Hindawi

International Journal of Photoenergy

Volume 2022, Article ID 7756261, 10 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7756261

Research Article
Optimization of Solar Hybrid Power Generation Using
Conductance-Fuzzy Dual-Mode Control Method

S. Ramesh ,1 J. Seetha,2 G. Ramkumar ,3 Satyajeet Sahoo,4 T. M. Amirthalakshmi,5

A. Ranjith ,6 Asiful H. Seikh,7 Sohail M. A. Khan Mohammed,8 and Ram Subbiah9
1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, St. Mother Theresa College of Engineering,
Vagaikulam-628102 Tamilnadu, India
2
Department of Computer Science, SRM Institute of Science And Technology, Ramapuram, Chennai-600 089, Tamil Nadu, India
3
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai 602 105,
Tamil Nadu, India
4
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (Deemed
to be University), Vadlamudi, Guntur, Andra Pradesh-522213, India
5
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Institute of Science And Technology, Ramapuram, Chennai-
600 089, Tamil Nadu, India
6
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, St.Joseph University in Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
7
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800,
Al-Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
8
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, M5B 2K3, Ontario, Canada
9
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology, 500090, Nizampet,
Hyderabad, India

Correspondence should be addressed to S. Ramesh; [email protected] and A. Ranjith; [email protected]

Received 2 February 2022; Revised 15 February 2022; Accepted 19 February 2022; Published 13 April 2022

Academic Editor: V. Mohanavel

Copyright © 2022 S. Ramesh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The functioning of a solar hybrid power system is investigated in this research using a unique fuzzy control method. Turbines,
solar photovoltaics, diesel engines, fuel cells, aqua-electrolyzes, and other autonomous generation products are used in the
hybrid renewable energy system. Further energy storage components of the system include the batteries, turbine, and
ultracapacitor. This research incorporates a supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system (HESS) into a solar hybrid power
generating system, allowing the consumption and energy storage space and power output to be significantly increased. This
study’s approach incorporates a decentralized power generation system with a HESS while increasing electrical output in
phases utilizing a dynamic reactive power compensation scheme and a conductance-fuzzy dual-mode control strategy. Due to
a nonlinear behavior of photovoltaic (PV) devices’ power output, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods must be
used to create the greatest power. Infrequently developing atmospheric circumstances, traditional MPPT algorithms do not
work adequately. Modeling is used to determine the microgrid’s power output to the photovoltaic hybrid power generating
organization, as well as the optimization method for each device in the network. The dynamic power factor correction scheme
and also the conductance-fuzzy dual-mode control approach are primarily used in this study to optimize the solar hybrid
renewable energy system.

1. Introduction demand for it. As the cost of electricity use rises and supply
drops, fossil fuel-based energy sources deplete, leading to
Energy plays a significant role in everyday life, but as the energy loss [1]. The depletion of oil supplies connected to
world’s population and economic growth grow, so does the coal or natural gas-fired power plants is motivating
2 International Journal of Photoenergy

professionals to look for alternate and ecological sources of arrays, an INC approach was utilized for MPPT [8]. It was
energy. However, because the energy industry produces the proposed to employ the particle swarm optimization (PSO)
majority of greenhouse gas emissions, there seems to be a sig- technology in a novel MPPT strategy. These technologies
nificant link between energy strategy and environmental pol- control PV arrays with only one pair of sensors, resulting in
icy. The usage of sustainable power, often known as the lower costs, improved overall performance, and ease of
common squares, is a crucial approach for reducing carbon deployment. These approaches, on the other hand, do not
emissions [2]. Synergy around them is a critical element in work well in quickly changing environmental circumstances.
building energy industry emission reduction paths. Because To allow the operating point to be nearer to the MPP and
they are well, it could solve greenhouse gas emission minimize oscillations at the maximum power output, the
decreases and grid adaptability at the same time. To preserve fuzzy control scheme with conductance progressive algo-
system reliability, renewable energy can improve power gen- rithm is coupled. Furthermore, the maximum power moni-
eration including such extra capacity or physical and rotating toring of a photovoltaic solar device is achieved by
energies. However, because the grid is the source of electricity combining the conductance increment approach and an
for nuclear plants’ offsite power systems, international norms enhanced fuzzy control strategy [9]. A thorough design of
emphasizing the need for nuclear plants have yet to be solar combination energy storage devices comprising a
merged. The capability to provide a dependable supply hav- supercapacitor and a battery-integrated energy storage device
ing adequate resources and voltage quality is the fundamen- is proposed in this work. To begin, the battery energy storage
tal goal of such a connection. This is a result of a variety of program’s output power was optimized using a hybrid parti-
factors. With the widespread and widespread use of solar cle swarm optimization (HPSO) and maximum power point
HESS, the influence on the network by these systems cannot tracking (MPPT) fuzzy-based method [10]. Then, to evaluate
be overlooked [3]. The maximum power of solar combined the effective accuracy of the solar power source, a simulation
energy storage devices may change arbitrarily and sporadi- result framework has been developed. In terms of energy
cally due to inapplicability and uncertainty. As a result, as forecasting, the optimized system is adaptable. The grid-
compared to traditional power generators like nuclear and connected solar HESS can be fully utilized solar energies’ nat-
coal-fired power plants, renewables can be difficult to distrib- ural redundancy [11]. The conductance-fuzzy dual-mode
ute on the network [4]. Dispatchable energy storage is used control technique also improves productivity of power curve
because the power production of a solar ESS has to be as con- monitoring and dispatched grid curves. Energy saving unit
stant as possible. This uses a supercapacitor and battery to prices have dropped significantly. In addition, it has
create storage of battery in this research. To enhance energy improved financially and environmentally.
conversion efficiency, an MPPT employs fuzzy set theory.
To operate the step-up conversion for MPPT, a fuzzy proce-
dure depends on 25 linguistic variables characterizing the 2. Related Works
operator’s control approach which was used. FLC with coarse
and fine modes is used to decrease not just the time it takes to The investigation of efficiency in partial shade conditions is a
track the MPP, as well as the energy fluctuations. The pro- vital aspect of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system. A resilient
posed algorithm requires more memory and does not have intelligence algorithm (RIA) is being developed in coopera-
the capacity to self-tune. To get the most power out of a solar tion with the internet of things (IoT) to provide real-time
array, an appropriate MPPT control system with fuzzy con- management of solar panels, providing worldwide maxi-
trol is designed. A modest number of rules are used in the mum power point tracking (MPPT). The RIA is made up
fuzzy system [5]. As a result, this control mechanism is sim- of a radial basis function (RBF) multilayer perceptron with
ple to apply to a real-world system. For its effortlessness and limited-time terminal sliding-mode control (LTTSMC) and
ease of application, the perturbation and observation (P&O) quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO) neural net-
approach is a popular MPPT methodology. Unfortunately, work. The LTTSMC provides for the avoiding of singulari-
this technique produces a lot of variations around the maxi- ties by allowing for a rapid constrained convergence time.
mum power point (MPP), which leads to a lot of energy loss, The trembling phenomena or fairly constant error, on the
particularly in big PV systems. To solve these issues, incre- other hand, happens around the LTTSMC if system ambigu-
mental conductance (INC) approach was devised [6]. This ity is exaggerated or undervalued. To address plant compo-
approach employs constant data steps, allowing the MPP to nent fluctuations and external load disturbances, the
be tracked by comparing the ratio of measured voltage to QPSO-RBF communication system is implemented into
INC levels of photovoltaic systems power. The development LTTSMC, decreasing trembling and steady-state faults.
of an appropriate regulator for MPPT has subsequently got- Monitoring equipment in the solar panel system delivers
ten a lot of attention. For the functioning of the PV-based convergence speed to fractional integral points thanks to
hybrid energy system, the P&O approach was presented, the combination of the RIA as well as the IoT, but it also
and theoretically calculated results have been compared [7]. provides a neural network approach for even more precise
The proposed fuzzy method was utilized to compare several ambiguity estimate. Below passing and steady-state dynamic
MPPT approaches of frequently used systems such as P&O load, experimental results demonstrated the arithmetical
and INC. Two MPPT approaches, namely, application of performance evaluation improvement of a sample encryp-
fuzzy and neural control systems were described, with the tion method solar PV system that depends on digital signal
effectiveness of the suggested techniques evaluated. In PV processing. Because the suggested solar power system has
International Journal of Photoenergy 3

significant tracking performance and robust adaption bene- most power from such a PV array, the maximum power
fits over traditional terminal-sliding photovoltaic panels, this point tracking (MPPT) technique is utilized. An intermediate
research should be read by developers of comparative con- outcome (MI) cuk conversion is used to combine two input
troller design and neural network optimization models [12]. sources. To obtain the maximum power output array, a fuzzy
This work presents a novel fuzzy adaptive proportional- logic controller is employed to adjust the switching frequency
integral-derivative (PID) control approach for MPPT in a of the bidirectional converters [16].
solar photovoltaic system with continuous set-point moni-
toring. The relay feedback tuning approach was used to opti- 3. Materials and Methods
mize the scope of the attribute values of the fuzzy systems for
a continuous PID parameter tuner. Utilizing power, light, The system construction of a solar HESS is introduced in
and temperature monitoring, the suggested MPPT controller this section. In addition, numerical simulations for solar
has indeed been constructed which included an online set- cells, solar farms, supercapacitors, transformer power den-
point modification technique. For a solar power system sity, and conversion are provided.
including buck-boost converter and load resistance, real- 3.1. Structure of System. The design of the solar hybrid
time computations were done on the MATLABTM /dSPAC renewable energy method is illustrated in Figure 1, as well
ETM ds1104 Research and Innovation central control archi- as converters, DC and AC buses, a PV array, and a com-
tecture. The suggested methods’ performance is in compari- bined power system buildup the network. The decentralized
son to that of the most widely used MPPT techniques. power generating system provides electrical energy, which
MPPT approaches are based on perturbing and observation, travels along the DC bus to a converter, where it is trans-
constant voltage, fuzzy control, Bayesian network, and adapt- formed into an electrical current [17]. Hybrid energy storage
able neuro-fuzzy inference engine. The tracking effectiveness, systems control objective is to guarantee that demand and
time constant, and dynamic characteristics of several network receive extremely steady electricity generation from
approaches have been examined. The proposed method out- the power-producing systems.
performed others in terms of usability maximum power
point with rapidly shifting sun radiation, according to the 3.2. A Mathematical Model for Photovoltaic System. In a
results obtained [13]. This work proposes a novel PV module solar power system, the Photovoltaic system has been the
modeling technique in Simulink using a fuzzy logic-based most basic component. Its process is equivalent to that of a
MPPT algorithm and a power convertor. The work’s major P–N junction. The photovoltaic cell production power
components are the reduction of PV modeling techniques dynamic is as follows:
and the construction of a fuzzy-based MPPT system to accu-
rately way maximum output. The key highlights of this work  

 ðV + IRs Þ
P = IV = Iph − Id − Ish V = Iph − Io eððv+ A Þ − Io −
are the demonstration of exact duty cycle regulation under IRs
,
varied climatic circumstances, depiction of PV characteristic Rsh
curves, and conversion methodology uses. Three distinct PV ð1Þ
modules have been tested with the proposed system:
SOLKAR 36 W, BP MSX 60 W, and KC85T 87 W. Finally,
the obtained data was estimated by the following forecast
and the number provided by the employer to verify the sys- where I is the discharge current in this calculation. In this
tem’s accuracy [14]. A wind-hybrid power system with stor- similar circuit, Id is the current of the diodes. The current
age of battery and a dump load is modeled and controlled in twisted by the PV panel is referred to as the I ph . The current
this study. The Takagi– Sugeno (TS) fuzzy model, as well as flow remains represented by I sh by the parallel connection.
the linear controller, is used in the suggested control method. The optimal parameter for the P–N connection is A [18].
The local behaviors of a nonlinear function separated into The load’s reference voltage is denoted by the letter V. The
sectors by grammatical rules are expressed by the TS fuzzy load impedance is RS . Because Rsh is infinite large and RS is
model. Based on the given time-series data, a potential auto- incredibly tiny, this expression can be reduced as follows:
regression model is proposed that offers ideally divided sub-
systems. The linear quadratic regulation creates the
regulators for each component. The suggested controller is h i
P = IV = Iph − Io eððV+IRs ÞlAÞ − Io V: ð2Þ
evaluated to a traditional proportional-integral controller in
such an experiment and demonstrated to be more successful
over disruptions induced by weather conditions and strain
fluctuations [15]. The modeling of an interconnected hybrid
A single maximum output power point will arise under the
renewable energy system is described in this paper. Creative
influence of various factors.
product for such hybrid power system includes solar and
wind. Photovoltaic (PV) and hybrid renewable energy sys- 3.3. Supercapacitors Mathematical Model. In this study,
tems are designed as part of the proposed network. The sys- capacitive constants and voltage relate to both edges of the
tem is built to withstand continuous wind speeds as well as capacitors, and W in the equivalent circuit reflects the super-
changes in solar irradiance and solar output. To obtain the capacitor energy transfer (ΔW is the integration of Pc ðtÞ
4 International Journal of Photoenergy

Distributed Generation system

HESS

PV Solar Power

Battery Supercapacittor

Rectifier
Bidirectional Bidirectional
DC/DC
DC/DC DC/DC

DC/DC

Bus DC
DC/AC
Load DC

DC/AC Load AC

PCC AC

External Grid

Figure 1: The grid-connected solar hybrid renewable energy production method is depicted in this diagram.

with tÞ inside the interval ½t ðn − 1Þ, t ðn + 1Þ: The capaci- Pc ðt Þ = uðt Þ:iðt Þ − i2 ðt Þ − Rs : ð4Þ
tor’s interaction energy is as follows:
ð In+1 The series resistance is RS , the current flow through
1 1 capacitance is iðtÞ, and the load demand is uðtÞ: Simpson’s
ΔW = U 2c ðt n+1 Þ:C ðt n+1 Þ − U 2c ðt n−1 Þ:C ðt n−1 Þ = Pc ðt Þdt:
2 2 In−1 Formula is used to determine the integrating.
ð3Þ
1 1
ΔW = ½uc ðt n+1 Þ − Rs iðt n+1 Þ2 :Cðt n+1 Þ −
The capacitor voltage is uc ðtÞ: The capacitor’s resistance 2 2 ð5Þ
is RS . The capacitor’s determined function is calculated as c  ½uc ðt n−1 Þ − Rs iðt n−1 Þ2 :Cðt n−1 Þ:
ðtÞ: The resistance voltage in the series is us ðtÞ [19]. The
total simultaneous power and the simultaneous energy of 3.4. Inverter Mathematical Model. The energy on the
the resistor, as shown in Figure 2, are used to represent the demand is mostly inverted energy from the battery [20].
capacitor’s maximum voltage: The inverter’s maximum output is Pout , and also the input
International Journal of Photoenergy 5

Input

Uref

Fuzzifier

I
ICmax ILmax
Base of
Inference
Figure 2: Characteristics of V-I. Knowledge

power is Pin . Thus, the performance which was determined

is given as

Pout
ɳ= ð6Þ Defuzzifier
Pin

The power input is equal to the power output then the

power gets lost as

Pin = Pout + Ploss = Po + K 2p ð7Þ

Output

Thus, obtain
Figure 3: Construction of fuzzy controller scheme.
P Po + K 2p
ɳ= =1− ð8Þ 4. Fuzzy Logic MPPT Control Technique
P + Po + K 2p P + Po + K 2p
FLC has already been widely utilized for commercial pro-
The expression formula for Po with k is p = Pout /Pin (p is cesses since it does not demand an immediate solution and
inverters and Pin is the total energy of inverters); in the ear- can handle nonlinearities [22]. As shown in Figure 3, FLC
lier calculation for Po with k as is divided into four areas: the fuzzifier, the level of knowl-
edge, the inference system, and also the defuzzifier.
 2 The error ðrÞ and change of error ðΔrÞ are the two
9 10 1 parameters of an MPPT-based FLC, but one productivity is
Po = − −1 : ð9Þ
11 9ɳ 10 9ɳ 100
in two techniques or variation
the variation in duty cycle ðdÞ
in a DC-link voltage ð
vdcref Þ in even a single-stage system.
At ɳ 10 voltage, the inverter’s effectiveness is 10%, and at The productivity of a fuzzy logic system was subsequently
100% voltage, the inverter’s effectiveness is ɳ 100 . The conti- combined towards to create an input signal ðd or vdcref Þ. At
nuity formula gives these requirements. the kth sampling time, r and Δr are described as follows:

1
k= − p0 − 1 ð10Þ
ɳ 100 Δppv Ppv ðK Þ − Ppv ðK − 1Þ
r ðhÞ = = ,Δr = rðhÞ − r ðh − 1Þ:
Δvpv vpv ðK Þ − vpv ðk − 1Þ
3.5. Converter Mathematical Models. Power can be con- ð11Þ
verted from an AC bus to a DC bus using converters. Invert-
ing is indicated by a positive integer while rectifying is
indicated by a negative sign. Rrec represents the maximum
electricity while a rectifier is trying to rectify [21], which Every fuzzy parameter in the input and output has three
would be the valued capacity. Pcon,DC defined as the total of linguistic attributes: False rate, True rate, and zero. As
electricity upon that Dc link. seen in Figure 4, each linguistic model is defined by a
6 International Journal of Photoenergy

Zero Step 3. Define the rules of the fuzzy regulator as shown in

Negative Positive Tables 1 and 2
Step 4. Specify the parameter ðK 1 , K 2 , ⋯, K n: Þ
Step 5. Use the simulation to tune p2
Step 6. Validate the equation as Lyapunov is fulfilled:
PΛ + ΛTC P < 0
Step 7. Determine the vertices of the membership func-
tions values using the adaptation rule.
Xmin θi Xmax Step 8. Step size is calculated
Step 9. The MPPT control output is given as
Figure 4: Membership functions.
uðKÞ = uðk − 1Þ + u ~ðkÞ
where u is represented by d or vdcref :
Table 1: Two-stage scheme of fuzzy rules.
4.2. The Conductance-Fuzzy Dual-Mode Controlling
r Δr
False rate Zero True rate
Techniques. MPPT optimizing has been improved. The basic
premise of the conductance increase approach employing
Zero True rate Zero False rate the particle swarm optimization algorithm is initially intro-
False rate True rate True rate True rate duced in this section [23]. Secondly, a short explanation of
True rate Zero False rate False rate the fuzzy control algorithm is described. Furthermore, a
conductance-fuzzy dual-mode control approach with
increased conductance is created.
Table 2: Fuzzy rules.
4.2.1. The Conductance Increment Technique’s Fundamental
r Δr Concept. Particle swarm optimization algorithm is used. The
False rate Zero True rate classic conductance enhancement approach works based on
Zero False rate Zero True rate a feature of the photovoltaic cell itself, which does not emit
False rate False rate False rate Zero any light fluctuate in response to external environmental
changes, and after establishing a stable condition, volatility
True rate Zero True rate True rate
is minimal [24]. The renewable characteristic curve is used
to determine whether or not something is true. The particle
triangle basis function. The input and output signals’ maxi- swarm optimization algorithm works on the following
mum and minimum variations are represented by the scheme: Assume a K-dimensional search process with n par-
parameters X maz and X min . These settings are chosen and ticles. The place and speed of the No:i particle is xi = ðxi1 ,
obtained from the simulation data or an optimization algo- xi2 , ⋯, xik Þ, V i = ðV i1 , V i2 , ⋯, V ik Þ. The photon’s speed and
rithm. To represent the real signal, let X maz = −X min and position also are changed as per (13) and (14).
the spectrum of each fuzzy variable be normalized between
1 and +1 by providing a scaling factor ðk = 1/X maz Þ: g
The reaction of input parameters under various environ- j+1 Pik − X ik P − X ik ð13Þ
V k = ρvik + θ1 rend + θ2 rend k ,
mental situations is used to estimate the minimum and max- Δt Δt
imum values.
The fuzzy controller is represented using symmetrical
fuzzy rule set, as shown in Tables 1 and 2. The proper sharp j+1 j+1
ð14Þ
X k = X ik + vk ,
management is then constructed using the center of mass
defuzzification. Let θi denote the coordinates of the result
variable’s ith membership degree. As a result, for h parame- where pik represents the optimal location of a i − th particle
ters, the fuzzy state’s output is calculated as follows: during period k, pgk represents the optimal place of the
group particle k, ρ is a inertia factor, θ1 represents the resi-
∑h1 ωi θi dent assurance factor, and θ2 represents the component col-
d,
vdc = = θT τ ð12Þ lective’s self-confidence variable. The HPSO algorithm’s
∑h1 ωi workflow entails employing the neural network’s expected
power output as a particle swarm and then applying the
where τi = ωi /∑h1 ωi , and ωi is the power of the ith rule. It is PSO method to solve inverter substituting at the maximum
generated by reading the “AND” combination as a sum of power point.
the participation values in comparison to e and Δe field The enhanced conductance increment technique
measurements. depends on the particle swarm optimization algorithm
which adjusts the conductance increase product’s step length
4.1. Proposed MPPT Controller. Step 1. Describe the input describing the relationship among particle separation and its
and output scaling factors minimal thresholds to monitor the program’s maximum
Step 2. Specify the perturbation time power output
International Journal of Photoenergy 7

250

200

150

100

Power
50

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
–50

–100

–150
Time
Fuzzy control technique
Enhanced conductance increment technique
Dual mode control

Figure 5: When the environment changes, the balance of power fluctuates.

800
700
600
500
(Power)

400
300
200
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

(Time)

Traditional power system

Optimized power system

Figure 6: The power output of traditional and optimized power systems is compared.

250
200
150
100
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
–50
–100
–150
Traditional PV
Optimized PV

Figure 7: The power output of traditional and optimized PV generated is compared.

8 International Journal of Photoenergy

1000

800

600

400

200

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
–200

–400
Grid connected - hybrid solar system
Single control system
Single Control system-PV

Figure 8: The output power of single-generator systems versus grid-connected solar power systems is compared.

Table 3: Initial rule. increases, and also the fuzzy controller generates a higher
scale factor to accomplish maximum power point tracking.
r Δr
False rate Zero True rate 5.2. Environmental Parameters of Linear Variation. Suppose
False rate 0:6 0:6 0 that such environmental variables would not drastically
Zero 0:6 0 −0:6 change. As a result, the study’s accepted is an increase in
the intensity of light after 600 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2 . The con-
True rate 0 −0:6 −0:6
ductivity increment method of particle swarm optimization,
the conductance of fuzzy hybrid control method, and the
fuzzy control strategy are all modeled. The outcome is
depicted in Figure 5. As shown in Figure 5, all three algo-
5. Algorithm of Fuzzy Control rithms are capable of improving the power quality in any sit-
uation [27]. If the corrected or lose situation seems to have
Fuzzy control is a controller that is built based on user inter- no influence on the outcomes, the conductance-fuzzy dual-
action. It is not essential to progress a mathematical model. mode controller strategy T and ΔT developed in this work
The unique control flow idea is that by entering the quantity have various degrees of decrease compared to the traditional
and individual characteristics and then choosing the suitable fuzzy control approach, and the duration for getting the
one, the operator’s membership function and developing optimum power point is reduced significantly. Compared
customized are determined [25]. The control strategy has to the particle swarm optimization technique, the enhanced
been approved, and the management has been accom- conductance-fuzzy dual-mode control method produces a
plished. The data redundancy of the fuzzy control method quicker steady-state rate and increased benefits are realized.
can be quite high because it does not demand a precise com-
putational formula. The fuzzy analysis process, on the other 6. Result and Discussion
hand, causes a reduction in control system accuracy and
dynamical efficiency. A model of the massive amount condition of the solar grid-
connected complementing system is created to verify the
capability and efficiency of the suggested control approach.
5.1. Enhanced Conductance-Fuzzy Dual-Mode Control The following are the variables for the solar array and boost
Techniques. Assuming that such a simple particle swarm compressor circuits in the simulation: The solar array light-
optimization (PSO) conductivity increases technique or a ing intensity is decreased from 1000W/m2 to 600W/m2
fuzzy technique neither assures control system precision or before being adjusted to 800 W/m2 , while the rapidity
duration to a time constant, the MPPT mixed control increases from 8m/sto 10m/s before being lowered to 8m/s:
approach is presented. The PSO technique was being utilized The upstream and downstream capacitors of the course are
to improve the system’s output voltage characteristic curve 500μF, the inductor is 5 mH, and the load is 25Ω:
worldwide, and the control algorithm is utilized to improve The optimized photovoltaic power systems, as well as the
the system’s power output curves locally by changing the power generating system, reach a stable level faster than the
scale factor in the conductance augmentation process [26]. traditional generation system, as shown in Figures 6 and 7.
Whenever the E value is low and the system response is Because the variation is reduced, the improved system mon-
closer to peak power, the fuzzy controller produces a lower itoring is more precise and quicker. The optimized solar
period size to increase steady-state precision. The E value complementing is capable of tracking the excessive value
increases as the range from the maximum power point for particular energy and achieves the stable equilibrium
International Journal of Photoenergy 9

for roughly 0.16 s whenever the initial luminous power is ter and more accurately than other methods. Furthermore,
1000 W/m2 and the air velocity is 8 m/s, as shown in the algorithm extends battery performance and lowers
Figure 8. To obtain a stable level, the photovoltaic systems power usage. Whenever the power distribution model of a
must be controlled for about 0.05 seconds. Traditional solar photovoltaic power generation system is only used, the
systems take about 0.115 seconds to achieve a stable level, demand fluctuation causes inadequate power sources,
but their tracking error is about 0:23%, while the latter two’s according to the findings. The local power distribution
uncertainty is 1-2 times that of the earlier. model is verified by the integration of a hybrid energy stor-
At this point, the solar complementing system’s power age system (HESS) and a solar complementing power
output has a greater steady-state period but much less scheme. This control distribution style is among the most
curved variability. The atmospheric air frequency is higher effective strategies to assure legal compliance because it sup-
from 8 m/s to 10 m/s after 0.3 secs. At about the same time, ports various sources of energy. Combining advanced algo-
the levels of variability in the power output levels of the rithms only with MPPT as in the future is a promising
two devices are different. The optimum solar complement- avenue for achieving great precision and knowledge.
ing method carries about 0.073 secs to return to steady-
state. The curvature variability is reduced and the found sig- Data Availability
nificant effect is faster. The classic power generation system
takes 0.09 secs to achieve stable equilibrium, and the curve The data used to support the findings of this study are
is highly variable. The different lighting brightness is low- included within the article.
ered from 1000 W/m2 to 600 W/m2 after 0.6 secs. The time
necessary for a solar complementing process to the obtain Conflicts of Interest
a steady state during optimizing is around 0.05 s. The dura-
tion is around 0.089 secs, and the following inaccuracy is The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest
400% larger than the optimal solar complementing system. regarding the publication of this article.
The output current waveforms of the two have different var-
iations. Using traditional optimization photovoltaic panels Acknowledgments
and traditional control, the different lighting strength is
enhanced from 600 W/m2 to 800 W/m2 , the speed will The authors would like to express their gratitude towards St.
decrease from 10 m/s to 8 m/s, and the time necessary for Mother Theresa College of Engineering, Vagaikulam-
the solar complementing organization to achieve steady- 628102, Tamilnadu, India for providing the necessary infra-
state is improved. The time it takes for power to achieve a structure to carry out this work successfully. The authors
steady-state is similar, but the original’s production curve would like to acknowledge the Researchers Supporting Pro-
changes significantly less than that of the latter two. The ject Number (RSP-2021/373), King Saud University, Riyadh,
fuzzy control initial rule is given in Table 3. The critical Saudi Arabia.
values of e and Δe are shown to improve as solar radiation
and modules increased temperature. References
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