Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering

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Stefano Tornincasa

Technical Drawing
for Product Design
Mastering ISO GPS and ASME GD&T

123
Stefano Tornincasa
DIGEP
Politecnico di Torino
Torino, Italy

ISSN 2195-9862 ISSN 2195-9870 (electronic)

Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering
ISBN 978-3-030-60853-8 ISBN 978-3-030-60854-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60854-5
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Preface

Designers create perfect and ideal geometries through drawings or by means of

Computer Aided Design systems, but unfortunately the real geometrical features of
manufactured components are imperfect, in terms of form, size, orientation and
location.
Therefore, technicians, designers and engineers need a symbolic language that
allows them to define, in a complete, clear and unambiguous way, the admissible
variations, with respect to the ideal geometries, in order to guarantee functionality
and assemblability, and to turn inspection into a scientifically controllable process.
The Geometric Product Specification (GPS) and Geometrical Dimensioning and
Tolerancing (GD&T) languages are the most powerful tools available to link the
perfect geometrical world of models and drawings to the imperfect world of
manufactured parts and assemblies.
This is a new, more complicated approach than the previous methodologies, but
it offers the designer more opportunities and more powerful tools to define the
expected functional requirements with the maximum allowed tolerance.

Torino, Italy Stefano Tornincasa

v
About This Book

This book is intended for students, academics, designers, process engineers and CMM
operators, and it has the main purpose of presenting the ISO GPS and the ASME
GD&T rules and concepts. The GPS and GD&T languages are in fact the most
powerful tools available to link the perfect geometrical world of models and drawings
to the imperfect world of manufactured parts and assemblies. The topics that have
been covered include a complete description of all the ISO GPS terminologies, datum
systems, MMR and LMR requirements, inspection, and gauging principles.
Moreover, the differences between ISO GPS and the American ASME Y14.5
standards are shown as a guide and reference to help in the interpretation of
drawings of the most common dimensioning and tolerancing specifications. The
book may be used for engineering courses and for professional-grade programmes,
and it has been designed to cover the fundamental geometric tolerancing applica-
tions as well as the more advanced ones. Academics and professionals alike will
find it to be an excellent teaching and research aid, as well as an easy-to-use guide.

• Rules and concepts are explained with more than 400 original illustrations.
• The book is the result of a complex work of synthesis and elaboration of about
150 ISO standards and of the more recent ASME standards with the aim of
clarifying technical rules and principles in order to document an industrial
product in a univocal and rigorous manner.
• The latest changes and improvements of the ISO GPS and ASME Y14.5-2018
standards are presented.
• All the symbols that are used to interpret modern industrial technical drawings
are described.
• This book represents an easy and indispensable guide for designers and pro-
fessionals to clarify the concepts, rules and symbols pertaining to the complex
world of technical product documentation.

vii
Contents

1 Introducing GD&T and GPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 The Shortcoming of Traditional Coordinate Tolerancing . . . . . . 1
1.2 Traditional Dimensioning Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 The Geometrical Product Specification (GPS) Language . . . . . . .. 11
2.1 General Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
2.2 Classification of Geometric Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17
2.3 The Specification World: Types and Symbols of Geometrical
Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20
2.3.1 ISO Tolerance Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20
2.3.2 Drawing Geometrical Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22
2.3.3 Additional Symbols of the ISO 1101 and ISO 5458
Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25
2.3.4 New Symbols and Specification Modifiers of ISO
5458:2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 38
3 Dimensioning with Geometrical Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.1 Conversion from Traditional 2D Coordinate Tolerancing . . . . . . 41
3.2 Advantages of Geometrical Product Specification . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4 The GPS and GD&T Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.1 Historical Evolution of the ISO and ASME Standards . . . . . . . . 49
4.1.1 The Birth of Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.2 The GPS Matrix Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.3 The Fundamental ISO 8015 Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.3.1 The Effect of ISO 8015 on Technical
Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.3.2 The Main Concepts Defined in ISO 8015:2011 . . . . . . 59
4.4 General Geometric Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.4.1 The New ISO 22081 Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

ix
x Contents

4.5 The New ASME Y14.5:2018 Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 65

4.5.1 The Envelope Requirement or Rule#1 of the ASME
Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 67
4.6 The Main Differences Between ISO GPS and ASME GD&T
Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 72
4.6.1 The Different Concepts of Pattern and Simultaneous
Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 77
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79
5 Interdependence Between Dimensions and Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.1 MMR and LMR Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.1.1 Maximum Material Requirement (MMR) . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.1.2 Least Material Requirement (LMR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.1.3 Reciprocity Requirement (RPR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.2 Direct Indication of Virtual Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.3 When to Use MMR, LMR, and RFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.4 The MMR and LMR Requirements in the ASME Standards . . . 97
6 Datums and Datum Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.1 Datum Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.1.1 Association of Datums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
6.1.2 Datum: Mathematical Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.2 Indication of Datum Features in Technical Documentation . . . . 112
6.3 The Datum Systems in ASME Y14.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.3.1 Establishing a Datum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
6.3.2 Location of a Workpiece in a Datum Reference
Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
6.3.3 Selection of Datum Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
6.4 Examples of Datum Systems in the ISO Standards . . . . . . . . . . 127
6.4.1 Datum System with Three Single Datums . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.5 Type of Datum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.5.1 Centerplanes (Width-Type Features of Size) . . . . . . . . . 130
6.5.2 Common Datum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.5.3 Conical Surfaces as Datum Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.6 Datum Features Referenced at MMR and LMR
(Size Datum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.7 Locked or Released Degrees of Freedom from a Datum . . . . . . 145
6.7.1 Customised Datum Reference Frame in the ASME
Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
6.8 Datum Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.8.1 Contacting Feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6.8.2 Datum Targets in the ASME Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Contents xi

7 Form Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
7.2 Straightness Tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
7.2.1 Straightness Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
7.2.2 Straightness Tolerance Applied to a Feature of Size . . . 168
7.2.3 Straightness Tolerance in the ASME Standards . . . . . . 171
7.3 Flatness Tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
7.3.1 Flatness Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
7.3.2 Flatness Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
7.3.3 Flatness Tolerance in the ASME Standards . . . . . . . . . 177
7.4 Roundness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
7.4.1 Roundness Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
7.4.2 Roundness Tolerance in the ASME Standards . . . . . . . 183
7.5 Cylindricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
7.5.1 Cylindricity Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
7.5.2 Cylindricity Tolerance in the ASME Standards . . . . . . 189
Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
8 Orientation Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
8.2 Parallelism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
8.2.1 Parallelism of a Median Line Related to a Datum
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
8.2.2 Parallelism of a Set of Lines on a Surface Related
to a Datum Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
8.2.3 Parallelism of a Planar Surface Related to a Datum
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
8.3 Perpendicularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
8.3.1 Perpendicularity of a Median Line Related to a Datum
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
8.3.2 Perpendicularity of a Median Line Related to a Datum
Straight Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
8.3.3 Perpendicularity of a Median Line Related to a Datum
Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
8.3.4 Perpendicularity of a Planar Surface Related to a
Datum Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
8.3.5 Perpendicularity (MMR) Applied to a Feature
of Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
8.4 Angularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
8.4.1 Angularity of a Median Line Related to a Datum
Straight Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
8.4.2 Angularity of a Median Line Related to a Datum
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
xii Contents

8.4.3 Angularity of a Planar Surface Related to a Datum

Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
8.4.4 Angularity (MMR) Applied to a Feature of Size . . . . . 204
8.5 Orientation Tolerances in the ASME Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
9 Location Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
9.2 Position Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
9.2.1 Position Tolerance Applied to Median Surfaces . . . . . . 212
9.2.2 Choice of the Modifiers for Position Tolerances . . . . . . 214
9.2.3 Pattern Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
9.2.4 Calculation of a Geometrical Position Tolerance . . . . . 226
9.2.5 Projected Tolerance Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
9.2.6 Position Tolerances in the ASME Standards . . . . . . . . 235
9.3 Concentricity and Coaxiality Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
9.3.1 Concentricity in ASME Y14.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
9.4 Symmetry Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
9.4.1 Symmetry in ASME Y14.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
10 Profile Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
10.2 Rules for Profile Tolerancing (ISO 1660:2017) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
10.3 Profile Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
10.4 Offset Tolerance Zone Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
10.5 Constraint Specification Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
10.5.1 Offset Tolerance Zone with an Unspecified Linear
Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
10.5.2 Offset Tolerance Zone with an Unspecified
Angular Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
10.6 Pattern Specification (ISO 5458:2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
10.7 The Tolerance of a Profile in the ASME Standards . . . . . . . . . . 265
10.7.1 Composite Profile Tolerancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
10.7.2 Unilateral and Unequally Disposed Profile
Tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
10.7.3 Coplanarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
10.7.4 The New Symbols (ASME Y14.5:2018) . . . . . . . . . . . 267
11 Run-Out Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
11.2 Circular Run-Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
11.3 Total Run-Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
11.4 Run-Out Control in the ASME Y14.5 Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
11.4.1 Run-Out on a Tangent Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
11.4.2 Run-Out Tolerance Application to an Assembly . . . . . . 280
Contents xiii

12 Geometrical Specification for Non-Rigid Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

12.1 Non-Rigid Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
12.2 The ISO 10579-NR Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
12.3 Non-Rigid Parts in the ASME Y14.5:2018 Standard . . . . . . . . . 285
Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
13 Linear Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
13.2 The ISO 14405 Standards: Terms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . 292
13.3 Default Specification Operator for Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
13.4 Drawing Indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
About the Author

Prof. Stefano Tornincasa is full professor of Technical Drawing and Design

Tools for Industrial Engineering at Politecnico di Torino. He has carried out
research activities for over 30 years in the field of functional design and geometric
tolerances and has published more than 200 national and international scientific
papers. He was President of the ADM Improve Association (Innovative Methods in
PROduct design and deVElopment) from 2011 to 2015.
He is co-author of the best-selling book on Industrial Technical Drawing, which
is currently adopted in the design courses of most Italian universities.
Professor Tornincasa has conducted training courses on GD&T in many of the
main manufacturing companies in Italy, and it is from this activity that he has
derived his skill and experience in functional design.
His other research topics have been focused on product development, cycle
innovation through digital models and virtual prototyping methodologies (PLM).

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