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LETTERI H

BY

J. C. L. FISH, C. E.,

Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering in the Leland Stanford Junior University.

NEW YORK.

D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY.

1894.
 Copyright, 1894,

D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY.

53-o\
 ^1

PREFACE
This is believed to be the first presentation of a collection of styles of lettering made up
directly from working drawings.

Brief remarks on the details of the construction of the simplest style of alphabet, on lettering

in general, and on the make-up of titles, precede the general collection.

The detached portions of working drawings placed beneath the alphabets of the collection

are given to show the appearance of the letters when grouped in words. They give some idea,

too, of the general features of a working drawing.

Allow me, here, to express my gratitude to Professor Wing, of this University, for sug-

gestions, and to those gentlemen in many of the principal engineering and architectural offices of

the United States through whose kindness the presentation of styles taken from working drawings
has been made possible.

J.
C. L.. F.
Stanford Univei'sity, CaL, July, iSg^.
 LETTERING OF WORKING DRAWINGS.

DETAILS OF THE FORMATION OF A STANDARD ALPHABET.

The remarks included under this head are intended A fourth line might be drawn below, (as shown in Row i, Plate i.

for the draftsman who finds himself unable to give an appear- Plate I,) but this is scarcely necessary.

ance of uniformity to his lettering. Plate 1, Rows 1, 2, 3.

In freehand lettering, outside of titles, three horizontal The arrows point out the direction in which the pen

Plate I. penciled guide lines are sufficient (see Plate i). The is moved in makino- the several strokes of the letter, and

distance between the upper and middle, is generally from a the small figures show the order in which the strokes are

half to two-thirds of that between the middle and lower lines. made.

Lower-Case Letters.

Plate I, Plate I.

We start with the letter O ( here a circle) as a basis. (1 This letter is like a except that the stem of d
All other letters which are curved in part, are nothing more extends to the upper guide line.

than with addition or subtraction, or both. By producing stem of a downward the

g the letter

a If we add a straight vertical line to the right side g is formed. The lower end of this letter is usually curved

of O we have the letter a. to the left.

b This is made by drawing a vertical line tangent to p By drawing a vertical line tangent on the left of

the letter O on the left side. O and producing it downward we form p.

 Plate I
P^'^^^^-
q Like g in the main. The lower end of the straight r This is n with the omission of the right half of the

Hne is generally curved to the right. curve and the right hand vertical line.

C If the middle right hand portion of O is omitted, S This letter consists of the upper and lower portions of

C is formed. O and a reversed curve joining the left end of the upper

e This letter is O with the omission of a portion of with the right end of the lower portion. ^

the rio-ht hand side and the addition of the curved line across
1, k, t^ I and Z These letters are self-explanatory.
J,
the interior.
V Two lines making equal angles with the vertical
n, m, h In these letters, vertical lines are drawn
and meeting at their lower extremities form the letter V.
taneent to O and the lower half of that letter omitted.
W This letter consists of two letters V placed in
U This is n inverted and reversed.
contact side by side.

y If the straight line of U be extended downward, X This letter is made up of two lines equally inclined

y results. to the vertical, meeting at their middle points.

Upper-Case Letters.

Rows 2 and 3, Plate 1.

Plate T
A The side lines make equal angles with the vertical, C Like the lower case C In form.
Plate I

and the horizontal line is just below the middle of the letter.

B The three horizontal

D The curve is the right half of O,
lines are equidistant and of
same length. The two curves are of the same form and K, F, H, L K, L, T, X These are self ex

size.
planatory.
 Plate I

G This is G with the addition of the short hori- R This is P with the addition of stroke three. Plate 2.

zontal and vertical lines. S See lower case S.

lower
J
left
The curve of J
quarter of O.
is the right lower quarter and the
U The lower half of O is the curved portion of
this letter.

M The inclined lines make equal angles with t1ie

V Turn A bottom up and omit stroke three and
vertical, and form the letter V. V results.

N This letter Is somewhat narrower than M W This consists of two letters V the extreme left

O This is a circle.
of the one touching the extreme right of the other.

P If we omit stroke three of JD we have r .

Y The inclined lines make equal angles with the
Q The construction is apparent. vertical and meet just below the middle of the letter.

Inclined Letters. Italics.

If, in the preceding remarks on the formation of the The first two lines of Plate 2 show the principles em- p^^^^ ^
pj^^g J

ployed in the construction of all curved letters of this kind.

upright letters the words vertical and circle be changed
No verbal explanations are necessary.
to slant and oval respectively, those remarks will apply to
The Italic Capitals (upper case letters) are in the main
construction of inclined letters. (See rows 4 and 5, Plate i.)
like those in Nq. i, Plate 5.
piate 5

Arabic Numerals.

Plate I
Row 6, Plate i, shows the manner in which the majority of the curved portions of the arabic numerals are taken from the Plate I

letter O.
 ON PRACTICE WORK.
The beeinner's materials will consist of any sort of Until the bemnner is familiar with the standard form Plate i.

drafting paper, medium pointed pen and free flowing- ink. of letter as given above, it is not well for him to attempt any

All these will be found in any drafting room. modification of that standard.

Rule, in pencil, three parallel guide lines, spacing them In practising, take particular pains to make all stems
Plate I. about as they are given in Plate i. of letters exactly parallel, whether the style be vertical or in-

Begin with the lower case letters. clined. If stems cannot be made parallel otherwise, penciled

As the letter Q enters so largely into the make-up lines of the required inclination should be ruled in. The hori-

of letters, it will be well to practise on this till several of them zontal spacing of these need not be closer than one half inch.

can be made, one after another, with uniformity. If all the lines are made of the same weight, progress
Next take up the letters embracing O entirely. Be- will be more rapid than if shading is attempted. In making
ginning with a repeat it till it can be uniformly reproduced. the stems, do not let the pressure on the pen point decrease

Continue in this manner with the remaining letters of at the end of the stroke, otherwise there results a pointed line

the alphabet. which gives an appearance of weakness to the lettering. I

Until the beginner is quite proficient in lettering, he

the pen is pressed so lightly that the nibs do not separate, the

should, in making any letter embracing the complete O, make work will be more satisfactory.

the whole of Q and then the necessary additions. Do not let any part of a letter project beyond, above

When any portion of O enters into a letter's form,

or below, the guide lines which properly limit it. Do not

imagine, while you are drawing that particular portion, that you fail to make a letter meet the guide lines, wherever such

are drawing the corresponding part of the letter Q. For ex- meeting is proper. For example, let the letter Q be exactly

ample : In making the letter n, draw the straight down- tangent to the middle and lower guide lines.

stroke, then, beginning at the middle of the stroke, the curved

After becoming familiar with the standard form of let-

portion as if for the upper half of Q, and at the end of the ter, any style given in the plates may be copied intelligently,
curve proceed straight downward to the bottom of the letter. and any style of pen may be used.
 MODIFICATION OF CAPITALS.
Plate 2. It Is quite seldom that any variety is wanted In the we desire in the finished letter is next sketched in, first in Plate 2

lower case letters of a drawing. But titles are composed in pencil and afterward in ink. Then the outline is filled in solid
\ great part of capitals, and it is desirable that there be a variation with ink or shaded according as the finished letter is to be

not only in the size but also in the style of letters composing solid or open.
¥ them. It is the object of this section to show how any plain In the right half of the last line of Plate 2, the word
capital may be made quickly and without previous long ex- " Frame " is given twice. In both cases the initial letter is

perience. the same. The other letters in the two cases are of somevv^iat
Pi.-^t-e2. The last four lines of Plate 2 show thirty-eight styles different style; nevertheless the r appears to be quite as appro Plate 2

of capitals (all taken from actual drawings) exhibited in the priate in the one case as in the other. This fact has made it

letter r , In every case the letter is given in detail first and seem unnecessary to give the complete alphabet in each style
then in finished form. It will be seen that the skeleton of the exhibited in the single letter r . The draftsman can, from

letter (shown in dotted lines) is always the same, whatever the peculiarities shown in each style of r ,
construct the re-

the appearance of the completed letter. In making the letter maining letters of the alphabet in the same style, with enough

this skeleton is drawn first, and in pencil. The outline which of accuracy to give an appearance of uniformity to the wholco

ON TITLES.
^^^^^ 3-
A title gives a complete key to a drawing as the title construct the tide of a drawing as to bring out this relative ^^^^^

to a scientific or technical book furnishes a key to the con- importance by making the prominence of the words corres-
tents. Manifestly there are some words of a title v/hich have pond to it.

greater Importance than others. It is for the draftsman to so As in the case of book titles, adjacent words of the
 and composed lines and skeleton lines erased. By giving the letters of
same importance are placed on the same line

'*niap" the open, and those of " property " and " West Real
of the same style and size of letters.

Estate Co'y " the solid style, the prominence of the two last
The size of the letters in the most prominent words
named, with reference to the first is increased. This treat-

depends on the size of the drawing and sometimes on the

ment is in the supposition that the main object of the title is

space which can be appropriated to the tide.

may be, has do
to show that the exhibit, in whatever form it to

Pi^te 3. Fig. I, Plate 3, gives the skeleton work of a tide. Ac- with the PROPERTY of the WEST REAL ESTATE
cording to the relative size of the letters the word "map", CO'Y.
" are of about the
" property " and "West Real Estate Co'y
By filling in the oudines of "map" and "property,"
same importance. " Of" and " belonging to ", as connecting
" and
shadino- those of " West Real Estate Co'y erasino^ skele-
words, are given the least prominence. '^
Norfolk, Va." is of
ton and guide lines of Fig. 2, Fig. 4 is produced. This man- Plate 4.

secondary importance.
ner of finishing the letters supposes that the first thing to be

This skeleton may be inked in directly without modi-

brought to the reader's notice is that the exhibit is a MAP
fication if it is not worth while to give more time to it. In
of PROPERTY, instead of a sketch or design, etc., of coun-

that case it would have the appearance given in Fig. i, with

try house or engine, etc. The words " Norfolk, Va." are also
the omission of the horizontal and vertical guide lines.
4 than in Fig. 3, though one a dupli-
more prominent in Fig. is

The guide lines of Fig. 2 are exactly like those of Fig. i

cate of the other.

The skeleton letters, shown in clotted lines, are also like those
In Figs. I and 2, Plate 4, this bringing out of the rel-
of Fig. I. Around these skeletons are drawn, first in pencil
words of a by the work on
ative importance of the title final

and then in ink, the outlines of the letters as they are to be

them is more vividly shown. The outlines in the right half
when finished. So far, the relative importance of the words
of Fig. 2 are, in size and style, exactly like those in the left

of the title is the same as before.

and
half, and by covering one half while looking at the other

Fig. 3 represents the title in the final stage. The out- vice versa, this difference in appearance between the two sides
lines of Fig. 2 have been filled in or shaded, and the guide is still more marked.

1
 It is seen that the relative prominence of words whose
MAP
outHnes are of the same style and size depends on the ratio
of
of black to white in the filling-in. Evidently then, the rela-

tive importance of the words of a title need not be exactly

PORTION
brought out by the relative prominence of the skeleton of

letters, unless the skeleton is to be inked in directly without LAKE ERIE and WESTERN R. R.

modification.
Lying between

The relative importance of the words of a title is affect-

HURON AND MILAN, OHIO.
ed by so many conditions that no reasonable number of rules

for deciding that importance would cover all cases.

and the title for the copy for the surveyor's office would be :

Even the duplicates of the same drawing may require

the words of the titles to be differently emphasized for

each. For instance : two copies are made of a map of a por- MAP
tion of a railroad right-of-way lying between two towns. The of
first copy is to be filed in the railroad's office, the second in
PORTION
a county surveyor's office. In the railroad's office all draw-
of
ings concern the railroad directly, so that the name of the

particular portion of its property represented by a drawing is LAKE ERIE and WESTERN R. R.
of more importance than the fact that it concerns this partic- Lying between
ular railroad. In the surveyor's office the drawings concern
HURON AND MILAN, OHIO.
various corporations and individuals, and the name of the

particular corporation or individuals with which a drawing is

concerned, is of the first importance. So for the railroad com- Aeain, when the drawino-s of the details of a structure
pany's copy the title might be :
are constructed on sheets of uniform size to be afterward
 bound together, the titles of the different sheets are, for ex- remaining sheets is emphasized the name of the particular

ample, somewhat analogous to the tides of the pages in a portion of the structure thereon represented ; the name and
manufacturer's catalogue. location of the structure is added in a less prominent way and
The first page in the catalogue calls attention to the simply for the identification of the sheet, in case it should be-

name and location of the manufacturer. On each of the fol- come detached from the book of sheets.

lowing pages the name of the particular article there shown Figs. 3 and 4, Plate 4, are specimens of titles com- Plate 4.

is emphasized above all other words. The name of the man- posed of lower case letters. Other titles are scattered through-
ufacturer is made less conspicuous. So with the drawings : out the plates, showing the arrangement of words incidentally,

The title of the first sheet gives the name of the structure though primarily for the exhibition of the various styles of let-

and its location the greatest prominence, while on each of the terino-.

ON STYLES TAKEN FROM WORKING DRAWINGS.

Plate 5. Alphabets Nos. i and 2, Plate 5, are made with a fine Nos. 5 and 6, Plate 7. are made with a pen of medium piate;.
pointed pen. No. 2 would seem to be particularly adapted to point.

those who write a back-hand, though it is quite as much used No. 7, Plate 8, is made with a round pointed pen. Plate 8.
by others.

No. 8, Plate 8, is made with a stub pen held in position

Plate 6. No. 3, Plate 6, is made with a right line pen. This
for back-hand writing.
instrument glides very smoothly on tracing cloth. No. 3
might be made also with a stub pen by those who write a No. 9, Plate 9, is made with a stub pen held in po- piate 9.

back -hand. sition for back-hand writine.

No. 4, Plate 6, is made with a fine pointed elastic pen. No. 10, Plate 9, is made with a medium pointed pen.
Plate lo. Nos. 1 1 and 12, Plate 10, are made with a medium pen. The appearance of any style may be changed by simply

Plate II. Nos. 13 and 14, Plate 1 1, are made with a fine pen. changing the style of pen given above for it.

No. 1 5, Plate 1 1, is made with a fine pointed stub pen. Plates 11,12 and 13 consist of styles used mainly for piate 13.

Plate 12. No. 16, Plate 12, IS made with a fine pointed, elastic pen. architectural drawings. No examples of dimensioning are
Nos. 17 and 18, Plate i 2, are made with a fine pointed pen. given on these plates for the reason that this detail of archi-

Nos. 19 and 20, Plate 13, are made with a medium pen. tectural, does not differ from that of engineering drawings.
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 BOOKS FOR DRAUGHTSMEN.
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D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY, Publishers,

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Andre, Geo. G,— The Draughtsman's Hand Book of Plan and Map Drawing ;
includ- Engineers' and Machinists' Drawing-Book.— A complete course of Instruc-

ing Instructions for the preparation of Engineering, Architectural and Mechanical tion for the Practical Engineer. Illustrated by numerous engravings. 4to, half mor. 10.00
Drawings. 8vo, cloth 3.75 Fan nee, Prof. L. —Mechanical Drawing, prepared for the use of the Students of
Armeiigaud, Aiiie et Jeune, Amoroux and Johnson, W.— The Practical the Mass. Institute of Technology. Second edition, revised and enlarged. Illustrations
Draughtsman's Book of Industrial Design, and Machini^s' and Engineers' Drawing and 8 plates. 12mo, cloth 1.25
Companion. Illustrated by fifty foHo steel plates, and fifty wood cuts. New Hiilme, F. E.— Mathematical Drawing Instruments and How to Use Them. Fourth
edition. 4to, half mor 10.00 edition. 12mo, cloth 1.50

Barber, T. W.—The Engineers' Sketch Book of Mechanical Movements, Devices, Minifie, Win.— Mechanical A
Text-Book of Geometrical Drawing, for the
Drawing.
Design and Construction of use of Mechanics and Schools, in which the Definitions and Rules of Geometry are
Appliances, Contrivances, Details employed in the
Nearly 2 000 illustrations. 8vo, cloth 3 00 familiarly explained the Practical Problems are arranged from the most simple to
Machinery for every purpose. , .
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the more complex, and in their description technicalities are avoided as much as
Bin IIS, Wni. — An Elementary Treatise on Orthographic Projection, with numerous
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possible. With illustrations for Drawing Plans, Sections and Elevations of Build-
illustrations. 8vo, cloth
New ings and Machinery an Introduction to Isometrical Drawing, and an Essay on
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Second Course of Orthographic Projection being a continuation of the

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Linear I'erspective and Shadows. Illustrated by over 200 diagrams, engraved on

Method of Teaching the Science of Mechanical Drawing. 8vo, cloth 4.50
steel. With an Appendix on the Theory and Application of Colors. 8vo, cloth. 9th
Copley's Plain and Ornamental Alphabets.— Examples in every style.
thousand 4.00
Mechanical and Analytical Construction of Letters, Designs for Titles, Ciphers,
Geometrical Drawing.Abridged from the octavo edition, for the use of Schools.
Monograms, Borders, Compasses, Flourishes, etc. New edition 2.00
Illustrated with 48 steel plates. Ninth edition, revised and enlarged. 12mo, cloth.. 2.00
Cryer, T. and Jordan, H. G. —Machine Construction and Mechanical Drawing;
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Kipper, William. A Course of Instruction in Machine Drawing and Desiga for
including Spur and Bevel Gearing. For the Use of Students in Science and Tech- Technical Schools and Engineer Students. V/ith 52 plates and numerous explanatory
nical Schools. Quarto, cloth 1.20
engravings. Foho, cloth 7.50
Davidson, E. A. — Drawing for Machinists Comprising a complete
aad Engineers. Kose, Joshua.— Mechanical Drawing Self-Taught. Comprising Instructions in the
course of Drawing adapted to the requirements of Millwrights and Engineers; also, Selection and Preparation of Drawing Instruments, Elementary Instruction in
course of practical instruction in the coloring of Mechanical Drawings. 4th edition, Practical Mechanical Drawing, together with Examples in Simple Geometry and
16mo 2.00 Elementary Mechanism, including Screw Threads, Gear Wheels, Mechanical
Donaldson, Jas. — Drawing and Piough Sketching for Marine Engineers, with Pro- Motions, Engines aud Boilers. Illustrated. 8vo, cloth 4 00
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portions, Instructions, Explanation; and Examples, intended for the use of Sea- —
Stanley, W. F. A Descriptive Treatise on Mathematical Di'awing Instruments,
going Engineers and others in preparing Working Sketches and Rough Drawings; their Construction, Uses, Qualities, Selection, Preservation and Suggestions for
also, how to Design Engines, Boilers, Propellers, Paddle Wheels, Shafts, RodE, Improvements, with Hints upon Drawing and Coloring. Fifth edition. 12mo, cloth. 2.00
Valves, etc. 4th edition. Illustrated. Cloth 2.40 —
Unwin, W. C. The Elements of Machine Design. Part I, General Principles,
Draughtsman, The —
Biiildiug- and Machine. A practical guide to the pro- Fastenings and Transinissive Machinery. Thirteenth edition, revised and enlarged.
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Machinist and Building Constructor, etc. 12mo, cloth $ 2.00 Part II. Chiefly on Engine Details. Twelfth edition . 12mo, cloth 1.50
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