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 SHAME
ANNIE ERNAUX
Translated by TANYA LESLIE

SEVEN STORIES PRESS

New York • Oakland • Liverpool
 Copyright © 1997 by Éditions Gallimard
English translation © 1998 by Seven Stories Press
First trade paperback edition 1999.
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, by
any means, including mechanical, electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the
prior permission of the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data
Ernaux, Annie, 1940-
[Honte. English.
Shame / by Annie Ernaux;
translated from the French by Tanya Leslie.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-1-888363-69-2 (hc);
ISBN 978-1-58322-018-4 (pbk);
ISBN 978-1-60980-302-5 (ebook).
Ernaux, Annie, 1940-
—Childhood and youth. Authors, French—20th century—Biography.
Leslie, Tanya. II. Title. PQ2665.R67Z46513
1998 843’.914—dc21
97-50426 CIP
À Philippe V
 Language is not truth.
It is the way we exist in
the world.
PAUL AUSTER
The Invention of Solitude
My father tried to kill my mother one Sunday in June, in the early
afternoon. I had been to Mass at a quarter to twelve as usual. I must have
brought back some cakes from the baker in the new shopping precinct—a
cluster of temporary buildings erected after the war while reconstruction
was under way. When I got home, I took off my Sunday clothes and slipped
on a dress that washed easily. After the customers had left and the shutters
had been pinned down over the store window, we had lunch, probably with
the radio on, because at that hour there was a funny program called
Courtroom, in which Yves Deniaud played some wretched subordinate
continually charged with the most preposterous offenses and condemned to
ridiculous sentences by a judge with a quavering voice. My mother was in a
bad temper. The argument she started with my father as soon as she sat
down lasted throughout the meal. After the table was cleared and the
oilcloth wiped clean, she continued to fire criticism at my father, turning
round and round in the tiny kitchen—squeezed in between the café, the
store and the steps leading upstairs—as she always did when she was upset.
My father was still seated at the table, saying nothing, his head turned
toward the window. Suddenly he began to wheeze and was seized with
convulsive shaking. He stood up and I saw him grab hold of my mother and
drag her through the café, shouting in a hoarse, unfamiliar voice. I rushed
upstairs and threw myself on to the bed, my face buried in a cushion. Then I
heard my mother scream: “My daughter!” Her voice came from the cellar
adjoining the café. I rushed downstairs, shouting “Help!” as loud as I could.
In the poorly-lit cellar, my father had grabbed my mother by the shoulders,
or maybe the neck. In his other hand, he was holding the scythe for cutting
firewood which he had wrenched away from the block where it belonged.
At this point all I can remember are sobs and screams. Then the three of us
are back in the kitchen again. My father is sitting by the window, my
mother is standing near the cooker and I am crouching at the foot of the
stairs. I can’t stop crying. My father wasn’t his normal self; his hands were
still trembling and he had that unfamiliar voice. He kept on repeating,
“Why are you crying? I didn’t do anything to you.” I can recall saying this
sentence, “You’ll breathe disaster on me. My mother was saying, “Come
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Ohio; and Union county, Mississippi.

Miscellaneous Forms.

From the Savannah collection there are several forms of chipped

flints which, while resembling the foregoing in various ways, present
characters which make it necessary to place them by themselves;
and while containing a majority of the types described above, this
collection has many that have no counterpart from any other section
visited by the Bureau collectors. Some of these unique specimens of
aboriginal art are among the following:

Fig. 266.—Stemmed chipped flint.

A. Edges double curved, expanding to a wide point at the shoulder;
stem straight or tapering; base either straight or slightly convex. The
type of the group is quite well represented in figure 266.

B. Edges concave; base and stem straight; very wide projections or

wings at the shoulders, going in by straight or curved lines to the
stem (illustrated in figure 267).

C. Edges concave, changing to convex at the shoulders, and curving

around to the stem, which is straight or slightly expanding; base
straight or very slightly convex (figure 268).

D. Convex edges, widening into greatly expanding barbs; base

straight; stem expanding by straight lines (figure 269).

Fig. 267.—Stemmed chipped Fig. 268.—Stemmed

flint, winged. chipped flint.

E. Broad; double-curved edges; notched in from the base, and barbs

worked so as to be narrowest near the blade, with the ends straight
or round; stem expanding by straight lines; base straight (figure
270).
F. Edges nearly straight to the barbs, which are worked off to a point
toward the stem; base convex and wide; stem expanding by curved
lines (figure 271).

Fig. 269.—Stemmed Fig. 270.—Stemmed

chipped flint, barbed. chipped flint, broad.

G. Rather slender; base nearly straight, either convex or concave;

stem rapidly expanding; notched in from the corners, making long
slender barbs which project beyond the line of the edges (as
illustrated in figure 272). The same form comes from Dougherty
county, southwestern Georgia, as well as from Savannah.

H. Straight or convex edges; base straight or slightly convex; stem

to one side of the center, leaving one barb longer and larger than
the other (figure 273).

I. Triangular, notched in from the bottom; barbs extend down even

with the base, or the base is sometimes worked back, leaving it
shorter than the barbs; some are beveled (figure 274). The same
form is found in southwestern Georgia.
J. Broad; straight edges; base straight or concave; stem straight or
expanding; long, rounded barbs (figure 275).

Fig. 271.—Stemmed Fig. 272.—Stemmed chipped

chipped flint. flint, slender.

K. From Arkansas county, Arkansas, there is an implement of

basanite or black jasper, of the general type of figure 180 or 182, the
point being broken off. The base has been worked down to a sharp
edge, the stem highly polished on both faces. This polish does not
extend to the faces of the blade, but both edges are rubbed smooth
so far as they now extend. Whether the implement was originally
pointed and used as a knife or spear, this sharp edge being given the
stem after it was broken, or whether it was so made in the first
place, can not be determined. Like the various forms with polished
base, the specimen seems to indicate a manner of mounting or of
use the reverse of what would be expected. It is shown in figure
276.
 Fig. 273.— Fig. 274.— Fig. 275.—
Stemmed Stemmed chipped Stemmed
chipped flint. flint, triangular. chipped flint.

Figure 277 shows an implement from Licking county, Ohio,

somewhat of the form of figure 205, except that it is wider and
much thinner. It is worn smooth on each edge for ¾ inch from the
point, the point itself being quite blunt. This probably results from
use as a knife or drill; though, if due to the latter cause, the material
on which it was used must have been quite soft or thin. Similar wear
is seen on implements from the same locality of the form of figures
176 and 223, but this article is smaller than those represented by
the figures.
 Fig. 276.—Chipped Fig. 277.—Stemmed
flint, with sharp-edged chipped flint, point blunted
stem. from use.

Fig. 278.—Stemmed chipped flint.

In figure 278 is shown a small knife of the pattern so common in

specimens mounted in antlers, from the Swiss lake dwellings. In
outline it resembles the arrowheads having straight edges and a
convex base; but the side view shows the purpose for which it was
made. Similar pieces are found throughout central Ohio, and along
Ohio river from the Kanawha to the Miami.

Notes on beveled Flints.

In the beveled flints the side-chipping producing the bevel is always

to the left, as may be seen in figure 235; only one exception to this
has been found. It has been supposed that this is done to give a
rotary motion to an arrow. Morgan210 says that “arrowheads are
occasionally found with a twist to make the arrow revolve in its
flight;” and the same statement has often been made by others. It
may be objected, however, that very few of these beveled specimens
are small enough for arrowheads; and modern archers have shown
that the shape does not affect the flight of the arrow.

Schoolcraft,211 Powers,212 Morgan,213 and Cheever214 say that the

modern Indians sometimes have a spiral arrangement of the
feathers on their arrow to produce a rotary motion or “rifling.” This
rotary motion is supposed to keep the arrow in a straight course, as
without it a deviation from the direct line would tend constantly to
increase. But as showing that the rotary motion is not always
desired, Dodge says that sometimes the blade, in regard to the
string notch, is set so as to be perpendicular, to go in between the
ribs of game; again, so as to be horizontal, to go in between the ribs
of an enemy.215

The beveled flints were probably used for skinning game, as they
are better fitted for this than for anything else, and would serve such
purpose better than almost any other form of the smaller chipped
flints. The bevel is such as would be necessary if the implement
were held in the right hand and pulled toward the user.
There are a great many specimens in the collection, both in the
ground or pecked and in the chipped implements, which can not be
classified with any of the objects herein described; but they are to
be considered as due rather to individual whims than as
representative of a type.

FOOTNOTES:

1 Anahuac, p. 101.

2 Ibid., p. 98.

3 Dawson, Sir William; Fossil Men, p. 121.

4 Smithsonian Report for 1884, p. 741.

5 Ibid., p. 748.

6 Tylor; Early History of Mankind, p. 169.

7 Lubbock, Sir John; Prehistoric Times, p. 569.

8 Early History of Mankind, p. 203.

9 Abbott, C. C., in American Naturalist, vol. X, p. 494.

10 Perkins; Ibid, vol. XIII, p. 738.

11 Adair; History of American Indians, p 405.

12 Long, S. H.; Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, p. 211.

13 Knight, E. H.; Smithsonian Report for 1879, p. 242.

14 Wood, J. G.; Natural History of Mankind, p. 200.

15 Morgan, L. H.; League of the Iroquois, p. 358.

16 Beverly, Robt.; History of Virginia, 1722, p. 198.

17 Wyth, John; Graphic Sketches, part I, plate 14.

18 Catlin, Geo.; Last Rambles Among the Indians, pp. 100-101.

19 Mohr, Smithsonian Report for 1881, p. 618; Barber, Amer.

Nat., vol. XII, p. 403; McGuire, Ibid., vol. XVII, p. 587;
Walker, Science, vol. IX, p. 10; Schumacher, Eleventh
Annual Report of Peabody Museum, p. 263.

20 Dawson, J. W.; Fossil Men, p. 16.

21 Ibid., p. 132.

22 Morgan, L. H.; League of the Iroquois, p. 358.

23 Stevens, E. T.; Flint Chips, p. 174.

24 Evans, John; Stone Implements, p. 218.

25 Ibid., p. 227.

26 Dodge, R. I.; Wild Indians, p. 254. Schoolcraft, H. R.;

Indian Tribes, vol. IV, p. 107. Catlin, Geo.; North American
Indians, vol. I, p. 416.

27 Powers, Stephen; Contributions to N. A. Ethnology, vol. III,

p. 433.

28 Stone Implements, p. 218.

29 Ibid., p. 213.
30 Adair, James; American Indians, p. 409.

31 Lawson, John; History of North Carolina, p. 53.

32 Antiquities of the Southern Indians, pp. 315-320.

33 Fossil Men and Their Modern Representatives, p. 112.

34 Dodge; Our Wild Indians, plate I, fig. 3.

35 Lewis and Clarke; Travels, p. 425.

36 Powers; Contributions to N. A. Ethnology, vol. III, p. 52.

37 Ibid., p. 433.

38 Dawson; Fossil Men, p. 119.

39 Stevens; Flint Chips, p. 95.

40 League of the Iroquois, p. 359.

41 Carver, Jonathan; Travels in North America, p. 191.

42 Report to Regents of the Univ. of New York, vol. II, p. 86.

43 Schoolcraft; Notes on the Iroquois, p. 239.

44 Schumacher; 11th Ann. Rept. Peabody Museum, p. 264.

45 Powers; Contributions to N. A. Eth. vol. III, p. 377.

46 Flint Chips, p. 95.

47 Abbott, C. C.; Primitive Industry, chap. 28.

48 Jones, C. C.; Antiquities of the Southern Indians, p. 338.

49 Nilsson, S.; Stone Age, p. 25.

50 Thatcher, B. B.; Indian Traits, vol. I, p. 70.

51 Jones; Antiquities of the Southern Indians, p. 338.

52 Amer. Naturalist, vol. XX, p. 574.

53 Hayden Surv., Bull. 3, 1877, p. 41; also 11th Ann. Rept.

Peabody Museum, p. 265.

54 Primitive Industry, p. 244.

55 Stevens; Flint Chips, p. 95.

56 Ibid., p. 96. Morgan; League of the Iroquois, p. 381.

57 Stevens; Flint Chips, p. 499.

58 Dale, L.; in Journal of Anth. Inst. of Great Br. and Ireland,

vol. I, p. 347.

59 Layard, E. L.; in ibid., appendix, c.

60 Griesbach, C. L.; in ibid., p. cliv.

61 W. D. Gooch says they were used as club heads by the

predecessors of the Bushmen, who now use them as
diggers; ibid., vol. XI, p. 128.

62 Knight, E. H.; in Smithsonian Report for 1879, p. 232.

63 Stone Implements, p. 194.

64 Bul. Bur. of Eth., “Perforated Stones from California.”

65 Adair; American Indians, p. 402.

66 Lawson; History of North Carolina, p. 98.

67 Morgan; League of the Iroquois, p. 299.

68 Irving, J. T.; Indian Sketches, vol. II, p. 142.

69 Cremony, J. C.; Life Among the Apaches, p. 302.

70 Matthews, W.; Smithsonian Report for 1884, p. 814.

71 Report of Pacific Railroad Survey, vol. III, p. 114.

72 Long; Expedition to Rocky Mountains, vol. I, p. 205.

73 Brackinridge, H. M.; Views of Louisiana, p. 256.

74 Catlin; North American Indians, vol. I, p. 132.

75 Schumacher, in Twelfth Annual Report Peabody Museum, p.

622.

76 Lubbock; Prehistoric Times, p. 648.

77 Im Thurn in Jour. Anth. Inst. Gt. Br. and Ireland, vol. II, p.
647.

78 Stone Implements, p. 218.

79 Ibid., p. 227.

80 For any or all of which purposes they may have been used
in the course of their manufacture.

81 Captivity Among the Indians, Lexington, 1799; reprinted,

Cincinnati, 1870, p. 36.

82 Eells, Myron; Hayden Surv., Bull. 3, 1877, p. 81.

83 Primitive Industry, p. 229.

 84 Flint Chips, p. 581.

85 Henshaw in Amer. Jour. Arch., vol. I, pp. 105-114.

86 Pear-shaped stones with the smaller end cut squarely off

are frequent in Georgia; they are about the size of turkey
eggs. Jones; Antiq. Southern Indians, p. 372.

87 Stone Age, p. 215.

88 Abbott; Primitive Industry, p. 408.

89 American Indians, p. 48.

90 Stone Age, p. 83.

91 Im Thurn in Jour. Anth. Inst. Gt. Br. and Ird., vol. XI. p. 445.

92 Powers; Contributions to N.A. Eth., vol. III, pp. 52 and 79.

93 Chase; MS. Rept. on Shell Mounds of Oregon.

94 Dodge; Our Wild Indians, p. 131.

95 Abbott; Primitive Industry, p. 373.

96 Brickell, John; Nat. History of N.C., p. 317.

97 Wyth; Graphic Sketches, part I, plate 8.

98 Schoolcraft in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc., vol. I, p.401, pl. I.

99 I am informed by Prof. Cyrus Thomas that he noticed in the

collection of Mr. Neff. Gambier, Ohio, a “boat-shape stone”
attached to the underside of a stone pipe, which the owner
informed him was thus attached when found.

100 Evans; Stone Implements, p. 383.

101 Amer. Antiquarian, vol. II, p. 100.

102 Expl. in the Valley of the Amazon, vol. II, p. 74.

103 Indian Tribes, vol. I, p. 90.

104 Amer. Naturalist, vol. VII, p. 180.

105 Flint Chips, p. 478.

106 MS. Rept. on Shell Mounds of Oregon.

107 Some perforated stones that will not come under any of
these heads are here noted separately under the National
Museum numbers:

131614. An elliptical piece of steatite, with notches at each

end for suspension, “tallies” all around the edge, and four
holes on the longer axis.—Bradley county, Tennessee.

62879. A steatite ornament, shape like a bird’s head.—

Jefferson county, Tennessee.

131856. A short, wedge-shape ornament of barite, drilled at

the larger end.—Loudon county, Tennessee; also a similar
but much larger ornament of indurated red clay, possibly
catlinite, from a mound in the same county, represented in
figure 149. The edges of the holes are much worn by a
cord.

90847. A small ellipsoidal steatite bead, with several deep

incisions around the edge.—Kanawha valley, West Virginia.

116335. A small marble bead; form like the rim of a bottle

mouth.—Bradley county, Tennessee.

113943. Three small pendants of cannel coal. One is in

shape like the keystone of an arch, with hole at smaller
 end; the other two are apparently in imitation of a bear’s
tusk.—Kanawha valley, West Virginia.

91761. A limestone celt, 6½ inches long, either much

weathered since made or else never highly polished, with a
large hole drilled in from both sides at the center.—Bartow
county, Georgia.

116067. A sandstone celt, with a hole drilled near one corner

at the top.—Loudon county, Tennessee.

97764. A large polished piece of steatite, curved from end to

end, or claw-shaped. One end is pointed; the other blunt
and rounded, with a hole drilled through it.—Caldwell
county, North Carolina.

108 Gillman, H.; in Smithsonian Report for 1873, p. 371.

109 Primitive Industry, p. 371.

110 Antiq. of the Southern Indians, p. 30.

111 Schoolcraft; Indian Tribes, vol. I p. 212.

112 Schumacher, Paul; Hayden Surv., Bull. 3, 1877, p. 548.

113 Indian Tribes, vol. I, p. 253.

114 Contributions to N.A. Eth., vol. III, p. 426.

115 Native Races, vol. I, p. 589.

116 Ibid., p. 566.

117 Antiquities of the Southern Indians, pp. 362-364.

118 Hoffman, W. J.; "The Midē´wiwin of the Ojibwa." Seventh

Annual Rep. Bur. Eth., 1885-86, p. 278, pl. XVIII.
119 Amer. Antiquarian, vol. II, p. 154.

120 Peabody Mus., 11th Ann. Rept., p. 268.

121 Dodge; Our Wild Indians, p. 130.

122 De Forest, J. W.; History of Indians of Conn., p. 5.

123 Peabody Mus., 11th Ann. Rept., p. 271.

124 Fossil Men, p. 125.

125 Fossil Men., p. 119.

126 Proc. A. A. A. S., vol. XXXI, p. 592.

127 Since this was written several thousand specimens have

been found in a small mound near Chillicothe, Ohio. The
nearest point at which similar material is known to exist is
between Corydon and Leavenworth, Indiana.

128 Flint Chips, p. 442.

129 Amer. Naturalist, vol. IV, p. 140.

130 Last Rambles Among the Indians, p. 187.

131 Journal Anth. Ins. Gt. Br. and Ird., vol XI, p. 447.

132 Anthropology, p. 245.

133 Jewitt, Llewellyn; Grave-mounds and their Contents, p. 121.

134 Stone Implements, p. 374.

135 Op. cit., p. 245.

136 Stone Implements, p. 36 (from Craveri).

137 Stone Implements, p. 36 (from De Pourtales).

138 Ibid., p. 35 (from Belcher).

139 Ibid., p. 38.

140 Crook in Smithsonian Report for 1871, p. 420.

141 Catlin; Last Rambles, pp. 184, 185.

142 Ibid., p. 290.

143 Stevens; Flint Chips, p. 81 (from Belcher).

144 Ibid., p. 84.

145 Powers in Contributions to N. A. Eth., vol. III, p. 104.

146 Ibid., p 374.

147 Bancroft; Native Races, vol. I, p. 342.

148 Schoolcraft; Indian Tribes, vol. I, p. 212.

149 Beckwith in Rep. Pac. R. R. Survey, vol. II, p. 43.

150 History of Virginia.

151 Redding in Amer. Naturalist, vol. XIII, p. 665.

152 Cheever in ibid., vol. IV, p. 139.

153 Cited by Stevens, Flint Chips, p. 78.

154 Hayden Survey, Bull. 3, 1877, p. 547.

155 MS. account of the Shell Mounds of Oregon.

156 Prehistoric America, p. 170.

157 Smithsonian Report for 1871, p. 420.

158 MS. Shell Mounds of Oregon.

159 Flint Chips, p. 77.

160 Prehistoric Times, p. 106 (from Dodge and Blackmore).

161 Contributions to N. A. Eth., vol. III, p. 104.

162 History of Mankind, p. 188.

163 Adair; American Indians, p. 403.

164 Adair; American Indians, p. 410.

165 Cheever in Amer. Naturalist, vol. IV, p. 139.

166 The section below shows this more plainly.

167 Amer. Naturalist, vol. X, p. 116.

168 Indian Tribes, vol. II, p. 74, fig. 5.

169 Nat. Hist, of N. C., p. 318.

170 League of the Iroquois, p. 359.

171 Anahuac, p. 332.

172 Bourke, John G.; Snake Dance of the Moquis, p. 251. See
also Dodge; Our Wild Indians, plate 5.

173 Long; Exp. to Rocky Mountains, vol. I, p. 290. Dodge; Our

Wild Indians, p. 418.

174 Prehistoric Times, p. 122.

175 Holub, E., in Jour. Anth. Inst. Gt. Br. and Ird., vol. X, p. 460.
176 Stone Implements, p. 48.

177 Native Races, vol. I, p. 189.

178 Hayden Surv., Bul. 3, 1877, p. 43.

179 Brickell; Nat. Hist. of N. C., p. 339.

180 Antiq. of the Southern Indians, p. 230.

181 Stone Implements, p. 46.

182 Stevens; Flint Chips, p. 96. Tylor; Early History of Mankind,

p. 188.

183 It would seem that in using a wood or horn drill, water

would be a disadvantage, as the drill would swell and wear
rapidly away when wet, thus choking the bore. The sand
also would be forced into the drill instead of sticking to its
surface, thus being less effective.

184 Quoted by Dawson; Fossil Men, p. 124.

185 Evans; Stone Implements, p. 353.

186 Stone Implements.

187 Hayden Survey, 1872, p. 653.

188 Smithsonian Report for 1879, p. 236.

189 Ibid, 1870, p. 390.

190 Our Wild Indians, p. 256.

191 Gillespie, Dr. W.; Jour. Anth. Inst. Gt. Br. and Ird., vol. VI, p.
260.
192 Indian Tribes, vol I, p. 253.

193 Nilsson; Stone Age, p. 46.

194 Stone Implements, p. 256.

195 Stone Implements, p. 263.

196 Ibid., pp. 20, 23, and 35.

197 Anahuac, p. 99.

198 Ibid, pp. 231, 232 (note).

199 Stone Age, p. 261 (note).

200 Amer. Naturalist, vol. XIII, p. 665.

201 Hayden Survey, Bul. 3, 1877, p. 547.

202 Flint Chips, p. 77.

203 Contributions to N. A. Eth., vol. III, p. 104.

204 Native Races, vol. I, p. 342.

205 Schoolcraft; Indian Tribes, vol. I, p. 212.

206 Stevens; Flint Chips, p. 78 (from Powers).

207 Catlin; Last Rambles Among the Indians, p. 187.

208 Indian Tribes, vol. III, p. 467.

209 Stone Implements, p. 17.

210 League of the Iroquois, p. 358.

211 Indian Tribes, vol. I, p. 213.

212 Cont. to N. A. Eth., vol. III, p. 52.

213 League of the Iroquois, pp. 306, 308.

214 Amer. Nat., vol. IV, p. 140.

215 Our Wild Indians, p. 418.

Transcriber’s Note:

Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.

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