! How lovely he
appeared as he rode through the gardens of the Tuileries in his
shell-shaped calèche, drawn by two young deer, which had been
trained by Franconi, and which were given him by his aunt, the
Queen of Naples. He resembled one of those figures of Cupid which
have been discovered in the ruins of Herculaneum. One day I had
been visiting the young King, the Emperor was also there, and he
was playing with the child—as he always played with those he loved
—that is to say, he was tormenting him. The Emperor had been
riding, and held in his hand a whip, which attracted the child’s
notice. He stretched out his little hand, and when he seized the
whip, burst into a fit of laughter, at the same time embracing his
father. “Is he not a fine boy, Madame Junot?” said the Emperor; “you
must confess that he is.” I could say so without flattery, for he
certainly was a lovely boy. “You were not at Paris,” continued the
Emperor, “when my son was born. It was on that day I learned how
much the Parisians love me.... What did the army say on the birth of
the child?” I told him the soldiers were enthusiastic during many
days; he had already heard so, but was happy to receive a
confirmation of their joy. He then pinched his son’s cheek and his
nose; the child cried. “Come, come, sir,” said the Emperor, “do you
suppose you are never to be thwarted, and do kings cry?”... He used
to take the King of Rome in his arms, and toss him up in the air. The
child would then laugh, until the tears stood in his eyes. Sometimes
the Emperor would take him before a looking-glass, and work his
face into all sorts of grimaces; and, if the child was frightened and
shed tears, Napoleon would say: “What, Sire, do you cry? A King,
and cry? Shame, Shame!”
‘The hours at which the young King was taken to the Emperor
were not precisely fixed, nor could they be, but his visits were most
frequently at the time of déjeûner. On these occasions the Emperor
would give the child a little claret, by dipping his finger in the glass,
and making him suck it. Sometimes he would daub the young
Prince’s face with gravy. The child would laugh heartily at seeing his
father as much a child as he was himself, and only loved him the
more for it. Children invariably love those who play with them. I
recollect that once when Napoleon had daubed the young King’s
face, the child was highly amused, and asked the Emperor to do the
same to Maman Quiou, for so he called his governess, Madame de
Montesquiou.’
Rowlandson’s idea of the royal infant is given in a caricature
(published April 14, 1811) called, ‘Nursing the Spawn of a Tyrant, or
23
Frenchmen Sick of the Brood.’ Maria Louisa is aghast at her
offspring, who, screaming, threatens her with a dagger. She thus
pours out her woes: ‘There’s no condition sure, so curst as mine!
Day and night to dandle such a dragon—the little angry cur snarls
while it feeds; see how the blood is settled in its scarecrow face;
what brutal mischief sits upon his brow. Rage and vengeance sparkle
in his cheeks; the very spawn and spit of its tyrant father. Nay, now I
look again, he is the very picture of his grandfather, the Devil!’ This
must have been pleasant for Napoleon to hear, which he evidently
does, as he is but partially concealed behind a curtain.
Some one (name unknown, August 20, 1811) has given us, ‘The
Deputeys apointed by the Legislative Body, doing Homage to the
King of Rome in the Nursery at St. Cloud.’ His gouvernante, Madame
de Montesquiou, presents him to the Deputies, who kneel and kiss
him, saying: ‘Madam Governess—not one of us can behold without a
most lively interest, that August Infant—on whom rest so many
Destinies, and whose Age and Charming Qualities inspire the most
tender sentiments in the French and surrounding Nations.’ The lady
replies: ‘Monsieurs—I thank you for the polite and flattering
encomiums you are pleased to bestow on me—I thank you in the
name of the young prince, whose Charms are inexpressible, and
regret that he cannot add his personal sentiments to those which I
entertain, to the Legislative Body.’ In another portion of the picture
the foul linen of the precious child is being washed and hung to dry.
NURSING THE SPAWN OF A TYRANT, OR FRENCHMEN SICK OF
THE BROOD.
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