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All around the world, people buy many things every day. Shopping has become more than

a necessity only, for some people, shopping is a habit and an addiction. Have you ever
asked yourself why you had bought that T-shirt (or any other consumer good) if you didn't
need it?

In this chapter, we are going to talk about shopping habits and study the Past Perfect tense

to talk about past actions.

shutterstock.com

1.
Do you often go shopping?

2.
What are the things that you most enjoy buying?

3.
While shopping is a pleasurable activity for many people, we have to be careful not to
overdo it. What do you think most people buy without any need?

1
4.
Who do you go shopping with?

It's time to read: teenage shopping

As you have previously discussed shopping, answer the questions below with a friend.
Then, read the text.

What do teenagers shop the most?

Where do you normally go shopping?

Don't underestimate the buying power of the 13-17 years old crowd

Two teenagers carrying some shopping bags.

shutterstock.com

The holiday shopping season officially kicks off on Black Friday, which is the day after Thanksgiving.
Every retailer knows the value of attracting the 18-35 demographic. Many fail to realize the value of
attracting the 13-17 years old demographic as well. Online Testing Exchange (OTX) recently
surveyed 750 teens in the 13-17 years old demographic to find out what shaped their buying habits
during the holiday season.

The overwhelming majority of 13-17 years old don't do the majority of their shopping online.
Instead, they do it at stores and malls. The survey revealed 95 percent of the survey participants
choose the malls and stores over catalogs and online shopping. Yet, teens in this age group do
research their purchases online. Sixty-five percent of those surveyed said they used the internet to
find out about new products. Other resources they use are friends and commercials on television,
with 62 percent using friends and 54 percent using commercials. Magazines are used by almost half
of the teen shoppers as well, with 48 percent of the survey participants saying they use magazines as
an information source for their research.

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 The most common shop visited by teens in this age group is the electronics store, according to this
press release, with 46 percent of the survey participants visiting one for holiday shopping. This was
closely followed by bath and body stores, with 45 percent of those surveyed shopping there, and
music stores, with 41 percent of the survey participants shopping at a music store for holiday gifts.

Shopping tends to be a social experience for teens in the 13-17 years old age group. Eighty-four
percent of those surveyed said they would do their holiday shopping with someone else. The
majority of those, 74 percent, would rather shop with their friends compared with the 26 percent
that would rather shop with their parents. Meanwhile, 16 percent in the survey said they would
rather shop alone.

For those teens that would spend $100 of their own money on someone, the selections of whom
they would spend it on in the survey varied. The most popular response was a boyfriend/girlfriend,
with 28 percent of the votes. Twenty percent of those surveyed said they would spend the $100
plus on their parents. This was followed up by 18 percent who would spend it on their grandparents,
17 percent who would spend it on their boss, and 15 percent who would spend it on their nieces or
nephews.

So, what do teens in this 13-17 age group want themselves for the holidays? The most popular
answer in the survey was money, with 39 percent of the participants providing that answer. This was
followed by computers, with 30 percent providing that answer. Clothes and cars were very close as
the third and fourth most popular responses, getting 15 percent and 14 percent of the votes
respectively.

Holiday shopping habits of teenagers could be helpful for retailers.[S.l.], 10 dez. 2007. Disponível em:
<http://wetpig.com>. Acesso em: 9 dez. 2016 (adaptado).

 Glossário
Overwhelming: used to describe something that is so confusing, difficult, etc.

Purchase: to obtain something especially for a price in money or its equivalent.

Response: an answer or reaction.

Retailer: a business or person that sells goods to the consumer.

To survey: to ask (many people) a question or a series of questions in order to gather

information about what most people do or think about something.

To find out: to discover something.

Would rather: used to indicate one's preference in a particular matter.

3
Agora é com você

Questão 01

Relate the columns.

(A) 13-17 years demographic

(B) Black Friday

(C) Retailers

(D) Online Testing Exchange

( ) is the day after the commemoration of Thanksgiving and marks the beginning of
the promotion season.

( ) know the value of attracting consumers between the ages of 18-35, but they

underestimate the purchasing power of the younger audience, aged 13-17.

( ) do not do most of their shopping online, but visiting stores.

( ) recently surveyed 750 teenagers to find out more about their habits and preferences

as consumers.

Questão 02

Write T for true and F for false according to the text.

Justify the false ones.

2.a)

Most teens prefer to shop alone.

2.b)

The electronics stores are the most visited by young people.

2.c)

Teenagers use magazines as a research source to help with their purchases.

2.d)

4
 Most teens prefer to get clothes as a Christmas present.

Questão 03

Choose the right alternative based on the text "Don't underestimate the buying power of
the 13-17 years old crowd".

A The information discovered by the OTX survey was published in newspapers and
specialized magazines.

B The overwhelming majority of teens between the ages of 13 and 17 prefer to

shop online.

C 26% of adolescents interviewed would prefer to shop alone.

D Shopping tends to be a social experience for young people between the ages of

13 and 17.

E 28% of respondents would spend $100 on gifts for their parents.

It's time to read: compulsive shoppers

Now, let's read a bit more about this world of consumerism, how some people buy
compulsively and reflect on some consequences of being a shopaholic.

A line of supermarket carts.

shutterstock.com

Inside the mind of a shopaholic

Black Friday is just a week away, an annual tradition in which holiday shoppers make bigger
spectacles of themselves than the most lavishly decorated neighborhood Christmas displays.

[...]

For some, however, shopping is less of a pastime and more of an addiction. These people have
compulsive shopping disorder, a condition rife with splurges, debt and regret.

5
Approximately 6 percent of the U.S. population has this condition. And while it's true that many lack
money and credit management skills, what these shoppers are often looking for is a "buy high”", a
buzz or emotional rush to put themselves in a better mood, found San Francisco State University
researchers in 2013.

[...]

When under stress, materialistic individuals, such as from a traumatic event, materialist individuals
are more likely to shop compulsively, according to a 2013 study by Michigan State University
researchers.

[...]

In fact, it's exactly at low moments that people are most likely to shop for high-status items, and
they're more likely to make those purchases on credit, according to a study published in 2011 in
Social Psychological and Personality Science.

This of course can create a vicious cycle, in which a materialistic individual with low self-esteem buys
a luxury item he or she cannot afford in an effort to improve sense of self. The financial burden can
cause stress and strain relationships over the issue of money, further affecting the mood of the
individual and leading to more spending to try to regain a sense of self-worth.

So what separates someone with compulsive shopping disorder with a more run-of-the-mill
spendthrift? To answer that question, earlier this year [2015], researchers at the University of
Bergen, in Norway, developed the aptly named Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale.

[...]

The scale uses seven criteria to identify shopping addiction, which include constant thoughts about
shopping, buying to improve mood, buying to the detriment of other obligations, inability to change
behavior and more.

In addition to the seven criteria, researchers found two key personality traits that increase the risk of
compulsive shopping behavior: extroversion and neuroticism. Extroverts tend to view shopping as a
social affairs and see purchases through the lens of social status. Neurotics shop to relieve anxiety or
depression.

There are treatment options for those with compulsive shopping disorder, which may include
medication, typically antidepressants, or cognitive-behavioral therapy. Other recommendations
include shopping with a friend, getting rid of credit cards and finding other meaningful outlets
besides shopping, even if not especially when it's Black Friday.

GLANCEY, Jonathan. The death of the US shopping mall.BBC Culture, 21 out. 2015. Disponível em:
<http://www.bbc.com>. Acesso em: 9 dez. 2016 (adaptado).

 Glossário

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Aptly: in a manner that is appropriate or suitable in the circumstances.

Burden: something difficult or unpleasant that you have to deal with or worry about.

Lavishly: in a generous, extravagant manner.

Rife: prevalent especially to an increasing degree.

Run-of-the-mill: average, ordinary.

Spendthrift: someone who spends a lot of money in a way that wastes it.

Strain: a force or influence that stretches, pulls or puts pressure on something, sometimes
causing damage.

Agora é com você

Questão 01

1.a)

According to the text Inside the mind of a shopaholic, it's correct to say that:

A during Christmas time, holiday shoppers make bigger spectacles of themselves.

B it's impossible to distinguish compulsive shoppers and ordinary shoppers.

C at low moments, people are most likely to shop for high-status items.

D researchers are investigating possible treatment options.

E people in a better mood are more likely to shop compulsively.

1.b)

In the sentence "Approximately 6 percent of the U.S. population has this condition", the

highlighted words refer to people who:

A feel depressed when they buy a lot.

B control the lack of money and credit management.

C have a shopping disorder.

D shop as a pastime activity.

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 E have experienced a traumatic event.

1.c)

Which institution is researching the differences between someone with compulsive

shopping disorder and a more run-of-the-mill spendthrift?

A San Francisco State University.

B The University of Bergen in Norway.

C Michigan State University.

D The Social Psychological and Personality Science Center.

E Newsdiscovery.com.

1.d)

Based on the Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale, choose the option that contains criteria

used to identify shopping addiction.

A Worries about you owe.

B Giving money, goods or time to the unfortunate.

C Putting obligations aside and embracing shopping.

D Improving your overall opinion of yourself.

E Capacity to change behavior.

1.e)

In addition to the seven criteria, researchers found two key personality traits that

increase the risk of developing compulsive shopping behavior. What are they?

A Extroversion and neuroticism.

B Sense of self and extroversion.

C Authoritarian and competitive.

D Sensitive and self-critical.

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 E Materialistic and emotional.

Roda de conversa:
shopping addiction
 PRÁTICA ATIVA

The main character of the film Confessions of a shopaholic, Rebecca

Bloomwood, is addicted to shopping and accepts a job as a finance columnist to

be able to pay a huge debt. Amid the struggle, she finds herself falling in love
with a wealthy entrepreneur.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XdXAZUE9KyU

As you saw in the video, the main character, Rebecca, is a shopaholic, which
means she shops compulsively.

Answer the following questions in pairs.

• How has Rebecca become a shopaholic?

• What are the consequences of buying without control?

• Do you know anyone who likes to shop a lot?

Black Friday
Do you know what Black Friday is? Probably you have already heard something about this

date, but how about its origins? How has it started?

Watch the video below and find out more information about this very famous date,

9
specially in the USA.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5jvjHqp2bs

10
Agora é com você

Questão 01

Match the definitions with some of the words that appear in the video you watched
above. The words are:

profit - debt - trend - department store

1.a)

a current style or preference.

1.b)

an amount of money that you owe someone.

1.c)

a store having separate sections for a wide variety of goods.

1.d)

money that you get from selling something for more than it cost you to buy or produce.

Questão 02

According to your opinion,

2.a)

do people really buy what they need on this date? (Black Friday)

2.b)

do people create needs to purchase things?

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Leia e analise

Questão 01

Read the excerpt of the song Ka-Ching! that mentions how people often like to go to the

mall and spend money.

After that, answer the following question.

[...] We've created us a credit card mess.

We spend the money that we don't possess.
Our religion is to go and blow it all.
So it's shopping every Sunday at the mall.
All we ever want is more.
A lot more than we had before.
So take me to the nearest store [...]

Twain, Shania. "Ka-Ching!" By Robert John Lange / Shania Twain.Album: Up!

Choose the right alternative according to the excerpt of the song Ka-Ching! you've just

read.

A Consumers go to the mall every week.

B Consumers have enough money to buy things.

C Consumers buy only the necessary.

D Consumers use their credit cards wisely.

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 Ouça: Ka-Ching!

Listen to the song Ka-Ching! which is about shopping and consumerism.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iEe3hBXZEyI

Pratique: text and vocabulary about shopping

Questão 01

According to the video you watched about the Black Friday, answer the questions below.

1.a)

What was, probably, the first store that initiated the Black Friday tradition?

1.b)

When does Black Friday happen?

1.c)

How much money do shoppers spend on this date, approximately?

Questão 02

Read the text and do the following activities.

The death of the US shopping mall

Shopping malls are not meant to be sinister. And, yet, in 1977, George A. Romero chose to film
sequences of Dawn of the Dead, his cult horror zombie movie, in a deserted mall. Shorn of life and
light, the great echoing chambers of the enclosed shopping center took on a very eerie tone indeed.

13
 Curiously, Romero's set design has much in common with photographs of the ever-increasing
number of abandoned malls strewn across the United States from California to New England. There
are well over a hundred of these lifeless concrete and steel behemoths sprawled beside freeways on
the fringes of far-flung American suburbs.

Economic decline in certain areas – notably the mid-West –, combined with an accelerating trend
towards online shopping and new forms of urban shopping centers have pushed the once seemingly
invincible and all-American shopping mall into decline. Many are thriving, and being renovated and
extended, yet "ghost malls" are fast becoming the "ghost towns" of the early Century, and
photographers have begun to see them as fascinating if decidedly disturbing ruins.

Inside, their acres of kitsch design seem even sorrier than a seaside funfair out-of-season. All that
marble, those wall tiles, the broad, Hollywood-like stairs − leading nowhere today − and sorry details
like a sign on a wall of the Crestwood Court mall, St. Louis, reading "Rest Easy", is both a little trashy
and rather poignant.

[...]

As a building type, and social and economic phenomenon, the shopping mall has a way to go, and yet
it has already spawned its own wrecks and ruins. These tell us more than enough about the ways we
have chosen to spend and live over the past half-century. Looking at photographs of abandoned
malls, those ways can certainly be unsettling, and even just a little horrifying.

GLANCEY, Jonathan. The death of the US shopping mall. BBC Culture, 21 out. 2015. Disponível em:
<http://www.bbc.com>. Acesso em: 9 dez. 2016 (adaptado).

2.a)

What is the central subject of the text?

A The shopping centers that went bankrupt in the American West.

B The billing of construction in the United States.

C A horror movie shot in the old shopping centers.

D The abandonment and decay of some American malls.

E The decline of American architecture in the European market.

2.b)

Although disquieting and sinister, the abandoned shopping centers have attracted the

interest of some professionals, among them are:

14
 A researchers.

B teachers.

C photographers.

D investors.

E writers.

2.c)

It can be inferred from reading the text that George A. Romero:

A is the lead actor in the movie Dawn of the Dead.

B is a filmmaker of the horror genre.

C is responsible for building the desert mall.

D is a photographer specialized in still life.

E is director of restoration of works of the Century.

Questão 03

Choose the odd one out. The words must be related to shopping only.

3.a)

• mall • trolley • phone

3.b)

• receipt • car • sale

3.c)

• customer • shopaholic • state

3.d)

• time • change • client

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3.e)

• park • purchase • trade

Questão 04

Do some research on the harms of over-buying and write down the aspects that you find

most interesting.

Language in usage

Past Perfect

It is used to indicate:

an action that occurred before another action in the past (both actions have been
completed in the past).

Example 1:

I had bought dinner when you arrived.

Example 2:

After she had gone shopping, her father called.

Example 3:

I had phoned her with my mobile last week.

How can I use the Past Perfect?

Structure

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In the same way as in the Present Perfect, the main verb of the Past Perfect does not

change in its negative or interrogative form, that is, it remains in the past participle.

Example 1:

She told me that she had chosen her clothes.

Example 2:

She told me that she hadn't bought some new electronic devices.

Example 3:

Had they told you that they hadn't gone shopping?

Importante: contraction

The contracted form of had is 'd.

Example:

She'd (She had) been to the shopping mall.

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 Agora é com você

Questão 01

Fill in the blanks with the Past Perfect.

1.a)

Stephanie ________________________ her tasks the night before the party. (to prepare)

1.b)

_______________ they _______________ their compositions before their teacher asked for it?
(to write)

1.c)

Teachers and students ________________________, but the coordinator decided to explain

the new project one more time. (not/agree)

1.d)

Peter ________________________ with Aussie accent. But after he lived in Australia for the
past 2 years he has done it. (never/to speak)

1.e)

The class ________________________ until he arrived. (not/to start)

Time expressions

Some time expressions that can be used with the Past Perfect are:

• after

• until

• by the time

Example 1:

After Lucy had gone to the mall, I called her to ask some information about clothes.

Example 2:

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I didn't buy anything new until I had seen this sale on Black Friday.

Example 3:

By the time John called me he had shopped many items.

Agora é com você

Questão 01

Complete the text below with the following expressions:

Until – After – By the time

That Black Friday was definitely weird. ________________ I got to the store, everything
had already been sold. ________________ I had spent 24h waiting on a queue, I simply had
nothing to take back home. Had I overslept _____________ the opening hour?

Pratique: Past Perfect

Questão 01

Complete the sentences using the negative form of the Past Perfect:

1.a)

The waiter brought a drink that I _____________________ . (not/order)

1.b)

She _____________________ (not/ride) a horse before that day.

1.c)

He _____________________ (not/be) to Australia before 2006.

1.d)

Samanta _____________________ (no/do) her homework before she went out to play.

1.e)

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The class _____________________ (not/begin) when I arrived at school.

Questão 02

Fill in the gaps with the Past Perfect.

2.a)

She ____________________ (live) in London before she went to Brazil.

2.b)

After I____________________ (eat) the cake, I began to feel sick.

2.c)

If they ____________________ (listen) to her, they would have got the best place in the show.

2.d)

Mary didn’t arrive there until after I ____________________ (leave).

Questão 03

Complete the sentences using the Past Perfect (interrogative form).

3.a)

__________ the instructions before they turned on the television? (they/to read)

3.b)

__________ what happened before he texted his friend? (the boy/to learn)

3.c)

__________ their dad before they drove away? (they/to ring)

3.d)

What __________ before she turned on the fan? (Lisa/to do)

3.e)

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__________ to Lisa before she prepared lunch? (Mary/to talk)

Questão 04

Put in the verbs in brackets into the gaps and form sentences in Past Perfect. Use
contracted forms only when there are personal pronouns.

4.a)

She ______ Sweden before she went to Norway. (to visit)

4.b)

Before Ken ran to Kerry's house, he ______ him. (to phone)

4.c)

Before the students started to write, the teacher ______ their mobile phones. (to collect)

4.d)

Laura bought glasses because her brother ______ them. (to break)

4.e)

By the time the show began, all friends ______. (to arrive)

Questão 05

Use the Past Simple or the Past Perfect to complete the sentences.

5.a)

When Susan ________ (to arrive) home we _______. ( already/to eat)

5.b)

The plane__________ (to leave) 5 minutes before we ________ (to get) to the airport.

5.c)

When I ________ ( to get) to the mall I discovered I ________ ( to forget) my wallet.

21
5.d)

I _______ ( to open) my bag to find that I ________ (to leave) my glasses at home.

5.e)

Mary ________ (to clean) the bathroom so Susan was very pleased when she _______ (to
see) that.

Language in usage

Past Perfect × Past Simple

What is the difference between Past Perfect and Past Simple?

The Past Perfect is used when we want to express an action that happened before another
in the past.

The Past Simple expresses an action that had a beginning and an end at a given time in the
past. It is also used to enumerate a series of actions that happened in the past.

Notice in the following table the use of when marking the action that occurred first and

that will be inflected in the Past Perfect.

Timeline

Observe the timeline below and notice how the action in the Past Perfect comes before the
action in the Simple Past.

22
Agora é com você

Questão 01

Read each sentence, choose between before or after and complete it with the correct
tense.

1.a)

After they had seen the new shopping mall, they went to Westminster Abbey.

The action went to happened (before/after) the action had seen. It means the tense

used in the first action is ...

1.b)

He asked me which stores I had seen in Miami.

The action had seen happened (before/after) the action asked. It means the tense used
in the first action is...

Questão 02

Complete the sentences below with a suitable answer.

2.a)

I had already arrived home when...

2.b)

I hadn't finished my homework when...

2.c)

I had spent all my money when...

2.d)

I hadn't checked my cellphone when...

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 Relembre: already, yet, still and just

Already is used with the Present Perfect and Past Perfect and means "before now".
We use it to emphasize that something happened before something else or earlier

than expected.

Example:

I've already spent my salary and it's two weeks before the Black Friday.

Yet is used with the Present Perfect and means "at any time up to now". We use it to

emphasize that we expect something to happen soon.

Example:

Have you been to the new mall yet?

Still is used with the Present Perfect and means that something hasn't happened. We

use it to emphasize that we expected the thing to happen earlier.

Example:

I've been waiting for an hour and my brother still hasn't decided what to buy.

Just is used with the Present Perfect and means "a short time before".

Example:

I've just seen Susan coming out of the mall.

Pratique: Past Perfect and Past Simple

Questão 01

Complete the sentences below with the Past Perfect or the Past Simple.

1.a)

We had already eaten when John _______ (come) home.

1.b)

24
Last year Juan ______ (pass) all his exams.

1.c)

When I ______ (get) to the airport I discovered I had forgotten my passport.

1.d)

I opened the fridge to find that someone ______ (eat) all my chocolate.

1.e)

When Julie got home from her holiday, the flat was a mess. John ______ (have) a party.

Questão 02

Complete the gaps with the verbs in the Past Perfect and the Past Simple.

2.a)

She ________________________ articles when she ________________________ for a newspaper. (to

write/to work)

2.b)

They _________________ their homework when their mother _________________ home. (to do/to
arrive)

2.c)

When she ________________________ me, I ________________________ my hair yet. (to see/not to

comb)

2.d)

When the airplane ________________________, she ________________________ me alone. (to take

off/to leave)

2.e)

_________ the subway already _____________ when you ____________ to the station? (To leave/to

get)

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Questão 03

Complete the sentences below using the negative form of the Past Perfect. Use the short
form.

3.a)

That guy was hit by a blue car. The driver _________ (see) him.

3.b)

I saw her because she _________ (leave) for work.

3.c)

The kid was afraid. She ________ (fly) on a plane before.

3.d)

Kate was happy to see you again. You ________ (meet) for a long time.

3.e)

The cat was really hungry. John _______ (feed) it before travelling.

Questão 04

Read the sentences below. Identify what happened before (Past Perfect) with 1 and what

happened after (Simple Past) with 2.

4.a)

Ms. Bloom bought the dress she had seen.

4.b)

Megan had seen Harry before she went to the shopping mall.

4.c)

We decided to buy a car since we hadn't had one.

Questão 05

26
Read the text below. Then, answer the questions.

The shopaholic

An impulse buyer who cannot resist spending money, can Jodie's spending sprees be tamed?

Jodie Huxley readily admits that she is a compulsive shopper.

In just one week Jodie said she had bought: two pairs of jeans, a pair of shoes, a couple of pairs of
boots, some Christmas decorations, a few rugs, several cushions, a handbag, a power tool, some
perfume, and a black velvet jacket.

Jodie has a serious and responsible job, working with victims of domestic violence, but it seems, in
her spare time, the reckless and irresponsible side of her personality runs wild.

She told the programme:

"If I do not walk into a shop I am fine, it is not a problem. But if I am in a shop, the longer I am in it,
the worse it gets. I cannot stop myself buying things."

Jodie is enormously worried about the consequences of continuing like this, and already her debts
are huge.

Disponível em: <news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/big_spender/3393939.stm>. Acesso em: 1 jan. 2020

(adaptado)

5.a)

What's Jodie's problem?

5.b)

Consider the sentence below:

"In just one week Jodie said she had bought: two pairs of jeans, a pair of shoes, a couple of
pairs of boots, some Christmas decorations, a few rugs, several cushions, a handbag, a

power tool, some perfume, and a black velvet jacket."

In order, the verb tenses presented in the sentence are:

A Present Simple and Past Perfect.

B Past Perfect and Present Simple.

C Past Simple and Past Perfect.

D Past Perfect and Past Simple.

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Resumo

• Texts and vocabulary related to theme shopping, including the origin of Black Friday
and the definition of shopaholic; shopping in the teenager's world.

• The Past Perfect, a verbal tense used as a "past of the past". Its structure is made by
the auxiliary verb had or hadn't (negative form) and the verbs of the third column
(participle). Some time expressions which may be used with this verbal tense, such as
when, after, until and by the time.

• The differences between the Simple Past and the Past Perfect. The Past Simple refers
to actions finished in the past in a specific time, while the Past Perfect refers to
something that happened before the first action mentioned.

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