A Project Work On

“NANOSPONGES: A RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN

PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION”
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF PHARMACY

In the Faculty of Science & Technology,

Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati.

By: Ku.P r i y a n k a . G . S h i n d e Guide: Prof.Aanand Kakde

(B Pharm VIIIth Semester) (M.PHARM)

Vision Buldana Educational and Welfare Society’s

LADDHAD COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

Yelgaon
TQ: Buldana Dist: Buldana (M.S.) 443001
SANT GADGE BABA AMRAVATI UNIVERSITY, AMRAVATI,
MAHARASHTRA (INDIA)
SUMMER-2023
 Vision Buldana Educational and Welfare Society’s

LADDHAD COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

Yelgaon
Tq:-Buldana.Dist-Buldana-443001.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Ku. Priyanka Gajanan Shinde, Roll No._______ has
carried out the required project work report on “NANOSPONGES: A RECENT
ADVANCEMENT IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION” prescribed by Sant
Gadge Baba Amravati University, for the VIIIth Semester of B. Pharm. Course
during the academic year 2023- 2024 & this project work report represents his work
done under my supervision.

Place: LCP, Buldana.

Date: / / Office Seal

Proff.Aanand kakde Dr. V.N. Shrikhande

Project Work Guide Principal
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project work report entitled “NANOSPONGES: A RECENT
ADVANCEMENT IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION” is based on work carried
out at Laddhad College of Pharmacy Yelgoan, Buldana. I also declare that the matter
embodied in it is a genuine work and the same has not formed the basis for award of any
degree, diploma, of any other university.

This project work report is now ready for examination.

Place: – Yelgaon, Buldana. Ku.Priyanka G.Shinde

Date: - (B Pharm VIIIth Semester)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This is to acknowledge and express my thanks to all those who directly or indirectly helped me
to make this Project successfully. I wish to express my deepest sense of gratitude to project
guide Proff.Aanand kakde. Proff. of Laddhad College of Pharmacy Yelgaon, Buldana. For
his valuable guidance during the course of the project work without which it would have been
very difficult, rather impossible task for me. He provided precious motivation, constructive
suggestion and critism during the course of dissertation work. His guidance and encouragement
sustained me all a long and help me greatly in his work. I consider it would be my fortune and
honor to work during the guidance of.Proff.Aanand kakde.

I am heartly thankful to our beloved Principal Dr.V.N.Shrikhande. For his suggestion,

guidance, encouragement, infrastructure and all the facilities required to my project work.

Thanking You… Ku.Priyanka G.Shinde

(B-Pharm VIIIth SEM)
 INDEX

Sr.No Content Page No.

1 Abstract 01

2 Introduction 02-03

3 Advantages and disadvantages 04

4 Classifications 05

5 Chemicals used for synthesis 06-07

6 Materials 08

7 Methods of preparations 09-13

8 Drugs captured in Nanosponges 14

9 15-16
Evaluation parameters
10 17-18
Characterization parameters

11 Factors 19

12 Applications 20

13 Trends for the future 21

14 Recent patent 22

15 Conclusion 23

16 Reference 24
NANOSPONGES:A RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION

1. ABSTRACT:

Nanosponges (NS) have provided a significant boost to continuing research in medication

delivery systems through the use of nanotechnology. Concerns regarding the impact and
management of transporters on medication effects in different pharmaceutical preparations can
greatly add to our ability to forecast drug variants. An ideal drug delivery system will solubilize
the active medication at the site of action in order to reduce or cure the disease stage. NS is a
solid, porous small sponge loaded with diverse drug molecules in its cavities, which makes for
excellent drug delivery systems that play an important role in drug administration to specific
target areas. It can improve medication aqueous solubility and penurious bioavailability by
loading water and lipid-soluble drug molecules and reducing side effects in a variety of dose
formulations for controlled pharmaceuticals.

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2. INTRODUCTION:

Nanosponges are a type of nanoparticle, often a synthesized carbon-containing polymer.

They are porous in structure, pores being about 1–2 nanometers in size, and can therefore be
targeted to absorb small amounts of matter or toxin.

 Tiny particals
 Size-less than 1μm.
 Three dimentional network
 Solid in nature
 Emerging technology

Structure of a nanosponge showing a cavity for drug loading

Nanosponges are tiny sponges with a size of about a virus, which can be filled with a wide
variety of drugs. These tiny sponges can circulate around the body until they encounter the
specific target site and stick on the surface and begin to release the drug in a controlled and
predictable manner. Nanosponges (NS) describe insoluble solid porous matter with typical
nanometric porosity and lofty absorption with complexation properties. It is synthesized using
organic or inorganic compounds. . The polymer in the NS has an extended length of the
polyester backbone and cross-linking agents that resemble microscopic grappling hooks to clip
various parts of the polymer together. Polyester degrades gradually in the body since it is
biodegradable. Using different cross-linkers will alter the length and cavity of the NS At this
point, the polymer blocks the drug inside the fissure as the core.

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It serves as a vehicle for delivering proteins, enzymes, vaccines, antibodies, and lipophilic and
hydrophilic compounds to improve the low solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs.
This innovative technology is five times more successful in potential delivering drugs for
breast cancer than traditional approaches, it has the potent completely change how many
diseases are treated (David, 2010). They move towards and bind with a tumor cell’s surface,
wherever they are affixed superficially, and thus start discharging effectively the drug in a
measured and predictable manner.

Nanosponges have a great impetus to develop ongoing research in drug delivery systems. In
several pharmaceutical preparations, concern about the effects and regulation of transporters
on drug effects can significantly contribute to our ability to predict drug variations.

Nanosponges can remove the organic froth from water (Taka et al., 2017). Moreover, NS
exhibits a notable benefit above conventional nanoparticles: indeed, it is readily Regenerable
by a variety of processes, such as washing with efficient and environmentally solvents,
employing relatively inert hot gases for stripping, mild heating, or changing pH or ionic
strength. NS has already been used in a variety of application domains for all these qualities,
including the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, flower cultivation, and polymer flame
retardancy.

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ADVANTAGES:

 Nanosponge’s drug delivery system minimize the side effect of drug.

 Minimize dosing frequency.

 Non-Irritating, Non-toxic.

 Nanosponges helps to remove toxic substance from body.

 Nanosponges can carry both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drug molecules.

 Bacteria cannot penetrate the Nanosponges beacause of their tiny spores.

 Improve Stability, enhanced formulation flexibility.

 Nanoponges are most compactible with vehicle and ingredient.

 Better patient compliance.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Dose dumping may occur at times.

 Nanosponges include only small molecules.

 Nanosponges could be either paracrystaline or crystalline form.

 It depend mainly on crystallization.

 Nanosponges have only capacity to encapsulating small molecules, not suitable for
larger molecules.

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CLASSIFICATION:

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF NANOSPONGES:

Beta-cyclodextrins are cyclic oligomers of glucose derived from starch.

Beta-cyclodextrin nanosponge are widely used because of good thermal stability, non-toxicity
Moderate cavity size and low cost.

Beta-Cyclodextrin are based on:

 Carbonate Nanosponges
 Modified nanosponges
 Carbamate nanosponges
 Miscellaneous nanosponges
 Ester nanosponges

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Chemicals Use for Synthesis:

Recent discoveries include the NS, organic or inorganic materials constructed of three-
dimensional networks of spherical particles through a porous medium with cavities a few
nanometers across and various dimensions (1 μm or less).
Polymers and cross-linkers are the chief ingredients in the formulation of NS. The polymer used
can influence the content and development of NS. It can bind to specific ligands, and an agent
such as Crosslinker will rely on the polymer structure and the drug formulation.

The porous NS particles are nontoxic, will not solubilize in organic solvents and will stable up
to 300°C. NS formulations can be stabilized at temperatures of up to 130°C and a pH range of 1
to 11.Nanosponges can provide sustainable prolonged release as well as enhance the drug
molecules bioavailability, thus modifying the pharmacokinetic parameter.

POLYMER COPOLYMER CROSS-LINKER POLAR

SOLVENTS

Hyper-crosslinked Poly ( Valerolactone Carbonyl Ethanol

polystyrene allyl valerolactone) diimidazole (CDI)

CD ( Alkoxy carbonyl Poly (Valerolactone allyl Carboxylic acid Dimethylacetamide

CD) valerolactone dianhydrides
oxypanedione)

Methylβ-CD ECPVA Diarylcarbonates Dimethylformamide

Hydroxy- propyl β-CD Dichloromethane

Poly-valerolactone Disocyanate

Eudragit RS100 Glutaraldehyde •

Acrylic polymer Pyromellitic

anhydride
2,2bis(acrylamide)
acetic acid

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Cyclodextrins form complexes with active pharmaceutical ingredient(s) to improve water

solubility, conceal undesirable properties, reduce adverse effects, and improve Photostability
and stability.
Cyclodextrin-based Nanospongess are hyper-crosslinked systems created by crosslinking
several CD molecules using substances like carbonyl or carboxyl chemicals.
Crosslinked polymers are the resultant systems and exhibit remarkable features including
chemical inclusion or absorption, swelling, and efficient active agent release.

Patient pliability during dosage form administration and subsequent repeated-dose therapy
regimen is a crucial difficulty in vaginal drug delivery. Gels have essential advantages over
conventional formulations, including adaptability, safety, high bioavailability, and cost-
effectiveness.

Hyper-cross-linked Cyclodextrin-based Nanosponges can be made from Cyclodextrin , either

by themselves or in blends with appropriate proportions of linear dextrin, and cross-linked
with the appropriate cross-linking agent. Chemical linkers enable preferential connection of
NS to the target site.
With various medications, they produce both the inclusion and non-inclusion complexes. Their
crystal structure greatly influences the complexation of NS with medicines. The degree of
crystallization seems to have a major impact on the loading capacity of Nanosponges.

Different drug loading capabilities have been observed for para-crystalline NS. As drug
carriers, intriguing results have already been attained by utilizing a compound of an active
carbonyl molecule, such as carbonyldimiidazole, triphosgene, diphenyl carbonate (DPC), or
organic dianhydrides.

Nanosponge will offer a perfect drug release profile and a longer retention period at the
specific target site profile of encapsulated drug moieties for improved and good efficient
therapy to treat various cancers, including breast and colon cancer. The current review was
undertaken for the drug delivery of NS, preparation methods, characterization, mechanism of
drug release, and applications.

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MATERIALS USED IN NANOSPONGES:

Polymers Copolymers Cross linkers

Hyper cross linked Clotrimazole, Ethyl Cellulose, Carbonyl di-imidazole’s,

Polystyrenes, Cyclodextrines Eudragit S 100, Carboxylic acid dianhydrides,
and its derivatives like Dichloromethane, Polyvinyl Diarylcarbonates,
Alkyloxycarbonyl Alcohol, Carbopol 934, Dichloromethane,
Cyclodextrins, Methyl β- propylene glycol, Diisocyanates, Diphenyl
Cyclodextrin, Hydroxy Propyl Triethanolamine. Carbonate, Epichloridine,
β-Cyclodextrin gluteraldehyde, Pyromellitic
anhydride, 2,2-bis
(acrylamide) Acetic acid.

Nanosponges are made of a three dimensional cross-linked polymers network.

They can be made with α, β, and γ cyclodextrins. The inclusion capacity and the solubilizing
capacity of the nanosponges can be tuned according to how much of the cross-linking agent is
used.
Materials used in the preparation of nanosponges include polymers, co-polymers, and cross-
linkers. The nanomaterial (polyester) forms a three-dimensional network that is biodegradable,
which allows it to be degraded gradually in the body and release the drug slowly.

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METHODS OF PREPARATION OF NANOSPONGES:

GENERAL METHODS OF PREPARATION OF NANOSPONGES:

a) Solvent method
b) Emulsion solvent diffusion method
c) Ultrasound assisted synthesis.
d) Solvent evaporation method
e) Melt method
f) Bubble electrospinning
g) Synthesis by the use of microwave radiation

Solvent method:
 Dissolve the polymers in suitable solvent.
 Add excess quantity of cross-linkers.
 Reflux the mixture foe 48 hours at Temperature 100c.
 Allow this solution to cool at room temperature.
 Add excess quantity of distilled water and filter the product.
 Then purified by Soxhlet extraction with ethanol.
 Dry the product and grind in mechanical mill to get homogenous powder.

Emulsion solvent diffusion method:

 In these method nanosponges can be prepared by using ethyl cellulose and

polyvinyl alcohol.
 Ethyl cellulose is dissolved in dicloromethane.
 Add this mixture into aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol.
 Stir the mixture at 1000rpm for 2 hours in magnetic stirrer.
 Filter the product ans it oven at 400C for 24 hours.

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Ultrasound assisted synthesis:

 In these method polymer react with cross-linkers Under Sonication in absence of

solvent.
 Mix the polymer and cross linker in a flask.
 Place the flask in ultrasound bath filled with water.
 Heat it to 900C and sonicate for 5 hours.
 To remove the unreacted polymer allow to cool and wash with water.
 Purified by Soxhlet extraction with ethanol.
 Dry the product and store at 250C.

General method of Ultrasound assisted synthesis

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Solvent Evaporation method:

 Nanosponges can be formed using EC and PVA.

 Dichloromethane, an organic solvent, was used to dissolve the dispersed phase EC and
then it was thoroughly mixed with the PVA aqueous solution, the continuous aqueous
phase.
 The reaction is then continued via magnetic mixing for 5 hours.
 Then finally after filtration, the product was dried for 24 hours at 40°C in an oven.

Melt method:

 The Crosslinker and β-CDs are fused when using the melting technique.
 The remaining fixings are finely homogenized and added to a 250 ml jar preheated
to 100°C.
 The reaction is then carried out for 5 hours by magnetic mixing.
 The reaction mixture is allowed to cool.
 After which the result is broken down and repeatedly washed well with suitable
solvents, i.e., ethanol, to eliminate the excipients and byproducts that have not
reacted completely.

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 These blank Nanosponges were then encapsulated.

Bubble electrospinning:

 A syringe, syringe pump, high-voltage power, and a grounded collector are the main
components of a standard electrospinning setup, as outlined in several pieces of
literature.
 The amount of nanofibers production is one of the key restrictions that restrict their
applicability.
 PVA can also be utilized as a polymer in the bubble electrospinning technique.
 The solution of polymer (10%) was organized by adding distilled water, it was then
stirred at 80°C–90°C for 2 hours to produce a one-phase mixture.
 The polymer solution was then allowed to cool before making Nanosponges fibers.

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Synthesis by the use of microwave radiation:

 The loading capacity of Cyclodextrin Nanosponges made with microwave assistance

was doubled.
 This group described the use of microwave technology as a very effective,
straightforward, repeatable, and scalable.
 Affordable approach to creating Cyclodextrin Nanosponges within a short period.
 This microwave irradiation synthesis approach for Cyclodextrin-based Nanosponges
drastically speeds up response time.
 Compared to conventional heating methods, microwave synthesis of NS produced a
consistent particle size distribution and uniform crystallinity while reducing reaction
time by four.
 The advantages of the technique of microwave-assisted heating over conventional
heating when synthesizing Cyclodextrin-based Naanosponges.
 The Nanosponges produced via microwave synthesis have an elevated level of
complexity, a limited size distribution, and a high degree of crystallinity.
 When microwave-assisted heating, reaction durations were dramatically reduced,
and reaction products were significantly enhanced.
 Utilizing microwave irradiation for synthesis has the advantage of precisely
providing direct energy to the targeted molecules. Thus, the real impact is visible as
the reaction progresses.

It also having one another method to produce or made of Nanosponges,

Β-Cyclodextrin that are hyper cross-linked:

 In this method, the drug carrier for delivering the drug was β-Cyclodextrin.
 Nanosponges was prepared by means of reacting β-Cyclodextrin and employing a
cross-linker.
 Its Synthesis can be in the nature of neutral or acidic forms.
 It have a mean diameter of lesser than 1 µm, but fractions of particles below 500 nm.

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Drugs captured in Nanosponges:

Drug Therapeutic activity Nanosponges vehicle Routes of

administration

Itraconazole Antifungal β-CD, Copolyvidonum Oral,Topical

dexamethasone Anti-inflammatory β-CD, DPC Oral,parentral

Flurbiprofen Anti-inflammatory β-CD, DPC Oral

Doxorubicin Antineoplastic β-CD, DPC Parental

Nelfinavir mesylate Antiviral β-CD, Dimethylcarbonate Oral

Gamma-oryizano Anti-oxidant β-CD, DPC Topical

5-Fluorouracil Antineoplastic β-CD Prentral,Topical

Tamoxifen Antiestrogen β-CD, CDI Oral

Resveratrol Antioxidant β-CD, CDI Topical

Acetylsalicylic acid Anti-inflammatory β-CD-PMDA Oral

Curcumin Antineoplastic β-CD, dimethylcarbonate Parentral

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EVALUATION PARAMETERS OF NANOSPONGES:

 Particle size analysis:

o To Determined the particle size used laser light diffractometry.
o Mean diameter can be measured.
o Angle of 900 fixed for all sample measurement.
o Sample should be diluted with distilled water for every measurement.

 Physical Examination:
o Prepared nanosponges inspected visually for their color, homogeneity and
consistency.
o It should have pleasant appearance with respect to color.

 Determination of PH:
o PH can be determined by using digital PH meter.
o 1gm of gel was dissolved in 100ml of distilled water and store foe 2 hours.

 Skin irritancy study:

o About 1gm of final formulation to be tested was applied to sensitive part of
skin.
o It helps to find out the prepared nanosponges are suitable or unsuitable for
topical use.

 Viscosity Measurement:
o Determination of viscosity using Brookfield viscometer.
o With sample adapter, spindle no.64.

 Production Yield (%):

o All prepared nanosponges weighed accurately and record the weight.
o The production yield was determined using the equation,

Production yield (%)= Practical mass of nanosponges x 100

Theoretical mass (polymer+drug)

 Stability studies:
o It provide a quality of drug product varies with time under the influence of
different parameters such as Temperature, humidity, shelf life and storage
condition.

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 Drug content estimation:

o The absorption of resulting solution can be measured by using UV

spectrophotometer.
o The drug content was determined using following equation,

% drug content= Actual concentration of drug in the formulation x 100

Theroretical concentration of drug

 Drug entrapment efficacy (%)

o The drug entrapment efficacy was calculated using following equation,

Drug entrapment= experimental drug loading x 100

Efficacy (%) Theoretical drug loading

 Spreadability studies:

o Spreadability means extent of area to which the gel readily spreads on application
to the skin.
o The Spredability was calculated using following equation,

Spreadability =M x L/T

Where,
M= mass in grams
L= distance traveled by gel
T=time

 In vitro drug release studies:

o In vitro release of Clotrimazole Nano sponges, loaded hydrogel was carried out
by using diffusion cell.
o Formulation taken in donar compartment and saline solution taken in receptor
compartment.
o The in vitro drug release of drug nanosponge’s hydrogel was compared with
drug-loaded plain gel.
o After dilutions absorption of sample was determined using UV-visible
spectrophotometer.

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Characterization parameters for Nanosponges formulations:

 Zeta potential:
o Surface charge is measured by the zeta potential.
o Additional electrode in particle size measurement equipment can be used to
determine it.
o After being diluted with 0.1 mol/l KCl, NS samples were put in an electrophoretic
cell with an electric field of roughly 15 V/cm for zeta potential analysis.

 X-ray diffractometry structure analysis:

o The solid-state inclusion complex was detected by using the Powder X-ray
diffractometry technique.
o A complex formation is indicated by a variation in the diffraction pattern.
o If drug compounds are in a solid state, a comparison study between the
mechanical combination of the drug/polymer molecules and the assumed complex
of the diffractogram must be done.
o The diffraction patterns will alter if the drug and the NS form a complex and
change the drug’s crystalline nature.
o The complex formation of a compound indicates that the existing peaks will
become sharper, a few new peaks will appear, and the exact peaks will move.

 Infra-red spectroscopy:

o With the aid of infrared spectroscopy, the interactions of NS with pharmaceutical

compounds in the solid state are evaluated.
o When a complex forms, Nanosponges peaks often vary relatively slightly.
o The technique is used less commonly to locate the inclusion complexes and does
not provide as much clarification as other techniques.
o Studies using infrared spectroscopy expression that hydrogen is an associate of
multiple functional groups.
o The stretching vibration peaks near the origins of the hydroxyl group undergo the
most significant alteration due to the hydrogen bond.

 Polydispersity index:

o The PDI measures variance or dispersion within the particle size distribution.
o A sample is considered monodisperse if the PDI value is lower, whereas a sample
is considered polydisperse if the PDI value is higher and displays a wider range of
particle sizes.
o To calculate the polydispersity index using formula,

PDI = ∆d
DAvg

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Where,
(d) =width of the distribution marked by SD
(D Avg)= average particle size denoted by MV (nm)

Characterization parameters for Nanosponges formulations:

Sr.no Technique Characterization

1 Phase solubility technique The effect of Ns on dissolubility of drug

2 Polydispersity To measure of broadness and molecular weight

distribution of a particle

3 Particle size To determine the average diameter of NS

4 Zeta potential To measure the electrical potential between the particles

and surface charge

5 X-ray diffractometry To study the physical nature of drug with in the NS

6 Infra-red spectroscopy To study the compatibilities of the used ingredients

7 Resilience tests To determine the viscoelastic properties

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FACTORS AFFECTING IN FORMULATION OF NANOSPONGES:

 Type of polymer:

o Using which type of polymer will impact on formation as well as performance of

Nanosponges.
o Hydroxy- propyl β-cyclodextrin possesses good affinity to form inclusion complex.

 Type of drugs:
Complex drug molecules with certain characteristics are listed below,

o Molecular weight should be between 100 to 400 gmandmole.

o Solubility of drug molecules in water should be less than 10mg/ml.
o Melting point should be below 2500C.

 Temperature:
o Temperature change play a vital role in nanosponge’s complexation.
o The complex of molecules decreases with increased temperature.

 Method of preparation:
o Nanosponges can be prepared by different types of methods.
o Drug/Nanosponge complexation can be affected by the method of loading the
drug into the nanosponge.
o The nature of the drug, polymer, and temperature can also affect the method of
preparation.

 Degree of substitution:
o The complex of Nanosponges form ability which may be affected by molecule
number, position and substituent.
o Number of substituents increases, probability of cross-linkling increases.
o Due to a higher degree of cross-linking, highly porous nanosponges can be
obtained.
o This result in the formation of a mesh-type of network.

 Solubility Studies:
o It is the most important and widely used approach for complexation which
scrutinizes the effect of a nanosponge on the solubility of the drug.
o Nanosponges are confirmed or find by insolubility in water and organic solvents.
Examples: DMF (Dimethyl Formamide) and DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide).

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APPLICATIONS OF NANOSPONGES:

Nanosponges are versatile and biocompatible, with several pharmaceutical industry

applications. It serves as an excipient in the fabrication of topical dosage forms, suspensions,
solid dispersions, pellets, granules, tablets, and capsules.
NS technology in different drug delivery methods is actively being investigated. Potential
candidates include antineoplastic drugs, proteins and peptides, volatile oils, and genetic
materials.
It can serve as a multifunctional carrier for better product presentation, elegance, extended drug
release, and better product thermal, physical, and chemical stability.
NS are being studied as potential medication delivery systems for treating infectious and
cancerous disorders. NS can transport thousands of drug molecules despite being one-third the
size of red blood cells.
These tiny NS travels throughout the entire body until they reach the appropriate point, at which
the spot they bind to the targeted surface and slowly release the drugs in a controlled and
sustained manner. The liver, spleen, and lungs are potential targeted sites for this type of drug
administration.

 Sustained delivery system

 Solubility enhancement

 Drug delivery

 Protein delivery

 Enzyme immobilization

 Gas delivery vehicle

 Light or deterioration protection agent

 Diagnostic Tool

 Cosmetics

 Cancer therapy

 Antifungal therapy

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TRENDS FOR THE FUTURE:

The development of nanoscale NS has sparked a revolution in medical research.

Using technology to reach the nanoscale has started a trend in medical research. Because of
the enhanced therapeutic results when a targeted and drug-release controlled mechanism was
implemented, the drug toxicity decreased.
They play a crucial role in downstream production due to their unique characteristics,
necessitating substantial investigation. Drug release is influenced by their features such as
particle diameter, synthesis, crystallinity, porosity, and crosslinking intensity of the particles.

List of some marketed formulations of Nanosponges:

There are several NS-based formulations on the market and some drugs like Prostavastin,
brexin, glymesason, mena-gargle, and other formulations are in clinical studies Some of the
marketed formulations of NS are listed,

Drug name Trade name Composition Route of Dosage form

administration

Iodine Mena-gargle Iodine and β CD Topical route Solution

Alprostadil Prostavastin Prostaglandin E1 IV route Injection

and α CD

Piroxicam Brexin Piroxicam and α Oral route Capsule

CD

Dexamethasone Glymesason Dexamethasone Dermal route Tablet

and β CD

Novel techniques like solvent evaporation and bubble electrospinning are additionally being
updated and developed. The new trends supporting mass production quickly include higher
yields, cost-effective manufacturing, and repeatability.
The recent trends that will help mass production quickly include higher yields, cost Effective
manufacturing, and repeatability

It might be used as a basic water filter in the future. Lowering production costs is a crucial
Concern, which calls for creating innovative polymers, crosslinkers, and new manufacturing
techniques.

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NANOSPONGES:A RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION

RECENT PATENTS:

 New patents in NSs were recently submitted, authorized, and used to improve the
making process more efficiently.
 Patents cover toxin absorption agents, growth preservation, enzyme release, and
biocatalyst investigations, demonstrating promise as anticancer agents.
 The authorities have also granted patents that will assist in shifting demand to NSs as
a breakthrough pharmaceutical delivery technology.
 Which involves patent number, applicant, and title.

1. W02006002814A1= Francesco Trotta, Wander Tumiatti, Orfeo Zerbinati, Carlo

Roggero, Roberto Vallero for Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of CD-based Ns.

2. W02009149883A1= Gianfranco Gilardi, Francesco Trotta, Roberto Cavalli, Paolo

Ferruti, Elisabetta Ranucci, Giovanna Di Nardo, Carlo Mario Roggero, Vander
Tumiatti for CD NS as a carrier for biocatalysts, and in the delivery and release of
enzymes, proteins, vaccines and antibodies.

3. US9574136B2 Kun Lian for Nanoparticles, NS, methods of synthesis, and methods
of use.

4. US20170152439A1= Kun Lian for Nanoparticles, NS, methods of synthesis, and

methods of use.

5. WO2009138998A3= Eswaramoorthy Muthusamy, Saikrishana Katla for A template

free and polymer-free metal nanosponge.

6. WO2012147069A1= Francesco Trotta, Pravin Shinde, Miriam Biasizzo for Method

for preparing dextrin Nanosponges.

7. ITTO20110873A1= Vecchi Marco DeCarlo Stefano DiShubhen KapilaCarlo Maria

Roger Valentina Scariot Michela Tumiatti for Use of Nanosponge functionalized for
growth, preservation, protection and disinfection of plant organisms.

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NANOSPONGES:A RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION

CONCLUSION:

Nanosponges are useful carrier for the delivery system, including prolonged delivery, target
drug delivery, and increased therapeutic efficacy of various pharmaceutical drugs.
NS are adaptable drug delivery systems that form compounds of inclusion and non-inclusion in
the hydrophilic (gentamicin) compounds they carry and medications that are hydrophobic
(dexamethasone). Drugs can be transported by Nanosponges. By a variety of methods,
including parenteral, rectal, topical, and oral a predictable manner to the designated location. Β-
Cyclodextrin Nanosponges has outstanding applicability in various specialized medication
delivery systems. In addition, it makes biopharmaceutical class II medications more soluble.
That the recent advancement covers NS, their synthesis techniques, and a number of types,
characterization techniques, formulation development, and applications like investigations of in
vitro cytotoxicity, patents are covers in this recent advancement.

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NANOSPONGES:A RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION

REFERENCES:

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journal of …, 2018 - academia.education.

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SK Prajapati - Eur J Pharm …, 2016 - … .s3.amazonaws.com

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https://japsonline.com.

4. Nanosponges–a completely new nano-horizon: pharmaceutical applications and recent

advances RZ Ahmed, G Patil, Z Zaheer - Drug development and industrial …, 2013 -
Taylor & Francis.

5. Recent advances in nanosponges as drug delivery system: a review D Singh, GC Soni,

SK Prajapati - Eur J Pharm …, 2016 - … .s3.amazonaws.com

6. Review on Nanomaterials and Nano-Scaled Systems for ...National Institutes of Health

(.gov) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › articles › PMC9432385.

7. Recent Advances in Nanosponges as Drug Delivery System Semantic Scholar

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