FORMULA BOOK MATHEMATICS – CA FOUNDATION

FORMULA MATHS
Formula If a quantity increases or decreases in the ratio a:b then
1 new quantity = b/a times of original quantity
Formula
Inverse Ratio of a:b is b:a
2
Formula
Ratio compounded of the two ratios a:b and c:d is ac : bd
3
Formula • a2 :b2 is the duplicate ratio of a:b
4 • a3 :b3 is the triplicate ratio of a:b
Formula • a : b is the sub-duplicate ratio of a:b
5 • 3
a : 3 b is the sub-triplicate ratio a:b
Continued Ratio: Two different ratios can be put into continued if there
Formula
common term is same. If given ratios are a:b and b:c, we can make the
6
continued ratio a:b:c if we make term b as same in both ratios
a b
Continuous Proportion: =  b2 = ac
Formula b c
7 here, a = first proportional, c = third proportional and b is mean
proportional (because b is GM of a and c)
Formula
Invertendo: If a:b = c:d, then b:a = d:c
8
Formula
Alternendo: If a:b = c:d, then a:c = b:d
9
Formula
Componendo: If a:b = c:d, then (a+b):b = (c+d):d
10
Formula
Dividendo: If a:b = c:d, then (a-b):b = (c-d):d
11
Componendo and Dividendo: If a:b = c:d, then
Formula
a+b c +d a−b c − d
12 = and =
a−b c − d a+b c +d
Formula a c e a + c + e + ...
Addendo: if = = = k , then =k
13 b d f b + d + f + ...
Formula a c e a − c − e − ...
Subtrahendo: if = = = k , then =k
14 b d f b − d − f − ...
Formula Indices - Standard Results
• Any base raised to the power zero is defined to be 1 i.e. a = 1
0
15

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 FORMULA BOOK MATHEMATICS – CA FOUNDATION

• Roots can also be expressed in the form of power i.e.

r
a =a r

Formula Law of Indices 1: (sum of powers)

16 am  an = am+n
Law of Indices 2: (difference of powers)
Formula
am
17 = am−n
an
Formula Law of Indices 3: (power of power)
18 (a )
m n
= amn

Formula Law of Indices 4:

(ab)
n
19 = an  bn
Formula Calculator Trick for Power (Integer) of any number:
20 Base  = = = = = = = = ..
Formula Calculator Trick for Reciprocal of any number:
21 Number  =
Formula Calculator Trick for nth root of a number
22 Base ...12times −1  n +1  =  = ...12times

Formula Calculator Trick for Power (also non-integer)

23 Base ...12times −1  n +1  =  = ...12times
Formula Basic Logarithm: if ax = n then loga n = x
24 Conditions: n  0,a  0,a  1
Log Standard Results:
Formula • Log of a number with same base as number is equal to 1 i.e.
25 loga a = 1
• Log of 1 (one) for any base is equal to zero i.e. loga 1 = 0
Formula Law of Log 1: Log of product of two numbers
26 loga mn = loga m + loga n
Law of Log 2: Log of product of two numbers
Formula
m
27 log a = log a m − log a n
n
Formula Law of Log 3: Log of Number with Power
28 loga mn = nloga m
Formula Change of Base Theorem: logb m =
logm log a m
=
29 logb log a b
Formula
Form of Quadratic Equation: ax2 + bx + c = 0
30
Formula −b  b2 − 4ac
Solution of Quadratic Equation:
31 2a

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 FORMULA BOOK MATHEMATICS – CA FOUNDATION

where, a is coefficient of x2, b is coefficient of x, c is constant, a ≠ 0

Formula b
Sum of Roots α + β = −
32 a
Formula c
Product of Roots αβ =
33 a
Formula Construction of Quadratic Equation
34 x2 − (α + β)x + αβ = 0
Formula
Discriminant d = b2 − 4ac
35
Formula
Conjugate Pairs: if one root of the equation is m + n then other is m − n
36
Formula Form of Simple Equation (One Variable) ax + b = 0
37 where, a is coefficient of x, b is constant, a ≠ 0
Formula Form of Simultaneous Linear Equations a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 & a2x + b2 y + c2 = 0
38 where, a is coefficient of x, b is coefficient of y, c is constant, a ≠ 0
Cross Multiplication Method of solving Simultaneous Linear Equations
Formula
x y 1
39 = =
b1c2 − b2c1 c1a2 − c2a1 a1b2 − a2b1
Formula
Form of Cubic Equation, ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0
40
P.r.t
Formula Simple Interest: SI =
100
41
where P = principal value, r = rate of interest p.a., t = time in years
Formula P.r.t rt
Amount under Simple Interest: A = P + SI = P + = P(1 + )
42 100 100
Number of Conversion Period per year
Conversion Period Description Number of
Conversion Period
in a year
Formula
1 day Compounded Daily 365
43
1 month Compounded Monthly 12
3 months Compounded Quarterly 4
6 months Compounded semi annually 2
12 months Compounded Annually 1
Amount under Compound Interest: A = P(1 + i)n
Formula where, P = Initial Principal, i = adjusted interest rate, n = no. of periods
44 i=
r%
and n = t noccpy
nocppy
Formula
Calculator Tricks for Amount under CI: P + i % + i % ...n times
45

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 FORMULA BOOK MATHEMATICS – CA FOUNDATION

Formula
Compound Interest: CI = A − P = P[(1 + i)n − 1]
46
Formula
Effective Interest Rate: E = [(1 + i)n − 1]
47
Formula Future Value of a single cashflow: FV = CF(1 + i)n
48 where CF means Cashflow/ Sum for which future value is to be calculated
Future Value – Annuity Regular: FVAR = Ai FVAF(n,i)
[(1 + i)n − 1] 
FVAR = Ai   
Formula  i 
49 where, Ai = Annuity (Installment), FVAF = Future Value Annuity Factor/
Multiplier
i = adjusted interest rate, n = no. of periods
Future Value – Annuity Due: FVAD = Ai FVAF(n,i) (1 + i)
Formula
[(1 + i)n − 1] 
50 FVAD = Ai     (1 + i)
 i 
CF
Present Value of a single cashflow: PV =
Formula (1 + i)n
51 where CF means Cashflow/ Sum for which present value is to be
calculated
Formula Compounding Factor is (1 + i)n and Discounting Factor is 
1
52 (1 + i)n
Present Value – Annuity Regular: PVAR = Ai PVAF(n,i)
Formula 1  1 
PVAR = Ai    1 − n 
53  i  (1 + i) 
where, PVAF is Present Value Annuity Factor/ Multiplier
Formula
Calculator Trick for PVAF 1 + i  = = ...n − times GT
54
Present Value of Annuity Due PVAD =  Ai  PVAF(n − 1),i + Ai
Formula
55 (since first installment is already in present we need to discount second
onwards)
Formula Ai
Present Value of Perpetuity PVP =
56 i
A1
Formula Present Value of Growing Perpetuity PVGP =
i−g
57
where A1 is the first installment
Formula Net Present Value:
58 NPV = Present Value of Cash Inflows – Present Value of Cash Outflows
Formula
Real Rate of Return = Nominal Rate of Return – Rate of Inflation
59

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 FORMULA BOOK MATHEMATICS – CA FOUNDATION

Formula
CAGR = annual rate used in compound interest
60
Multiplication (AND) Addition (OR) Rules
If one thing can be done in m ways and another thing can be done in n
Formula ways
61 Number of ways of doing both things simultaneously/ together: m × n
ways
Number of ways of doing either of the jobs: m + n ways
Formula Factorial n! = n(n − 1)(n − 2)3.2.1
62 also, n! = 1.2.3(n − 2)(n − 1)n
Special Formula in Factorial:
Formula n! = n (n − 1)!
63 n! = n (n − 1)(n − 2 )!
0! = 1
Permutation Theorem:
Number of Permutations when r objects are chosen out of n different
Formula objects
64 n
Pr =
n!
also, you can use nPr = n(n − 1)(n − 2)... for r factors
(n − r)!
where n and r are always positive and n  r
Formula Number of Permutations all objects are chosen out of n different objects
65 n
Pn = n!
Formula
Special Formula: (n + 1)!− n! = n.n!
66
Formula Number of Circular permutations when all objects are chosen out of n
67 different objects (n − 1)!
Number of Circular permutations when all objects are chosen out of n
Formula different objects such that no two persons have same two neighbours
68 (n − 1)!
2
Permutation with Restrictions (Theorem 1)
Formula
Number of permutations of n distinct objects taken r at a time when a
69
particular object is not taken in any arrangement is n−1 Pr
Formula Number of permutations of r objects out of n distinct objects when a
70 particular object is always included in any arrangement is r. n−1Pr −1
n −1
Formula Pr (one thing always included) + r. n−1Pr −1 (one thing always excluded) = n Pr
71 (total)
Formula Number of ways when a group of objects are never together =
72 Total ways – Number of ways when objects are always together

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 FORMULA BOOK MATHEMATICS – CA FOUNDATION

Number of Combinations when r objects are chosen out of n different

Formula objects
73 n
Cr =
n!
where n and r are always positive and n  r
(n − r)!r!
Formula n
Pr
Linkage of Permutation and Combination Theorem: n Cr =
74 r!
Formula
Standard Result of Combinations: n C0 = 1 n Cn = 1
75
Formula
Complimentary Combinations: n Cr = n Cn−r
76
Formula n+1
Cr = n Cr + n Cr −1 (Special Formula)
77
Combinations of one or more out of n things (when there are two choices)
Formula = 2n − 1
78 Combinations of one or more out of n things (when there are three
choices) = 3n − 1
Formulas in Geometry using Combinations
Number of Straight Lines with the given n points: n C2
Number of Triangles with n given points: n C3
Formula Number of Triangles with n given points where m points are collinear:
79 n
C3 − m C3
Number of Parallelograms with given two sets of m and n parallel lines:
n
C2  m C2
Number of Diagonals out of n lines of a polygon: n C2 − n
Formula
Common Difference in AP: d = t2 − t1 = t3 − t2 = ... = tn − tn−1
80
Formula General term of an AP: tn = a + (n − 1)d
81 where, a = first term, d = common difference, n = term number
Calculator Trick of General Term of an AP:
Formula
a  d = = = ... = (First equal press will give you 2nd term and so on)
82
Sum of first n terms of an AP
Formula
n n
83 Sn = (a + tn ) or Sn = 2a + (n − 1)d
2 2
Formula Calculator Trick for Sum of n terms of an AP:
84 a  d = = = ... = GT + a
Formula n(n + 1)
Sum of first n natural or counting numbers: S =
85 2

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 FORMULA BOOK MATHEMATICS – CA FOUNDATION

Formula
Sum of first n odd numbers: S = n2
86
Formula n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
Sum of the squares of first n natural numbers: S =
87 6
2
n(n + 1) 
Sum of the cubes of first n natural numbers: S = 
Formula

88  2 
Formula t2 t 3 t
Common Ratio of GP: r = = = n
89 t1 t2 tn−1
Formula General Term of an GP: tn = arn−1
90 where, a = first term, r = common ratio, n = term number
Formula Calculator Trick for General Term of GP:
91 r  a = = = ... = (First equal press will give you 2nd term and so on)
Sum of first n terms of a GP
Formula
a(1 − rn ) a(rn − 1)
92 when r<1, Sn = and when r>1 Sn =
1 −r r −1
Calculator Trick for n terms of GP
Formula
r  a = = = ... = GT + a
93
Sum of Infinite Geometric Series (only applicable if −1  r  1 )
Formula
a
94 S =
1−r
Formula Number of subsets of a set containing n elements = 2n
95 Number of proper subsets of a set containing n elements = 2n − 1
Formula De Morgan’s Law
96 (P  Q)’ = P’  Q ’ and (P  Q)’ = P’  Q ’
Formula 2 Sets Operations Formula
97 n(A  B) = n( A ) + n(B ) – n(A  B)
Formula
n(A  B  C) = n( A ) + n(B) + n( C ) –n(A B) –n(B  C) –n(A  C) + n(A  B  C)
98
Formula Composite Functions
99 fog = fog ( x ) = f g ( x )  and gof = gof ( x ) = g  f ( x ) 

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• Taught lakhs of students in last 6 years
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 FORMULA BOOK MATHEMATICS – CA FOUNDATION

Hope this formula book helps you in revising all formulas and become helpful to you
during exam time, I made this with my whole heart, make best use of it and I just
want one thing in return – share these notes to every student who really needs this.
Wishing you ALL THE BEST for upcoming examinations, see you soon in Inter
Costing!!!
Ab mushkil nahi kuch bhi, nahi kuch bhi!!!
With Lots of Love
CA. Pranav Popat (P^2 SIR)

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