Reviews In Food And Agriculture (RFNA) 4(1) (2023) 28-31

Reviews In Food And Agriculture (RFNA)

DOI: http://doi.org/10.26480/rfna.01.2023.28.31

ISSN: 2735-0312 (Online)

CODEN: RFAEAW

REVIEW ARTICLE
A REVIEW ON PROPAGATION METHODS OF GRAPE (Vitis Vinifera L).
Suraj Singh Thagunna

Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
*Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACT

Article History: This comprehensive literature review delves into the intricate world of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)
Received 18 November 2023
propagation methods, exploring the historical context, various techniques, and their profound implications
Revised 20 December 2023 for viticulture. Spanning diverse climates globally, grapes are pivotal for wine production, fresh table grapes,
Accepted 14 January 2024 and an array of by-products. The propagation methods, including cuttings, grafting, and in vitro techniques,
Available online 16 January 2024 significantly impact genetic diversity, disease resistance, and grape quality. The review underscores the
necessity of considering environmental factors, disease resistance, and economic viability when selecting a
propagation method, advocating for tailored approaches to local climates and soil conditions. The integration
of genetic engineering, ongoing research, and technological advancements emerge as crucial elements shaping
the future of grapevine propagation. Quality control in nurseries, economic considerations, and skill
development in labour are emphasised for overall success. Real-world examples, such as the success at the
Agro-Shtil Nursery in Israel, highlight the effectiveness of grafting, particularly due to its disease resistance,
salt-tolerant rootstock selection, time efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. The review concludes with
recommendations for collaborative knowledge sharing within the viticulture community, ensuring a holistic
and informed approach to grapevine propagation for sustainable and high-quality grape cultivation. This
literature review serves as a valuable guide for vineyard managers, researchers, and industry professionals
navigating the complexities of grapevine propagation.
KEYWORDS
Grapevine propagation, Vitis vinifera L., Viticulture, Grape cultivation

1. INTRODUCTION establishment (Smart et al., 2012). Grapevine yield, quality, and vineyard
productivity can be significantly enhanced through disease-free planting
The grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) belongs to the Vitaceae family, comprising material and improved management techniques. Certain propagation
approximately 60 wild Vitis species across Asia, North America, and methods, such as grafting onto disease-resistant rootstocks, contribute to
Europe, adapting to various climates. Originating in the Mediterranean, disease resistance, which is essential for sustainable viticulture and
central Europe, and south-western Asia, from Morocco and Portugal to mitigating the impact of diseases on grape crops (Alley and Golino, 2000).
southern Germany and east to northern Iran, grapes serve various Grape propagation is a crucial element of viticulture, influencing genetic
purposes, including wine production, fresh table grapes, and dried raisins. diversity, disease resistance, and overall grape quality through methods
Grapes exhibit versatility, being employed in the production of wine, jams, like cuttings, grafting, and in vitro techniques. This literature review
juices, jellies, grape seed extract, ethanol, vinegar, grape seed oil, tartaric delves into the historical context, propagation methods, their pros and
acid, fertiliser, and grape-derived antioxidants like polyphenols and cons, environmental considerations, disease resistance implications,
resveratrol. Moreover, grapes are associated with potential health recent innovations, and case studies, providing insights for vineyard
benefits, including preventing cancer, heart disease, high blood pressure, managers and guiding future research in grapevine propagation. Many
allergies, diabetes, and constipation (Abebe, 2017). The propagation of instances of failed or underperforming vines were attributed to trunk
grapes for commercial vineyards involves the use of cuttings, rooting, disease pathogens or other defects affecting establishment, vigour, and
budding, layers, and grafts (Verdegaal, 2009). Over the past three decades, longevity (Waite et al., 2013a).
the global wine industry has undergone a transformative shift from small,
traditionally-oriented, family-owned enterprises in Europe to a 2. OBJECTIVE
cosmopolitan industry dominated by multinational corporations,
emphasising quality assurance and consistency (Aylward, 2005). Despite In the face of substantial strides in modernization within the grapevine
this evolution, the grape propagation industry, largely comprising small to industry the foremost hurdle lies in nurseries' capacity to ensure a steady
medium-sized family businesses and cooperatives, has not witnessed a provision of vines that are robust, in good health, and exhibit uniformity,
comparable level of change. While modernization has increased particularly in developing nations (Borsellino et al., 2012). Achieving this
production, the quality of planting material remains inconsistent, demands comprehensive elucidation of the propagation techniques
leading to the generation of top-notch vine seedlings. Additionally, there
particularly in developing countries. The lack of comprehensive standards
is a need for systematic comparisons and assessments of various
for grapevine material has led to instances of vine failures and
propagation methods, aiding vineyard managers in making well-informed
underperforming vineyards needing replanting within 5–10 years of
decisions.

Quick Response Code Access this article online

Website: DOI:
www.rfna.com.my 10.26480/rfna.01.2023.28.31

Cite The Article: Suraj Singh Thagunna (2023). A Review on Propagation Methods
of Grape(Vitis Vinifera L). Reviews In Food And Agriculture, 4(1): 28-31.
 Reviews In Food And Agriculture (RFNA) 4(1) (2023) 28-31

3. INTRODUCTION bench-grafting dormant one-bud Vitis vinifera cuttings onto 300–400 mm

dormant hardwood cuttings from carefully selected rootstocks, allowing
Archaeological evidence indicates that the domestication of grapevines them to propagate as a single plant (Nicholas et al., 1992). The
commenced 6,000–8,000 years ago in the Transcaucasian region, fundamental concept behind grape propagation through grafting is the
spanning from the Black Sea to Iran, originating from V. vinifera subsp. ability to unite a desirable grapevine scion with a compatible rootstock,
sylvestris populations (Zohary and Hopf, 1993). Our ancestors expanded enabling the amalgamation of specific traits for optimal grape production
viticulture and winemaking from primary grape and wine-producing and effective vineyard management (Alley, 1957).
regions, likely aligning with established trade routes for various
commodities. Historical maritime routes facilitated the spread of 5.2.3 In vitro propagation
agriculture from the Levant (8500 BC) to Western Europe (5200 BC)
during the Neolithic era, covering approximately 1 km per year and Grapevine propagation through in vitro methods is another viable
disseminating tools and emerging technologies (Mkrtich and Ferreira, approach. The underlying principle of in vitro propagation for grapes
2022). involves the cultivation of plant cells or tissues in a meticulously
controlled laboratory setting. This method allows for the regulated
Although the practice of grafting grapevines dates back to the Christian regeneration of entire plants outside their natural environment,
era, the modern technique has witnessed significant evolution in the past facilitating the swift and efficient production of genetically identical
130 years. This evolution can be divided into three periods: 1) from 1900 grapevines. Common in vitro culture techniques, including meristem
to 1950, characterized by a focus on grafting compatibility with different culture and micro propagation, are routinely employed for the rapid
phylloxera-resistant rootstocks; 2) from 1950 to 2000, emphasizing the generation of clean, disease-free planting material. The integration of
standardization of the production process and phytosanitary certification these techniques into producing high-quality planting material holds
programs, particularly addressing viruses; and 3) from the 2000s onward, paramount importance for vegetative propagated crops (Naik and
with an increased emphasis on diagnosing and managing new diseases, Khurana, 2003).
particularly trunk diseases. This phase also involves adapting production
protocols to local nuances and introducing novel certification models 6. COMPARISON Of A SEXUAL PROPAGATION METHODS
(Grohs et al., 2017).
6.1 Advantages And Disadvantages Of Cutting
4. SIGNIFICANCE OF REVIEW Grapevine propagation through cuttings presents a compelling approach
Grapevine propagation holds paramount importance in viticulture as it with distinct advantages and challenges. One notable advantage is the
directly influences grape quality, yield, and disease resistance. The choice cost-effectiveness associated with this method, as it eliminates the need
of propagation method, such as cuttings or grafting, profoundly shapes the for expensive rootstocks and enables the direct cloning of desirable grape
genetic characteristics of grapevines, impacting their adaptability, varieties. Additionally, the time efficiency of cutting propagation is
efficiency, and longevity. Understanding these factors is crucial for noteworthy, allowing for faster establishment compared to seed
vineyard managers seeking to optimise vineyard success and overall grape propagation. The success rate is generally high, as cuttings leverage the
production (Verdegaal, 2009). plant's natural ability to develop roots and shoots, ensuring genetic
consistency with the parent plant. However, the impact on grape quality
can be variable, with factors such as the health of the parent plant,
5. TYPES OF PROPAGATION METHOD
environmental conditions, and the grape variety influencing the final
5.1 Sexual Propagation (Seed) outcome. Despite these considerations, cutting propagation remains a
widely employed and efficient method in viticulture, providing a balance
It is well known that seed propagation in any crop presents both between cost-effectiveness, time efficiency, and genetic consistency in
advantages and disadvantages. On the positive side, it fosters genetic grape production (Singh and Chauhan, 2020).
diversity by combining traits from both parent plants, enhancing the
adaptability and resilience of populations. However, the method comes 6.2 Advantages And Disadvantages Of Grafting
with drawbacks, notably the lack of true-to-type plants. Seeds yield
Grapevine propagation through grafting is a method that offers both
offspring with variable characteristics, leading to plants that may
advantages and challenges. On the positive side, grafting allows for the
significantly deviate from the desirable traits of the parent cultivar.
reproduction of specific grape varieties with desirable traits, ensuring the
Additionally, there is an inherent delay in the time to fruit production with
preservation of unique qualities in the resulting vines. This method is
seed propagation, posing a challenge for managers seeking more
particularly valuable for the production of disease-resistant plants, as
immediate economic returns compared to faster alternatives like
grafting resistant rootstocks onto them can enhance overall vineyard
vegetative methods. The decision to use seeds for grapevine propagation
health. However, the cost associated with grafting materials and the
should consider both the advantages of increased genetic diversity and the
skilled labour required can be higher compared to simpler propagation
disadvantages related to plant variability and delayed fruit production.
methods. Time efficiency is a notable advantage, as grafted vines often
5.2 Asexual Propagation (Vegetative) reach maturity and fruit-bearing stages faster than those propagated from
seeds. The success rate of grafting is generally high, especially when
5.2.1 Cutting conducted by experienced individuals, ensuring genetic consistency.
Nevertheless, improper grafting techniques may lead to failure, impacting
Propagation methods for grapevines encompass softwood cuttings the overall success rate. The impact on grape quality is positive, with
(Warmund et al., 1986). The underlying concept of grapevine propagation grafting contributing to disease resistance, improved vigour, and
through cuttings exploits the plant's capacity to generate roots and shoots enhanced fruit characteristics. In conclusion, grafting is a widely utilised
from cut stem segments, enabling the replication of desirable grape method offering benefits in terms of preserving traits and ensuring
varieties with consistent traits. Inducing rooting involves the application disease resistance, but considerations of cost and skilled labour should be
of synthetic auxins, such as indole butyric acid (IBA), to the bases of balanced against the advantages of enhanced grape quality and quicker
cuttings from V. berlandieri hybrid rootstocks, which pose challenges in fruit production (Alley, 1957).
rooting (Nicholas et al., 1992). While IBA application has minimal impact
on more easily rooted rootstock varieties V. vinifera cuttings root so 6.3 Advantages And Disadvantages Of In Vitro Propagation
effortlessly that rooting hormones are seldom necessary (Nicholas et al.,
1992). The choice of rooting media stands out as a crucial factor In vitro propagation of grapevines is a method with distinct advantages
influencing the production of rooted cuttings. It significantly impacts the and challenges. On the positive side, this technique allows for the mass
rooting and growth of grape cuttings (Abebe, 2017). According to optimal production of genetically identical plants, ensuring consistency in desired
rooting often occurs in cuttings derived from the basal portion of the traits and characteristics. It is particularly useful for the rapid
shoots (Hartmann and Kester, 1983). This observation is attributed to the multiplication of disease-free grapevines and the preservation of elite
potential higher accumulation of carbohydrates and concentration of genotypes. However, the cost associated with establishing and
endogenous root-promoting substances originating from buds and leaves. maintaining sterile laboratory conditions can be relatively high, and
specialised equipment and skilled personnel are essential. Time efficiency
5.2.2 Grafting is notable, as in vitro propagation accelerates the production cycle,
enabling faster establishment of vineyards compared to traditional
This methods for grapevine propagation involves grafting rooted methods. The success rate is generally high, with precise control over
rootstock cuttings directly in the field (Alley, 1957). However, the environmental factors leading to robust plant development. Despite these
predominant technique adopted in commercial nurseries centres on advantages, concerns regarding the acclimatisation of in vitro plants to

Cite The Article: Suraj Singh Thagunna (2023). A Review on Propagation Methods
of Grape(Vitis Vinifera L). Reviews In Food And Agriculture, 4(1): 28-31.
 Reviews In Food And Agriculture (RFNA) 4(1) (2023) 28-31

field conditions may arise, impacting their success upon transplantation. most effective rooting medium for grape cuttings among various media
The impact on grape quality is positive, as in vitro propagation can mixtures (Jaleta and Sulaiman, 2019). Additionally, there is an increased
contribute to disease resistance and uniformity in fruit characteristics. In supply of specific chemical and biological inputs for cuttings. Despite these
conclusion, while in vitro propagation offers benefits in terms of rapid technological strides, challenges have arisen, including the heightened
production and genetic consistency, careful consideration of associated complexity of existing certification programmes and increased production
costs and challenges, including acclimatization issues, is crucial for costs. This has led nurseries to make selective choices. Foreseen outcomes
successful implementation in commercial viticulture (Barlass et al., 1982). in the medium term involve an improvement in vineyard quality, marked
by enhanced phytosanitary status, longevity, and production. However,
7. FACTORS INFLUENCING CHOICES short-term projections indicate limitations in meeting nursery demand,
trade restrictions, and a consequent surge in cutting costs (Grohs et al.,
When vineyard managers decide on a grapevine propagation method, 2017).
several critical factors come into play to optimise vineyard success.
Climate is a primary consideration, as different propagation methods may 9.1 Technological Advancements
be better suited to specific climatic conditions. For instance, in regions
with challenging climates or shorter growing seasons, methods that Recent technological tools in grapevine propagation have revolutionised
ensure quicker vineyard establishment, such as grafting, may be preferred. the viticulture industry. Automation has introduced specific machinery
Soil type is another crucial factor, with certain grape varieties and tailored for grafting, stratification, and collecting plant material. Advanced
rootstocks thriving in particular soil conditions. Vineyard managers must equipment for physical phytosanitary treatments ensures improved
match the chosen propagation method with the soil characteristics to disease control. Moreover, the availability of specific chemical and
promote optimal root development and overall vine health. Desired grape biological inputs for cuttings enhances precision and success rates. While
characteristics, including flavour profile, disease resistance, and yield, these innovations streamline processes and contribute to the overall
significantly influence the choice of propagation method. For instance, efficiency of grapevine propagation, it's important to note that the
grafting onto specific rootstocks is employed to enhance disease increasing complexity of current certification programmes and
resistance and control grape quality. Additionally, considerations of cost production costs poses challenges, impacting nursery selection. Despite
and labour, as well as the historical success of a particular method in a short-term limitations, these technological advancements are expected to
given region, further guide vineyard managers in making informed lead to higher-quality vineyards with improved phytosanitary status,
decisions. Ultimately, the complex interplay of climate, soil, and desired longevity, and production in the medium term (Grohs et al., 2017).
grape traits informs the choice of propagation method, ensuring the
establishment of healthy and productive vineyards tailored to the unique 10. REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE
conditions of each location (Waite et al., 2015).
During my 1-year agriculture internship program in Israel, I got the
8. SUCCESS FACTORS AND CHALLENGES opportunity to work and learn from an Agro-Shtil grape and vegetable
nursery in Carmiya, Israel. In this nursery, grapevine propagation
8.1 Environmental Factors exemplifies the successful integration of advanced techniques to elevate
grape cultivation. The nursery's commitment to excellence is evident in
The success of grapevine propagation methods is intricately linked to the meticulous production of plastic trays accommodating 100 pits, which
environmental factors, with climate and soil conditions playing pivotal serve as the initial rooting grounds for grape rootstock cuttings. The
roles. In regions characterised by challenging climates, where frost, foundation for robust grape plants is laid through a carefully curated
extreme temperatures, or shorter growing seasons prevail, vineyard mixture of coconut coir, pit, and moss. The nursery's dedication to quality
managers often opt for propagation methods that ensure quicker is emphasized by the selection of genetically improved rootstock, ensuring
establishment, such as grafting. Grafting onto disease-resistant rootstocks, superior traits such as root quality, disease resistance, and nutrient
selected based on soil conditions, is a common strategy to enhance absorption, and superior traits for scion, such as fruit quality, yield,
vineyard health and mitigate the impact of soil-borne pathogens. environment adeptness, and wine quality. The use of controlled
Additionally, soil type profoundly influences the success of propagation environments, drip irrigation, and protective measures, including nylon
methods, as certain grape varieties and rootstocks exhibit preferences for nets and AI-controlled features inside big greenhouses, further enhances
specific soil characteristics. Well-drained soils with optimal nutrient the success of the propagation process.
content are essential for root development and overall vine vigour. The
choice between propagation methods, whether by cuttings, seeds, or The multiplication of mother plants is a nuanced process, showcasing the
grafting, is guided by a meticulous consideration of these environ ental nursery's expertise. The careful selection and preparation of rootstock
factors, highlighting the necessity for vineyard managers to tailor their branches ensure the development of a robust foundation for grapevines.
approach to the unique climate and soil conditions of each viticulture The application of auxin powder and controlled incubation periods
region (Reisch et al., 2011). contribute to optimal root growth. Transitioning trays to the external
environment and gradually exposing them to sunlight exemplifies the
8.2 Disease Resistance nursery's thoughtful acclimatisation strategy.

Each grapevine propagation method contributes uniquely to disease The grafting procedure, a delicate art, demonstrates precision in joining
resistance, with implications for the prevalence of common grape rootstock and scion. By carefully cutting between nodes of rootstock and
diseases. Grafting, a widely used method, involves attaching the scion of a ensuring a clean incision, the nursery achieves successful grafting
desirable grape variety to a rootstock selected for specific characteristics, outcomes. The utilisation of temperature-controlled grafting rooms and
including disease resistance. This approach enhances the grapevine's gradual exposure to external conditions further attest to the nursery's
ability to combat soil-borne pathogens such as Phylloxera and nematodes, commitment to fostering optimal growth. Removal of rootstock buds and
ensuring a more resilient vineyard. Moreover, grafting is instrumental in continued nurturing until the joints are strong showcase the nursery's
managing diseases like Pierce's disease, where resistant rootstocks dedication to producing high-quality, ready-for-sale grafted plants.
mitigate the impact of the bacterial pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. On the Overall, the Agro-Shtil Nursery's success in grapevine propagation serves
other hand, propagation from seeds and cuttings may result in vines being as a real-world example of the transform ative potential of advanced
more susceptible to diseases, as these methods do not guarantee the techniques in grape cultivation.
transmission of disease-resistant traits from the parent plant. Seed-
propagated grapevines, for instance, may exhibit greater variability in 11. CONCLUCION
disease susceptibility due to the genetic diversity inherent in sexual
reproduction. Understanding how each propagation method influences 11.1 Summary
disease resistance is crucial for vineyard managers in implementing
effective strategies for disease prevention and overall vineyard health The viticulture industry, centred around the grape (Vitis vinifera L.), spans
(Waite et al., 2015). diverse species and climates globally. The major uses of grapes include
winemaking, fresh and dried fruit production, and various by-products.
9. RECENT ADVANCES AND INNOVATION Grapevine propagation methods, such as cuttings, rooting, budding, layers,
and grafts, play a crucial role in ensuring healthy vineyards. Genetic
In this recent phase, progress in scientific discoveries has coincided with improvement is essential for sustainable crop productivity, with genetic
automation innovations in grapevine propagation. Specialised machinery engineering offering a promising avenue for enhancing resistance to
for grafting, stratification, and plant material collection, along with pathogens. Disease-free planting material produced through in vitro
equipment for phytosanitary treatments, has been introduced. A study by culture techniques contributes significantly to grapevine yield and quality.
found that a peat and sawdust mixture, in equal parts, proved to be the Successful grapevine propagation involves careful consideration of

Cite The Article: Suraj Singh Thagunna (2023). A Review on Propagation Methods
of Grape(Vitis Vinifera L). Reviews In Food And Agriculture, 4(1): 28-31.
 Reviews In Food And Agriculture (RFNA) 4(1) (2023) 28-31

environmental factors, disease resistance, and the economic viability of Borsellino, V., Galati, A., Schimmenti, A., 2012. Survey on the innovation in
different methods. Recent advances in automation, machinery, and the Sicilian grapevine nurseries. Journal of Wine Research, 23, Pp. 1–
phytosanitary treatments, coupled with increased complexity in 13.
certification programmes, impact nursery selection and are expected to
enhance the quality of vineyards in the medium term. Technological tools Grohs, D. S., Almança, M. A. K., Fajardo, T. V. M., Halleen, F., Miele, A., 2017.
and advancements continue to shape the industry, emphasising precision Advances in the Propagation of Grapevine in the World. Revista
and efficiency. In a real-world example, the Agro-Shtil Nursery in Carmiya, Brasileira de Fruticultura, 39(4), DOI: 10.1590/0100-29452017760.
Israel, showcases a successful integration of advanced techniques, Published under a CC-BY-4.0 license. Pp. 127-116. Received
including controlled environments, precise grafting procedures, and September 21, 2016. Accepted April 27, 2017.
acclimatisation strategies, emphasising the transformative potential of
modern methods in grape cultivation. Overall, the dynamic interplay of Harutyunyan, M., Malfeito-Ferreira, M., 2022. Historical and Heritage
historical, technological, and scientific factors shapes the evolution of Sustainability for the Revival of Ancient Wine-Making Techniques and
grapevine propagation, influencing the success and sustainability of Wine Styles. Beverages. Advance online
vineyards globally. Choosing the right propagation method in viticulture publication. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages8010010
is a critical decision, intricately linked to genetic diversity, disease
resistance, and grape quality. This choice profoundly shapes a vineyard's Hartmann, H. T., Kester, D. E., 1983. Plant propagation principles and
adaptability, efficiency, and longevity, underscoring the significance of practices, 4th edn. Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Pp.
understanding and selecting suitable propagation methods in the pursuit 727.
of sustainable and high-quality grape cultivation.
Jaleta, A., Sulaiman, M., 2019. A Review on the Effect of Rooting Media on
11.2 Recommendations the Rooting and Growth of Cutting Propagated Grape (Vitis vinifera L).
World Journal of Agriculture and Soil Science, ISSN: 2641-6379. DOI:
Based on the extensive review of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) propagation 10.33552/WJASS.2019.03.000567.
methods, encompassing cuttings, grafting, and in vitro propagation,
several key recommendations emerge to optimize vineyard success. Khurana, P. S. M., Naik, P. S., 2003. The Potato: An Overview. In potato
Firstly, vineyard managers should carefully consider environmental production and utilisation in sub-tropics. In: Paul Khurana, S. M.,
factors, disease resistance, and economic viability when selecting a Minas, J. S., and Pandy, S. K., Eds., Mehta Publication, New Delhi, Pp. 1–
propagation method. It is crucial to tailor methods to local climates and 14.
soil conditions to enhance their effectiveness. Additionally, the integration
of genetic engineering, ongoing research and development efforts, and the Lehoczky, J., Luntz, J. O., Lázár, G., Farkas, S., Szonyegi, Kölber, M., 1993.
adoption of technological advancements are vital for the evolution of Certification scheme for the production of virus-free grape
grapevine propagation. Quality control measures in nurseries, economic propagating material and its results in Hungary. Extended Abstracts,
considerations, and the continual skill development of labour contribute 11th Meeting of ICVG, Montreux 1993, Pp. 169–170.
significantly to the overall success of the propagation process. Notably,
grafting stands out as a preferred choice due to its numerous advantages, Nicholas, P. R., Chapman, A. P., Cirami, R. M., 1992. Grapevine propagation.
including disease resistance, salt-tolerant rootstock selection, overall In: Coombe, B. G., and Dry, P. R. (Eds.), Viticulture, Vol. 2, practices.
success, time efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Drawing from real-world Adelaide, Winetitles, Pp. 1–22.
examples, such as the success at the Agro-Shtil Nursery, the grafting
method proves to be a reliable and efficient choice. In conclusion, fostering Reisch, B. I., Owens, C. L., Cousins, P. S., 2011. Grape. In Fruit Breeding, Pp.
collaboration and knowledge sharing within the viticulture community is 225–262. Handbook of Plant Breeding, Volume 8.
essential for a holistic and informed approach to grapevine propagation,
ensuring the sustainability and success of vineyards globally. Singh, K. K., Chauhan, J. S., 2020. A Review on Vegetative Propagation of
Grape (Vitis vinifera L) Through Cutting. Global Journal of Bio-Science
REFRENCES and Biotechnology, 9(2), 50–55. ISSN Pp. 2278–9103.

Abebe, H., 2017. Effect of cane length and rooting media on rooting and Smart, R., Mugnai, L., Lane, C., 2012. International viticultural consultant’s
shoot growth of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) stem cuttings at Raya Valley, view of grapevine trunk diseases and their impact on clients.
northern Ethiopia. (Master's thesis). Hawassa University College of Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 51, Pp. 433–434.
Agriculture.
Verdegaal, P. S., 2009. Vineyard propagation. Farm Advisor. San Joaquin
Alley, L., and Golino, D. A., 2000. The origins of the grape programme at the Country, Pp. 1.
foundation plant materials service. Proceedings of the ASEV 50th
Anniversary Meeting, Seattle, WA, Pp. 19–23 June, 222–230. Waite, H., May, P., Bossinger, G., 2013a. There are variations in
phytosanitary and other management practices in Australian
Alley, C. J., 1957. Mechanised grape grafting. Richmond, CA, California grapevine nurseries. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 52, Pp. 369–379.
Agriculture, 3 and 12 June.
Waite, H., Whitelaw-Weckert, M., Torley, P., 2015. Grapevine propagation:
Aylward, D., 2005. Global landscapes: a speculative assessment of principles and methods for the production of high-quality grapevine
emerging organisational structures within the international wine planting material. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural
industry. Prometheus, 23, Pp. 421–436. Science, 43 (2), Pp. 144–161. http://dx. doi.org/ 10.1080 /
01140671 .2014. 978340. © 2014, The Royal Society of New Zealand.
Barlass, M., Skene, K. G. M., Woodham, R. C., Krake, L. R., 1982.
Regeneration of virus-free grapevines using in vitro apical culture. Zohary, D., Hopf, M., 1993. Domestication of Plants in the Old World.
Annals of Applied Biology, 101, Pp. 291–295. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Cite The Article: Suraj Singh Thagunna (2023). A Review on Propagation Methods
of Grape(Vitis Vinifera L). Reviews In Food And Agriculture, 4(1): 28-31.