LECTURE 17: ORISA RHANEI.
17.1 Stokes law can be employed to calculate settling velocities and the following plot developed. Note
how the stationary and growth estimates for the plankton are connected with lines to highlight the
variation due to growth condition.
measured 100 inorganics
plankton
(growth) 10
0.001
Several observations can be drawn from this plot:
Stokes law does a respectable job for the inorganic particles.
e In contrast, there is much more variability for the plankton. In particular the cell status interjects
almost an order-of-magnitude difference in the settling velocity.
e Plankton settle faster when they are not actively growing.
© The major systematic difference for the plankton seems to be that Stokes law overpredicts settling
for the smaller plankton.
17.2 Using the smaller deposition zone area,
9
% = 212x10 21-05 _ go o1814.™= 0929 mm
~ 10000x 10° (1-0.9)2.4x10° — yr yr
This result can be substituted into Eq. 17.21 to determine
v,=91 2s——_%5__ — 0.001814 = 0,0000869™ = 0.0869 ==
(1- 0.9)2.4 x 10° yt yt
17.3 (a) Steady-state mass balances for solids can be developed for the water and bottom sediments as
0=W,+W, -Qm-v,Agn+v,A,(1-~)p
0=v,A,m—v,A,(t- 9)p—v,4,1-#)p @
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These equations can be added to develop a balance around the entire system,
0=W,+W, -Qm-v,4,(1-9)p
which can be solved
for
_W+W,-Qm_ 01x10? +02. 10° -0.05x 10° = 0001
°A,d-9)p 10°(1-0.9)2.5 x 10° :
(6) A model of the sediment traps can be expressed as
Wyocum = VsArep"
which can be employed
to determine
Wocass 20 g/ yr m
Ags = —250x10% 42m’(5 g/m’)3, = 160——
yt
(c) Eq. i can be rearranged
to determine
5
v, =v, ——v,
m
= 160 > 0001 = 0.0022 m
"0-08 °— (1-09)25x108 yt
17.4 A steady-state mass balance for a diffusing/reacting substance in a sediment with negligible burial
can be written as
2
o= DS - ke
dz
which can be integrated with the boundary conditions
(0) = ¢
c(o)=0
to yield
c= Oe -VkiDs
Therefore, if the model holds, a semi-log plot of c/co versus depth should yield a straight line
with a slope of -vk/D. Such a plot, which is shown below, yields a slope estimate of -0.00979.
The reaction rate is
0.693
k = —— = 0.02476 yr™
28 y
and the diffusion coefficient can then be estimated as
p= 002476 em? yt cm?
= = 819 x 10°
0.00979? yr 86400 s-365d s
17.2
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0 50 100 150 200
0.1
17.8 According to Eq. 17.31, a semi-log plot of concentration versus depth should yield a straight line
with a slope of —k/v,. Such a plot, which is shown below, yields a slope estimate of —0.5555. The
reaction rate is
0 2 4 6
10
0.1
0.01
The layer at 3 cm then corresponds to
0.03 m
At =—__—_" _ = 46.6 yrs
0.000643 m/yr
It, therefore, corresponds to 1975 - 46.6 = 1928.
17.3
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17.6 A centered-difference finite-difference model of the diffusion reaction equation was coupled with a
model of the lake. Mass balances for the lake (segment 0) and the sediments (segments 1 through 7)
are
Vv do
oat = —Qey
Ocy — KVyey
DA
o*o +— (« - 0)
VY, a
de, =-kVe,+ x
DA, © —¢)+ a
DA -%)
de,_; DA. DA
ml a = WV Cnn + hn —Cn-1) +77 Gn — qa)
de, DA,
Ve a = -kV,¢, + 7 Cyt — on)
These equations can be integrated with the initial condition co = m/V> = 5 Ci/10x10° m’ = $00 nCi/L.
The results for the sediments are displayed below.
e (Ci L)
1s} 7™
As can be seen, the signal penetrates to about 1 m into the sediments. After about 10 yrs, the
concentration drops to about 125 nCi/L near the surface.
17.7 Using the same approach as in Example 17.5, a range of wind velocities be employed to
generate resuspension velocities as in the plot below. Two features of the graph bear mention. First,
nothing happens until a rather high wind speed (15 mps) imparts enough energy to the water so that
the critical shear stress is exceeded. Second, once the critical level is exceeded, the resuspension
velocity grows rapidly with increasing wind. This is the result of the strong dependence on wind
velocity (sixth power) of the underlying equations. The general conclusion is that resuspension is a
sporadic process that will be dictated by a few high-wind events.
17.4
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0.04
0.02
10 15 20
U(ms")
17.5
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