Error: Reference source not found IMPLEMENTATION OF

MICROCONTROLLER BASED AIR POLLUTION

MONITORING SYSTEM

HASSAN, Ismail FPN/SOE/2017/2018/HEET/0470

JACOB, Luka FPN/SOE/2017/2018/HEET/0843
SEV, Avanenge Austine FPN/SOE/2017/2018/HEET/0874

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NASARAWA
P.M.B 001 NASARAWA, NASARAWA STATE

NOVEMBER, 2019
IMPLEMENTATION OF MICROCONTROLLER BASED
AIR POLLUTION MONITORING SYSTEM

A TECHNICAL REPORT SUBMITTED TO

ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
FOR THE AWARD OF
HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND)
IN
ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

By

HASSAN, Ismail FPN/SOE/2017/2018/HEET/0470

JACOB, Luka FPN/SOE/2017/2018/HEET/0843
SEV, AvanengeAustine FPN/SOE/2017/2018/HEET/0874

NOVEMBER, 2019

I
 Declaration
We hereby declared this project is all our own work and has not been copied in part or

in whole from any other sources. All previous project work, publications, books,

journals, magazines, internet sources have been adequately reference within the main

report and to an item in the references or bibliography lists.

Name HASSAN, Ismail FPN/SOE/2017/2018/HEET/0470

Sign/Date
Name JACOB, Luka FPN/SOE/2017/2018/HEET/0843
Sign/Date
Name SEV, Avanenge Austine FPN/SOE/2017/2018/HEET/0874
Sign/Date

Project Supervisor Engr. Omojola B. A

Sign/Date:

Head of Department

Name: Engr. J. G. Bashayi

Sign/Date:

External Examiner: Engr. Obande Jonathan O.

Sign/Date:

II
 Letter of Transmittal
School of Engineering Technology

Department of Electrical/Electronic

Engineering Technology

Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa

P.M.B 001

Nasarawa state.

The Head of Department

Electrical/Electronic Technology

Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa

Nasarawa.

Dear Sir,

HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA PROJECT SUBMISSION

In the compliance with the policy of the institution, which stipulate that every student

at the end of his//her programme in the school is expected to carry out a supervised

project on design and construction/implementation.

We hereby submit our project title “Implementation of Microcontroller Based Air

Pollution Monitoring System” in the partial fulfilment for the award of Higher
National Diploma in Electrical/Electronic Engineering in the Federal Polytechnic
Nasarawa.

Yours faithfully

SEV, Avanenge Austine

(for the group)

III
 Acknowledgements
We give God all the Glory. We want to use this medium to acknowledge our parents

for their support, financially, spiritually and otherwise, not forgetting our supervisor

Engr. omojola B.A for his patience, love, and advise which make this work a success,

not forgetting our Head of Department Engr. J.G Bashayi and everyone who in one

way or the other contributed to success of this work we appreciate you may God bless

you all.

IV
 Table of Contents
Item Page

Declaration.....................................................................................................................ii
Letter of Transmittal.....................................................................................................iii
Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................iv
Table of Contents...........................................................................................................v
List of Figures.............................................................................................................viii
List of Table(s)..............................................................................................................ix
Definitions of Terms:.....................................................................................................x
Chapter 1 - Introduction....................................................................................- 1 -
1.1 Introduction.................................................................................................- 1 -
1.2 Background and Justification......................................................................- 1 -
1.3 Aim and Objectives of Project/Research....................................................- 4 -
1.3.1 Aim......................................................................................................- 4 -

1.3.2 Objectives............................................................................................- 4 -

1.4 Motivation...................................................................................................- 4 -
1.5 Contribution to Knowledge.........................................................................- 6 -
1.6 Scope and Limitation of project..................................................................- 6 -
1.7 Structure of the Report................................................................................- 7 -
Chapter 2 - Literature Review..........................................................................- 8 -
2.1 Introduction.................................................................................................- 8 -
2.2 Theory of operation.....................................................................................- 8 -
2.2.1 Carbon monoxide....................................................................................- 9 -
2.2.2 Carbon dioxide......................................................................................- 10 -
2.2.3 Sulphur oxides (SO2).............................................................................- 12 -
2.2.4 Nitrogen oxides (NO2)...........................................................................- 12 -
2.3 Health effects............................................................................................- 13 -
2.3.1 Mortality............................................................................................- 13 -

2.3.2 Cardiovascular disease......................................................................- 14 -

2.3.3 Lung disease......................................................................................- 14 -

2.3.4 Children.............................................................................................- 14 -

V
 2.3.5 Infants................................................................................................- 15 -

2.3.6 Central nervous system......................................................................- 16 -

2.3.7 Agricultural effects............................................................................- 16 -

2.3.8 Economic effects...............................................................................- 16 -

2.4 Air quality sensors....................................................................................- 17 -

2.4.1 Gas Sensor (MQ2)..............................................................................- 17 -

2.4.2 MQ-131.............................................................................................- 18 -

2.4.3 MQ-135.............................................................................................- 18 -

2.4.4 MQ-7.................................................................................................- 18 -

2.4.5 DHT-22..............................................................................................- 19 -

2.5 Possible Application Domain of This System..........................................- 19 -

2.6 Past works.................................................................................................- 19 -
Chapter 3 - Methodology/Implementation.....................................................- 23 -
3.1 Introduction...............................................................................................- 23 -
3.2 Methods of Information collection and Information Utilisation...............- 23 -
3.2.1 Information collection.......................................................................- 23 -

3.5 Project Design...........................................................................................- 25 -

3.5.1 ARDUINO Microcontroller..............................................................- 26 -

3.5.2 GSM Module....................................................................................- 28 -

3.5.3 MQ-6 Gas Sensor..............................................................................- 29 -

3.6 Complete Circuit Diagram Analysis.........................................................- 30 -

3.7 System Implementation/Coding................................................................- 31 -
3.7.1 Hardware Design.............................................................................- 31 -

3.7.2 Software Design................................................................................- 31 -

3.8 System Operational Guide........................................................................- 32 -

3.9 Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation....................................- 33 -
4 Test Measurement and Analysis..................................................................- 34 -
4.1 Introduction...............................................................................................- 34 -
4.2 Test and Measurements.............................................................................- 34 -
4.3 Analysis of Result.....................................................................................- 35 -

VI
Chapter 5 - Conclusion/Recommendation.....................................................- 36 -
5.1 Introduction...............................................................................................- 36 -
5.2 Conclusion................................................................................................- 36 -
5.3 Recommendation......................................................................................- 37 -
5.3.1 Discuss Project appraisal...................................................................- 37 -

5.3.2 Discussion of Problems encountered.................................................- 38 -

5.3.3 Areas of Application..........................................................................- 38 -

5.3.4 Future improvement on the design....................................................- 38 -

References........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

Appendices………………………………………………………………………...-41-

VII
 List of Figures
Figure Page

Figure 2.1: CO2 levels in an enclosed office 12

Figure 2.2: MQ2 Gas Sensor 17

Figure 2.3: A platform developed by Nathan 19

Figure 2.4: iAQ WSN architecture 20

Figure 3.1: 3rd angle project drawing 24

Figure 3.2: project block diagram 25

Figure 3.3 System Use Case Diagram 26

Figure 3.4: Arduino UNO Architecture 27

Figure 3.5: Sim800L GSM module 28

Figure 3.6: complete circuit diagram 30

VIII
 List of Table(s)
Table(s) items Page

Table 3.1 MQ-6 Specification -29-

Table 3.2 Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation -31-

Table 4.1 Tests and measurements 1 -32-

Table 4.2 Tests and measurements 2 -32-

Table 4.3 Tests and measurements 3 -33-

IX
 Definitions of Terms:

CMOS-- Complementary Metal Oxide

DC -- Direct Current

DOF --- Degree Of Freedom

D:S-- Distance to Spot ratio

DSP-- Digital Signal Processor

Quantity Unit Symbol

Voltage Volt V

Current Ampere A
0
Temperature Degree Celsius C
0
Angular Displacement Degree

Linear Displacement Meter m

Parts per Million ppm ppm

X
 Abstract
Because people spend more than 90% of their time in indoor environments, several
studies have pointed out the impact of indoor air quality on the etiopathogenesis of a
wide number of non-specific symptoms which characterizes the “Sick Building
Syndrome”, involving the skin, the upper and lower respiratory tract, the eyes and the
nervous system, as well as many building related diseases. Thus, indoor air quality
(IAQ) is recognized as an important factor to be controlled for the occupants’ health
and comfort. The majority of the monitoring systems presently available is very
expensive and only allow to collect random samples. This work describes the
implementation of indoor air pollution monitoring system, a low-cost indoor air
quality monitoring system, developed using Arduino, and a couple of two gas sensors.
Five gases (CH4, H2, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and NH4) were measured by
this system. Other sensors can be added for monitoring specific pollutants. The results
reveal that the system can provide an effective indoor air quality assessment to
prevent exposure risk. Systems like this would have benefit as public health
interventions to reduce the burden of symptoms and diseases related to “sick
buildings”.

XI
Air Quality System Introduction

Chapter 1 - Introduction

1.1 Introduction

This report presents the design of a microcontroller based wireless indoor air quality

monitoring system. Indoor air quality (IAQ) is the air quality within and around

buildings and structures. IAQ is known to affect the health, comfort and well-being of

building occupants. Poor indoor air quality has been linked to sick building syndrome,

reduced productivity and impaired learning in schools.

Since most people spend a majority of their lives indoors, the quality of indoor air is a

major area of concern for the EPA. Sources of indoor air pollution include oil, gas,

kerosene, coal, wood, and tobacco products, and building materials and furnishings

such as asbestos-containing insulation, damp carpets, household cleaning products,

and lead-based paints.

IAQ is part of indoor environmental quality (IEQ), which includes IAQ as well as

other physical and psychological aspects of life indoors (e.g., lighting, visual quality,

acoustics, and thermal comfort)

This is a work intended to help individuals and organizations determine and monitor

the quality of indoor air in their buildings, apartments, offices and rooms. It shall be

able to detect the presence five gases; carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, CH$, NH4

and H2.

1.2 Background and Justification

Indoor environments could be characterized by several pollutant sources.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for environmental air quality

index regulation in the United States. This independent agency deliberates that indoor

levels of contaminants can be up to 100 times greater than outdoor contaminant level

November 2019 Hassan, Jacob &Sev 12

Air Quality System Introduction
and positioned poor air quality as one of the top five environmental dangers to the

community well-being [1]. Thus, indoor air quality (IAQ) is recognized as an

essential factor to be controlled for the occupants’ health and comfort. Increase in the

IAQ is critical as people typically spend more than 90% of their time in indoor

environments. The problem of inadequate IAQ is of utmost importance affecting

particularly severe form the poorest people in the world who are most vulnerable,

presenting itself as a severe problem for world health such as tobacco use, alcoholism

or the problem of sexually transmitted diseases [2].

In 1983, the World Health Organization (WHO) used the term “sick building

syndrome” (SBS) to the clinical features that we might discover in building residents

as a consequence of the poor IAQ [3]. Numerous statements have reported the

influence of IAQ in the etiopathogenesis of various generic signs and medical results

that illustrate SBS. The scientific representation of this pattern is widespread as it can

engage the skin (with xerosis, pruritus), the upper and lower breathing tract (such as,

dysphonia, dry cough and asthma), the eyes (ocular pruritus), and the nervous system

(for example, headache and difficulty in concentration) [4]. Furthermore, besides the

symptoms of this disease, there are syndromes, which could be connected with indoor

environments, i.e., Legionnaire’s disease, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, asthma, and

atopic dermatitis [4]. For example, regarding atopic dermatitis, it is a chronic and

inflammatory skin disorder and one of the most usual allergic syndromes in infants.

Its occurrence is rising and, while it is related to hereditary influences, there is a

considerable suggestion of responsibility for environmental factors, namely indoor air

pollutants. This is mainly significant in industrialized nations, where youngsters apply

most of their time inside buildings [5]. Including the air contaminants, the volatile

organic compounds are connected to the exacerbation of atopic dermatitis, which

remain the utmost deliberated usual pollutants of indoor air. Universally

November 2019 Hassan, Jacob &Sev 13

Air Quality System Introduction
acknowledged, in atopic dermatitis, indoor air contaminants could provoke oxidative

stress, leading to skin barrier dysfunction or immune dysregulation. Thus, the signs

and syndromes related to the “sick buildings” are a problem with emergent

significance in public health and have likewise been associated with lower

productivity and greater absenteeism. The etiology of the SBS and the building

associated disorders might incorporate chemical pollutants (both from outdoor and

indoor sources), biological agents, emotional issues, electromagnetic radiation, the

deficiency of sunlight, humidity, poor acoustics, deficient ergonomics, and bad

ventilation [6]. Although the importance of indoor air quality for public health still

exists, there is a lack of interest in the new scientific methods to improve indoor air

quality in developed countries [7].

Ventilation is used in buildings to create thermally comfortable environments with

acceptable IAQ by regulating indoor air parameters, such as air temperature, relative

humidity, airspeed, and chemical species concentrations in the air [8]. An IAQ

evaluation system provides an important way to find and enhance the indoor

environmental quality. Local and distributed valuation of chemical concentrations is

substantial not only for security (gas spills recognition, pollution supervising) and

well-being applications but also for efficient temperature regulation, ventilation and

air conditioning (HVAC) system for energy efficiency [9]. IAQ monitoring offers an

uninterrupted stream of data for centralized regulation of building automation

procedures, and delivers a solution for enhanced build management [10]. Real-time

supervision of the IAQ is assumed as an essential tool of extreme importance to plan

interventions for enhanced occupational health.

This work system can provide an effective indoor air quality assessment to prevent

exposure risk. In fact, the indoor air quality may be extremely different compared to

what is expected for a quality living environment. Systems like this would have

November 2019 Hassan, Jacob &Sev 14

Air Quality System Introduction
benefit as public health interventions to reduce the burden of symptoms and diseases

related to “sick buildings”.

In this project, we are going to present an indoor air quality monitoring system. Our

system is connected to the Internet, and as a result, anyone can remotely visualize the

air quality index form anywhere.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of Project/Research

1.3.1 Aim
The project aim is to design and implement a device that measure the quality of air in

an indoor environment.

1.3.2 Objectives
The objectives include the followings;

i. To detect air quality in an indoor system

ii. Measure the most common components of air pollution (CO2, CO, H2, CH4,

NH4) as accurately, precisely and discretely as possible

iii. Determine the presence of toxic and hazardous gases in air

iv. Determine the availability of gases in their parts per million in air

1.4 Motivation

Indoor environments are characterized by several pollutant sources. Because people

spend more than 90% of their time in indoor environments, several studies have

pointed out the impact of indoor air quality on the etiopathogenesis of a wide number

of non-specific symptoms which characterizes the “Sick Building Syndrome”,

involving the skin, the upper and lower respiratory tract, the eyes and the nervous

system, as well as many building related diseases.

November 2019 Hassan, Jacob &Sev 15

Air Quality System Introduction
Thus, indoor air quality (IAQ) is recognized as an important factor to be controlled for

the occupants’ health and comfort. The majority of the monitoring systems presently

available is very expensive and only allow to collect random samples. Five micro

sensors of environmental parameters (air temperature, humidity, carbon monoxide,

carbon dioxide and luminosity) were used. Other sensors can be added for monitoring

specific pollutants. Indoor air pollution in developing nations is a major health hazard.

A major source of indoor air pollution in developing countries is the burning of

biomass (e.g. wood, charcoal, dung, or crop residue) for heating and cooking. The

resulting exposure to high levels of particulate matter resulted in between 1.5 million

and 2 million deaths in 2000.

IAQ can be affected by gases (including carbon monoxide, radon, volatile organic

compounds), particulates, microbial contaminants (mold, bacteria), or any mass or

energy stressor that can induce adverse health conditions. Source control, filtration

and the use of ventilation to dilute contaminants are the primary methods for

improving indoor air quality in most buildings. Residential units can further improve

indoor air quality by routine cleaning of carpets and area rugs.

The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency

(NESREA) is the agency in charge of environmental health in Nigeria. Prior to the

dumping of toxic waste in Koko village, in Delta State, in 1987, Nigeria was ill-

equipped to manage serious environmental crisis, as there were no institutional

arrangements or mechanisms for environmental protection and enforcement of

environmental laws and regulations in the country.

Determination of IAQ involves the collection of air samples, monitoring human

exposure to pollutants, collection of samples on building surfaces.

November 2019 Hassan, Jacob &Sev 16

Air Quality System Introduction

1.5 Contribution to Knowledge

This data obtained in this work will be used to determine the quality of air in any

indoor environment. This will contribute to the overall health quality of individual

occupants of the indoor environment. It will also contribute to the research knowledge

of the design of indoor air quality system.

Arising from the Koko toxic waste episode, the Federal Government promulgated the

Harmful Waste Decree 42 of 1988, which facilitated the establishment of the Federal

Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) through Decree 58 of 1988 and 59

(amended) of 1992.

FEPA was then charged with the overall responsibility for environmental

management and protection. It is on record that by the establishment of FEPA,

Nigeria became the first African country to establish a national institutional

mechanism for environmental protection [11].

This work will also help FEPA in the research to monitor environmental air quality in

building and office spaces.

1.6 Scope and Limitation of project

Pollution levels in cites are rising at an alarming rate. Emission of harmful gases from

the vehicles, industries, etc. largely pollutes the environment. This project is aimed at

showing the quality of air in indoor environments thus enhancing healthy living. Gas

sensors are installed in the desired locations and their data are shown on a web server

which can be accessed by the owner. The device can only sense one location at a time

where it is placed..

November 2019 Hassan, Jacob &Sev 17

Air Quality System Introduction

1.7 Structure of the Report

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put

into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project

thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter two is on literature review. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this

work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved

during the design and construction shall be discussed.

Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was

analysed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation.

November 2019 Hassan, Jacob &Sev 18

Air Quality System Literature Review

Chapter 2 - Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is the air quality within and around buildings and structures. IAQ is

known to affect the health, comfort and well-being of building occupants. Poor indoor air

quality has been linked to sick building syndrome, reduced productivity and impaired

learning in schools.

IAQ can be affected by gases (including carbon monoxide, radon, volatile organic

compounds), particulates, microbial contaminants (mold, bacteria), or any mass or energy

stressor that can induce adverse health conditions. Source control, filtration and the use of

ventilation to dilute contaminants are the primary methods for improving indoor air quality in

most buildings. Residential units can further improve indoor air quality by routine cleaning of

carpets and area rugs.

Indoor air pollution in developing nations is a major health hazard. A major source of indoor

air pollution in developing countries is the burning of biomass (e.g. wood, charcoal, dung, or

crop residue) for heating and cooking. The resulting exposure to high levels of particulate

matter resulted in between 1.5 million and 2 million deaths in 2000.

2.2 Theory of operation

Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances including gases,

particles, and biological molecules are introduced into Earth's atmosphere. It may cause

diseases, allergies and even death to humans; it may also cause harm to other living

organisms such as animals and food crops, and may damage the natural or built environment.

Both human activity and natural processes can generate air pollution.

November 2019 Hassan, Jacob &Sev 19

Air Quality System Literature Review

Indoor air pollution and poor urban air quality are listed as two of the world’s worst toxic

pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report.

[12].Outdoor air pollution alone causes 2.1 [13] to 4.21 million premature deaths annually.

According to the 2014 World Health Organization report, air pollution in 2012 caused the

deaths of around 7 million people worldwide, [14]an estimate roughly echoed by the

International Energy Agency.

An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the

ecosystem. The substance can be solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. A pollutant can be

of natural origin or man-made. Pollutants are classified as primary or secondary. Primary

pollutants are usually produced by processes such as ash from a volcanic eruption. Other

examples include carbon monoxide gas from motor vehicle exhausts or sulphur dioxide

released from factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in

the air when primary pollutants react or interact. Ground level ozone is a prominent example

of secondary pollutants. Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: they are both

emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants.

The common pollutants of air is discussed below.

2.2.1 Carbon monoxide

One of the most acutely toxic indoor air contaminants is carbon monoxide (CO), a colourless

and odourless gas that is a by-product of incomplete combustion. Common sources of carbon

monoxide are tobacco smoke, space heaters using fossil fuels, defective central heating

furnaces and automobile exhaust. By depriving the brain of oxygen, high levels of carbon

monoxide can lead to nausea, unconsciousness and death. According to the American

Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), the time-weighted average

(TWA) limit for carbon monoxide (630–08–0) is 25 ppm.

November 2019 Hassan, Jacob &Sev 20

Air Quality System Literature Review

Carbon monoxide (CO) – CO is a colorless, odorless, toxic yet non-irritating gas. It is a

product of combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust

contributes to the majority of carbon monoxide let into our atmosphere. It creates a smog type

formation in the air that has been linked to many lung diseases and disruptions to the natural

environment and animals. In 2013, more than half of the carbon monoxide emitted into our

atmosphere was from vehicle traffic and burning one gallon of gas will often emit over 20

pounds of carbon monoxide into the air.

2.2.2 Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a relatively easy to measure surrogate for indoor pollutants emitted

by humans, and correlates with human metabolic activity. Carbon dioxide at levels that are

unusually high indoors may cause occupants to grow drowsy, to get headaches, or to function

at lower activity levels. Outdoor CO2 levels are usually 350–450 ppm whereas the maximum

indoor CO2 level considered acceptable is 1000 ppm. Humans are the main indoor source of

carbon dioxide in most buildings. Indoor CO2 levels are an indicator of the adequacy of

outdoor air ventilation relative to indoor occupant density and metabolic activity.

To eliminate most complaints, the total indoor CO2 level should be reduced to a difference of

less than 600 ppm above outdoor levels. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and

Health (NIOSH) considers that indoor air concentrations of carbon dioxide that exceed

1,000 ppm are a marker suggesting inadequate ventilation. The UK standards for schools say

that carbon dioxide in all teaching and learning spaces, when measured at seated head height

and averaged over the whole day should not exceed 1,500 ppm. The whole day refers to

normal school hours (i.e. 9:00am to 3:30pm) and includes unoccupied periods such as lunch

breaks. In Hong Kong, the EPD established indoor air quality objectives for office buildings

and public places in which a carbon dioxide level below 1,000 ppm is considered to be

good. European standards limit carbon dioxide to 3,500 ppm. OSHA limits carbon dioxide

November 2019 Hassan, Jacob &Sev 21

Air Quality System Literature Review

concentration in the workplace to 5,000 ppm for prolonged periods, and 35,000 ppm for 15

minutes. These higher limits are concerned with avoiding loss of consciousness (fainting),

and do not address impaired cognitive performance and energy, which begin to occur at

lower concentrations of carbon dioxide. Given the well-established roles of oxygen sensing

pathways in cancer and the acidosis independent role of carbon dioxide in modulating

immune and inflammation linking pathways, it has been suggested that the effects of long-

term indoor inspired elevated carbon dioxide levels on the modulation of carcinogenesis be

investigated.

Carbon dioxide concentrations increase as a result of human occupancy, but lag in time

behind cumulative occupancy and intake of fresh air. The lower the air exchange rate, the

slower the buildup of carbon dioxide to quasi "steady state" concentrations on which the

NIOSH and UK guidance are based. Therefore, measurements of carbon dioxide for purposes

of assessing the adequacy of ventilation need to be made after an extended period of steady

occupancy and ventilation – in schools at least 2 hours, and in offices at least 3 hours – for

concentrations to be a reasonable indicator of ventilation adequacy. Portable instruments used

to measure carbon dioxide should be calibrated frequently, and outdoor measurements used

for calculations should be made close in time to indoor measurements. Corrections for

temperature effects on measurements made outdoors may also be necessary.

November 2019 Hassan, Jacob &Sev 22

Air Quality System Literature Review

Figure 2.1: CO2 levels in an enclosed office room can increase to over 1,000 ppm within 45

minutes. [15]

2.2.3 Sulphur oxides (SO2)

This is a chemical compound with the formula SO2. SO2 is produced by volcanoes and in

various industrial processes. Coal and petroleum often contain sulphur compounds, and their

combustion generates sulphur dioxide. Further oxidation of SO2, usually in the presence of a

catalyst such as NO2, forms H2SO4, and thus acid rain. This is one of the causes for concern

over the environmental impact of the use of these fuels as power sources.

2.2.4 Nitrogen oxides (NO2)

Nitrogen oxides, particularly nitrogen dioxide, are expelled from high temperature

combustion, and are also produced during thunderstorms by electric discharge. They can be

seen as a brown haze dome above or a plume downwind of cities. Nitrogen dioxide is a

chemical compound with the formula NO2. It is one of several nitrogen oxides. One of the

most prominent air pollutants, this reddish-brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp, biting

odour.

November 2019 Hassan, Jacob &Sev 23

Air Quality System Literature Review

2.3 Health effects

In 2012, air pollution caused premature deaths on average of 1 year in Europe [16], and was a

significant risk factor for a number of pollution-related diseases, including respiratory

infections, heart disease, stroke and lung cancer. The health effects caused by air pollution

may include difficulty in breathing, wheezing, coughing, asthma and worsening of existing

respiratory and cardiac conditions. These effects can result in increased medication use,

increased doctor or emergency department visits, more hospital admissions and premature

death. The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the

body's respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. Individual reactions to air pollutants

depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, the degree of exposure, and the

individual's health status and genetics.

2.3.1 Mortality
The World Health Organization estimated in 2014 that every year air pollution causes the

premature death of some 7 million people worldwide. Studies published in March 2019

indicated that the number may be around 8.8 million. [14]

India has the highest death rate due to air pollution. India also has more deaths from asthma

than any other nation according to the World Health Organization. In December 2013 air

pollution was estimated to kill 500,000 people in China each year. There is a positive

correlation between pneumonia-related deaths and air pollution from motor vehicle

emissions.

Annual premature European deaths caused by air pollution are estimated at 430,000-

800,000. An important cause of these deaths is nitrogen dioxide and other nitrogen oxides

(NOx) emitted by road vehicles. In a 2015 consultation document the UK government

disclosed that nitrogen dioxide is responsible for 23,500 premature UK deaths per

annum. Across the European Union, air pollution is estimated to reduce life expectancy by

November 2019 Hassan, Jacob &Sev 24

Air Quality System Literature Review

almost nine months. Causes of deaths include strokes, heart disease, lung cancer, and lung

infections [14].

2.3.2 Cardiovascular disease

A 2007 review of evidence found ambient air pollution exposure is a risk factor correlating

with increased total mortality from cardiovascular events (range: 12% to 14% per 10

microg/m3 increase).

2.3.3 Lung disease

Research has demonstrated increased risk of developing asthma and COPD from increased

exposure to traffic-related air pollution. Additionally, air pollution has been associated with

increased hospitalization and mortality from asthma and COPD. Chronic obstructive

pulmonary disease (COPD) includes diseases such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

2.3.4 Children
In the United States, despite the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970, in 2002 at least 146

million Americans were living in non-attainment areas—regions in which the concentration

of certain air pollutants exceeded federal standards. These dangerous pollutants are known as

the criteria pollutants, and include ozone, particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen

dioxide, carbon monoxide, and lead. Protective measures to ensure children's health are being

taken in cities such as New Delhi, India where buses now use compressed natural gas to help

eliminate the "pea-soup" smog. A recent study in Europe has found that exposure

to ultrafine particles can increase blood pressure in children. According to a WHO report-

2018, polluted air is a main cause poisoning millions of children under the age of 15 years

and ruining their lives which resulting to death of some six hundred thousand children

annually [12].

November 2019 Hassan, Jacob &Sev 25

Air Quality System Literature Review

2.3.5 Infants
Ambient levels of air pollution have been associated with preterm birth and low birth weight.

A 2014 WHO worldwide survey on maternal and perinatal health found a statistically

significant association between low birth weights (LBW) and increased levels of exposure to

PM2.5. Women in regions with greater than average PM2.5 levels had statistically significant

higher odds of pregnancy resulting in a low-birth weight infant even when adjusted for

country-related variables. The effect is thought to be from stimulating inflammation and

increasing oxidative stress.

A study by the University of York found that in 2010 exposure to PM2.5 was strongly

associated with 18% of preterm births globally, which was approximately 2.7 million

premature births. The countries with the highest air pollution associated preterm births were

in South and East Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, and West sub-Saharan Africa.

A study performed by Wang, et al [17], between the years of 1988 and 1991 has found a

correlation between sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and total suspended particulates (TSP) and

preterm births and low birth weights in Beijing. A group of 74,671 pregnant women, in four

separate regions of Beijing, were monitored from early pregnancy to delivery along with

daily air pollution levels of sulphur Dioxide and TSP (along with other particulates). The

estimated reduction in birth weight was 7.3 g for every 100 µg/m3 increase in SO2 and 6.9g

for each 100 µg/m3 increase in TSP. These associations were statistically significant in both

summer and winter, although, summer was greater. The proportion of low birth weight

attributable to air pollution, was 13%. This is the largest attributable risk ever reported for the

known risk factors of low birth weight [17]. Coal stoves, which are in 97% of homes, are a

major source of air pollution in this area.

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2.3.6 Central nervous system

Data is accumulating that air pollution exposure also affects the central nervous system [18].

In a June 2014 study conducted by researchers at the University of Rochester Medical Center,

published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives, it was discovered that early

exposure to air pollution causes the same damaging changes in the brain

as autism and schizophrenia. The study also shows that air pollution also affected short-term

memory, learning ability, and impulsivity. Lead researcher Professor Deborah Cory-Slechta

said that "When we looked closely at the ventricles, we could see that the white matter that

normally surrounds them hadn't fully developed. It appears that inflammation had damaged

those brain cells and prevented that region of the brain from developing, and the ventricles

simply expanded to fill the space. Our findings add to the growing body of evidence that air

pollution may play a role in autism, as well as in other neurodevelopmental disorders." [19].

Air pollution has a more significant negative effect on males than on females.

2.3.7 Agricultural effects

In India in 2014, it was reported that air pollution by black carbon and ground level ozone

had reduced crop yields in the most affected areas by almost half in 2011 when compared to

1980 levels. [20]

2.3.8 Economic effects

Air pollution costs the world economy $5 trillion per year as a result of productivity losses

and degraded quality of life, according to a joint study by the World Bank and the Institute

for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington [21]. These

productivity losses are caused by deaths due to diseases caused by air pollution. One out of

ten deaths in 2013 was caused by diseases associated with air pollution and the problem is

getting worse. The problem is even more acute in the developing world. "Children under age

November 2019 Hassan, Jacob &Sev 27

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5 in lower-income countries are more than 60 times as likely to die from exposure to air

pollution as children in high-income countries.

2.4 Air quality sensors

There are several air quality sensors used in the home and industry. They are explained
below.

2.4.1 Gas Sensor (MQ2)

The MQ-2 is a flammable gas and smoke sensor detects the concentrations of combustible

gas in the air and outputs its reading as an Analog voltage. The sensor can measure

concentrations of flammable gas of 300 to 10,000 ppm. The MQ-2 gas sensor is sensitive to

LPG, i-butane, propane, methane, alcohol, Hydrogen and smoke. They are used in gas

leakage detecting equipment and in portable gas detectors.

The voltage that the sensor outputs changes accordingly to the smoke/gas level that exists in

the atmosphere. The sensor outputs a voltage that is proportional to the concentration of

smoke/gas. In other words, the relationship between voltage and gas concentration is the

following:

• The greater the gas concentration, the greater the output voltage

• The lower the gas concentration, the lower the output voltage

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Figure 2.2: MQ2 Gas Sensor

2.4.2 MQ-131
The MQ-131 sensor measures ozone in the atmosphere. Ground level ozone is known to

cause a variety of health problems, and is a regular source of air quality alerts in urban areas.

Since my metro area sees multiple ozone alerts each summer, this is one that definitely

should be measured [22].

2.4.3 MQ-135
The MQ-135 sensor is a general air quality sensor that is sensitive to smoke, NOx, CO2,

benzene, alcohol and others. It does not differentiate well, but for the purpose of this

experiment a relative measurement of miscellaneous stuff you don’t want to breathe in is

good enough.

2.4.4 MQ-7
MQ-7 sensors measure carbon monoxide. CO is not something you want to breathe in, and is

regulated by the EPA. CO is most worrisome in enclosed indoor environments, but can also

be a concern outdoors for sensitive populations.

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2.4.5 DHT-22
The DHT-22 is a simple temperature and humidity sensor. Both temp and humidity can

affect the formation of particles and compounds in the air, so it’s worth measuring for use in

the air quality calculation. Measuring temperature will also allow this experiment to map out

the urban heat island effect. This sensor can only be read every 2 seconds or so, but for this

project that’s OK.

2.5 Possible Application Domain of This System

 Homes and offices

 Industries

 Remote sensing for firefighters

 Research and agriculture

 Hospital and clinic

 ICU unit

2.6 Past works

Several solutions have been developed to improve the occupational health, aiming to provide

real-time monitoring of indoor environments for enhanced living environments and

occupational health. These solutions could revolutionize the indoor environments

contributing to enhanced healthy buildings and to decrease the SBS problem. Some systems

developed by the authors are described below.

[22] developed an air quality monitoring system using the Arduino microcontroller. In his

work, there are two separate parts. The first is a sensor platform that needs to be able to

connect to the sensors, read data from them, and then send it somewhere. The second part of

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the project was an aggregation and analysis platform that collects the measurements, stores

the data and provides a way to use it to get useful insights. This simple little diagram shows

all the pieces and how they fit together:

Figure 2.3: A platform developed by Nathan [22]

Also [23] developed the wireless sensor network iAQ system. The IAQ system is an

automatic low-cost indoor air quality monitoring wireless sensor network system, developed

using Arduino, XBee modules, and micro sensors. Their solution can be accessed by the

building supervisor to identify a diversity of factors as temperature, humidity, luminosity,

carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbon monoxide (CO), in real time. Other parameters can be

analyzed for particular contaminants as other sensors might be added for data collection.

The iAQ Sensor is responsible for the environmental data collection and to transmit these

data to the iAQ Gateway. The iAQ Gateway uses Web services to provide data transmission

and storage in a MySQL database. The Web services was been developed in PHP.

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Figure 2.4: iAQ WSN architecture [23]

In 2016, [16] also developed the iAQ mobile system. As for the importance of the

smartphone’s role in human life, iAQ solution has been updated with an Android application

[31, 32]. This mobile application was designed to provide quick and easy access to iAQ

system to allow the end user to keep all the relevant information of iAQ system in the

owner’s pocket.

iAQ solution has also been updated to adopt an IoT architecture using the ESP8266 and be a

fully wireless solution for IAQ. iAQIoT Gateway [24] has replaced the Arduino by a Wemos

Mini D1 (Wemos Electronics) as a processing unit. The processing unit is a miniaturized Wi-

Fi board based on ESP-8266EX. This board incorporates 11 digital input pins and 1 digital

output pin, and 1 analogue input pin.

[21] presented a work on internet of things (IOT) web based weather monitoring system.

Their work is an advanced solution for monitoring the weather conditions at a particular place

and make the information visible anywhere in the world. The technology behind this is

Internet of Things (IoT), which is an advanced and efficient solution for connecting the

things to the internet and to connect the entire world of things in a network. Here things

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might be whatever like electronic gadgets, sensors and automotive electronic equipment. The

system deals with monitoring and controlling the environmental conditions like temperature,

relative humidity, light intensity and CO level with sensors and sends the information to the

web page and then plot the sensor data as graphical statistics. The data updated from the

implemented system can be accessible in the internet from anywhere in the world.

Several solutions for IAQ supervision, which support open-source technologies for data

processing, collection, and transmission that offers mobile computing architectures for real-

time data accessibility, has been presented above. Mainly, IAQ monitoring is a trending topic

for which some other low-cost and open-source monitoring systems had been developed.

In general, all the systems presented not only use cost-effective sensors and use open-source

technologies, but also have notification systems that allow users to act in real time to

significantly improve indoor air quality through the ventilation or deactivation of pollutant

equipment. The presented solutions make a significant contribution compared to existing air

quality monitoring systems due to its low cost of construction, installation, modularity,

scalability, and easy access to monitoring data in real time through the Web and mobile

applications. All the presented solutions aim to offer the support to a medical examination by

clinical professionals as the medical team might analyze the history of IAQ parameters

collected from the environments where the patient lives and relate these records with his

health complications.

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Air Quality System Methodology/Implementation

Chapter 3 - Methodology/Implementation

3.1 Introduction

The chapter will discuss the methodology used in the project and also discuss the

implementation procedure to realize a working prototype of the project. At the end of

this chapter, a complete hardware of the project would have been developed all detail

procedure of test will be carried out where necessary. Also, the basic theory of

components used for this work is explained. It is hoped that this system will help

monitor the dangerous gases in the air and help the user to live a better life. The

system use the several gas sensors built around a microcontroller. The microcontroller

captures the sensor reading and display it on the liquid crystal display.

3.2 Methods of Information collection and Information Utilisation

Data were collected from the following method listed below

- Primary data: these are data which are collected by the group for the purpose

of the primary analysis

- Secondary data: these are data which are collected from other sources and

people’s project for the purpose of analysis.

3.2.1 Information collection

These are some of the method in which the group got there analysis from

 Google and Google Scholar Search

 Library

 Internet source

 Reading Journals

 Observations and Study of documentation.

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3.3 Project Requirements

The requirements for the project is critically thought. We wanted to implement a

device that can measure and monitor air quality and detect the presence of toxic and

hazardous substances in the air in any location.

Figure 3.1: 3rd angle project drawing

3.4 Project Analysis

The air we breathe may not be visible, but contains a variety of substances. Apart

from the nearly fixed concentration of nitrogen, oxygen, inert gases, carbon dioxide, it

contains substances like Particulate Matter, dust, toxic gases, smoke from vehicles,

micro-organisms etc. change in the values of these gases due to natural or human

efforts is called air pollution. The block diagram of the project is given in figure 3.2.

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Figure 3.2: project block diagram

Few of the common sources of air pollution have been listed below

• Transport vehicles

• Brick kilns, steel factories and other industries

• Thermal power plants

• Burning of wastes, firecrackers, bonfires and forest fires

• Soil erosion

• Volcanoes

• Cosmic dust

The sources of air pollution vary a lot. Their contribution to the total air pollution

depends

3.5 Project Design

The system use case is shown in figure 3.3 below.

It comprises of

i. Three gas sensors

ii. A microcontroller

iii. A display section

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Figure 3.3 System Use Case Diagram

3.5.1 ARDUINO Microcontroller

Arduino is a popular open-source development board for engineers and makers to

develop electronics projects in an easy way. Here have analog and digital pins. It

consists of both a physical programmable development board (based on AVR series

of microcontrollers) and a piece of software or IDE which runs on your computer and

used to write and upload the code to the microcontroller board.

Arduino is an open source physical computing platform based on simple input/output

board and a development environment that implements the Processing language

(www.processing.org). Arduino can be used to develop standalone interactive objects

or can be connected to software on your computer. The boards can be assembled by

hand or purchased preassembled; the open source IDE (Integrated Development

Environment) can be downloaded for free from www.arduino.cc

Introduction to Arduino Boards:

Arduino is an architecture that combines Atmel microcontroller family with standard

hardware into a board with inbuilt boot loader for plug and play embedded

programming. Arduino Software comes with an IDE that helps writing, debugging

and burning program into Arduino. The IDE also comes with a Serial Communication

window through which can easily get the serial data from the board.

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Figure 3.4: Arduino UNO Architecture [25]

Pin Description of Arduino Uno:

The Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital

input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16

MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset

button. Each of the 14 digital pins can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(),

digital Write (), and digital Read () functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can

provide or receive 20 mA as recommended operating condition and has an internal

pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50k ohm. A maximum of 40mA is the

value that must not be exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid permanent damage to the

microcontroller.

In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

i. Serial: 0(RX) and 1(TX). Used to receive (RX) and Transmit (TX) TTL serial

data.

ii. External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an

interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.

iii. PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the

analogWrite() function.

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iv. SPI: 10(SS), 11(MOSI), 12(MISO), 13(SCK). These pins support SPI

communication using the SPI library.

v. LED: 13. There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13.

vi. TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using

the wire library.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of

resolution. By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, through is it possible to

change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analog Reference ()

function.

There are a couple of other pins on the board.

i. AREF Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog Reference.

Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset

button to shields which block the one on the board.

3.5.2 GSM Module

The SIM800L is a complete Quad-band GSM/GPRS module used for sending SMS to

and fro the user. Here we have used SIM800L GSM module, which gives and takes

TTL logic directly (user may use any GSM module). It is very sensitive to voltage

rating and it is recommended to read its datasheet before use. Its operating voltage

rating is 3.8v to 4.2v. This module provides interface to control the irrigation system

from any location in the world. User can start/stop irrigation with just a simple SMS

command. Thus it makes it flexible to operate and control.

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Air Quality System Methodology/Implementation

Figure 3.5: Sim800L GSM module [25]

3.5.3 MQ-6 Gas Sensor

The Grove - Gas Sensor (MQ-6) module is useful for gas leakage detection (home and

industry). It is suitable for detecting H2, LPG, CH4, CO, Alcohol, Smoke or Propane.

Due to its high sensitivity and fast response time, measurement can be taken as soon

as possible. The sensitivity of the sensor can be adjusted by potentiometer. The output

voltage from the Gas sensor increases when the concentration of gas increases.

Sensitivity can be adjusted by rotating the potentiometer.

 Wide detecting scope

 Stable and long lifetime

 Fast response and High sensitivity

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Air Quality System Methodology/Implementation
Table 3.1 MQ-6 Specification

3.6 Complete Circuit Diagram Analysis

The complete circuit diagram is shown in figure 3.6.

Figure 3.6: complete circuit diagram

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Air Quality System Methodology/Implementation
It consist of the following components;

i. Gas modules

ii. Arduino Microcontroller

iii. Liquid Crystal Display

iv. The Power Supply Module

Microcontrollers perform their various functions by executing the instructions

programmed into them. The e-voting system will help to automate the election

process from the registration, accreditation to the voting stage. This application

establishes connection to the GSM network, connects to the internet via the GSM

Module. Users interface with this device through a three buttons keypad.

The device can be used in a variety of environments; schools, private organizations

and the nation at large.

3.7 System Implementation/Coding

3.7.1 Hardware Design

The circuit diagram of the design is presented in appendix 1 at the end of this report.

The Arduino microcontroller is the heart of this system. It controls the whole

operation. This is the part that allows the various gases to be measured and monitored

in real time. The circuit was designed using the Proteus ISIS.

3.7.2 Software Design

The software section is also divided into two parts; the server and the client. A brief

discussion is presented below.

The server is the backbone of this application. It powers the e-voting system operation

from registration to accreditation to voting. The hardware device serves as the client.

It queries the server to register, accredit and cast votes during an election process.

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Air Quality System Methodology/Implementation

3.8 System Operational Guide

The operation of the system is hereby explained. On power up, the gas sensors are

allowed to heat up for a predetermined amount of time. This time has been set to be 3

minutes. This was done to accurately calibrate the gases and thus enhance the

performance and accuracy of gas readings. After the burn in period, the gases are

ready to be used to detect and measure gases and their various parts per millions

(ppms). The gas ppm is thus displayed on the liquid crystal display for view and

records by the user.

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3.9 Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation

Table 3.2: Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation

Component Quantities Value Cost per unit Subtotal cost

N N

Resistors 5 10K 20 100

Capacitors 3 0.47uf 80 240

Integrated circuit 1 LM7805 600 600

Arduino Microcontroller 1 N/A 7000 7000

Liquid Crystal Display 1 N/A 2000 2000

Gas Sensor 2 5,000 10,000

GSM Module 1 N/A 10,500 10,500

Power module 1 1000mA 500 500

Socket plug 1 13AMPS 400 400

LED 2 1/2W 50 100

Cables 1 Role 1mm2 twin 2000 2000

Jumper 1 500 500

Connectors 1 500 500

PC Board 1 1500 1500

Soldering lead 1 800 800

Casing mechanism 3000

Transportation 3000

Miscellaneous 8000

TOTAL 61,140

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Chapter 4 - Test Measurement and Analysis

4.1 Introduction

This section will discuss some of the more detailed tests carried out on the final circuit

which was discussed in section three and the results obtained. The results obtained is

shown in appendix B.

4.2 Test and Measurements

The tests carried out is presented in table 4.1 below.

Table 4.1 Tests and measurements 1
S/No Test Type of Gas detected ppm

1 A breadth out of human nose CO2 68

2 Burning Tube NH4 98

3 Exhaust emission form motorcycle (old) (Jincheng) CO 297

4 Exhaust emission form motorcycle (new) CO 109

(Jincheng)

Table 4.2 Tests and measurements 2

S/No Test Type of Gas detected ppm

1 A breadth out of human nose CO2 63

2 Burning Tube NH4 78

3 Exhaust emission form motorcycle (old) (Jincheng) CO 199

4 Exhaust emission form motorcycle (new) CO 100

(Jincheng)

Table 4.3 Tests and measurements 3

S/No Test Type of Gas detected ppm

1 A breadth out of human nose CO2 60

2 Burning Tube NH4 90

3 Exhaust emission form motorcycle (old) (Jincheng) CO 292

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Air Quality System Methodology/Implementation

4 Exhaust emission form motorcycle (new) CO 89

(Jincheng)

4.3 Analysis of Result

The tables 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 are the tests and measurements conducted. The result
obtained shows accurate result.

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Air Quality System Conclusion/Recommendation

Chapter 5 - Conclusion/Recommendation

5.1 Introduction

This chapter reviews project objectives, challenges, solutions to challenges, future

improvement and Recommendation.

5.2 Conclusion

The design and implementation of the air quality monitoring system was a successful

one. The main purpose and objective of the project has been achieved. The gases were

detected over the specified range.

The system presented is cost effective, and consumes low power. The entire system

can fit in box and made commercially available. Hence the followings successes were

recorded.

ii. Detected air quality in an indoor system

iii. developed basics soldering skills

iv. learnt how to program a microcontroller

v. Measure the most common components of air pollution (CO2, CO, H2, CH4,

NH4) as accurately, precisely and discretely as possible

vi. Reliably record all of the measurements in a way that lends itself to easy

analysis

vii. Be able to install as a fixed installation to measure trends over time in a single

location

viii. Portable enough to take on the road to measure data in many locations in a

short period of time

ix. Learn a few new things about air pollution, Arduino programming and

electronics

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Air Quality System Conclusion/Recommendation
With the successes recorded as mentioned above, it can be concluded that the goal

have been achieved 99% percent and therefore the project is satisfactory.

5.3 Recommendation

The following recommendations are made to the project;

 On-board indicator should be added for indicating the air quality index.

 Buzzer-based alarm while highly pollution is detected.

 Push notification for notifying the users during hazardous situation.

5.3.1 Project appraisal

The objectives of the projects are;

i. To detect air quality in an indoor system

ii. To develop basics soldering skills

iii. To learn how to program a microcontroller

iv. To apply the knowledge gained from circuit analysis and design

v. Measure the most common components of air pollutionon (CO2, CO, H2,

CH4, NH4) as accurately, precisely and discretely as possible

vi. Reliably record all of the measurements in a way that lends itself to easy

analysis

vii. Portable enough to take on the road to measure data in many locations in a

short period of time

viii. Learn a few new things about air pollution, Arduino programming and

electronics

From the above listed objectives, we have being able to achieve all the objectives thus

the project is deemed a success.

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Air Quality System Conclusion/Recommendation
5.3.2 Discussion of Problems encountered
There are no real problems encountered in this project. The only subtle one is the

ability to calibrate the sensor effectively to obtain accurate results.

Other problems which the group encountered when implementing the program are

• Financial problems

 Scarcity of component which is to be used for implementation

5.3.3 Areas of Application

This project can be used in any environment or location. It can detect up to five gases

at the same time. They can be used in

i. Indoor environments: Offices, churches, mosques, etc

ii. Outdoor environments: open fields, sport centers, farms, etc

5.3.4 Future improvement on the design

This work can be extended for use in other organizations both private and public. This

is our recommendation.

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Air Quality System ReferencesAir Quality System
Appendices

References

[1] J. Seguel, R. Merrill, D. Seguel and A. Campagna, “Indoor air quality,” American
Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, pp. 284-2895, 2016.
[2] N. Bruce, R. Perez-Padilla and A. R, “Indoor air pollution in developing countries
countries: A major environmental and public health challenge,” Bulletin of the
World Health Organization, pp. 1078-1092, 2000.
[3] Jafari, et al, “Association of sick building syndrome with indoor air parameters,”
Tanaffos., 2015.
[4] C. Capristo, I. Romei and A. Boner, “Environmental prevention in atopic eczema
dermatitis syndrome (AEDS) and asthma: Avoidance of,” Allergy, pp. 53-60,
2004.
[5] K. Ahn, “The role of air pollutants in atopic dermatitis,” Journal of Allergy and
Clinical Immunology, pp. 993-999, 2014.
[6] S. Joshi, “The sick building syndrome,” Indian Journal of Occupational and
Environmental Medicine, p. 61, 2008.
[7] J. Sundell, “On the history of indoor air quality and health.,” Indoor Air, pp. 51-
58, 2004.
[8] R. L. M. Pitarma and J. Ramos, “Improving occupational health by modelling
indoor pollutant distribution,” Facilities, pp. 289-301, 2016.
[9] De Vito S et al, “Cooperative 3D air quality assessment with wireless chemical
sensing networks,” Procedia Engineering., pp. 84-87, 2011.
[10] D. Preethichandra, “Design of a Smart Indoor Air Quality Monitoring Wireless
Sensor Network for Assisted Living,” pp. 1306-1310, 2013.
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[13] NASA Earth Observator, “Fine Particulate Matter Map Shows Premature
Mortality Due to Air Pollution,” 19 September 2013. [Online]. Available:
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due-to-air-polution.html.
[14] World health Organization, “7 million premature deaths annually linked to air
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[15] wikipedia, “Indoor air quality,” 21 September 2019. [Online]. Available:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_air_quality.
[16] G. Marques and R. Pitarma, “Health informatics for indoor air quality
monitoring,” in 11th Iberian Conference, 2016.
[17] X. Wang, H. Ding, L. Ryan and X. Xu, “Association between air pollution and
low birth weight: a community-based study,” Environmental Health Perspectives,
vol. 105, no. 5, p. 514–20, 1997.
[18] I. Bos, P. De Boever, L. Int Panis and R. Meeusen, “Physical Activity, Air
Pollution and the Brain,” Sports Medicine, vol. 11, no. 44, p. 1505–18, 2014.
[19] C. D, “Secret-ballot receipts: True voter-verifiable elections,” IEEE Security and
Privacy, 2004.
[20] theguardian, “India air pollution 'cutting crop yields by almost half,” 3 November
2014. [Online]. Available:
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/nov/03/india-air-pollution-
cutting-crop-yields-by-almost-half.
[21] R. Bulipe Srinivas, R. K. Srinivasa and N. Ome, “Internet of Things (IOT) Based
Weather Monitoring system,” International Journal of Advanced Research in
Computer and Communication Engineering, pp. 312-319, 2016.
[22] M. Nathan, “Overview of Monitoring and Mapping Air Quality with Arduino,
Node, Elasticsearch and Kibana,” 3 January 2017. [Online]. Available:
https://nathanmcminn.com/2017/01/03/overview-of-monitoring-and-mapping-air-
quality-with-arduino-node-elasticsearch-and-kibana/. [Accessed 18 September
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[23] R. Pitarma, G. Marques and B. Ferreira, “Monitoring indoor air quality for
enhanced occupational health.,” Journal of Medical Systems, vol. 2, no. 41, 2017.
[24] G. Marques and R. Pitarma, “An indoor monitoring system for ambient assisted
living based on internet of things,” International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health., vol. 13, no. 11, p. 1152, 2016.

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Appendices
[25] “Makerfabs,” 12 May 2019. [Online]. Available:
https://www.makerfabs.com/SIM800L-Minimum-System-GPRS-GSM.html.

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Air Quality System ReferencesAir Quality System
Appendices
APENDIX I
Top View of the completed work

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Air Quality System ReferencesAir Quality System
Appendices

APENDIX III
Right View of the completed work

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Air Quality System ReferencesAir Quality System
Appendices

APENDIX IV
Left View of the completed work

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Air Quality System ReferencesAir Quality System
Appendices

APENDIX V
Inside View of the completed work

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