Department of Physics (PhD course work)

Group no. 2 Subject PhPY204 Exam 03 Hours

Code Duration
Exam Marks 100
Subject
Title Solid State Physics and X-Ray
Crystallography
Module-01
Crystal structure
Crystal systems, Crystal classes, Bravais lattice. Unit cell: Wigner- Seitz cell, equivalent
positions in a unit cell. Notations of planes and directions. Atomic packing: packing
fraction, Co-ordination number. Examples of simple crystal structures: NaCl, ZnS and
diamond. Symmetry operations, point groups and space groups.
Crystal binding
Types of binding. Van der Waals-London interaction, Repulsive interaction. Modelung
constant. Born's theory for lattice energy in ionic crystals and comparison with experimental
results. Ideas of metallic binding, Hydrogen bonded crystals.
Module-02
Lattice vibrations
Vibrations of monoatomic lattices. First Brillouin zone. Quantization of lattice vibrations -
Concept of Phonon, Phonon momentum. Specific heat of lattice (qualitative).
Energy bands in solids
Formation of energy bands. Free electron model: free electrons in one and three
dimensional potential wells, electrical conductivity, heat capacity, paramagnetism, Fermi-
Dirac distribution, density of states, concept of Fermi energy. Kronig-Penny model. Nearly
Free Electron Model (qualitative). Tight Binding model (qualitative).
Defects in solids
Point defects: Schottky and Frenkel defects and their equilibrium concentrations. Line
defects: Dislocations, multiplication of dislocations (Frank-Read mechanism). Plane
defects: grain boundary and stacking faults.

Module-03
Semiconductors
Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, concept of majority and minority carriers. Statistics
of electrons and holes, electrical conductivity. Hall effect. Experimental determinations of
resistivity of semiconductor by four probe method.
Superconductors

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 Department of Physics (PhD course work)

Superconductivity, Zero resistance, Meissner effect, Critical field, Classification into Type I
and Type II, Thermodynamics of superconducting transition, Electrodynamics of
superconductors.

Module-04
X-Ray Crystallography & Difffraction:
X-rays: Production, white radiation characteristics, radiation - absorption edge, filters -
absorption by crystals.
Direct and reciprocal lattice, Ewald's sphere and Bragg's law, Spacing formula,
Transformation equations, Interpretation of rotation photograph.
Scattering of X-rays by a distribution of electron, structure factor, calculation of electron
density function, Fourier synthesis, the crystal symmetry and x-ray diffraction pattern,
Friedel's law and its break down.
Electron and neutron diffraction, comparison with X-ray diffraction, significance of electron
and neutron diffraction, characterization of quasicrystalline sample using electron
diffraction.
The Laue method, The Powder method, rotation and Weissenberg methods, The Burger
precession method.
Module-05

Intensity Data Collection, Structure Solution and Refinement:

The single crystal diffractometer method, intensity data collection, corrections to intensity
data- Lorentz, polarization, spot shape and absorption effects, primary and secondary
extinction effects, absolute scaling and temperature factors.
Fourier techniques, Phase problem, Patterson function and its significance, Heavy atom
methods, Isomorphous replacement method, anomalous scattering method, direct methods.
Cyclic Fourier refinement, the difference Fourier refinement, correction for series
termination effects, temperature correction, Least squares refinement.
Derived results- bond lengths, bond angles, standard deviations in bond lengths and angles,
comparison and averaging of bond lengths and angles, least square planes,
absolute configuration and thermal motion.

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 Department of Physics (PhD course work)

Question paper pattern:

⮚ The question paper will have ten questions.

⮚ Each full question is for 20 marks.

⮚ There will be two full questions (with a maximum of two sub questions in one
full question) from each module.
⮚ Each full question with sub questions will cover the contents under a module.

⮚ Students will have to answer 5 full questions, selecting one full question from
each module.

Textbook/Reference Books:

1. Introduction to Solid State C. Kittel Wiley Eastern 8th Ed-

Physics 2004
2. Solid State Physics A. J. Dekkar Macmillan India 8th Ed-
Limited 2014
3. Semiconductor Physics, P. S. Kireev MIR 1975 Ed

4. Solid State Physics S. O. Pillai New Age 2018 Ed

Publisher
5. X-ray Crystallography Woolfson, M. Cambridge 1978 Ed
M University Press
6. Outline of David Blow Oxford 2004 Ed
crystallography for Biologists University
7. Introduction to Solids Azaroff. L.V McGraw-Hill 1960 Ed

8. Elements of X-ray Cullity. B. D prentice hall 2001 Ed

crystallography

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 Department of Physics (PhD course work)

Group no. 3 Subjec PhPY302 Exam 03 Hours

t Duration
Code
Exam Marks 100
Subject Atomic and Molecular Physics
Title

Module-01
One electron System
Quantum states of one electron atoms, atomic orbitals, hydrogen spectrum. Spectra of alkali
elements, spin-orbit interaction and fine structure in alkali spectra.
Two electron Systems
LS-coupling, equivalent and non-equivalent electrons, spectral terms, Pauli exclusion
principle, coupling schemes for two electrons, interaction energies for LS coupling, fine
structure splitting for sp electron configuration, Lande interval rule. jj-coupling- spectral
terms, interaction energies for jj-coupling, fine structure splitting for sp electron configuration.
Qualitative consideration of selection and intensity rules for LS and jj-coupling. Hyperfine
structure for one and two electrons and Lande interval rule.
Module-02
Weak magnetic field effects
Normal and anamolous Zeeman effect, magnetic moment of a bound electron and Lande g-
factor, magnetic interaction energy, selection rules, Zeeman pattern for principal series
doublet, intensity rules. Zeeman effect for two electrons- magnetic moment of the atom and g-
factors, expression for magnetic interaction energy, selection rules, Zeeman pattern transitions
for diffuse-series singlet, intensity rules.
Strong magnetic field and Electric field effects
Paschen-Back effect, expression for total energy shift, transitions for principal series doublet.
Qualitative treatment of Paschen-Back effect and complete Paschen- Back effect for two
electrons. Isotope structure. Stark effect-first and second order Stark effects in hydrogen.
Width of spectral lines (qualitative).

Module-03
Microwave, Infra-red spectra
Types of molecules- linear, symmetric top, asymmetric top and spherical top molecules.
Theory of rotational spectra for rigid and non-rigid rotator diatomic molecules, energy levels,
intensity of rotational lines. Microwave spectrometer and applications.

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 Department of Physics (PhD course work)

Vibrational energy of diatomic molecule as simple harmonic and anharmonic oscillators,

Morse potential energy curve, energy levels and vibrational spectra. Diatomic molecule as a
vibrating-rotator, vibration-rotation spectra-P,Q,R branches. IR- spectrometer and applications

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 Department of Physics (PhD course work)

Module-04
UV-Visible spectra
Electronic spectra of diatomic molecules, Born-Oppenheimer approximation, vibrational
coarse structure- band progressions and sequences, Frank-Condon principle-intensity of
vibrational- electronic spectra, dissociation energy and dissociation products. Rotational fine
structure of electronic-vibration transitions, determination of vibrational and rotational
constants. Molecular orbital. Classification of electronic states and multiplet structure,
selection rules for electronic transitions and simple electronic transitions. UV- Visible
absorption and fluorescence
spectrophotometers and applications.
Module-05
Spectroscopic Experimental Techniques
Sources and their types, Detectors, Single and double beam spectrophotometer, Fluorescence
and Phosphorescence, spectrofluorometer, IR spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy: Mechanism of Raman and Rayleigh’s scattering, Raman
Spectrometer, Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Time- correlated single
photon
counting (TCSPC).
Question paper pattern:
⮚ The question paper will have ten questions.

⮚ Each full question is for 20 marks.

⮚ There will be two full questions (with a maximum of two sub questions in one
full question) from each module.
⮚ Each full question with sub questions will cover the contents under a module.

⮚ Students will have to answer 5 full questions, selecting one full question from
each module.
Textbook/Reference Books
1 Spectra of Atoms and Molecules:, P F Bernath Oxford 1995
University Press
2 Fundamentals of Molecular C N Banwell Tata McGraw th
Spectroscopy: and Hill, 4 Ed-.
E M McCash 1999
3 Spectroscopy,Vols. 1, 2 and 3 B P Straughan Chapman and
1990
and S Walker Hall
4 Modern Spectroscopy, Hollas, Michael J Woley 4 th Ed-
2003

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 Department of Physics (PhD course work)

Group no. 4 Subject PhPY401 Exam 03 Hours

Code Duration
Exam Marks 100
Subject Nano Science and Nano Technology
Title

Module-01
Introduction
Origin of Nanotechnology, Nano materials, Types of nanomaterials, Surface area to volume
ration, Quantum confinement effect, band theory of nanomaterials. Physical and chemical
properties of nanomaterials.
Synthesis of nanomaterials
Bottom-up approach and Top-down approach with examples. Physical methods: Inert gas
condensation, Arc Discharge, RF-plasma, plasma arc technique, electric explosion of wires,
lasers ablation, laser pyrolysis, ball milling, molecular beam epitaxial, electro deposition.
Sol-gel technique, Combustion synthesis, ultrasonic precipitation process, chemical vapour
deposition.
Module-02
Structural characterization techniques
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS), X-Ray topography, Energy Dispersive X-Ray
Analysis(EDAX), Principles and applications of X- Ray Diffraction: Small angle X-Ray
Diffraction and Wide angle X-Ray Diffraction; Electron Diffraction, Electro probe
microanalysis (EPMA), Ion beam techniques: RBS.
Surface characterization Techniques:
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy, Basic principles
and applications of scanning probe techniques (SPM), Atomic force microscopy, and
scanning tunneling microscopy.
Module-03
Spectroscopic techniques
UV-Visible spectroscopy, Infrared (IR) & Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy,
Raman Spectroscopy techniques: Photo luminescence Spectroscopy.

Electrical characterization Techniques

Hall Measurement, capacitance, and voltage measurements, I-V analysis. Magnetic &
Dielectric Characterization: SQUID, Dielectric measurements, impedance and ferroelectric
measurements.

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 Department of Physics (PhD course work)

Module-04
Carbon nanostructures
Allotropes of Carbon, Graphene, Properties of Graphene, Applications of graphene,
Fullerenes, Fullerene synthesis and purification, Properties of fullerenes. Carbon nanotubes,
Structure, Types of Carbon nanotubes, Synthesis of Carbon nanotubes, Purification of Carbon
nanotubes, Properties of Carbon nanotubes, Applications of Carbon nanotubes.
Inorganic nanostructures
Overview of relevant semiconductor physics - Quantum confinement in semiconductor
nanostructures - The electronic density of states - Fabrication techniques - Physical processes
in semiconductor nanostructures - The characterisation of semiconductor nanostructures,
Applications of semiconductor nanostructures.
Module-05
Nanotechnology and Society
Introduction to Societal Implications of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Nanotechnology
Goals: Knowledge and scientific understanding of nature, Industrial manufacturing, materials
and products, Medicine and the human body, Sustainability: Agriculture, water, energy,
materials and clean environment, Space exploration, National security, Moving into
the market.
Question paper pattern:
⮚ The question paper will have ten questions.

⮚ Each full question is for 20 marks.

⮚ There will be two full questions (with a maximum of two sub questions in one
full question) from each module.
⮚ Each full question with sub questions will cover the contents under a module.

⮚ Students will have to answer 5 full questions, selecting one full question from
each module.
Textbook/Reference Books:

1 Nano: T. Tata 2008

The Pradeep McGraw-
Essential Hi
s: ll
Understa
nding
Nanosci
ence and
Nanotec
nology

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 Department of Physics (PhD course work)

2 Nanotec Sulabha Springer 2014

hnology: K. ,
Principle Kulkarn
s i.
and
Practices
.
3 Nanoscal Robert John 2005
e Science W. Wiley
and Kelsall, &
Technolo Ian Sons,
gy W. Ltd.,
Hamley UK
and
Mark
Geoghe
gan
4 Introducti Charles Wil 2003
on to P. Poole ey
Nanotech Jr and Intersci
nology Frank J. ence
Owens

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 Department of Physics (PhD course work)

Group no. 6 Subjec PhPY602 Exam 03 Hours

t Duration
Code
Exam Marks 100
Subject
Title Materials Science
Module-01 Engineering Materials
Materials science and engineering, Classification, Levels of structure, Structure-property
relationship in materials.
Structure of Solids
The crystalline and Non-crystalline states, Covalent solids, Metals and alloys, Ionic solids,
The structure of silica and silicates.
Crystal growth
Crystal growth from melt: Bridgemann technique, Crystal pulling by Czochralski's method,
Growth from solutions, Hydrothermal method, Gel method, Zone refining method of
purification.
Crystal imperfections
Point imperfections, Dislocation, Edge and Screw dislocation, Concept of Burger vector and
Burger circuit, Surface imperfections, Colour centres in ionic solids.
Module-02
Solid Phases and Phase diagrams
Single and multiphase solids, Solid solutions and Hume- Rothery rules, Intermediate phase,
The intermetallic and interstitial compounds, Properties of alloys: solid solutions and two
component alloy systems; Phase diagram, Gibbs phase rule, Lever rule; First, second and
third order phase transitions with examples;Some typical phase diagrams: Pb-Sn and Fe-
Fe2O3; Eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic and peritectoid systems.

Phase transformation
Time scale for phase changes; Nucleation and growth, nucleation kinetics; Growth and
overall transformation kinetics, Applications: transformation in steel; Precipitation
processes, solidification and crystallization; Glass transition, recovery, recrystallization and
grain growth.
Diffusion in Solids:
Theory of diffusion, Self-diffusion, Fick's law of diffusion, Kirkindal effect, Activation
energy for diffusion, Applications of diffusion.
Module-03
Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Nanomaterials:
Introduction, Energy Storage Basics, General Information: Electrical Energy Storage Devices
&

10 | Page
 Department of Physics (PhD course work)

Impact of Nanomaterials, Batteries, Capacitors - Gold Standards (State of the Art) for Both
Batteries and Capacitors - Electrochemical Properties of Nanoscale Materials- Aerogels and
Structure-Directed Mesoporous and Macroporous Solids - Nanoparticles - Nanotubes,
Nanowires, and Nanorolls. Nanoscale Mechanics - Introduction, Mechanical properties,
Density Considered as an Example Property, The Elasticity of Nanomaterials, Elasticity of
Bulk Nanomaterials, Plastic Deformation of Nanomaterials - The Physical Basis of Yield
Strength, Crystals and Crystal Plasticity, From Crystal Plasticity to Polycrystal Plasticity.
Module-04
Nanooptics
Absorption: direct and indirect bandgap transitions - Emission: photoluminescence and Raman
Scattering, Emission: Chemiluminescence and Electroluminescence, Shape dependent optical
properties, Optical absorption, Optical emission, Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) - Surface
enhanced Raman scattering (SERS).
Nanocatalysis
Introduction, nanomaterials in catalysis, metals, recent progress, nanostructured adsorbant,
metals, controlled pore size materials, pelletized nanocrystal, nanoparticles as new chemical
reagents, metals, metal oxide reactions, nanocomposite polymers, fluids, inks and dyes, block
co polymers and dendrimers, nanocrystal superlattices.
Module-05
Nanomagnetism
Introduction, fundamental concepts, magnetic materials, dia, para and ferromagnetism -
magnetic phenomena in ferromagnetic materials, magnetic anisotropy, magnetic domains,
hysteresis small particle magnetism, single domain particles, coercivity of single domain
particles, superparamagnetism, the coercivity of small particles - review of some issue in
nanoscale magnetism.
Question paper pattern:
⮚ The question paper will have ten questions.

⮚ Each full question is for 20 marks.

⮚ There will be two full questions (with a maximum of two sub questions in one
full question) from each module.
⮚ Each full question with sub questions will cover the contents under a module.

⮚ Students will have to answer 5 full questions, selecting one full question from
each module.
Textbook/Reference Books :
1 Element L. H.
th
s of Van Addison 6 , Ed-
Material Vlack Wesley 1989
s science
and
11 | Page
 Department of Physics (PhD course work)

Enginee
ring
2 Material V. Printice th
5 Ed-,
s Raghvan Hall of
2009
Science India
and
Enginee
ring
3 Material S. K. Indian 3rd Ed-
s Hazra Distr Co 2009
Science Chaudar
and y
Processe
s
4 Introduc L. V. Tata 2017
tion to Azaroff McGraw
Solids Hill
5 Nanosca Kenneth John 2nd Ed-
le J. Wiley & 2009.
material Klabund Sons
s in e
chemistr
y
6 Optical Jin World 3rd Ed-
properti Zhong Scientifi 2009
es and Zhang c
spectros
copy of
nanomat
erials
7 Nanoelect K. Goser, Springer 2008
ronics P.
and Glösekött
nanosyste er and
ms, J.
Dienstuhl
8 Nanomat K. T. Springer 2009
erials: Ramesh
Mechanic
s and
Mechanis
ms

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 Department of Physics (PhD course work)

Group no. 5 Subjec PhPY503 Exam 03 Hours

t Duration
Code
Exam Marks 100
Subject Experimental Techniques in Physics
Title

Module-01
Vacuum Technology
Introduction to vacuum, Characteristics of Vacuum, Production of vacuum using –
rotary pump, diffusion pump, Turbo molecular pump and cryopumps.
Measurement of Vacuum: Vacuum Gauge-Thermocouple gauge, Pirani Gauge,
Bayard-Alpert gauge, Penning gauge.
Applications of vacuum systems in thin film technology, low temperature physics
experiments, accelerators like Linac, Cyclotron.
Module-02
Cryogenic Techniques
General techniques of Liquefaction of gases – Internal and external work methods,
Adiabatic Expansion, Joule-Kelvin effect, Isenthalpic curve, Inversion curve,
Regenerative cooling. Adiabatic demagnetization.
Design of Cryostats: Bath type and flow type cryostats.
Measurement of Low Temperature: Resistance thermometers, Thermistors, Platinum
resistance thermometers, Alloy thermometers, Thermocouples, Diodes,
Semiconducting temperature sensors.
Module-03
Measurement of high and low electrical resistivity
DC and AC four probe technique, two probe techniques, errors in the measurement,
impedance considerations and accuracy.
Electrical Measurements at High Frequencies:
Resonance methods, Measurement of inductance, Capacitance, effective resistance,
measurement of R, L, C, and ω through T-network at high frequencies, Q meter and its
measurement.
Module-04
Electrochemical studies
Electrodes-efficiency and potential, Voltage delay/transient time, Open circuit potential
v/s time measurements, Equivalent circuit of an electrochemical cell, Limitation of
detection and quantification.
Electrochemical sensors: DC polarography, Stripping voltammetry, Square wave
voltammetry, Cyclic Voltammetry, AC impedance method/EIS, Galvanostatic
Charging and Discharging.
Module-05
Magnetic Sensors

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 Department of Physics (PhD course work)

Magnetic Field Sensors - Classification, Specification of the Performances of Magnetic

Sensors
Hall-Effect Sensors: Physical Principles of the Hall Effect, Performance of the Hall
Sensors, Integrated Circuit Hall Sensors, Hall-Effect-Based Semiconductor Magneto
resistors.
SQUID Sensors: Operating Principle of SQUID Sensors, Properties of SQUID
Sensors, SQUID Magnetometers.
Question paper pattern:
⮚ The question paper will have ten questions.

⮚ Each full question is for 20 marks.

⮚ There will be two full questions (with a maximum of two sub questions in
one full question) from each module.
⮚ Each full question with sub questions will cover the contents under a module.

⮚ Students will have to answer 5 full questions, selecting one full question
from each module.

References
1. R.A.Dunlop, “Experimental Physics: Modern methods”, Oxford University Press.
2. G.K. White, “Experimental Techniques at low temperature”, Monographs on the Physics
and Chemistry of Materials-59, OXFORD Univ. press.
3. Michael Sayer, Abhai Mansingh, “Measurement Instrumentation and Experiment
Design in Physics and Engineering”, PHI Learning Private Limited Delhi-110092.
4. S Dushman, “Scientific Foundations of Vacuum Technique”, 2nd Ed., John Wiley, New
York.
5. Umesh Sinha, Electrical, “Electronics measurements and instruments”, Satya Prakashan,
New Delhi, Reprint Edition.
6. Allen J Bard, Larry R and Faulkner, “Electrochemical methods- Fundamentals and
applications”, 3rd edition, Wiley.
7. Rudolf Holze, “Experimental electrochemistry- A laboratory textbook”, Wiley.
8. Noam Eliaz and Elizer gilieadi, “Physical Electrochemistry- Fundamentals, Techniques
and applications”, Wiley.

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 Department of Physics (PhD course work)

Group no. 5 Subjec PhPY504 Exam 03 Hours

t Duration
Code
Exam Marks 100
Subject
Title Radiation Physics
Module-01
Radiation Emission
Processes of Radioactive Transformation, β-emission, α-emission, γ-emission, Neutron
emission, Fission & Fusion, Proton emission, Radioactive decay Schemes. Natural
radioactivity, Cosmic Radiation, Natural Radioactive Series, Radioactive Ores and
byproducts, Uranium Ores, Thorium Ores, Radon and its Progeny, Radioactive dating.

Module-02
Interaction of nuclear radiations with matter
Interaction process of heavy charged particles, Beta particles, neutrons and X/Gamma
ray photons. Auger electrons, Photon attenuation coefficients, interaction cross sections,
Good Geometry, Buildup Factors, Effect of E and Z, Absorption Edges, Internal
conversion, Radiation dose and Units.
Module-03
Radiation detection and measurement
Gas-Filled Detectors-Ionisation chamber, proportional counters, GM Counters,
Scintillation Detectors-NaI(Tl) & LaBr. Semiconducting Detectors-Surface barrier,
HPGe, & Si(Li). Gamma ray spectrometer, Personnel Dosimeters-Film Badges, Thermo-
luminescence Dosimeters (TLDs), Pocket Dosimeters.
Module-04
Radiation shielding
Principles of radiation protection, shielding of Alpha, Beta, Neutrons, Protons and
Photons. Conventional shielding materials, Advantages & limitations, Flexible shielding
materials, Polymer composites, Advantages & limitations, Thermoplastic, Thermoset &
Elastomeric composites. Fabrication techniques, Functional fillers, Characterization of
composites, Radiation shielding performance, Radiation induced effects in shielding
materials.
Module-05
Effects and Applications of radiation

15 | Page
 Department of Physics (PhD course work)

Biological effects of ionizing radiation: Interaction of radiation with cells/tissues, Dose –

response characteristics, stochastic effects & deterministic effects, Quality factor &
Radiation weighting factor. Radiation safety guidelines-ICRP, AERB; Dose Limitations-
Occupational exposure, public exposure and medical exposure.
Applications of Radiation: Medical field-radiotherapy, diagnostic radiography,
computed tomography, radio immunoassay techniques & nuclear medicine; industry,
agriculture and space applications
Question paper pattern:
⮚ The question paper will have ten questions.

⮚ Each full question is for 20 marks.

⮚ There will be two full questions (with a maximum of two sub questions in
one full question) from each module.
⮚ Each full question with sub questions will cover the contents under a module.

⮚ Students will have to answer 5 full questions, selecting one full question
from each module.

References
1. James E. Martin, Physics for Radiation Protection: A Handbook, Second Edition, 2006,
WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., ISBN: 3-527-40611-5.
2. Robley D. Evans, The Atomic Nucleus, 1955, Tata McGraw-Hill Inc., New York.
3. Jacob Shapiro, Radiation protection: A guide for scientists, regulators, and physicians,
Fourth Edition, 2002, Harvard University press, Cambridge-Massachusetts, and London-
England, ISBN 0-674-00740-9.
4. Roger Clarke, Living with Radiation, 5th Edn, 1998, National Radiological Protection Board,
London, Newyork.
5. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) reports/publications.
6. Klaus Friedrich, Stoyko Fakirov & Zhong Zhang. Polymer composites: From nano-to-
macro-scale, 2005, Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. NewYork.

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 Department of Physics (PhD course work)

Group no. 5 Subjec PH6AS03 Exam 03 Hours

t Duration
Code
Exam Marks 100
Subject Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Measurement techniques
Title

Module-01
Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Phenomena of Fluorescence, Jablonski Diagram, Characteristics of Fluorescence
Emission, The Stokes Shift, Emission Spectra Are Typically Independent of the
Excitation Wavelength, Exceptions to the Mirror-Image Rule, Fluorescence Lifetimes
and Quantum Yields, Fluorescence Quenching, Timescale of Molecular Processes in
Solution, Fluorescence Anisotropy, Resonance Energy Transfer, Steady-State and Time-
Resolved Fluorescence.

Module-02
Fluorescence Quenching
Introduction, quenchers of fluorescence, Theory of collidal quenching, Derivation of
Stern- Volmer equation, Interpretation of bimolecular quenching constants, theory of
static quenching, Comparision between static and dynamic quenching. Combined
dynamic and static quenching with examples. Deviation from the Stern-Volmer
equantion
- Quenching sphere of action.Derivation of the quenching sphere of action, Origin of the
Smoluchowski equation.

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 Department of Physics (PhD course work)

Module-03
Mechanisms and Dynamics of Fluorescence Quenching
Introduction, comparision of quenching and resonance energy transfer, distance
dependence of resonance energy transfer and quenching, encounter complexes nd
quenching efficiency, mechanisms of quenching: Intersystem crossing or heavy atome
effect, electron exchange,photoinduced electron transfer. Transient effects in quenching,

Fluorescence Sensing
Optical Clinical Chemistry and spectral observable, spectral observable for fluorescence
sensing, Mechanism of sensing, sensing collisional quenching - oxygen sensing, chloride
sensors, energy transfer sensing - pH and pCO2 sensing by energy transfer, glucose
sensing by energy transfer, ion sensing by energy transfer, theory of energy transfer
sensing.

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 Department of Physics (PhD course work)

Module-04
Solvent and Environmental Effects on Fluorescence spectra
Stokes' shifts and solvent relaxation, general and specific solvent effects, other
mechnisms for spectral shifts. Lippert equation, Derivation of Lippert equation,
Applications of Lippert equation, Specific solvent effects. Temperature effects,
Additional factors that affects the emission spectra - locally excited and internal charge
transfer states, excites state intramolecular proton transfer, effects of viscosity, probe-
probe interaction and effect of solvent mixtures.

Module-05
Experimental Techniques
Overview of Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Measurements, Meaning of the
Lifetime or Decay Time, Phase and Modulation Lifetimes, Examples of Time-Domain
and Frequency-Domain Lifetimes, Time-Correlated Single-Photon Counting, Principles
and Example of TCSPC Data, Convolution Integral, Light Sources for TCSPC, Laser
Diodes and Light-Emitting Diodes, Femto second Titanium Sapphire Lasers, Pico-
second Dye Lasers,
Flash lamps.
Textbook/Reference Books:
1 Principles of Joseph R. Lakowicz Sringer 2006
Fluorescence International
Spectroscopy Edition
2 Introduction to David M. Jameson CRC Press 1 st
Fluorescence Ed-
2014
3 Fundamentals of Rohtagi - Wiley Eastern 1992
Photochemistry Mukherjee K K Ltd
4 Photophysics of Birks J B Wiley - 1970
Aromatic Molecules Interscience,
London
5 Principles of Instrumental Douglas A. Skoog, Harcourt College 2001
Analysis F. James Holler & Publishers
Timothy A. Nieman
6 Instrumental 4Methods of Gurudeep R.Chatwal Himalya Publishing 1979
Chemical Analysis & Sham K. Anand House
7 Instrumental Methods of Willard Merrit, Dean , CBS Publishers 1986
Analysis: Settle and Distributors

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 Department of Physics (PhD course work)

Group no. 3 Subject PhPY3 Exam 03

Code 01 Duration Ho
urs
Exam 100
Marks
Subject Title
Nuclear Physics and Elementary
Particles
Module-01
Properties of Nucleus
Nuclear constitution. The notion of nuclear radius and its estimation from Rutherford's
scattering experiment; the coulomb potential inside the nucleus and the mirror nuclei. The
nomenclature of nuclei, and nucleon quantum numbers. Nuclear spin and magnetic dipole
moment. Nuclear electric moments and shape of the nucleus.
Nuclear Forces
General features of nuclear forces. Bound state of deuteron with square well potential, binding
energy and size of deuteron. Deuteron electric and magnetic moments - evidence for non-central
nature of nuclear forces. Yukawa's meson theory of nuclear forces.
Module-02
Nuclear
Reactions
Reaction scheme, types of reactions and conservation laws Reaction kinematics, threshold
energy and Q-value of nuclear reaction. Energetics of exoergic and endoergic reactions.
Reaction probability and cross section. Bohr's compound nucleus theory of nuclear reactions.
Nuclear Models
The shell model; Evidence for magic numbers, energy level, scheme for nuclei with
Infinite Square well potential and the ground state spins. The extreme single particle
prediction of nuclear spin and magnetic dipole moments -Schmidt limits. The liquid drop
model: Nuclear binding energy, Bethe-Weizsacker's semi empirical mass formula;
stability limits against
spontaneous fission and nuclear decay.
Module-03

20 | Page
 Department of Physics (PhD course work)

Nuclear Decays
Alpha decay: Quantum mechanical barrier penetration, Gammow's theory of alpha decay and
alpha half-life systematics. Beta decay: Continuous beta spectrum, neutrino hypothesis, and
Fermi's theory of beta decay, beta comparative half- life systematics. Gamma decay: Qualitative
consideration of multipole character of gamma radiation and systematics of mean lives for
gamma multipole transitions.
Module-04
Interaction of Radiation with Matter:
Interactions of charged particles with matter, ionisation energy loss, stopping power and range
energy relations for charged particles. Interaction of gamma rays; photoelectric, Compton and
pair production processes. Nuclear radiation detectors-G M counter and Scintillation detecto r
Nuclear Energy: Fission process, fission chain reaction, four factor formula and controlled
fission chain reactions, energetics of fission reactions, fission reactor. Fusion process,
energetics of fusion reactions; Controlled thermonuclear reactions; Fusion reactor. Stellar
nucleo synthesis.
Module-05
Fundamental Interactions and Elementary Particles:
Basic interactions and their characteristic features. Elementary particles, classification.
Symmetries and conservation laws: conservation of energy, momentum, angular momentum,
charge and isospin, parity symmetry, violation of parity in weak interactions - handedness of
neutrinos, Lepton number conservation, Lepton family and three generations of neutrinos.
Charge conjugation symmetry, CP violation in weak interactions, Strange particles,
conservation of strangeness in strong interactions, Baryon number conservation, Gell-Mann
Nishijima formula, Quark model of elementary particles.
Question paper pattern:
⮚ The question paper will have ten questions.

⮚ Each full question is for 20 marks.

⮚ There will be two full questions (with a maximum of two sub questions in one
full question) from each module.
⮚ Each full question with sub questions will cover the contents under a module.

⮚ Students will have to answer 5 full questions, selecting one full question from
each module.
Textbook/Reference Books
1 Nuclear and W.E. Burcham Addison 1998 Ed

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 Department of Physics (PhD course work)

Particle Physics and M. Jobes Wesley,

2 Nuclear Physics R R Roy and B P New Age 2nd Ed
Nigam International
3 Nuclear Physics – S B Patel New Age
2 nd Ed-2011
An Introduction International
4 Physics of Nuclei P Mermier Academic Press 1970 Ed
and Particles: and E Sheldon
5 Nuclear Physics: D C Tayal Himalaya 5th Ed-2011
6 W. A. Benjamin, 1977
Nuclei and particles : Emilio Segre
an introduction to
nuclear and
subnuclear physics

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