Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

ABSTRACT

Wireless systems are gaining popularity rapidly, as people attempt

to do away with complicate and confusing wiring operations. Using
existing radio wave frequencies, battery operated control panels allow
for easier operation and maintenance of the display system.

Wireless Notice Board

Wireless notice board is an enhanced technology used in order to
same time and convey the message with no delay. It provides a wireless
data transfer capability between the PC and the notice board without the
need of wiring on through a radio frequency link.
This is a microcontroller based Embedded System which
achieves wireless interface between a PC and a Notice board. Here a
16x2 alphanumeric display can be used as the notice board .The user
can type the messages to be displayed in the remote LCD using the
hyper terminal of the PC and can be sent to the notice board using the
RF link. The z8 microcontroller (F6423) based embedded system
connected to the serial port of the PC receives the data send from the
PC at the set baud rate and modulates it (ASK Modulation) and sends it
to the display system through the wireless link. At the display side
another z8 microcontroller (F6423) based embedded system receives
the data through the RF receiver, demodulates it and sends to the
display side.

➢ Need for wireless Notice Board

 Time saving: We can deliver the message instantly to any
remote destination and as it is displayed in general the time
is saved.
 Convenient: since the message is displayed in common
its becomes economical and the delay in the message
delivery is avoided.

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Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

 Multiple message and notice boards controlled from a

single location

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Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

➢ Technologies involved
 Radio Frequency Communication
 Embedded Controller Architecture and Programming
 Communication Protocols

➢ Project Cycle
 Determining the requirements of the embedded system
 Designing the system architecture
 Selecting the Operating system
 Choosing the processor and the associated peripherals
 Choosing the development platform
 Coding the application and optimizing the code
 Verification of the software on the host system
 Circuit Designing.
 PCB Layout.
 Device Test.
 Verification of the software on the target system
 Documentation

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Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

1. INTRODUCTION
The project aims at providing wireless (point to multi-point) data
transfer capability between the PC and the notice board without the
need of wiring. This is a microcontroller based Embedded System which
achieves wireless interface between a PC and a Notice board.
Here any display can be used as the notice board .The user can
type the messages to be displayed on the remote display board using
the hyper terminal of the PC and can be sent to the notice board using
the RF link. The PIC microcontroller based Embedded System connected
to the serial port of the PC receives the data sent from the PC at the
baud rate set and modulates it (ASK Modulation) and sends it to the
display system through the wireless link.
At the display side another PIC microcontroller based Embedded
System receives the data through the RF receiver, demodulates it
and sends to the display side. Using existing radio wave frequencies,
battery operated control panels allow for easier operation and
maintenance of the display system.
This project finds application in Educational Institutions and
Offices, Display boards for advertisement, In Railway stations and
Airports to intimate the passengers. Provides many advantages over
the already existing display boards, as it avoids avoids the need of
wiring, as and when needed information can be displayed, avoids the
use of printer, time consumption is less and its user friendly.

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Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WIRELESS NOTICE BOARD

(WNB)

Wireless Link

Z8 µC
Based RF RF
PC Embed Txr Receiver
ded
System

RS 232
Communication

PIC µC
16 x 2 Based
I2C
Alphanumeric Display Embedded
Protocol
System

2.2 Block Diagram Description:-

2.2.1 Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC):

Microcontroller 16F877 is the heart of the project. It is an 8-bit
microcontroller .It has 3KB of data memory, 8KB of flash memory, 2KB of
EEPROM. In this project the features of PIC we make use of are,
 UART
 I2C

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Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

2.2.2 Driver:
The IC used to serve this purpose is MAX 232.It is a dual
driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply
EIA-232 inputs to +5V TTL/CMOS levels. In this project the IC is an
interface between the PC and the microcontroller.
It receives +12V digitized serial data stream from the PC and
thus converts the same to TTL/CMOS levels as required to be sent to
microcontroller 16F877.

2.2.3 Tran-receiver (TLP 434A):

It is a transreceiver IC which sends data at a rate of 8kbps at an
RF frequency of 433.92MHz.
At the transmitter side, it receives the data stream from the
microcontroller and performs ASK modulation. Then it transmits the
modulated data stream at a frequency of 433.92 MHz.
At the receiver side, it demodulates the received data stream

and passes it to the microcontroller.

2.2.4 I2C Expander:

PCF8574 is an I2C parallel port expander. It is a silicon CMOS
circuit that provides general purpose remote IO expansion for
microcontroller via the two line bi-directional bus.
In our project we are using it to communicate between
microcontroller and the alphanumeric display (LCD) using the I2C bus,
two way two line communication.

2.2.5 Alphanumeric Display (LCD):

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Displays. "Liquid crystal" is neither
solid nor liquid (an example is soapy water).Liquid crystals when
stimulated by an external electrical charge will change the properties of
light passing through the crystals. There are two ways to produce a
liquid-crystal image with such cells: the segment driving method and

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Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

the matrix driving method.

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Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

PIC16F877 MICROCONTROLLER DETAILS

3.1 Introduction To PIC MCU:
The microcontroller is making great impact on every activity of
mankind and is playing and expected to play a very important role in
the daily functioning of the developed and developing societies. In the
early years of powerful computers, large computers were designed to
solve complex, scientific and industrial problems and handles records of
large corporations and government organizations. Only big industries
and institute were able to purchase large computers .A trend started in
middle of 60’s to design smaller computers for smaller organizations
and institutions. This situation gave birth to MICROCOMPUTERS.
With the rapid advancements in the semiconductor technology,
it becomes possible to fabricate the whole CPU of a digital computer on
a single chip using LSI and VLSI technology, the LSI technology refers
packing as many as 1000-10000 transistors on a single chip where as
the VLSI refers to packing density of more than 10000 transistors on a
single chip. A CPU build into a single LSI to VLSI chip is called
MICROPROCESSOR.A digital computer having microprocessor has the
CPU along with memory and IO devices is called MICROCOMPUTER.

3.1.1 What Is A Microcontroller?

A microprocessor with RAM, ROM and other peripherals chips
together on a single chip is called a microcontroller.
The term PIC, or Peripheral Interface Controller, has been coined
by Microchip Technology to identify its single-chip microcontrollers. In
the project we make use of two microcontrollers PIC 16F877(one in
transmitter and one in the receiver) manufactured by Microchip
Technology.

3.1.2 Why 16F877?

PIC 16F877 is a RISC machine; it consists of only 35 instructions,
which makes programming very easy. Also this microcontroller has a

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Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

large amount of

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Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

memory which will suffice our program requirements. PIC16F877 also

has an in- built I2C module.
3.1.3 Features:
•High performance RISC CPU
•Only 35 single word instructions to learn
•All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycle
•Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle
•Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program
Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data
Memory (RAM)
Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory
•Pin out compatible to the PIC16C73B/74B/76/77
•Interrupt capability (up to 14 sources)
•Eight level deep hardware stack
•Direct, indirect and relative addressing modes
•Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)
•Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation
•Programmable code protection
•Power saving SLEEP mode
•Selectable oscillator options
•Low power, high speed CMOS FLASH/EEPROM technology
•Fully static design
•In-Circuit Serial Programming□.(ICSP) via two pins
•Single 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming capability
•In-Circuit Debugging via two pins
•Processor read/write access to program memory
•Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V
•High Sink/Source Current: 25 mA
•Commercial, Industrial and Extended temperature ranges
•Low-power consumption:
- 0.6 mA typical @ 3V, 4 MHz
- 20 µA 3V, 32 kHz
- 1 µA typical standby current

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Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

3.2 PIC 167877 Architecture:

Fig 2: Architecture

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Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

It consists of three segments:

 ALU
 Registers
 Control Unit

3.2.1 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):

The ALU includes electronic circuits (such as adder, comparator
and flags) that are designed to perform logical & arithmetic operations
such as addition, subtraction, logical AND, OR, EXOR.
The register that is used to perform these functions is generally
called the ACCUMULATOR. In this microcontroller this is called the
working register (W Reg) and it is 8-bits wide.

3.2.2 Registers:
The register segment of the microcontroller includes various types
of registers that are used to hold memory addresses. A few important
registers are status register, file select register (FSR) and program
counter.
The program counter (PC) is a 13-bit register that holds that
program memory address of the instruction that is to be read next. The
MC uses the program counter as a memory pointer to fetch an
instruction. FSR’s are 8-bit registers that are used in indirect addressing.

3.2.3 Control Unit:

Control Unit is designed to provide timing and control signals to
various read and write operations. This unit oversees the binary
information flow between the MP memory and IO.

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Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

3.2.4 MEMORY:

Program Memory Organization

There are three memory blocks in each of the PIC16F87X MCUs.
The Program Memory and Data Memory have separate buses so that
concurrent Access can occur.

Fig 3: Program memory and stack

The PIC16F87X devices have a 13-bit program counter capable of

addressing an 8K x 14 program memory space. The PIC16F877
devices have 8K x 14 words of FLASH program memory. Accessing a
location above the physically implemented address will cause a
wraparound. The RESET vector is at 0000h and the interrupt vector is

at 0004h.

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Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

Data Memory Organization:

The data memory is partitioned into multiple banks which contain
the General Purpose Registers and the Special Function Registers. Bits
RP1 (STATUS<6>) and RP0 (STATUS<5>) are the bank select bits.

3.2.5 I/O Ports:

The 16F877 has 5 I/O ports identified by alphabetic letters such as
PORT (A, B, C, D, and E). PORTA is 6-bit wide, PORT B, C, D is 8-bit
wide and PORTE is 3-bit wide. All the ports are bi-directional i.e.,
each pin will be configured as input/output by writing the SFR TRIS.

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Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

CHAPTER 4 ALPHANUMERIC LCD

4.1 Introduction To LCD:

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Displays. Liquid crystal was
discovered by the Austrian botanist Fredreich Rheinizer in 1888. "Liquid
crystal" is neither solid nor liquid (an example is soapy water). In the
mid-1960s, scientists showed that liquid crystals when stimulated by an
external electrical charge could change the properties of light passing
through the crystals.
The most common liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) in use
today rely on picture elements, or pixels, formed by liquid-crystal (LC)
cells that change the polarization direction of light passing through them
in response to an electrical voltage. As the polarization direction
changes, more or less of the light is able to pass through a polarizing
layer on the face of the display. Change the voltage, and the amount
of light is changed. There are two ways to produce a liquid- crystal
image with such cells: the segment driving method and the matrix
driving method.
The segment driving method displays characters and pictures with
cells defined by patterned electrodes. The matrix driving method
displays characters and pictures in sets of dots.

4.2 Types of dot-matrix LCD’s:

There are two types of dot-matrix LCDs. Passive-matrix and active-
matrix driving of LCD Monitors. Passive matrix is the less expensive of
the two technologies. In passive-matrix LCDs (PMLCDs) there are no
switching devices, and each pixel is addressed for more than one frame
time. The passive matrix LCD has a grid of conductors with pixels
located at each intersection in the grid.. The effective voltage applied to
the LC must average the signal voltage pulses over several frame
times, which results in a slow response time of greater than 150 msec
and a reduction of the maximum contrast ratio. The addressing of a
PMLCD also produces a kind of crosstalk that produces blurred images

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Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

because non-selected pixels are driven through a secondary signal-

voltage path.

4.2.1 Alphanumeric LCD’s:

Nearly every pixel-based alphanumeric LCD module made today
uses the Hitachi HD44780 LCD controller chip, or a derivative such as
the Seiko-Epson SED1278.This apparent standardization in character
LCDs has become extremely beneficial to design engineers and
hobbyists. Dozens of manufacturers produce literally hundreds of
models of LCD modules using this controller chip. The smallest of
these displays is only one line of 8 characters; the largest is four lines
of 40 characters each. Other common sizes are 16x1, 16x2, 20x1,
20x2, 20x4, 40x1, and 40x2 (characters x lines).

4.3 LCD Construction And Nomenclature:

The figure below describes the nomenclature and the
construction parts of an LCD

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Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

4.4 Interfacing the LCD module:

The microcontroller/microprocessor interface to HD44780 LCD
modules is 14 pins. Table below shows the basic pin out.
The first three pins provide power to the LCD module. Pin 1 is GND
and should be grounded to the power supply. Pin 2 is VCC and should be
connected to +5V power. Pin 3 is the LCD Display bias.

4.5 Pin Description:

The "R/S" bit is used to select whether data or an instruction is

being transferred between the microcontroller and the LCD. If the Bit
is set, then the byte at the current LCD "Cursor" Position can be read or
written. When the Bit is reset, either an instruction is being sent to the

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Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

LCD or the execution status of the last instruction is read back.

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Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

RF TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER

5.1 RF Transmitter and Receiver

RF transmitter and receiver are one of the important components

used in our project to give a wider touch, where these RF transmitter
and receiver are used to obtain a wireless application for our project. It
plays a vital role for all wireless devices and application. We are going
for RF ASK Low Cost Hybrid Modules TPL434 and RLP434 for transmitter
and receiver application. Both of them employ ASK (amplitude shift
keying) modulation, which is linear and sensitive to atmosphere and also
they are inexpensive.

Fig 6: - Basic block diagram showing RF Transmitter and Receiver.

Above block diagram represents the basic of RF Transmitter and

receiver where a single antenna is working for both transmission and
receiving propose. An input digital signal is given to DAC stage which
converts the digital input signal to analog signal, so generated analog
signal is feed to LPF block. The output from LPF is given to down
convertor and Local oscillator (L.O) combination which works as super

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Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

heterodyne. Here the analog signal is converted to a particular

frequency range at which the transmitter is supposed to operate.

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Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

5.1.1 ASK Modulation

Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of modulation that represents

digital data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave.

The amplitude of an analog carrier signal varies in accordance

with the bit stream (modulating signal), keeping frequency and phase
constant. The level of amplitude can be used to represent binary logic 0s
and 1s. We can think of a carrier signal as an ON or OFF switch. In the
modulated signal, logic 0 is represented by the absence of a carrier,
thus giving OFF/ON keying operation and hence the name given.

Fig 1.1: - (a) Modulated signal and (b) ASK Signal.

5.1.2 Encoding:

The simplest and most common form of ASK operates as a switch,

using the presence of a carrier wave to indicate a binary one and its
absence to indicate a binary zero. This type of modulation is called on-
off keying, and is used at radio frequencies to transmit Morse code
(referred to as continuous wave operation).
More sophisticated encoding schemes have been developed which

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Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

represent data in groups using additional amplitude levels. For instance,

a four-level encoding scheme can represent two bits with each shift in
amplitude; an eight- level scheme can represent three bits; and so on.
These forms of amplitude-shift keying require a high signal-to-noise ratio
for their recovery.

5.2 Radio Frequency Transmitter:

SPECIFICATIONS:

 Frequency : 433.92 MHZ

• Modulation: ASK

• Circuit Shape: SAW

• Date Rate: 8K bps

• Supply Voltage: +5V

• Power Supply range for I/O pins: 0 to 5 V

• Non-Operating Case Temperature: -20 to +85 C

• Soldering Temperature ( 10 Seconds ) : 230 C

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Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

5.3 RADIO FREQUENCY RECEIVER:

SPECIFICATIONS:

 Frequency : 433.92 MHZ

• Modulation: ASK

• Circuit Shape: LC

• Date Rate: 4800 bps

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Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

APPLICATIONS
 Uses in hospitals.
As in the hospitals we have to keep track of so many things like
management of the resources and the scheduling of everyone and
everything. There are different types of labs and the devices for
diagnosis of the different kinds of disease. By using this technology
we can make proper utilization of resources, timely and proper
management of people without any hassles.

 Uses in Banks
There is a huge mass of population which depends upon the banks
for all their monetary transactions. To keep a proper track of such
huge mass of people and their transactions this technology helps with
certain degree of effectiveness.

 Uses for Traffic Control

It’s known to all of us that traffic are the good servants of the
people and also the major invention to help people but only if it is
managed well other wise we all know Bangalore’s traffic how
ridiculous and irritating it can be. So with the use of this technology
we can maintain the flow of traffic according to the needs of the
people and also considering the availability of roads.

 Uses for advertisement

We can make use of this technology to display the different
advertisement on display panels to reach the larger number of people
at a time and in the populated places like shopping malls, road sides
as well as at the theaters, discos, hotels, motels, restaurants etc…
about their products and features.

 Uses in Educational sector

Currently in India we are relying on the old style of displaying
news by hanging bare time consuming papers on the notice

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Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

board which can be

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Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

Conclusion:
Form this article we conclude implementing Wireless Notice Board that:-

● It eliminates the use of a printer.

● It is user friendly i.e., any layman can operate it.
● Messages can be sent anytime & corrected instantaneously.
● Messages lasts until the power in switched off.
● Finally the cost of module comes to Rs.4000/-

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Wireless Power Transfer for Low-Power Devices with Intelligent Control using PIC

Reference:-

1. DESIGN WITH PIC

MICROCONTROLLERS-
JOHN.B.PEATMAN

2. ANALOG AND DIGITAL

COMMUNICATION- SIMON HAYKINS

3. EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN -

FRANK VAHID &TONY GIVARGIS

WEBSITES

www.microchip.com
www.laipac.com
www.howstuffworks.com
www.u2.semiconductors.philips.com/i2c/facts/
www.wikipedia.com
www.kartoo.com
www.google.com

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