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Bufferaction

The document contains a series of chemistry questions focused on acids, bases, and buffer solutions, including calculations for pH and acid dissociation constants. It covers concepts such as strong and weak acids, Brønsted–Lowry acids, and the behavior of buffer solutions under various conditions. The questions require knowledge of chemical equilibria, stoichiometry, and the properties of specific acids like hydrochloric acid, ethanoic acid, and ethanedioic acid.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

10 views

Bufferaction

Uploaded by

dzniz.d10

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 78

Name: ________________________

Buffer action
Class: ________________________

Date: ________________________

Time: 343 minutes

Marks: 329 marks

Comments:

Page 1 of 78
Q1.
Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid and ethanoic acid is a weak acid.

(a) State the meaning of the term strong acid.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) In an experiment, 10.35 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid are added to 25.0
cm3 of 0.150 mol dm–3 barium hydroxide solution.

Calculate the pH of the solution that forms at 30 °C

Kw = 1.47 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6 at 30 °C

Give your answer to 2 decimal places.

pH ____________________
(6)

(c) The pH of water at 30 °C is 6.92

Give the reason why water is neutral at this temperature.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Identify the oxide that could react with water to form a solution with pH = 2

Tick (✔) one box.

Al2O3

Na2O

SiO2

Page 2 of 78
SO2

(1)

(e) Give the expression for the acid dissociation constant (Ka) for ethanoic acid
(CH3COOH).

Ka
(1)

(f) A buffer solution contains 0.025 mol of sodium ethanoate dissolved in 500 cm3 of
0.0700 mol dm–3 ethanoic acid at 25 °C

A sample of 5.00 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid is added to this buffer
solution.

Calculate the pH of the solution formed.

For ethanoic acid, Ka = 1.76 × 10–5 mol dm–3 at 25 °C

pH ____________________
(5)
(Total 15 marks)

Q2.
This question is about acidic solutions.

(a) The acid dissociation constant, Ka, for ethanoic acid is given by the expression

The value of Ka for ethanoic acid is 1.74 × 10−5 mol dm−3 at 25 °C

A buffer solution with a pH of 3.87 was prepared using ethanoic acid and sodium
ethanoate. In the buffer solution, the concentration of ethanoate ions was
0.136 mol dm−3

Calculate the concentration of the ethanoic acid in the buffer solution.

Give your answer to three significant figures.

Page 3 of 78
Concentration of acid = ____________________ mol dm−3
(3)

(b) In a different buffer solution, the concentration of ethanoic acid was 0.260 mol dm−3
and the concentration of ethanoate ions was 0.121 mol dm−3

A 7.00 × 10−3 mol sample of sodium hydroxide was added to 500 cm3 of this buffer
solution.

Calculate the pH of the buffer solution after the sodium hydroxide was added.

Give your answer to two decimal places.

pH of buffer solution ____________________

(6)
(Total 9 marks)

Q3.
The diagram shows a pH curve produced by adding a strong alkali to a weak acid.

Which point on the curve represents a solution that can act as a buffer?

Page 4 of 78
B

D
(Total 1 mark)

Q4.
This question is about Brønsted–Lowry acids.

(a) Give the meaning of the term Brønsted–Lowry acid.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) What is meant by the term strong when describing an acid?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Calculate a value for the pH of this solution.

Give your answer to 2 decimal places.

pH ___________________
(2)

(d) Calculate the pH of the solution formed after the addition of 35.0 cm3 of 0.150 mol
dm−3 NaOH to the original 25.0 cm3 of monoprotic acid.

The ionic product of water Kw = 1.00 × 10−14 mol2 dm−6 at 298 K.

Give your answer to two decimal places.

pH ___________________
(5)

(e) A buffer solution is made when 1.50 g of sodium hydroxide are added to 1.00 dm3 of
a 0.150 mol dm−3 solution of a weak acid HA.

For HA, the acid dissociation constant, Ka = 1.79 × 10−5 mol dm−3.

Calculate the pH of this buffer solution.

pH ___________________
(6)
(Total 15 marks)

Page 5 of 78
Q5.
Ethanedioic acid is a weak acid.
Ethanedioic acid acts, initially, as a monoprotic acid.

(a) Use the concept of electronegativity to justify why the acid strengths of ethanedioic
acid and ethanoic acid are different.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)

(b) A buffer solution is made by adding 6.00 × 10–2 mol of sodium hydroxide to a
solution containing 1.00 × 10–1 mol of ethanedioic acid (H2C2O4).
Assume that the sodium hydroxide reacts as shown in the following equation and
that in this buffer solution, the ethanedioic acid behaves as a monoprotic acid.

H2C2O4(aq) + OH–(aq) HC2O4−(aq) + H2O(l)

The dissociation constant Ka for ethanedioic acid is 5.89 × 10–2 mol dm–3.

Calculate a value for the pH of the buffer solution.

Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.

pH = ____________________
(5)

(c) In a titration, the end point was reached when 25.0 cm3 of an acidified solution
containing ethanedioic acid reacted with 20.20 cm3 of 2.00 ×10–2 mol dm–3
potassium manganate(VII) solution.

Page 6 of 78
Deduce an equation for the reaction that occurs and use it to calculate the original
concentration of the ethanedioic acid solution.

Equation ___________________________________________________________

Calculation

Original concentration = ____________________ mol dm-3

(4)
(Total 15 marks)

Q6.
Nitric acid (HNO–3) is a strong acid. Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) is a weak acid.

(a) Write an equation to show how ethanoic acid behaves as a weak acid in its reaction
with water.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) When pure ethanoic acid reacts with pure nitric acid, ethanoic acid acts as a base.

Write an equation for this reaction.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(i) Calculate the pH of the solution formed after 50.0 cm–3 of distilled water are
added to beaker A.
Give your answer to 2 decimal places.

______________________________________________________________

Page 7 of 78
______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Calculate the pH of the solution formed after 50.0 cm3 of 0.0108 mol dm−3
aqueous sodium hydroxide are added to beaker B.
Give your answer to 2 decimal places.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(d) A third beaker, C, contains 100.0 cm3 of 0.0125 mol dm−3 ethanoic acid.
The acid dissociation constant Ka for ethanoic acid has the value 1.74 × 10−5 mol
dm−3 at 25 °C.

(i) Write an expression for Ka for ethanoic acid and use it to calculate the pH of
the ethanoic acid solution in beaker C.
Show your working. Give your answer to 2 decimal places.

Ka ___________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Calculation _____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(ii) Aqueous sodium hydroxide is added to beaker C until the pH of the solution
becomes 4.84.

Name the salt formed in the reaction of ethanoic acid with sodium hydroxide.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Calculate the value of in the solution with the pH of 4.84.

______________________________________________________________

Page 8 of 78
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(e) Explain why chloroethanoic acid is a stronger acid than ethanoic acid.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(f) Explain why data books do not usually contain values of Ka for strong acids.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 20 marks)

Q7.
The acid dissociation constant, Ka, for ethanoic acid is given by the expression

Ka =

The value of Ka for ethanoic acid is 1.74 × 10−5 mol dm−3 at 25 °C.

(a) A buffer solution is prepared using ethanoic acid and sodium ethanoate. In the
buffer solution, the concentration of ethanoic acid is 0.186 mol dm−3 and the
concentration of sodium ethanoate is 0.105 mol dm−3.

Calculate the pH of this buffer solution.

Give your answer to 2 decimal places.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 9 of 78
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) In a different buffer solution, the concentration of ethanoic acid is 0.251 mol dm−3
and the concentration of sodium ethanoate is 0.140 mol dm−3.

A sample of hydrochloric acid containing 0.015 mol of HCl is added to 1000 cm3 of
this buffer solution.

Calculate the pH of the buffer solution after the hydrochloric acid has been added.
You should ignore any change in total volume.
Give your answer to 2 decimal places.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 8 marks)

Q8.
A solution of chlorine in water is acidic. Swimming pool managers maintain pool water at a
constant pH by using a buffer. They do so by adding sodium hydrogencarbonate and
sodium carbonate.

(a) Hydrogen carbonate ions (HCO3−) act as a weak acid in aqueous solution. Write an
equation for this equilibrium.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 10 of 78
(1)

(b) Use the equation in part (a) to explain how a solution containing sodium
hydrogencarbonate and sodium carbonate can act as a buffer when small amounts
of acid or small amounts of alkali are added.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 4 marks)

Q9.
This question is about alkalis and carboxylic acids.

In this question, all data are quoted at 25 °C.

(a) Carboxylic acids are weak acids.

State the meaning of the term weak as applied to carboxylic acids.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Write an equation for the reaction of propanoic acid with sodium carbonate.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Calculate the pH of a 0.0120 mol dm–3 solution of calcium hydroxide.

The ionic product of water Kw = 1.00 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6.
Give your answer to 2 decimal places.

___________________________________________________________________

Page 11 of 78
___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) The value of the acid dissociation constant Ka for benzenecarboxylic acid
(C6H5COOH) is 6.31 × 10–5 mol dm–3.

(i) Write an expression for the acid dissociation constant Ka for

benzenecarboxylic acid.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Calculate the pH of a 0.0120 mol dm–3 solution of benzenecarboxylic acid.

Give your answer to 2 decimal places.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(iii) A buffer solution with a pH of 4.00 is made using benzenecarboxylic acid and
sodium benzenecarboxylate.

Calculate the mass of sodium benzenecarboxylate (Mr = 144.0) that should be

dissolved in 1.00 dm3 of a 0.0120 mol dm–3 solution of benzenecarboxylic acid
to produce a buffer solution with a pH of 4.00

The value of the acid dissociation constant Ka for benzenecarboxylic acid

(C6H5COOH) is 6.31 × 10–5 mol dm–3.

______________________________________________________________

Page 12 of 78
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)

(e) Two solutions, one with a pH of 4.00 and the other with a pH of 9.00, were left open
to the air.

The pH of the pH 9.00 solution changed more than that of the other solution.

Suggest what substance might be present in the air to cause the pH to change.
Explain how and why the pH of the pH 9.00 solution changes.

Substance present in air _______________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 17 marks)

Q10.
In this question, give all values of pH to 2 decimal places.

(a) The ionic product of water has the symbol Kw

(i) Write an expression for the ionic product of water.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) At 42°C, the value of Kw is 3.46 × 10−14 mol2 dm−6.

Calculate the pH of pure water at this temperature.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(iii) At 75 °C, a 0.0470 mol dm–3 solution of sodium hydroxide has a pH of 11.36.
Calculate a value for Kw at this temperature.

______________________________________________________________

Page 13 of 78
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Methanoic acid (HCOOH) dissociates slightly in aqueous solution.

(i) Write an equation for this dissociation.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Write an expression for the acid dissociation constant Ka for methanoic acid.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) The value of Ka for methanoic acid is 1.78 × 10−4 mol dm−3 at 25 °C.
Calculate the pH of a 0.0560 mol dm−3 solution of methanoic acid.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(iv) The dissociation of methanoic acid in aqueous solution is endothermic.

Deduce whether the pH of a solution of methanoic acid will increase, decrease

or stay the same if the solution is heated. Explain your answer.

Effect on pH ___________________________________________________

Explanation ____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) The value of Ka for methanoic acid is 1.78 × 10−4 mol dm−3 at 25°C.
A buffer solution is prepared containing 2.35 × 10−2 mol of methanoic acid and 1.84
× 10−2 mol of sodium methanoate in 1.00 dm3 of solution.

(i) Calculate the pH of this buffer solution at 25°C.

______________________________________________________________

Page 14 of 78
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii) A 5.00 cm3 sample of 0.100 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid is added to the buffer
solution in part (c)(i).

Calculate the pH of the buffer solution after this addition.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 20 marks)

Q11.
This question is about several Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases.

(a) Define the term Brønsted–Lowry acid.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Three equilibria are shown below. For each reaction, indicate whether the
substance immediately above the box is acting as a Brønsted–Lowry acid (A) or a
Brønsted–Lowry base (B) by writing A or B in each of the six boxes.

(i) CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO– + H3O+

(1)

(ii) CH3NH2 + H2O CH3NH3+ + OH–

Page 15 of 78
(1)

(iii) HNO3 + H2SO4 H2NO3+ + HSO4 –

(1)

(c) A 25.0 cm3 sample of 0.0850 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid was placed in a beaker.
Distilled water was added until the pH of the solution was 1.25.

Calculate the total volume of the solution formed. State the units.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) At 298 K, the value of the acid dissociation constant (Ka) for the weak acid HX in
aqueous solution is 3.01 × 10–5 mol dm–3.

(i) Calculate the value of pKa for HX at this temperature.

Give your answer to 2 decimal places.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Write an expression for the acid dissociation constant (Ka) for the weak acid
HX.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Calculate the pH of a 0.174 mol dm–3 solution of HX at this temperature.

Give your answer to 2 decimal places.

______________________________________________________________

Page 16 of 78
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(e) An acidic buffer solution is formed when 10.0 cm3 of 0.125 mol dm–3 aqueous
sodium hydroxide are added to 15.0 cm3 of 0.174 mol dm–3 aqueous HX.
The value of Ka for the weak acid HX is 3.01 × 10–5 mol dm–3.

Calculate the pH of this buffer solution at 298 K.

Give your answer to 2 decimal places.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 18 marks)

Q12.
When 1.00 mol dm–3 solutions of salicylic acid and sodium hydroxide are mixed a buffer
solution can be formed. Salicylic acid is a monoprotic acid that can be represented by the
formula HA.

(a) Select a mixture from the table below that would produce a buffer solution. Give a
reason for your choice.

Mixture Volume of 1.00 mol dm–3 Volume of 1.00 mol dm–3

sodium hydroxide solution /

Page 17 of 78
salicylic acid solution / cm3 cm3

X 25 75

Y 50 50

Z 75 25

Mixture ____________________________________________________________

Reason ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Another mixture, formed by adding 50 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 salicylic acid solution to
25 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution, can be used to determine the
pKa of salicylic acid. State one measurement that must be made for this mixture and
explain how this measurement can be used to determine the pKa of salicylic acid.

Measurement _______________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

Q13.
Ammonia and ethylamine are examples of weak Brønsted–Lowry bases.

(a) State the meaning of the term Brønsted–Lowry base.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) (i) Write an equation for the reaction of ethylamine (CH3CH2NH2) with water to
form a weakly alkaline solution.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) In terms of this reaction, state why the solution formed is weakly alkaline.

______________________________________________________________

Page 18 of 78
(1)

Stronger base _______________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d) Give the formula of an organic compound that forms an alkaline buffer solution
when added to a solution of ethylamine.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) Explain qualitatively how the buffer solution in part (d) maintains an almost constant
pH when a small amount of hydrochloric acid is added to it.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q14.
This question is about the pH of several solutions.

Give all values of pH to 2 decimal places.

(a) (i) Write an expression for pH.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Calculate the pH of 0.154 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Calculate the pH of the solution formed when 10.0 cm3 of 0.154 mol dm–3
hydrochloric acid are added to 990 cm3 of water.

______________________________________________________________

Page 19 of 78
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The acid dissociation constant, Ka, for the weak acid HX has the value
4.83 × 10–5 mol dm–3 at 25 °C.
A solution of HX has a pH of 2.48

Calculate the concentration of HX in the solution.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(c) Explain why the pH of an acidic buffer solution remains almost constant despite the
addition of a small amount of sodium hydroxide.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) The acid dissociation constant, Ka, for the weak acid HY has the value
1.35 × 10–5 mol dm–3 at 25 °C.

A buffer solution was prepared by dissolving 0.0236 mol of the salt NaY in
50.0 cm3 of a 0.428 mol dm–3 solution of the weak acid HY

(i) Calculate the pH of this buffer solution.

______________________________________________________________

Page 20 of 78
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(ii) A 5.00 × 10–4 mol sample of sodium hydroxide was added to this buffer
solution.

Calculate the pH of the buffer solution after the sodium hydroxide was added.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 18 marks)

Q15.
In this question, give all values of pH to 2 decimal places.

(a) (i) Write an expression for the term pH.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of an aqueous solution of sulfuric

acid that has a pH of 0.25

______________________________________________________________

Page 21 of 78
______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) A student carried out a titration by adding an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide
from a burette to an aqueous solution of ethanoic acid. The end-point was reached
when 22.60 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution had been added to 25.00 cm3 of
0.410 mol dm–3 ethanoic acid.

(i) Write an equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide and ethanoic
acid.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of the sodium hydroxide solution
used.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(iii) A list of indicators is shown below.

Indicator pH range

thymol blue 1.2–2.8

bromophenol blue 3.0–4.6

litmus 5.0–8.0

cresol purple 7.6–9.2

Select from the list the most suitable indicator for the end-point of this titration.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iv) Suggest why the concentration of sodium hydroxide in a solution slowly

decreases when left open to air.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) At 298 K, the value of the acid dissociation constant, Ka, for ethanoic acid in
aqueous solution is 1.74 × 10–5 mol dm–3

(i) Write an expression for the acid dissociation constant, Ka, for ethanoic acid.

Page 22 of 78
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Calculate the pH of 0.410 mol dm–3 ethanoic acid at this temperature.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(iii) Calculate the pH of the buffer solution formed when 10.00 cm3 of 0.100 mol
dm–3 potassium hydroxide are added to 25.00 cm3 of 0.410 mol dm–3 ethanoic
acid.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 18 marks)

Q16.
Buffer solutions are important in biological systems and in industry to maintain almost
constant pH values.

(a) In the human body, one important buffer system in blood involves the
hydrogencarbonate ion, , and carbonic acid, H2CO3, which is formed when
carbon dioxide dissolves in water.

(i) Use the following equation to explain how this buffer maintains a constant pH
of 7.41 even if a small amount of acid enters the bloodstream.

Page 23 of 78
H2CO3(aq) H+(aq) + (aq)

______________________________________________________________

(ii) In a sample of blood with a pH of 7.41, the concentration of (aq) ions is

2.50 × 10–2 mol dm–3 and the concentration of H2CO3(aq) is
1.25 × 10–3 mol dm–3.
Calculate a value for the acid dissociation constant, Ka, for carbonic acid at
this temperature.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)

(b) In industry, the pH of a solution used to dye cloth must be controlled or else the
colour varies.

A solution of dye in a beaker is buffered by the presence of ethanoic acid and

sodium ethanoate. In the solution, the concentration of ethanoic acid is 0.15 mol
dm–3 and the concentration of sodium ethanoate is 0.10 mol dm–3. The value of Ka
for ethanoic acid is 1.74 × 10–5 mol dm–3 at 298 K.

(i) A 10.0 cm3 portion of 1.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid is added to 1000 cm3 of
this buffered solution.

Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid added.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the number of moles of ethanoic acid and the number of moles of
sodium ethanoate in the solution after addition of the hydrochloric acid.

Mol of ethanoic acid after addition ___________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Mol of sodium ethanoate after addition _______________________________

______________________________________________________________

(iii) Hence calculate the pH of this new solution. Give your answer to 2 decimal
places.

______________________________________________________________

Page 24 of 78
(6)
(Total 11 marks)

Q17.
In this question, give all pH values to 2 decimal places.

(a) (i) Write expressions for the ionic product of water, Kw, and for pH.

KW = _________________________________________________________

pH = _________________________________________________________

(ii) At 318 K, the value of Kw is 4.02 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6 and hence the pH of pure
water is 6.70
State why pure water is not acidic at 318 K.

______________________________________________________________

(iii) Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide in 2.00 cm3 of 0.500 mol
dm–3 aqueous sodium hydroxide.

______________________________________________________________

(iv) Use the value of Kw given above and your answer to part (a)(iii) to calculate
the pH of the solution formed when 2.00 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm–3 aqueous
sodium hydroxide are added to 998 cm3 of pure water at 318 K.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(6)

(b) At 298 K, the acid dissociation constant, Ka, for propanoic acid, CH3CH2COOH, has
the value 1.35 × 10–5mol dm–3.

(i) Write an expression for Ka for propanoic acid.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the pH of 0.125 mol dm–3 aqueous propanoic acid at 298 K.

______________________________________________________________

Page 25 of 78
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

NaOH + CH3CH2COOH → CH3CH2COONa + H2O

A buffer solution is formed when sodium hydroxide is added to an excess of

aqueous propanoic acid.

(i) Calculate the number of moles of propanoic acid in 50.0 cm3 of 0.125 mol
dm–3 aqueous propanoic acid.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Use your answers to part (a)(iii) and part (c)(i) to calculate the number of
moles of propanoic acid in the buffer solution formed when 2.00 cm3 of 0.500
mol dm–3 aqueous sodium hydroxide are added to 50.0 cm3 of 0.125 mol dm–3
aqueous propanoic acid.

______________________________________________________________

(iii) Hence calculate the pH of this buffer solution at 298 K.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 16 marks)

Q18.
(a) Titration curves labelled A, B, C and D for combinations of different acids and
bases are shown below. All solutions have a concentration of 0.1 mol dm–3.

Page 26 of 78
(i) Select from A, B, C and D the curve produced by the addition of

ammonia to 25 cm3 of hydrochloric acid _____________________________

ethanoic acid to 25 cm3 of sodium hydroxide _________________________

sodium hydroxide to 25 cm3 of hydrochloric acid ______________________

(ii) A table of acid–base indicators and the pH ranges over which they change
colour is shown below.

Indicator pH range

Thymol blue 1.2 – 2.8

Bromophenol blue 3.0 – 4.6

Methyl red 4.2 – 6.3

Cresolphthalein 8.2 – 9.8

Thymolphthalein 9.3 – 10.5

Select from the table an indicator which could be used in the titration which
produces curve A but not in the titration which produces curve B.

______________________________________________________________
(4)

Page 27 of 78
(b) (i) Write an expression for the term pH.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) A solution of potassium hydroxide has a pH of 11.90 at 25°C. Calculate the

concentration of potassium hydroxide in the solution.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

In each of the calculations below, give your answer to 2 decimal places.

(i) Calculate the pH of a 0.117 mol dm–3 aqueous solution of propanoic acid.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the pH of a mixture formed by adding 25 cm3 of a 0.117 mol dm–3
aqueous solution of sodium propanoate to 25 cm3 of a 0.117 mol dm–3
aqueous solution of propanoic acid.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 13 marks)

Q19.
The pH curve shown below was obtained when a 0.150 mol dm–3 solution of sodium
hydroxide was added to 25.0 cm3 of an aqueous solution of a weak monoprotic acid, HA.

Page 28 of 78
(a) Use the information given to calculate the concentration of the acid.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) (i) Write an expression for the acid dissociation constant, Ka, for HA.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Write an expression for pKa

______________________________________________________________

(iii) Using your answers to parts (b)(i) and (b)(ii), show that when sufficient
sodium hydroxide has been added to neutralise half of the acid,

pH of the solution = pKa for the acid HA

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) (i) Calculate the change in pH when 0.250 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid is diluted
with water to produce 0.150 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.

______________________________________________________________

Page 29 of 78
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the volume of water which must be added to 30.0 cm3 of 0.250 mol
dm–3 hydrochloric acid in order to reduce its concentration to 0.150 mol dm–3.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 12 marks)

Q20.
This question concerns the weak acid, ethanoic acid, for which the acid dissociation
constant, Ka, has a value of 1.74 × 10–5 mol dm–3 at 25 °C.

In each of the calculations below, give your answer to 2 decimal places.

(a) Write an expression for the term pH. Calculate the pH of a 0.150 mol dm–3 solution
of ethanoic acid.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) A buffer solution is prepared by mixing a solution of ethanoic acid with a solution of
sodium ethanoate.

(i) Explain what is meant by the term buffer solution.

______________________________________________________________

Page 30 of 78
(2)

(ii) Write an equation for the reaction which occurs when a small amount of
hydrochloric acid is added to this buffer solution.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) In a buffer solution, the concentration of ethanoic acid is 0.150 mol dm–3 and the
concentration of sodium ethanoate is 0.100 mol dm–3.

(i) Calculate the pH of this buffer solution.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii) A 10.0 cm3 portion of 1.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid is added to 1000 cm3 of
this buffer solution.
Calculate the number of moles of ethanoic acid and the number of moles of
sodium ethanoate in the solution after addition of the hydrochloric acid. Hence,
find the pH of this new solution.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 15 marks)

Q21.

Page 31 of 78
The value of the acid dissociation constant, Ka, for the weak acid HA, at 298 K, is
1.45 × 10–4 mol dm–3.

(a) Write an expression for the term Ka for the weak acid HA.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Calculate the pH of a 0.250 mol dm–3 solution of HA at 298 K.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(i) State and explain the effect on the pH of this buffer solution when a small
amount of hydrochloric acid is added.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) The concentration of HA in a buffer solution is 0.250 mol dm–3. Calculate the
concentration of A– in this buffer solution when the pH is 3.59

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 11 marks)

Q22.
(a) By reference to the forces between molecules, explain why ammonia is very soluble

Page 32 of 78
in water.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Aqueous solutions of ammonia have a pH greater than 7.

(i) Write an equation for the reaction of ammonia with water.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Explain why the pH of a solution containing 1.0 mol dm–3 of ammonia is less
than
14 at 298 K.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) An ammonium ion in aqueous solution can behave as a Brønsted–Lowry acid. State
what is meant by the term Brønsted–Lowry acid.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) State what is meant by the term buffer solution. Identify a reagent which could be
added to a solution of ammonia in order to form a buffer solution.

Buffer solution _______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Reagent ___________________________________________________________
(3)

(e) An acidic buffer solution is obtained when sodium ethanoate is dissolved in

aqueous ethanoic acid.

(i) Calculate the pH of the buffer solution formed at 298 K when 0.125 mol of
sodium ethanoate is dissolved in 250 cm3 of a 1.00 mol dm–3 solution of
ethanoic acid.
The acid dissociation constant, Ka, for ethanoic acid is 1.70 × 10–5 mol dm–3 at
298 K.

______________________________________________________________

Page 33 of 78
(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction which occurs when a small volume of
dilute hydrochloric acid is added to this buffer solution.

______________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 14 marks)

Q23.
The sketch below shows the change in pH when a 0.200 mol dm–3 solution of sodium
hydroxide is added from a burette to 25.0 cm3 of a 0.150 mol dm−3 solution of the weak
acid HA at 25 °C.

(a) The volume of sodium hydroxide solution added at the equivalence point is x cm3.
Calculate the value of x.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) (i) Define the term pH.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) The pH at the equivalence point is c. Suggest a value for c.

______________________________________________________________

(iii) Identify a suitable indicator for detecting the equivalence point of the titration.

______________________________________________________________
(3)

Page 34 of 78
(c) The value of Kc for the weak acid HA at 25 °C is 2.75 × 10–5 mol dm–3.

(i) Explain the term weak as applied to the acid HA.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Write an expression for Ka for the acid HA.

______________________________________________________________

(iii) Calculate the pH of the 0.150 mol dm–3 solution of acid HA before any sodium
hydroxide is added, i.e. the pH at point a.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)

(d) Calculate the pH of the solution formed when cm3 of the 0.200 mol dm–3 solution
of sodium hydroxide are added to 25.0 cm3 of the 0.150 mol dm–3 solution of HA, i.e.
the pH at point b.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 13 marks)

Q24.
A 0.210 mol dm–3 solution of potassium hydroxide was added from a burette to 25.0 cm3
of a 0.160 mol dm–3 solution of ethanoic acid in a conical flask.
Given that the value of the acid dissociation constant, Ka, for ethanoic acid is
1.74 × 10–5 mol dm–3, calculate the pH at 25 °C of the solution in the conical flask at the
following three points:

before any potassium hydroxide had been added;

after 8.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution had been added;
after 40.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution had been added.

_______________________________________________________________________

Page 35 of 78
_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 16 marks)

Q25.
The value of the acid dissociation constant, Ka, for ethanoic acid is 1.74 × 10–5 mol dm–3 at
298 K.

(a) (i) Write an expression for Ka for ethanoic acid.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the pH at 298 K of a 0.220 mol dm–3 solution of ethanoic acid.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)

(b) A sample of the 0.220 mol dm–3 solution of ethanoic acid was titrated against
sodium hydroxide solution.

(i) Calculate the volume of a 0.150 mol dm–3 solution of sodium hydroxide
required to neutralise 25.0 cm3 of the ethanoic acid solution.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) From the list below, select the best indicator for this titration and explain your
choice.

Page 36 of 78
Name of indicator pH range
bromophenol blue 3.0 – 4.6
methyl red 4.2 – 6.3
bromothymol blue 6.0 – 7.6
thymol blue 8.0 – 9.6

Indicator ______________________________________________________

Explanation ____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)

(c) A buffer solution is formed when 2.00 g of sodium hydroxide are added to 1.00 dm3
of a 0.220 mol dm–3 solution of ethanoic acid.

Calculate the pH at 298 K of this buffer solution.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 16 marks)

Page 37 of 78
Mark schemes

Q1.
(a) completely dissociates/ionises (to form H+ ions)
1

(b) M1 moles HCl = 1.035 × 10–3 and moles Ba(OH)2 = 3.75 × 10–3
If M1 incorrect, lose M1 and M6
1

M2 moles OH– = 2 × (3.75 × 10–3 = 7.50 × 10–3 )

If M2 not x2, lose M2 and M6
1

M3 XS n OH– = 7.50 × 10–3 - 1.035 × 10–3 = 6.465 × 10–3 mol in 35.35 cm3
If no subtraction for M3, lose M3 and M6
1

M4 [OH] = 6.465 × 10–3 / 35.35 × 10–3 = 0.182885 mol dm–3

= M3/35.35 × 10–3
If M4 not /35.35 × 10–3, lose M4 and M6
However, if divided by 35.35 only lose M4 and allow M6 (ecf
= 10.09)
1

M5 [H+] = Kw/[OH–] = 1.47 × 10–14 /0.182885 = 8.0378 × 10–14 mol dm–3

= 1.47 × 10–14 / M4
If incorrect rearrangement or wrong equation, lose M5 and
M6
If Kw = 1.00 × 10–14 used only lose M5 and allow M6 (ecf =
13.26)
1

M6 pH = 13.09 to 13.10
Must be 2dp
1

Alternative MS to get M2:

Starting amounts are 1.035 × 10–3 mol HCl and 3.75 × 10–3 mol Ba(OH)2 M1

So the HCl will react with 5.175 × 10–4 mol of the Ba(OH)2 leaving an excess of
3.2325 × 10–3 mol of Ba(OH)2 (as alternative M2)

So n OH– = 2 × 3.2325 × 10–3= 6.465 × 10–3 mol M3

Credit other methods eg limiting reagent method since HCl
limiting reagent

(c) [H+] = [OH–]

(d) SO2
1

Page 38 of 78
(e)
1

(f) M1 moles HCl added = 0.01 mol and moles CH3COOH = 0.035 mol
1

M2 moles CH3COO– = 0.025 – 0.01 (= 0.015)

M2 mol CH3COO– = 0.025 - M1(HCl)
1

M3 moles CH3COOH = 0.035 + 0.01 (= 0.045)

M3 mol CH3COOH = M1(CH3COOH) + M1(HCl)
1

M4 [H+] = 1.76 × 10–5 × (= 5.28 × 10–5 )

M4 is conditional on an attempt at an addition/subtraction in
M2 OR M3
1

M5 pH = 4.28
M5 must be 2dp
If used 0.07 mol for CH3COOH can score M2, M3 and M4
(pH = 4.03)
1
[15]

Q2.
(a) [H+] = (10−3.87 =) 1.3489 × 10−4
Allow 1.35 × 10−4. If M1 wrong can only score M2.
1

Mark is for correctly rearranged equation.

1.05 – 1.06 (mol dm−3)

3 sf or more
1

(b) If 0.007 moles in 500 cm3 seen follow Mark Scheme 1

Mark Scheme 1

moles ethanoic acid = 0.130

1
moles sodium ethanoate = 0.0605
1
mol CH3COOH after addition = (0.130 - 0.007 ) = 0.123
1
mol CH3COO− after addition = (0.0605+0.007) = 0.0675
1

Page 39 of 78
1

pH = 4.50 (must be 2dp)

Method 1
For M3 allow M1 – 0.007
For M4 allow M2 + 0.007

If 0.014 moles in 1 dm3 follow Mark Scheme 2

Mark Scheme 2

moles CH3COOH after addition = (0.260 - 0.014 ) = 0.246 (This scores 2 marks)
moles CH3COO− after addition = (0.121 + 0.014) = 0.135 (This scores 2 marks)

pH = 4.50 (must be 2dp)

Method 1 and 2
M5 = expression with their numbers
M6 = answer to 2 dp

pH = 4.50 scores 6 marks

If √used in Ka expression, stop at M4

If divide by 2 after M5, lose M6

Allow solutions which use Henderson-Hasselbach Equation

[9]

Q3.
B
[1]

Q4.
(a) Proton donor
1

(b) Completely ionises to give H+ ions in water

(c) 0.058 mol dm−3

1.24
1

Page 40 of 78
(d) Amount of NaOH = 5.25 × 10−3
1

Since 1:1 reaction amount of OH− ions in excess

= 5.25 × 10−3 − 1.45 × 10−3 mol

= 3.80 × 10−3 moles OH−

[OH−] = 3.80 × 10−3 × 1000/60 = 0.0633

Kw = [H+][OH− so H+ = = 1.58 × 10−13

pH = 12.80
1

(e) Amount of OH− added 1.5 / 40 = 0.0375 mol

Use of 1:1 ratio to calculate amount of A− formed = 0.0375 mol

Amount of weak acid initially = 1 × 0.15 = 0.150 mol so amount of weak acid after
addition of NaOH = 0.150 − 0.0375 = 0.1125
If M3 incorrect can only score max of 3 marks
1

[H+] = Ka [HA]/[A−] or [H+] = 1.79 × 10−5 × 0.1125/0.0375

= 5.37 × 10−5
1

pH = 4.27
1
[15]

Q5.
(a) This question is marked using levels of response. Refer to the Mark Scheme
Instructions for Examiners for guidance on how to mark this question.

All stages are covered and the explanation of each stage is generally correct
and virtually complete.

Answer is communicated coherently and shows a logical progression from

stage 1 and stage 2 to stage 3. Steps in stage 3 must be complete, ordered
and include a comparison.
Level 3
5 – 6 marks

All stages are covered but the explanation of each stage may be incomplete or
may contain inaccuracies OR two stages are covered and the explanations
are generally correct and virtually complete.

Page 41 of 78
Answer is mainly coherent and shows a progression from stage 1 and stage 2
to stage 3.
Level 2
3 – 4 marks

Two stages are covered but the explanation of each stage may be incomplete
or may contain inaccuracies, OR only one stage is covered but the
explanation is generally correct and virtually complete.

Answer includes some isolated statements, but these are not presented in a
logical order or show confused reasoning.
Level 1
1 – 2 marks

Insufficient correct Chemistry to warrant a mark.

Level 0
0 marks

Indicative Chemistry content

Stage 1: difference in structure of the two acids

• The acids are of the form RCOOH
• but in ethanoic acid R = CH3
• whilst in ethanedioic acid R = COOH

Stage 2: the inductive effect

• The unionised COOH group contains two very electronegative oxygen
atoms
• therefore has a negative inductive (electron withdrawing)effect
• The CH3 group has a positive inductive (electron pushing) effect

Stage 3: how the polarity of OH affects acid strength

• The O–H bond in the ethanedioic acid is more polarised / H becomes
more δ+
• More dissociation into H+ ions
• Ethanedioic acid is stronger than ethanoic acid
6

(b) Moles of NaOH = Moles of HOOCCOO– formed = 6.00 × 10–2

Extended response
1

Moles of HOOCCOOH remaining = 1.00 × 10–1 – 6.00 × 10–2

= 4.00 × 10–2
1

Ka = [H+][A–] / [HA]

[H+] = Ka × [HA] / [A–]

[H+] = 5.89 × 10–2 × (4.00 × 10–2 / V) / (6.00 × 10–2 / V) = 3.927 × 10–2

pH = –log10(3.927 ×10–2) = 1.406 = 1.41

Answer must be given to this precision
1

Page 42 of 78
(c) 5H2C2O4 + 6H+ + 2MnO4– 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O

OR 5C2O42– + 16H+ + 2MnO4– 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O

Moles of KMnO4 = 20.2 × 2.00 × 10–2 / 1000 = 4.04 × 10–4

Moles of H2C2O4 = 5 / 2 × 4.04 × 10–4 = 1.01 × 10–3

Concentration = moles / volume (in dm3)

= 1.01 × 10–3 × 1000 / 25 = 4.04 × 10–2 (mol dm–3)

If 1:1 ratio or incorrect ratio used, M2 and M4 can be scored
1
[15]

Q6.
(a) CH3COOH + H2O ⇌ CH3COO- + H3O+

CH3COOH ⇌ CH3COO- + H+
Must show ⇌
Allow CH3CO2H, CH3CO2-
Ignore state symbols
1

(b) (CH3COOH + HNO3 → CH3COOH2+ + NO3-)

IGNORE ⇌
Allow CH3CO2H, CH3CO2H2+, CH3C+(OH)2
1

(c) (i) ( new [HNO3] = [H+] = × 0.0125 )

M1 [H+] = 8.3(3) × 10-3 (mol dm-3)

new[HNO3] =
1

M2 pH = − log M1 OR 2.08
Must be 2dp
Allow correct pH conseq to their [H+] concentration
1

(ii) M1 mol NaOH (= 50 × 10-3 × 0.0108) = 5.40 × 10-4

M2 Subtraction of M1 from moles of HNO3 (1.25 × 10-3 or conseq from 1c(i))

Excess mol H+ = 7.10 × 10-4

Page 43 of 78
M2 allow ecf for subtraction of mol
If no subtraction, no further marks
1

M3 [H+] = = 4.73 × 10-3

M3 if no use of volume, no further marks (pH=3.15)
If incorrect volume used, can score M4
1

M4 pH = -log M3 OR 2.32
M4 Allow 2.33 Must be 2 dp
1

(d) (i) M1 Ka =
Penalise ( ) once here Not [H+][A-] / [HA]
If Ka expression wrong – Allow correct pH conseq to their
[H+] concentration M4 only
1

M2 Ka = or with numbers or with HA

M3 [H+] = [ √(1.74 ×10-5 × 0.0125)] = 4.66 ×10-4

Mark for answer
1

M4 pH = 3.33
Must be 2dp
Allow correct pH conseq to their [H+] concentration
(pH = 3.83 can score M1, M2 and M4)
1

(ii) Sodium ethanoate

Ignore formula
Allow sodium acetate
1

(iii) M1 [H+] = 1.45 × 10-5

Accept 1.445 × 10-5 or 1.4 × 10-5
1

If M1 incorrect CE=0
Inclusion of 0.0125 in calculation can only score M1
1

Page 44 of 78
M3 1.2(0)
Ignore units
1.4 × 10-5 gives 1.24
1

(e) M1 (Electronegative) chlorine withdraws electrons

Allow Cl has negative inductive effect
1

M2 Stabilises/reduces charge on COO-

OR weakens O-H bond

OR makes O-H more polar

Ignore chloroethanoic acid dissociates more readily
Mark independently
1

(f) M1 Strong acids (almost) completely dissociated/ionised

OR not an equilibrium

OR equilibrium lies far to the right

Cannot have Ka value for a reaction not in equilibrium scores
both marks
1

M2 Ka value for strong acids tends to infinity/is very large

OR can’t divide by zero in Ka
1
[20]

Q7.

(a) [H+] = or = 1.74 × 10 −5 ×

Allow ( )

M1
1

= 3.08 × 10−5

If [HX] / [X-] or upside down, or any addition or subtraction lose M1 &

M2.

M2
1

pH = 4.51 (correct answer scores 3)

Can score M3 for correct pH conseq to their [H+], so pH =
5.01 scores one
Must be to 2 dp

Page 45 of 78
M3
1

Alternative using Henderson−Hasselbach Equation

pH = pKa − log[HX] / X−] = −log(1.74 × 10−5) − log( )

Allow ( )

pKa = 4.76 − 0.248

If [HX] / [X−] or upside down, can only score 1

pH = = 4.51
so pH = 5.01
Must be to 2 dp

(b) mol HX after addition (= 0.251 + 0.015) = 0.266

For HX, if no addition or error in addition (other than AE) (or
subsequent extra add or sub) MAX 3

M1
1

mol X- after subtraction (= 0.140 − 0.015) = 0.125

For X− if no subtraction or error in subtraction (other than AE) (or subsequent
extra add or sub) MAX 3

M2
1

[H+] = ( )=

If errors above in both addition AND subtraction can only

score M3 for insertion of their numbers in rearranged
expression. One exception, if addition and subtraction
reversed then pH =4.58 scores 2

M3
1

[H+] = 3.703 × 10−5 (mol dm−3)

If [HX] / [X−] upside down, lose M3 & M4 (or next two marks)
but can score M5 for correct pH conseq to their [H+], so if M1
& M2 correct, pH = 5.09 scores 3.

M4
1

Page 46 of 78
pH = 4.43

Correct use of HX and X− values from (d) gives

pH= 4.41 and scores 4
If wrong method, e.g. √ or no use of rearranged Ka
expression, may score M1 & M2 but no more.
Allow more but not fewer than 2dp here.

M5
1

Alternative using Henderson−Hasselbach Equation

mol acid after addition = 0.251 + 0.015 = 0.266

For HX, if no addition or error in addition (other than AE) (or
subsequent extra add or sub) MAX 3

mol salt after addition = 0.140 − 0.015 = 0.125

For X− if no subtraction or error in subtraction (other than AE)
(or subsequent extra add or sub) MAX 3

pH = (pKa − log[HX] / [X−]) = −log(1.74 × 10−5) − log(0.266 / 0.125)

If errors above in both addition AND subtraction can only
score M3 for insertion of their numbers − except if addition
and subtraction reversed then pH = 4.58 scores 2

pH = 4.76 − 0.328

pH = = 4.43
If [HX] / [X−] upside down, lose M3 & M4 (or next two marks)
but can score M5 for correct pH conseq to their working, so if
M1 & M2 correct, pH = 5.09 scores 3.
Allow more but not fewer than 2dp here.

M5
[8]

Q8.
(a) HCO3− CO32− + H+

H2O + HCO3− CO32− + H3O+

Must have equilibrium sign but mark on to (b)
Ignore state symbols
1

Page 47 of 78
(b) Acid: Increase in concentration of H+ ions, equilibrium moves to the left.
Allow H+ ions react with carbonate ions (to form HCO3-)
1

Alkali: OH- reacts with H+ ions, equilibrium moves to the right (to replace the H+
ions)
1

Concentration of H+ remains (almost) constant

1
[4]

Q9.
(a) (only) slightly or partially dissociated / ionised
Ignore ‘not fully dissociated’.
Allow low tendency to dissociate or to lose / donate a proton.
Allow shown equilibrium well to the left.
Otherwise ignore equations.
1

(b) 2CH3CH2COOH + Na2CO3 2CH3CH2COONa + H2O + CO2

2CH3CH2COOH + CO32− 2CH3CH2COO− + H2O + CO2

CH3CH2COOH + Na2CO3 CH3CH2COONa + NaHCO3

CH3CH2COOH + CO32− CH3CH2COO− + HCO3−

Must be propanoic acid, allow C2H5COOH.
Not molecular formulae.
Allow multiples.
Ignore reversible sign.
Not H2CO3.
1

(c) [OH−] = 2 × 0.0120 = 0.0240 M1

Correct answer for pH with or without working scores 3.
1

[H+] = = 4.166 × 10−13 OR pOH = 1.62 M2

If × 2 missed or used wrongly can only score M3 for correct

calculation of pH from their [H+].
1

pH = 12.38 M3
Lose M3 if not 2 decimal places: 12.4 scores 2.
12.08 scores 1 (missing × 2) ; 12.1 scores 0.

Page 48 of 78
11.78 scores 1 (dividing by 2) 11.8 scores 0.
1

(d) (i) Ka =

Ignore ( ) here but brackets must be present.

Must be correct acid and salt.
If wrong, mark part (ii) independently.
1

(ii) M1 Ka = OR with numbers

Correct answer for pH with or without working scores 3.

Allow HX, HA and ignore ( ) here.
May score M1 in part (i).
1

M2 [H+] = √(6.31 × 10−5 × 0.0120) or √(Ka × [C6H5COOH])

(= √(7.572 × 10−7 = 8.70 ×10×4)
pH = 6.12 may score 2 if correct working shown and they
show the square root but fail to take it.

But if no working shown or wrong Ka =

used which also leads to 6.12, then zero scored.

M3 pH = 3.06
Must be 2 decimal places ie 3.1 loses M3.
1

(iii) M1 [H+] = 10−4.00 = 1.00 × 10−4

Correct answer for mass with or without working scores 5.
Allow 1 × 10−4.
1

M2 [X−] =

Ignore ( ) here.
If [HX] / [X−] upside down, can score M1 plus
M4 for 5.26 × 10−7.
1

M3 =

And M5 for 7.57 × 10−5 g.

M4 = 7.572 × 10−3

Page 49 of 78
1

M5 Mass (C6H5COONa) = 7.572 × 10−3 × 144 =1.09 g

or 1.1 g
Wrong method, eg using [H+]2 may only score M1 and M5 for
correct multiplication of their M4 by 144
(provided not of obviously wrong substance).
1

(e) M1 CO2
Allow NOx and SO2.
1

M2 pH (It) falls / decreases

If M1 wrong, no further marks.
1

M3 mark M2 & M3 independently

acidic (gas)

OR reacts with alkali(ne solution) / OH−

OR CO2 + 2OH− CO32− + H2O

OR CO2 + OH− HCO3−

Not forms H2CO3 H2SO3 H2SO4 etc OR H+ ions.
1
[17]

Q10.
(a) (i) [H+][OH−] OR [H3O+][OH−]
Ignore (aq)
Must have [ ] not ( )
1

(ii) 3.46 × 10−14 (= 1.86 × 10−7)

If no square root, CE=0
1

pH = 6.73
Must be 2dp
1

(iii) [H+] = 10−11.36 (= 4.365 × 10−12 OR 4.37 × 10−12)

Mark for working
1

Kw = [4.365 × 10−12 OR 4.37 × 10−12 × 0.047] = 2.05 × 10−13

Allow 2.05 × 10−13 − 2.1 × 10−13
Mark for answer
Ignore units
1

(b) (i) HCOOH HCOO− + H+

Page 50 of 78
Must have but ignore brackets.

OR HCOOH + H2O HCOO− + H3O+

Allow HCO2− or CHOO− ie minus must be on oxygen, so
penalise COOH−
1

(ii)

Must have all brackets but allow ( )

Must be HCOOH etc.
Allow ecf in formulae from (b)(i)
1

(iii) M1

Allow HA or HX etc.
Allow [H+] = (Ka × [HA]) for M1
1

M2 [H+] = 3.16 × 10−3

Mark for answer
1

M3 pH = 2.50 allow more than 2 dp but not fewer

Allow correct pH from their wrong [H+] here only If square
root shown but not taken, pH = 5.00 can score max 2 for M1
and M3
1

(iv) M1 Decrease Mark M1 independently

M2 Eqm shifts / moves to RHS OR more H+ OR Ka

increases
OR more dissociation
1

M3 To reduce temperature or oppose increase / change in

temperature
Only award M3 following correct M2
1

If [HX]/[X-] upside down, no marks

Page 51 of 78
M2

(= 2.27 × 10−4)
1

M3 pH = 3.64 allow more than 2 dp but not fewer

pH calc NOT allowed from their wrong [H+] here
1

(ii) M1 Mol H+ added = 5.00 × 10−4

Mark on from AE in moles of HCl (eg 5 × 10−3 gives pH =
3.42 scores 3)
1

M2 Mol HCOOH = 2.40 × 10−2 and Mol HCOO– = 1.79 × 10−2

If either wrong no further marks except AE (−1) OR if ECF in
mol acid and / or mol salt from (c)(i), can score all 4
1

If [HX]/[X-] upside down here after correct expression in (c)(i),

no further marks

If [HX]/[X-] upside down here and is repeat error from (c)(i),

max 3 (pH = 3.88 after 3.86 in (c)(i))
1

M4 pH = 3.62 allow more than 2 dp but not fewer

pH calc NOT allowed from their wrong [H+] here
1
[20]

Q11.
(a) Proton donor or H+ donor
Allow donator
1

(b) (i) BB
Both need to be correct to score the mark
1

(ii) AA
Both need to be correct to score the mark
1

(iii) BA

Page 52 of 78
Both need to be correct to score the mark
1

(c) M1 [H+] = 10–1.25 OR 0.05623

M2 mol HCl = (25 × 10–3) × 0.0850 (= 2.125 × 10–3)

Mark for Working
1

M3 vol = 0.0378 dm3 or 37.8 cm3

allow 0.0375 – 0.038 dm3 or 37.5 – 38 cm3

Units and answer tied
Lose M3 if total given as (25 + 37.8) = 62.8 cm3
Ignore “vol added = 12.8 cm3 ” after correct answer
1

(d) (i) 4.52

Must be 2dp
1

(ii) Ka = ignore = but this may score M1 in (d)(iii)

Must have all brackets but allow ( ) Allow HA etc
NO mark for 10–pKa
1

(iii) M1 Ka = or with numbers

Allow [H ] = √(Ka × [HA]) for M1
+

M2 [H+] = (√(3.01 ×10–5 × 0.174) = √(5.24 ×10–6) )

= 2.29 ×10–3 - 2.3 ×10–3
Mark for answer
1

M3 pH = 2.64 (allow more than 2dp but not fewer)

Allow 1 for correct pH from their wrong [H+]
If square root forgotten, pH = 5.28 scores 2 for M1 and M3
1

(e) M1 mol OH– = (10.0 × 10-3) × 0.125 = 1.25 × 10–3

Mark for answer
1

M2 orig mol HX = (15.0 × 10–3) × 0.174 = 2.61 × 10×3

Mark for answer
1

M3 mol HX in buffer = orig mol HX – mol OH–

Page 53 of 78
Mark for answer

= 2.61 × 10–3 – 1.25 × 10–3 = 1.36 × 10–3

Allow conseq on their (M2 – M1)

([HX] = 1.36 × 10–3/25 × 10–3 = 0.0544)

If no subtraction, max 3 for M1, M2 & M4 (pH = 4.20)
If [H+] = [X–] & √used, max 3 for M1, M2 & M3 (pH = 2.89)
1

M4 mol X– in buffer = mol OH– = 1.25 × 10–3

([X–] = 1.25 × 10–3/25 × 10–3 = 0.05)

May be scored in M5 expression
1

M5 [H+]

If use Ka = no further marks

= OR

(= 3.27 × 10–5)
If either value of HX or X– used wrongly or expression upside
down, no further marks
1

M6 pH = 4.48 or 4.49 (allow more than 2dp but not fewer)

Do not allow M6 for correct calculation of pH using their [H+]
- this only applies in (d)(iii) - apart from earlier AE
1
[18]

Q12.
(a) Z
Mark independently.
1

The idea that the solution contains both HA and A−

(b) pH
1

[HA] = [A−]
Accept solution half neutralised.
1

pH = pKa
Accept [H+] = Ka
1

Page 54 of 78
[5]

Q13.
(a) Proton acceptor
1

(b) (i) CH3CH2NH2 + H2O CH3CH2NH3+ + OH–

allow eq with or without
allow C2H5NH2 and C2H5NH3+ (plus can be on N or H or 3)
allow RHS as C2H5NH3OH
1

(ii) Mark independently of (b)(i)

Allow
Ethylamine is only partly/slightly dissociated
OR
Ethylamine is only partly/slightly ionized

reaction/equilibrium lies to left or low [OH–] OR little OH– formed

OR little ethylamine has reacted

Ignore “not fully dissociated” or “not fully ionized”
Ignore reference to ionisation or dissociation of water
1

M2 alkyl group is electron releasing/donating

OR alkyl group has (positive) inductive effect

M3 increases electron density on N(H2)

OR increased availability of lp

OR increases ability of lp (to accept H(+))

Mark M3 is independent of M2
1

(d) CH3CH2NH3Cl
Or any amine hydrochloride

allow name (ethylammonium chloride or ethylamine hydrochloride) or other halide

for Cl
or a strong organic acid
NOT NH4Cl
1

(e) Mark independently of (d)

Extra H+ reacts with ethylamine or OH–

Page 55 of 78
Or makes reference to Equilibrium (in (b)(i)) with amine on
LHS
1

OR CH3CH2NH2 + H+ CH3CH2NH3+

OR H+ + OH– H2O

Equilibrium shifts to RHS

OR ratio [CH3CH2NH3+]/[ CH3CH2NH2] remains almost constant

1
[9]

Q14.
(a) (i) – log[H+] or log 1/[H+]
penalise missing square brackets here only
1

(ii) 0.81
2dp required, no other answer allowed
1

(iii) M1 mol H+ = 1.54 × 10–3

if wrong no further mark
if 1.5 × 10–3 allow M1 but not M2 for 2.82
1

M2 pH = 2.81
allow more than 2dp but not fewer
1

(b) M1 [H+] = 3.31 × 10–3

M2 Ka = or or using numbers
do not penalise ( ) or one or more missing [ ]
1

M3 [HX] =
allow conseq on their [H+]2/(4.83 × 10–5) (AE)
if upside down, no further marks after M2
1

M4 [HX] = 0.227
allow 0.225 – 0.23
1

(c) M1 extra/added OH– removed by reaction with H+ or the acid

M2 correct discussion of equn shift i.e. HX H+ + X– moves to right

Page 56 of 78
OR

ratio remains almost constant

(d) (i) M1 mol HY = (50 × 10–3) × 0.428 = 0.0214

OR [Y] = .0236 ×
mark for answer
1

M2 [H+] = 1.35 × 10–5 ×

OR 1.35 × 10–5 = [H+] ×

OR [H+] = 1.35 × 10–5 ×

OR 1.35 × 10–5 = [H+] ×

must be numbers not just rearrangement of Ka expression
If either HY value or Y– value wrong, (apart from AE -1) lose
M2 and M3
1

M3 [H+] = 1.22 ×10–5

mark for answer
1

M4 pH = 4.91
allow more than 2dp but not fewer
allow M4 for correct pH calculation using their [H+] (this
applies in (d)(i) only)
1

If Henderson Hasselbalch equation used:

M1 mol HY = (50 × 10–3) × 0.428 = 0.0214

OR [Y] = .0236 ×
mark for answer
1

M2 pKa = 4.87
1

M3 log = –0.043

Page 57 of 78
log = –0.043
If either HY value or Y– value wrong, (apart from AE-1) lose
M3 and M4
1

M4 pH = 4.87 – (– 0.043) = 4.91

allow more than 2dp but not fewer
1

(ii) Can score full marks for correct consequential use of their
HY and Y– values from d(i)

M1 Mol HY after adding NaOH = 0.0214 – 5.0 × 10–4 = 0.0209

AE in subtraction loses just M1
If wrong initial mol HY (i.e. not conseq to part d(i)) or no
subtraction or subtraction of wrong amount, lose M1 and M3
1

M2 Mol Y– after adding NaOH = 0.0236 + 5.0 × 10–4 = 0.0241

AE in addition loses just M2
If wrong mol Y– (i.e. not conseq to part d(i)) or no addition or
addition of wrong amount lose M2 and next mark gained
1

M3 [H+] = 1.35 × 10–5 × (= 1.17 × 10–5)

if convert to concentrations

[H+] = 1.35 × 10–5 × (= 1.17 × 10–5)

1
if HY/Y– upside down, no further marks

M4 pH = 4.93
allow more than 2dp but not fewer
NOT allow M4 for correct pH calculation using their [H+] (this
allowance applies in (d)(i) only)
1

If Henderson Hasselbalch equation used:

Can score full marks for correct consequential use of their
HY and Y– values from d(i)

M1 Mol HY after adding NaOH = 0.0214 – 5.0 ×10–4 = 0.0209

AE in subtraction loses just M1
If wrong initial mol HY (i.e. not conseq to part d(i)) or no
subtraction or subtraction of wrong amount lose M1 and M3
1

M2 Mol Y– after adding NaOH = 0.0236 + 5.0 × 10–4 = 0.0241

AE in addition loses just M2
If wrong mol Y– (i.e. not conseq to part d(i)) or no addition or
addition of wrong amount lose M2 and next mark gained

Page 58 of 78
1

M3 log = –0.062
––
if HY/Y upside down, no further marks
1

M4 pH = 4.87 – (– 0.062) = 4.93

allow more than 2dp but not fewer
1
[18]

Q15.
(a) (i) –log[H+]
or log1/[H+]
penalise ( )
1

(ii) [H+] = 0.56

mark for the answer; allow 2dp or more
1

[H2SO4] = ½ × 0.56 = 0.28

(b) (i) CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O

CH3COOH + OH– → CH3COO– + H2O

Allow CH3CO2H etc
1

(ii) mol acid = (25.0 × 10–3) × 0.41 = 1.025 × 10–2 or 1.03 × 10–2
1

[NaOH] = 1.025 × 10–2/22.6 × 10–3 = 0.45(4)

mark for answer
if not 0.454 look back for error
1

[NaOH] = 1.03 × 10–2/22.6 × 10–3 = 0.456 or 0.46

(iii) cresol purple

(iv) NaOH reacts with carbon dioxide (in the air)

allow molecular formulae or minor slip in formulae

Page 59 of 78
penalise ( )
allow H3O+
not allow HA etc
1

(ii) Ka = or with numbers

1
allow HA etc here
This can be scored in part (c)(i) but doesn’t score there.

[H+] = (√(1.74 × 10–5 × 0.410) = √(7.13 × 10–6)) = 2.67 × 10–3

1
–3 –3
mark for 2.67 × 10 or 2.7 × 10 either gives 2.57

pH = 2.57 can give three ticks here for (c)(ii)

penalise decimal places < 2 >
1
pH mark conseq on their [H ] +

so 5.15 gets 2 marks where square root not taken

(iii) M1 mol OH– = (10.0 × 10–3) × 0.10 = 1.0 × 10–3

If no subtraction or other wrong chemistry the max score is 3
for M1, M2 and M4
1

M2 orig mol HA = (25.0 × 10–3) × 0.41 = 0.01025

or 1.025 × 10–2 or 1.03 × 10–2

M3 mol HA in buffer = orig mol HA – mol OH–

= 0.00925 or 0.0093
If A– is wrong, max 3 for M1, M2 and M3 or use of
pH = pKa – log [HA]/[A–]

M4 mol A– in buffer = mol OH– = 1.0 × 10–3

Mark is for insertion of correct numbers in correct expression
for [H+]
1

M5 [H+] =
1

(= 1.61 × 10–4 or 1.62 × 10–4)

M6 pH = 3.79 can give six ticks for 3.79

if [HA]/[A–] upside down lose M5 & M6
If wrong method e.g. [H+]2/[HA] max 3 for M1, M2 and M3

Page 60 of 78
Some may calculate concentrations
[HA] = 0.264 and [A–] = 0.0286 and rounding this to 0.029
gives pH = 3.80 (which is OK)

NB Unlike (c)(ii), this pH mark is NOT awarded conseq to their

[H+] unless following AE
BEWARE: using 0.01025 wrongly instead of 0.00925 gives
pH = 3.75
(this gets 3 for M1, M2 & M4)
1
[18]

Q16.
(a) (i) addition of small amounts of acid send eqm to left or extra H+
removed by reaction with HCO3–
1

ratio [H2CO3]/[HCO3–] remains constant hence [H+] and

pH remain const
1

(ii) pH = 7.41 [H+] = 3.89 × 10–8 mol dm–3

Ka =
1

= = 7.78 × 10–8 mol dm–3

allow error carried forward mark. Do not penalise twice.
1

(b) (i) moles H+ added = 10 × 10–3 × 1.0 = 0.01

(ii) moles ethanoic acid after addition = 0.15 + 0.01 = 0.16

moles ethanoate ions after addition = 0.10 – 0.01 = 0.09

(iii) [H+] =
1

= 1.74 × 10–5 ×
1

pH = 4.51
1
[11]

Page 61 of 78
Q17.
(a) (i) [H+][OH–]
1

– log [H+]
1

(ii) [H+] = [OH–]

(iii) (2.0 × 10–3) × 0.5 = 1.0 × 10–3

(iv) [H+] = (= 4.02 × 10–11)

pH = 10.40
1

(b) (i) Ka = [H+][CH3CH2COO-]

[CH3CH2COOH]
1

= [H+]
[CH3CH2COOH]
1

[H+] = √(1.35 × 10–5) × 0.125 (= 1.30 × 10–3)

pH = 2.89
1

(c) (i) (50.0 × 10–3) × 0.125 = 6.25 × 10–3

(ii) (6.25 × 10–3) – (1.0 × 10–3) = 5.25 × 10–3

(iii) mol salt formed = 1.0 × 10–3

[H+] = Ka × [CH3CH2COOH]
[CH3CH2COO–)
1

= (1.35 × 10–5) × (= 7.088 × 10–5)

pH = 4.15
1
[16]

Q18.
(a) (i) B;
1

Page 62 of 78
C;
1

A;
1

(ii) cresolphthalein

thymolphthalein;
1

(b) (i) –log[H+];

(ii) [H+] = 1.259 × 10–12 (or 1.26 or 1.3)

OH = 14 – pH;
1

= 2.10;
1

= 7.9(4) × 10–3;
(if [H+] is wrong allow 1 for [OH] = KW/[H+] or as numbers)
1

(c) (i) Ka = [H+]2/[CH3CH2COOH]

[H+]2/[HA]

[H+] = [A–] etc;

[H+] = √l.35×l0–5 × 0.117 or expression without numbers;

= 1.257 × l0–3

pH = 2.90;
1

(iii) Ka = [H+]

pKa = pH;

Page 63 of 78
1

pH = 4.87;
(penalise 1dp once)
1
[13]

Q19.
(a) Concentration of acid: m1v1 = m2v2 hence 25 × m1 = 18.2 × 0.150

moles NaOH = 2.73 ×10–3;

m1 = 18.2 × 0.150/25= 0.109;

(b) (i) Ka=[H+][A–]/[HA] not Ka = [H+]2 / [HA];

(ii) pKa = –logKa;

(iii) [A–] = [HA];

hence Ka = [H+] [A–] / [HA] = [H+]

and –logKa = –log[H+];

(c) ratio [A–] : [HA] remains constant;

hence as [H+] = Ka [HA] / [A–]; [H+] remains constant;

(d) (i) pH of 0.250 mol dm-3 HCl = 0.60

and pH of 0.150 mol dm-3 HCl = 0.82;
1

pH change = 0.22;
1

(ii) moles HCl = 30 × 0.250 × 10–3 = v × 0.150 × 10–3 = 7.50 × 10–3

v = 30 × 0.250 × 10–3/ 0.150 × 10–3 =50;

water added = 50 – 30 = 20 cm3;

1
[12]

Q20.
(a) pH = –log[H+]

Page 64 of 78
1

[H+]= √1.74 × 10–5 × 0.15 (or 1.62 × 10–3)

pH = 2.79 (penalise 1 dp or more than 2dp once in the qu)

(b) (i) Solution which resists change in pH /maintains pH

despite the addition of (small amounts of) acid/base (or dilution)

(ii) CH3COO + H+→ CH3COOH

must show an equation full or ionic in which ethanoate ions are

converted to ethanoic acid
1

(c) (i) if rearrangement incorrect, no further marks

(= 2.61 × 10–5)

pH = 4.58
1

(ii) Ml moles H+ added = 10 × 10-3 × 1.0 = 0.01

M2 moles ethanoic acid after addition = 0.15 + 0.01 = 0.16

M3 moles ethanoate ions after addition = 0.10 -0.01 = 0.09

M4
1

(= 3.09 ×10–5)

M5 pH = 4.51

The essential part of this calculation is addition/subtraction of

0.01 moles to gain marks M2 and M3. If both of these are missing,
only mark M1 is available. Thereafter treat each mark independently,
except if the expression in M4 is wrong, in which case both M4

Page 65 of 78
and M5 are lost.
1
[15]
alternative scheme for part (c)(i)

pKa = 4.76
1

1
alternative for penultimate mark of part (c)(ii)

Q21.

(a) Ka =
(All three sets of square brackets needed,
penalise missing brackets or missing charge
once in the question)
(Don’t penalise extra [H+]2/[HA])
1

(b) Ka = or [H+] = [A–]

[H+] =

= 6.02 × 10–3pH = 2.22

(must be to 2dp)
(allow 4th mark consequential on their [H+])
1

(c) (i) pH (almost) unchanged

(Must be correct to score explanation)
1

H+ removed by A– forming HA
or acid reacts with salt
or more HA formed
1

(ii) [H+] = 10–3.59 = 2.57 × 10–4 or 2.6 × 10–4

Page 66 of 78
[A–] =
1

=
1

= 0.141 (mol dm 3)
(Allow 0.139 to 0.141 and allow 0.14)
(If not used 3.59, to find [H+] can only score M2
for working)
(If 3.59 used but [H+] is wrong, can score M2 for
correct method and conseq M4)
If wrong method and wrong expression, can only
score M1)
1

(ii) Alternative scheme for first three marks of part (c)(ii)

pH = pKa log
1

pKa = 3.84
1

3.59 = 3.84 – log

1
[11]

Q22.
(a) Hydrogen bonding (1)
between H2O and NH3 (1)
2

(b) (i) NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH– (1)

(ii) Ammonia is weak base (1)

NOT partially ionised

Equilibrium to left or incomplete reaction (1)

(c) A proton donor (1)

(d) Buffer solution: A solution which resists change in pH (1)

when small amounts of acid or base added or on dilution (1)

Reagent: NH4Cl (1)

Allow a correct strong acid

Page 67 of 78
3

(e) (i) Ka = [H+] [A–] / [HA] (1)

= [H+] [0.125 × 4] (1) / 1.00
[H ] = 1.70 × 10–5 / 0.125 × 4 = 3.40 × 10–5 (1)
+

pH = –log10 [H+] = 4.47 (1)

Allow pH conseq to [H+] if 2 place decimals given

(ii) H+ + CH3COO– → CH3COOH (1)

5
[14]

Q23.

(a) moles HA = × 0.150 = 3.75 × 10–3 (1)

vol NaOH = = 1.875 × 10–2 dm3 (1)

or 18.75 cm3
2

(b) (i) pH = –log10 [H+] (1)

(ii) Value above 7 but below 11 (1)

(iii) phenol red / thymol blue / phenolphthalein / thymolphthalein

i.e. indicator with 7 < pKin <11
3

(c) (i) Only slightly dissociated/ionised (1)

NOT “not fully dissociated / ionised”

(ii) Ka = (1)

NOT

(iii) For weak acid alone:

Ka = (1)

[H+] =

= 2.03 × 10–3 (1)

pH = 2.69 (1)
pH should be given to 2 decimal places
penalise answer to 1 d.p. once in question
5

(d) moles OH– added = 1.875 × 10–3 = moles A– = moles HA left (1)

Page 68 of 78
or [A–] = [HA]

Ka = [H+] or pH = pKa (1)

pH = 4.56 (1)
3
[13]

Q24.

(a) before any KOH added: Ka = or (1)

Ka = (1)

[H+] = = 1.67 × 10–3 (1)

pH = 2.78 (1)
4

(b) at 8 cm3 KOH:

Moles KOH added = (8 × 10–3) × 0.210 = 1.68 × 10–3 (1)
moles of CH3COO– formed = 1.68 × 10–3 (1)

Original moles of CH3COOH = (25 × 10–3) × 0.160 = 4.0 × 10–3 (1)

moles of CH3COOH left = (4.0 × 10–3) – (1.68 × 10–3)

= 2.32 × 10–3 (1)

[H+] = Ka × (1)

= 1.74 × 10–5 × = 2.40 × 10–5 (1)

pH = 4.62 (1)
It forget subtraction : max 5
If Ka expression not used max 5
if moles of CH3COOH wrong but substitution used max 5
7

(c) at 40 cm3 of KOH:

Total moles of KOH = (40 × 10–3) × 0.21 = 8.4 × 10–3 (1)
excess moles of KOH = (8.4 × 10–3) - (4.0 × 10–3)
= 4.4 × 10–3 (1)
in total volume = 40 + 25 = 65 cm3 (1)

[OH–] = 4.4 × 10–3 × = 0.0677 (1)

[H+] =
OR pOH =1.17

Page 69 of 78
= 1.477 × 10–13 (1)
pH = 12.83 (1)
If volume missed : max 4
If moles of acid wrong but method includes subtraction : max
5
If no subtraction : max 4
6
[Max 16]

Q25.

(a) (i) Ka = (1)

(ii) (1) Ka = (1)

(2) [H+] = = 1.96 × 10–3 (1)

(3) pH = -log10[H+] (1)

can score independently

(4) pH = 2.71 (1)

2 d.p. essential
If forget √ can score (1) and (3) for pH = 5.42
5

(b) (i) moles acid = (1) = 5.50 ×10–3

x = 25 × or 5.50 × 10–3 ×

= 36.7 (or 37) cm3 (or 36.6) (1)

NOT 36 NOR 37.0 units must match

(ii) Indicator: thymol blue (1)

Explanation: weak acid – strong base (1)
equivalent at pH > 7 (1)
or high pH
5

(c) (1) mol NaOH added = = 0.050 (1)

If wrong Mr: CE lose marks (1) and (2) then mark on

Page 70 of 78
consequentially → max 4

(2) mol CH3COOH left = 0.220 – 0.050 = 0.170 (1)

(3) mol CH3COO– formed = 0.050 (1)

(4) [H+] = Ka OR pH = pKa + etc (1)

If expression wrong no marks for 4 / 5 / 6

can score (1) to (4) in (5)

(5) [H+] = 1.74 × 10–5 × OR pH = 4.76 + log (1)

(6) pH = 4.23 (1)

Correct answer gets (1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)
Mark (5) is for use of correct values of (acid moles) and
(salt moles)
if one wrong allow pH conseq
if both wrong, no further marks
e.g. if candidate forgets substitution in (2)
he loses (2) and (5) but can score (1) (3) (4) (6) = max 4

for pH = 4.12 if upside down; answer 5.29 scores 3

for (1) (2) (3)
6
[16]

Page 71 of 78
Examiner reports

Q1.
(a) 86.2% of students gave the correct definition.

(b) Most students calculated the amounts, in moles, of the reactants but often did not
multiply the amount of barium hydroxide by two to give the amount of hydroxide
ions. Some students did not convert the amount in moles to concentration and some
did not quote their pH to two decimal places. This part of the question discriminated
very well, with just over 20% of students scoring full marks.

(c) 81.8% of students gave the correct reason here.

(d) 78.5% correctly identified sulphur dioxide.

(e) 91% of students could give the correct expression for Ka.

(f) Most students could calculate the amount, in moles, of hydrochloric acid and of
ethanoic acid, but many were unsure of how to use these numbers. Many students
failed to recognise the need to increase the amount of acid and decrease the
amount of salt due to the shift in the equilibrium when H+ ions are added. Many
added and subtracted the wrong way round or managed one process but not the
other. Students could generally rearrange the Ka expression correctly; just over 40%
of students scored full marks for this part of the question.

Q2.
(a) This question was answered well by many students. A common incorrect answer
was 0.958, where students had re-arranged the expression upside-down.

(b) Although 34.4% of students scored full marks, the question differentiated well
overall. Common errors involved either failure to add/subtract the correct amount in
moles of sodium hydroxide or to add/subtract the wrong way round.

Q6.
Question (a) was generally well done, but a large number of students did not include a
reversible sign in their equation for dissociation of the weak acid. Part (b) differentiated
well as weaker students failed to show how ethanoic acid could act as a base and accept
a proton.

Part (c)(i) was more straightforward but some students failed to calculate the
concentration of the acid correctly and just used a number of moles. Part (c)(ii)
differentiated well: many students realised a subtraction was needed in the calculation,
but then failed to use the total volume to convert the amount, in moles, of H+ ions to a
concentration to calculate the pH.

Part (d)(i) was completed very well with most students gaining either 3 or 4 marks. In part
(d)(iii) a significant number incorrectly used the original amount in moles of acid (0.0125)
in their ratio. Even some of the strongest students struggled with the maths skills required
and a frequent wrong answer was the inverse of 1.20 due to incorrect rearrangement. A
significant number did not work out the hydrogen ion concentration and so lost M1 when
they couldn’t complete the rest of the calculation.

Part (e) differentiated well with full descriptions seen in about a third of the answers and

Page 72 of 78
one mark gained by another third. In part (f) the first mark proved very accessible but the
second proved trickier; many students showed poor maths skills and thought that Ka
would equal 1 or zero.

Q7.
The first part of this question was answered well and few students did not score all three
marks. The most common error was in the rearrangement of the Ka expression. Some
students subtracted the ethanoate concentration from the ethanoic acid concentration to
give a wrong ethanoic acid concentration, although they could gain M3 for a correct pH
consequential on their H+ concentration.

Part (b) discriminated slightly better as there was scope for a variety of errors. These
included using the values given in part (a), no addition or error in addition to give the new
concentration of ethanoic acid, no subtraction or error in subtraction to give the new
concentration of the ethanoate salt, wrong rearrangement of the Ka expression or a
combination of these. Students were given credit for correct working where appropriate.

Q8.
In part (a) the missing equilibrium sign was not always penalised and part (b) often had no
reference to the equilibrium shift and over-complicated answers led to contradictions in
responses.

Q9.
This question was generally well attempted, with most students scoring well in the
mathematical sections. In part (a), most students gave the meaning of a weak acid as
‘only partially ionised or dissociated into ions’, and this was credited. The preferred
answer was ߢonly slightly ionised’. ‘Not fully ionised’ did not gain the mark. The equation
in part (b) was poorly answered mainly because the formula for sodium carbonate was
incorrect. In some cases, the formula of sodium hydroxide or sodium hydrogen carbonate
was given. A common error in part (c) was to omit the factor of 2 when calculating the
concentration of hydroxide ions from the concentration of calcium hydroxide. Parts (d)(i)
and (d)(ii) were answered well but in part (d)(iii) many students used an expression for Kc
with [H+]2 or could not rearrange the correct expression to find the concentration of sodium
benzenecarboxylate. Students should be encouraged to use words in their answers to
make it clear whether the numbers they write refer to amounts in moles or to
concentrations and also to which substance they refer. Answers to part (e) included many
wrong substances and showed that some students think that H2 (or H+) is present in the
atmosphere or that carbonic acid can exist in an alkaline solution.

Q10.
Students found part (a) relatively easy. The most common errors were in part (a)(iii) where
some students squared the hydrogen ion concentration.

The double arrow sign for an equilibrium was frequently missed in part (b)(i) and there
were several instances where the wrong proton was lost from HCOOH. Only 33% of
students scored all 3 marks in part (b)(iv). Some students lost M1 for confusing higher [H+]
with higher pH. Some lost M3 because they wrote an explanation in general terms,
“according to Le Chatelier’s principle” rather than suggesting that the position of
equilibrium shifts to oppose a specific change, ie to reduce the temperature.

Part (c) was a good discriminator and the full range of marks was seen, although there
were more than usual who gained high marks in what has, in the past, been seen as a

Page 73 of 78
difficult topic. In part (c)(i), some students couldn’t rearrange the Ka expression correctly
and wrote the acid and salt concentrations the wrong way round. Many calculated an
‘excess’ of methanoic acid by subtraction.

The calculation in part (c)(ii) proved to be the most difficult calculation on the paper. Most
students scored M1, but several wrote nothing further. Many also gained M2 although
adding and subtracting the wrong way round caused many to lose any further marks.
Incorrect rearrangement of the Ka expression was again a problem.

Q11.
Part (a) was well known, but part (b) was much less well understood. In part (c), most
students scored the first two marks but then failed to use their answers correctly to
calculate the total volume. Some who did not read the question fully, added 25 cm3 to their
correct answer and so lost the final mark.

In part (d)(iii), a significant number could not correctly rearrange the simplified expression
for Kc. A mark was allowed, in this part only, for a correct calculation of pH using their
value of [H+] even if this was not the correct concentration.

In part (e), most scored the first two marks, but many then failed to recognise that, on
adding alkali, the number of moles of acid would have decreased. Others were unable to
rearrange the Ka expression correctly or attempted to use the equation Ka = [H+]2/[HX].

Moles and concentration were often confused and many responses were also badly
presented with little explanation. Such omission makes it difficult for examiners to award
marks in an extended calculation if the answer is wrong.

Q12.
(a) In this part many students were unable to select a correct mixture, but were
awarded a mark for an explanation which was incomplete or very vague. Students
needed to mention the presence of both acid and salt in the mixture to merit the
mark.

(b) In this part, many students confused a half equivalence mixture with a pH graph. An
explicit statement that [HA] = [A–] was often omitted, and quite frequently was not
penalised. It was surprising how many students used a pH value without taking the
trouble to measure this value.

Q13.
Almost all students scored the mark in part (a), but in the rest of the parts of this question,
there was less good understanding of the chemistry of weak bases and the operation of
basic buffers. There were many incorrect answers in part (b)(i) where ammonia and
ethanol were often given as the products of the reaction. This led to wrong answers to part
(b)(ii). A number of students wrote ‘inductive effect’ in part (c) without any mention of what
this applied to; the final mark was, however, often scored. Part (d) proved to be very
difficult and although, in part (e), many students recognised that the added H+ ions would
react with OH– ions in the solution, a large number failed to explain how the buffer would
respond to this reaction.

Q14.
The early parts of this question were answered well, although in part (a)(iii), about a third
of the candidates did not realise that adding water had no effect on the number of moles
of acid present. Over two thirds of the candidates scored full marks in part 2(b); a common

Page 74 of 78
error for the others was to rearrange the expression for Ka incorrectly. In part 2(c), many
answers stated general properties of a buffer solution, without giving any explanation
specific to this situation.

It was pleasing to see that over 44% of the candidates gained full marks in part (d)(i).
Many of the rest thought that addition of the salt to the solution of the acid changed the
amount of acid present. Part (d)(ii) discriminated well and only the better candidates were
able to calculate the amounts in moles of acid and of salt present in the solution after the
addition of sodium hydroxide and then use these values correctly.

Q15.
This question was generally well answered and only rarely did candidates fail to follow the
instructions to give their pH values to two decimal places.

In part (a)(ii) only a fifth of the candidates realised that sulfuric acid is diprotic and in part
(b)(i) only two thirds of the entry could write a correct equation for the reaction of ethanoic
acid with sodium hydroxide. The following titration calculation was very straightforward but
was thought more complicated by many including those who introduced Kw. It was
disappointing to see that only the very best candidates understood that sodium hydroxide
solution reacts with carbon dioxide in the air and many candidates showed a strange
understanding of the composition of air. Part (c)(ii) was well answered; nearly four fifths of
candidates answered this part completely correctly. Answers to the unstructured buffer
calculation in part (c)(iii) were also quite pleasing; the question differentiated well and over
twenty percent of candidates gained full marks. Other candidates were hindered by poor
mathematical skills.

Q17.
The standard expressions in part (a)(i) were answered well by almost all candidates,
although some quote values for Kw and pH instead of reading the question carefully.

In part (a)(ii) some missed the essential point that in pure water, the concentrations of H+
and OH–ions are equal at all temperatures even if the pH scale is based on a value of Kw
different from 1.0 –14. In part (a)(iii) most were able to calculate the number of moles of
OH– present as 1.0 × 10–3, but many failed to realise that, in part (iv), when this number of
moles were added to 998 cm3 of water, the concentration of OH– in the solution formed
would be 1.0 × 10–3 mol dm–3. A few failed to use the given value of Kw but many were
able to calculate the correct answer of 10.40.

Part (b) was generally very well answered and a pH of 2.89 was the most common
answer. Some candidates, gave the answer 5.77 by forgetting to take the necessary
square root in their working.

Part (c) was a buffer calculation, an area which candidates traditionally find difficult.
Disappointingly, this again proved the case despite the lead in to the question given in
parts (i) and (ii). While most were able to calculate the initial number of moles of propanoic
acid and almost as many could calculate the number of moles of acid present in the buffer
solution formed, few gained many more marks. Many tried to calculate the concentrations
of the acid and the salt formed failing to realise that the volume involved cancels. Many
were unable to rearrange the expression for Ka and many confused the number of moles
of propanoic acid with the number of moles of H+ present inn the solution.

Q18.
Only the weakest failed to recognise the titration curves in part (a) or to give either of the
indicators which changed colour above pH 7. The definition of pH was, as expected, well

Page 75 of 78
known, but many candidates were unable to complete the calculation of the concentration
of potassium hydroxide in part (b)(ii) by using either Kw or the expression pH + pOH =14.
Part (c)(i) was well done but many failed to recognise that the solution formed in part(c)
was a buffer solution of the particular type where the moles of salt and moles of acid
present were equal, so that the pH of the mixture equals the pKa of the weak acid. It was
pleasing that very few ignored the stated request to quote pH values to two decimal
places.

Q19.
Most candidates scored full marks for a correct calculation in part (a). Parts (b)(i) and (ii)
were also well answered but (b)(iii) proved to be more difficult and many candidates failed
to state that, when half the acid had been neutralised, [A–] = [HA]. Only the very best
candidates stated correctly that on dilution the ratio [A–] : [HA] remains constant and, as a
consequence, [H+] also remains constant. The calculations in part (d) were generally well
done although one mark was lost by candidates who, in (d)(ii), calculated the total final
volume of acid, 50.0 cm3, and not the volume of water which must be added as required
by the question.

Q20.
Most candidates took note of the request to give all pH values to 2 decimal places in this
question. Part (a) was answered very well and some who scored no further marks in the
whole question were able to answer this part correctly. Most candidates were able to
describe what a buffer solution is and although any equation which correctly showed the
removal of ethanoate ions and the formation of ethanoic acid was accepted in part (b)(ii),
many were unable to give a correct answer.

Part (c) involved buffer solutions. Many answers showed that some candidates have still
not mastered numerical questions about buffer solutions. A good proportion of the
candidates were able to use the original values of the number of moles of ethanoic acid
and of sodium ethanoate in one dm3 , i.e. the concentration of these species, to calculate
the correct pH of the original buffer solution. A much smaller number was able to calculate
the correct answer for the final pH of the buffer solution after the addition of 0.01 mol of
hydrochloric acid. Only the best realised that the number of moles of acid would have
gone up by 0.01 mol and the number of moles of ethanoate ions would have fallen by the
same amount. However it was pleasing to see a good number of candidates gaining full
marks in this question.

Q21.
High marks were scored in this question by the more able candidates but the question
discriminated well and although parts (a) and (b) were well answered by most, the weaker
candidates scored poorly in part (c).
In part (a), although the expression for Ka was well known, several candidates did not give
the general expression for Ka and instead wrote the more specific [H+]2/[HA]. This
expression was however credited in part (b). Candidates should be reminded that square
brackets are essential in these expressions.
In part (b), many correct answers were given although, in the calculation, several
candidates failed to take the square root correctly. A mark was awarded for the correct
calculation of a pH value from their hydrogen ion concentration.
As reported regularly before, too many candidates seem unaware that pH values should
be given to two decimal places; these two figures give the value to the appropriate
precision. The numbers before the decimal point only give the powers of ten involved in
the hydrogen ion concentration.
In part (c)(ii), most candidates were able to state that the pH would remain unchanged,
but fewer explained clearly that the extra hydrogen ions were removed by reaction with the

Page 76 of 78
A- ions from the salt. Only the most able candidates answered the calculation in part
(c)(ii) correctly. Many gained a mark for the hydrogen ion concentration at pH = 3.59, but
few were able to use or, more particularly, to rearrange the expression for Ka correctly to
calculate the concentration of A-.

Q22.
Only the best candidates correctly explained the solubility of ammonia in water by
reference to hydrogen bonding between water and ammonia molecules. The equation for
the reaction between ammonia and water was often given correctly but few stated that,
because ammonia is a weak base, it reacts reversibly with water forming a solution
containing a small concentration of hydroxide ions. Most, but certainly not all, candidates
knew the meaning of the term Bronsted-Lowry acid and answered part (c) correctly.
Answers to part (d) were, by contrast, rather disappointing with many vague or incorrect
statements of the term buffer solution. The calculation in part (e)(i) was not well done.
Many candidates used the relationship Ka = [H+]2/[HA] which can only be used for a
solution of a weak acid alone. Others failed to calculate the concentration of ethanoate
ions in mol dm-3 before calculating the hydrogen ion concentration. Part (c)(ii) proved
surprisingly difficult with only the better candidates giving the correct ionic equation.

Q23.
Parts (a) and (b) were well answered. Most candidates correctly calculated the volume of
sodium hydroxide needed and although some candidates attempted to answer part (b)(i)
in words, most were able to define pH as –log10[H+] . The indicator expected in part (b)(iii)
was the familiar phenolphthalein, but thymol blue (the correct indicator to the January
2002 pH question) was a common and correct answer.

In part (c), the answer that weak acids are only slightly dissociated in water was required,
rather than not fully dissociated, since even strong acids may not be fully dissociated. In
part(c)(ii), the general expression for Ka was required, i.e. [H+][A–]/[HA] rather than the
more particular [H+]2/[HA] which only applies to solutions of weak acids alone. The latter
expression could however gain credit in the calculation in part (iii). This was answered
well by many candidates although some used the number of moles of HA in the
calculation rather than its concentration. Not all candidates seemed to be aware that it is
important that pH values are given to two decimal places; these two figures give the
value to the appropriate precision. The numbers before the decimal point only give the
powers of ten involved in the hydrogen ion concentration.

Part (d) discriminated well. The better candidates realised that point b was the pH at half
equivalence, i.e. when [A–] = [HA] such that pH = pKa.

Q24.
It is important that pH values are given to two decimal places; these two figures give the
value to the appropriate precision. The numbers before the decimal point only give the
powers of ten involved in the hydrogen ion concentration.

Three pH values were required in this question and answers to one decimal place only
were penalised, but only once on this occasion.

The question involved three calculations of pH. First the pH of a solution of ethanoic acid
was required. This was usually well done even by candidates of moderate ability.

The second situation involved a buffer solution formed when some of the weak acid has
been reacted with alkali. This was done less well. Many candidates correctly calculated
the number of moles of acid used, the number of moles of hydroxide added and hence the

Page 77 of 78
number of moles of acid remaining. However, these values were then too often used in a
calculation which assumed only a weak acid was present, as in the first part of the
question rather than an acidic buffer solution. Although many candidates still seemed
unfamiliar with calculations of this type, there was a definite improvement in the numbers
gaining full marks compared with the January CHM4 paper.

The last part of the question involved finding the pH of the resulting solution of excess
potassium hydroxide produced when all the ethanoic acid is used up. This part was
usually answered more successfully than the second part.

Q25.
Many candidates scored well in parts (a) and (b) but very few seemed confident in dealing
with quantitative buffer calculations in part (c). The main errors in part (a)(i) were to write
the expression for Ka as

Ka = or rather than

The first is not a general statement while the second does not show that the acid is
ethanoic. Despite the loss of this first mark many candidates were able to gain all the
remaining marks in part (a). Marks were lost by those who did not take the square root to
obtain the hydrogen ion concentration and also by those who gave the pH to one decimal
place only. It is important that pH values are given to two decimal places; these two
figures give the value to the appropriate precision.
The numbers before the decimal point only give the powers of ten involved in the
hydrogen ion concentration. Part (b)(i) was the best answered part of the question and
most candidates gained both marks for the calculation. In part (b)(ii) most realised that the
titration involved a strong base and a weak acid but the indicator chosen was often
bromothymol blue rather than thymol blue, despite the correct explanation that the
equivalence point must be above pH 7 for this combination of acid and base. Part (c) was
not attempted by a large number of candidates. Of those who did attempt the question,
most calculated the number of moles of sodium hydroxide but then used Kw in their
calculation as if there was a mixture of strong acid and strong base present. Of those who
did realise that an acid buffer had been produced by the reaction of an excess of ethanoic
acid with sodium hydroxide, a large proportion forgot to subtract the number of moles of
acid reacted from the initial number of moles of acid before substituting in the expression
for Ka and gave a pH of 4.12. This answer received four marks out of the six available for
the correct answer, 4.23.

Page 78 of 78

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Chemistry Project Class 11-1
14 pages
Non Aqueous Titration
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Non Aqueous Titration
15 pages