Grammar

from units
1 to Unit 8
 LS
From unit 1 to 4
 Verbs in the past

Regular Irregular
❌ ✔
be beed was / were

buy buyed bought

-ed -d -ied do doed did

eat eated ate

Work Live Study
Learn Arrive marry have haved had

see seed saw

read readed read

 Past simple

subject Verb -ed The rest of the

sentence
I /she/he/it/they/we/you work ed In a school.

subject Irregular Verb The rest of the

sentence
I /she/he/it/they/we/you Go -> went to school.
 Past simple

subject Verb (irregular or The rest of the

regular) sentence
I /she/he/it/they/we/you cooked Lunch.
 Past simple
(Negative)

subject Did not Verb The rest of the

sentence
I /she/he/it/they/we/you did not cook Lunch.

Q : what if we use the

verb Be?
 Past simple questions
Yes /No
Did subject Verb The rest of the
sentence
Did I /she/he/it/they/we/you cook Lunch?

Wh
wh Qs Did subject Verb The rest of the
sentence
When Did I /she/he/it/they/we/you cook Lunch?
Questions with present simple

Yes / no questions

Yes / no questions with be

Information questions
 Yes / No questions….

We use do or does with the infinitive to ask yes/ no questions

Yes / no questions
Do / does Subject Infinitive
Do you / I / we / they like festivals?
Does he / she / it like festivals?
 Yes / No Answers….

Short answers (yes/no)

Yes No
Yes, I / you / we / they do. No, I / you / we / they don’t
Yes, he / she / it does No, he / she / it doesn’t
Yes / No questions with be….
We use am, is or are + subject + object

Yes / no questions
Am / is / are Subject Object
Am I in the right place?
Is he / she / it bored?
Are they / we / you alright?
 Information Questions…

Information questions with do/ does

Wh- word Do/ does Subject Infinitive
What do I/ you/ we / they do?
How does He/ she/ it work?
 Information Questions…

Information questions with be

Wh- word am/ is / are Subject Infinitive
What am I doing?
Where are you/ we / they from?
Who is he/ she/ it talk to?
Statements
PRESENT: Use can (+) / can’t (-) and be able to (+) / not be able to (-) to
talk about general ability.

1. Robots can / are able to help people in their everyday lives.

1. She can’t / is not able to do housework easily.

Statements
PAST: Use could (+) / couldn’t (-) and was able to (+) / wasn’t able to (-) to
talk about general ability.

1. Before the accident, Joey could / was able to surf really well.

1. After the accident, he couldn’t / wasn’t able to walk at all.

Statements
PAST: Use couldn’t (-) and was able to (+) / wasn’t able to (-) to talk about
ability in particular or specific situations.

1. He wasn’t able to sit up on his own when a visitor came.

1. He was able to stand up when he finally put on the robotic suit.

1. He coudn’t feel his legs when doctors touched them

Questions
PRESENT: Can you / are you able to swim.

PAST: Could you / Were you able to speak both your parents’ languages
when you were a child.
Use can/cant/could/couldn't
1. I use my smartphone to talk to my friends and to read news.
2. I use a smartphone, but my mother doesn’t.
3. I use a smartphone. However, my mother doesn’t.
4. The company’s new tablet has a great design. On the other
hand, it is difficult to use.
 Language development
When two verbs come together, the second verb is either :

Gerund Infinitive
(verb+-ing) (to +verb)

Begin
Enjoy +(verb+-ing) Decide (to +verb)
Continue
Finish +(verb+-ing) Hope (to +verb)
Hate
Keep +(verb+-ing) Learn (to +verb)
Like
Stop +(verb+-ing) Need (to +verb)
Love
Plan (to +verb)
Prefer
Want (to +verb)
Start
 Language development
Future forms

Decisions and plans

Predictions

Is/are
+
will going to
Is/are will Is/are will
time of + + probably
+
verb-ing going to
speaking infinitive
PC +
+general plan
fixed infinitive
that may
arrangement evidence
change
 RW
From unit 1 to 4
 Quantifiers
Before nouns to describe the amount or number of something

A lot of
Some Many
/lots of

A little A few

For uncountable nouns For countable nouns

 Quantifiers
In negative sentences

Much Many

For uncountable nouns For countable nouns

 Preposition of time & place
(at on In)

Hours Days months

+ +
At the weekend In the morning
At night In the afternoon
+ In the Evening
School
College +
University
Work
Country/city
home
 Adverbs of frequency
How often something happens (Habits)

Examples?
1. Use and to join two ideas in a single sentence.

1. Use also and too to connect the ideas in two separate sentences.

Also after Subject

Comma + too at the end of the sentence

A compound sentence contains 2 independent clauses.
Use a conjunction to link the two independent clauses: and or but!

1- Use and to add information

2- Use but to give contrasting or different information or ideas

Use comma before but or and!

However
Collocations with temperature
There are certain words that are usually used with weather

High Low Maximum Minimum

 Describing a graph
You can use certain words and phrases to talk about graphs.
Verbs: rise, drop, fall and reach
Nouns: increase and decrease (to describe changes on a graph)
*they are also verbs.
 Comparative Adjective
Use comparative adjective + than to show how two people people things or ideas are different.
Add –er to adjectives with one syllable Jabel Shams is colder than Sur.
(cold > colder)
Add –r to adjectives that ends with -e Nizwa is nicer than Muscat.
(nice > nicer)

Add –ier to adjectives that ends with -y Today’s class starts earlier than yesterday’s
class.
(early > earlier)
Add –er and double the consonants Hotter than(hot > hotter)
to adjectives that ends vowel + consonant
Do not double the consonant W lower than(low > lower)
Add more for long adjectives Muscat is more beautiful than Hayma.
(beautiful > more beautiful)
Irregular adjectives : English class is better than math class.
good > better (good > better)
Digital class is worse life skills class.
bad > worse
(bad > worse)
 Use as + adjective + as to say that two ideas are similar or the same

Cario is as hot as Dubai.

Use not as + adjective + as to say that something is “less than” another thing

London is not as hot as Miami.

 Superlative Adjective
Use the + superlative adjective to compare one person, thing or idea to others.
They mean “more / less than all of the others”
Add –est to adjectives with one syllable the coldest (cold > coldest)
the coolest (cool > coolest)
Add –est and double the consonants the hottest (hot > hottest)
to adjectives that ends vowel + consonant
Do not double the consonant W the lowest (low > lowest)

Add –iest to adjectives that ends with -y the hungriest (hungry > hungiest)
the earliest (early > earliest)

Use the most / the least for almost all the the most dangerous
adjectives with two or more syllables the least dangerious

Irregular adjectives : This is the best place I have ever been to.
good > the best This is the worst place I have ever been to.
bad > the worst
 Unit 5

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Zero Conditional
Sentences
 • What Is The Zero Conditional?

Zero conditional sentences are used to talk about facts or

general truths that are always true, like scientific facts.

Example:

"If you heat ice, it melts"

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 2. How To Form Zero Conditional
Sentences
Zero conditional sentences are made up of an 'if clause' and a
'main clause'. Both of which include verbs in the present simple
tense.
Example:

"If you heat ice, it melts"

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First Conditional
Sentences

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 1. What Is The First Conditional?

First conditional sentences are used to talk about future things

which might happen that we believe are real and possible.

Example:

"If it doesn't rain tomorrow, I'll go to the park."

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 2. How To Form First Conditional
Sentences
First conditional sentences are made up of an 'if clause' and a
'main clause'. The 'if clause' has the present simple tense. The
'main clause' has the future simple tense with will.
Example:

"If it doesn't rain tomorrow, I'll go to the park."

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 Adverbs of Degree
Adverbs of degree can make other adverbs or adjectives stronger or weaker.

weak strong

not very fairly quite pretty very/really extremely

The runner was not very fast.

Both teams played extremely well, but my team won in the end.
The tickets for the match were very/ really expensive, so I couldn’t go.

Use the adjective too to say that something is more than wanted or needed.
Tenis is too difficult. I don’t like to play it.
Prepositions of movement
It describe where someone is going or something is going.
Use it to give directions

Across Along Past

Around Over Under Through

Grammar for writing
Subject and verb agreement
In a sentence, the form of the verb has to match the subject

Use the
For singular
singular form Ex: The race begins at 2AM.
subjects
of the verb She runs very fast.
(he/she/it)
(verb + s)

Use the
For plural
plural form of Ex:The footballers play with the ball.
subjects
the verb They are very strong.
(we/they/you/I)
(verb)
 Unit 6

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 Comparative adjective

Use comparative adjective + than to show how two people people things or ideas are different.
 Comparative adjective
Add –er to adjectives with one syllable She is older than the manager.
(old > older)
Add –er and double the consonants He is thinner than his brother.
to adjectives that ends vowel + consonant (except w) (thin > thinner)
The temperature now is lower than last week.
(low > lower)
Add more/less for almost all the adjectives with two Money is less important than happiness.
or more syllables Your health is more important than work.

Add –ier to adjectives that ends with -y The manger is happier than the workers.
(happy>happier)
Add as + adjective+ as when two things are similar My job is as hard as yours.

Add not as + adjective+ as when two things are My salary is not as high as yours.
not similar
Irregular adjectives : English class is better than math class.
good > better (good > better)
Digital class is worse life skills class.
bad > worse
(bad > worse)
 Superlative adjective

Use the + superlative adjective to compare one person, thing or idea to others.
They mean “more / less than all of the others”.
 Superlative adjective

Add –est to adjectives with one syllable She is the youngest person at work
(young > youngest)

Add –est and double the consonants This is the biggest box at the office.
to adjectives that ends vowel + consonant (except w) (big > biggest)
This paper is the lowest grade in the class.
(low > lowest)
Use the most / the least for almost all the She is the most experienced in the team.
adjectives with two or more syllables He is the least experienced in the team.

Add –iest to adjectives that ends with -y The manger is the friendliest person I know.
(friendly>friendliest)
Irregular adjectives : This is the best place I have ever been to.
good > the best This is the worst place I have ever been to.
bad > the worst
To differentiate between the
comparative and superlative:
Comparative :
adjective + than

Superlative :
the + adjective
Comparing quantities
 Phrasal verbs

phrasal verbs are verbs with one or more particles (prepositions or

adverbs). the meaning can be very different from the same verb on its own.
‫ﯾﻛﺗﺷف‪ /‬ﯾﺗﻌرف ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻲء ﻟﻠﻣرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬

‫‪Find‬‬ ‫‪Find out‬‬

‫ ﯾﺗﻌرف ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻲء ﻟﻠﻣرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬/‫ﯾﻛﺗﺷف‬
I want to find out more about your
country.
She will find out the answer in the book.
Let’s find out where the teacher is.
‫ﯾدون ﻋﻠﻰ ورﻗﺔ)ﻟﻛﻲ ﻻ ﯾﻧﺳﻰ(‬
‫ّ‬

‫‪Write‬‬ ‫‪Write down‬‬

 (‫ﯾدون ﻋﻠﻰ ورﻗﺔ)ﻟﻛﻲ ﻻ ﯾﻧﺳﻰ‬
ّ
Please write down your name on the paper.
I will write down the homework in my notebook.
Can you write down your phone number for me?
 ‫ﯾﻧظر ﺑﺗﻣﻌن ﻟﯾﺗﺧذ ﻗرار أو ﻟﯾﻘوم‬
‫ﺑﺷﻲء‬

‫‪Look‬‬ ‫‪Look at‬‬

 ‫ﯾﻧظر ﺑﺗﻣﻌن ﻟﯾﺗﺧذ ﻗرار أو ﻟﯾﻘوم‬
‫ﺑﺷﻲء‬
Look at the board and read the sentence.
He asked me to look at the picture in the book.
Look at the cat! It is very cute.
 ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺣوذ‬/ ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺑدل‬

Take Take over

 ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺣوذ‬/ ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺑدل‬
She will take over the class when the teacher leaves.
I will take over the cooking because you are tired.
The company wants to take over a new business.
 ‫دﺑّر أﻣوره ‪ /‬ﯾﻧﺟو ﺑﺻﻌوﺑﺔ‬

‫‪Get‬‬ ‫‪Get by‬‬

 ‫ ﯾﻧﺟو ﺑﺻﻌوﺑﺔ‬/ ‫دﺑّر أﻣوره‬

She will take over the class when the teacher leaves.
I will take over the cooking because you are tired.
The company wants to take over a new business.
 Collocations with business
Group of words that always come together with the word business
 Activity 2 & 3 page 135
plan

Expand
partner
Run
Set up
contact
 Business vocabulary

colleague
employ
department
employee
product
manager
software
office
 The past simple

Use the past simple to

talk about events that
happen in the past.

The two partners created a company that

made searching the internet easy.
Subject+ verb (past)+ object
We went to the mall yesterday.
My colleagues helped the man.
 The present simple

Use the present simple to talk about things that

happen regularly or which are true in general.

Employees share ideas with each other.

The company employs more than 40,00 people around the world.
Simple Present Tense
With.. - He eats an ice cream.

He / She / It /
- She washes the dishes.
Singular Subject

- The bird flies in the sky.

Add -s / -es /-ies
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Simple Present Tense
- They catch the fish.
With..
- You buy a T-shirt.
They / We / You /
I / Plural Subject - We write a story.

- The students study

Don't Change Verb!
English.
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 Time clause with when

Use it to describe the date or time that something happened in the past.

He started the business when he was sixteen.

Time clause
 Time clause with when

To make the time of the event more important, put the time clause
with when first and follow it with comma.
When he was sixteen, he started the business.
Time clause
 Unit 7

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 Language
development
Adjectives ending with –ed and –ing
 Language development

Sara is interested in the inventor

Thomas Edison.

I got bored when the internet isn’t

working.
Adjectives that end with –ed describe what people feel as a result of something.
Language development

The story is interesting.

The story is boring.

Adjectives that end with –ing describe the reason for a feeling.
Language
development
The past continuous
We were studying for the exam
yesterday.

past Present Future

past simple past continuous

past Present Future

when /while

When: When an action

distract another action

While: action happen and

the other one also happen.
No distraction.
 when/While
Connects a short, completed
action (past simple)
with an action that was
happening, long action (past
continuous).
 when/While

Use While and When with the

long action (Past continuous)
 when/While
Example: "She was cooking dinner when/while the fire alarm went off."

● The longer action: "She was cooking dinner" (past continuous – an ongoing action in the past).
● The shorter action: "The fire alarm went off" (past simple – a completed action that happened
during the ongoing action).
 when/While

● Example: "when/while I was walking to school, it started raining."

The longer action: "I was walking to school" (past continuous – an ongoing action in the past).
The shorter action: "It started raining" (past simple – a completed action that happened during the
ongoing action).
 when
Use “When” with the past simple
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Noun Phrase
With Of
COMPANY NAME Home About us Services Blog Portfolio Contact

Noun Phrases with of

You can use the word of to join two nouns together and
make a noun phrase.
He is the president of the country.
She invented a type of technology.
We write a conclusion at the end of the essay.
 Modals of
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Necessity
What is required, necessary or strongly suggested

Have to/
Should Must
has to

1- Strong 1- Something is Something is necessary

suggestion necessary or required (very strong)

2- Advice 2- Obligation

3- Good opinion
 Should Used to give advice, suggestions, or express good opinion

You should eat more vegetables to stay healthy. (Advice)

It’s late; we should go home now. (Suggestion)
He should apologize for being rude. (good opinion)
 Have
to/ Has Used to express necessity or obligation due to external fa
to (rules, laws, or situations)

You have to wear a uniform at work. (Rule/Obligation)

I have to finish this project by tomorrow. (Necessity)
Students have to arrive on time for the exam. (Rule/Obligation)
 Must strong obligations or strong necessities,
often with an internal sense of duty

You must wear a helmet when riding a bike. (Strong obligation)

You must listen to this song; it’s amazing! (Strong necessity)
He’s not answering his phone; he must be busy. (Strong necessity)
Should = strong suggestion
A role model should inspire people.

Have to / has to = something is necessary

Role models have to set a good example for others.

Must = something is necessary or required (very strong)

A role model must be kind.
 Negative forms

Do / does
Should Must
not have
not not
to

Strong suggestion Something is Something is

not to do something not necessary forbidden
Should not = strong suggestion not to do something
A good role model should not be lazy.

Have to / has to = something is not necessary

People do not have to be rich to be good role models

Must = something is forbidden

A role model must not do bad things.
Similarities and Differences:
1. Must and have to can sometimes be interchangeable, especially for
obligations:
○ You must/have to wear a seatbelt in the car.
2. Should is softer and suggests what is a good idea, not a requirement.
In academic writing:
If we want to say what we believe is wright or
best thing to do, we use:

Should
We should spend more time helping others.

It is important to
It is important to stay in school
 Unit 8

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 Second
Conditional
Sentences

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 • What Is The Second Conditional?

Second conditional sentences are used to talk about a

hypothetical future things which are unlikely or impossible.

Example:

"If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house."

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 3. Example Sentences

If I had a million dollars, I would buy a sports car.

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 3. Example Sentences

If I had a rocket, I would fly to the moon.

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 3. Example Sentences

If the weather wasn't so bad, I would go to the park.

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 3. Example Sentences

If I could travel back in time, I would have a pet

dinosaur.
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 3. Example Sentences

If I could travel anywhere, I would go to Korea.

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 Your Turn!
What would you do in the following
situations?

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What would you do if
you had a time
machine?
If I had a time machine, I would....

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Where would you go
if you could go
anywhere?
If I could go anywhere, I would go to ....

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What would you do if
you found a talking
cat?
If I found a talking cat, I would ...

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When do we use:
1- That
2- In order to
3- Because/So
1. That
Explanation:
We use "that" to connect two ideas, explain something, or add
more information.
Comma Rule:
We do not use a comma before "that."
Examples:
1. I think that you are right.
2. She said that she is busy today.
3. He believes that this is a good idea.
2. In order to
Explanation:
We use "in order to" to explain the purpose of an action (why we do
something).
Comma Rule:
We do not use a comma with "in order to"
Examples:
1. I study hard in order to pass the exam.
2. She left early in order to catch the bus.
3. They exercise daily in order to stay healthy.
In order to have the same meaning as because
In order to = Because
3. Because/So

Explanation:

● Because is used to explain the reason for something.

● So is used to show a result or what happened because of something.
Comma Rule:
● Because: No comma.
● So: Always use a comma before "so."

Examples with Because:

1. I am late because I missed the bus.

2. She is happy because she won the competition.
3. They stayed home because it was raining.

Examples with So:

1. I missed the bus, so I am late.

2. She won the competition, so she is happy.
3. It was raining, so they stayed home.