1

†hfv‡e cÖkœ n‡e :

G‡¶‡Î `kwU k–b¨¯’vbmn GKwU Text _vK‡e| k–b¨¯’vbMy‡jv‡K Numbering Kivi Rb¨ a-j e¨envi Kiv n‡e| Gevi j¶ Ki :
Use appropriate sentence connectors in the blank spaces of the following passage. 0.5×10 = 5
We earned our independence in nine months. There were many reasons that made our victory easier. (a) — we
all were united at one point. (b) — it was a question of our survival and dignity. (c) — our freedom fighters
were committed. They fought valiantly in the war fields. (d) — we had huge international support. (e) — the
Pakistani soldiers didn't have any noble reason before them. They were killers. They were not natives of this
country. (f) — they didn't have sufficient ideas about the communication systems, weather, or people's
sentiment in this country. (g) — they had two superpowers behind them. (h) — these superpowers could do
very little directly for them. (i) — only in nine months the Pakistani soldiers had to accept the worst defeat the
world had ever experienced. (j) — it can be said, the war of independence proved that no power can suppress
the desire of the mass people. [NCTB Sample Question]
†hfv‡e DËi wjL‡Z n‡e :
cix¶v_©xiv ïay s e¨envi K‡i mwVK Connector/ Linker wjL‡e| cÖwZwU k–b¨¯’v‡bi Rb¨ 0.5 K‡i †gvU Marks _vK‡e 05|
Solution: (a) Firstly (b) Besides (c) Moreover (d) Not only that (e) On the other hand (f) Hence (g)
True that (h) However (i) As a result (j) Finally

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q co Ges bold Kiv BUvwjK ev euvKv A¶‡ii kã ev kãMy”QMy‡jvi e¨envi j¶ Ki|
Mr. X is a miser though he earns a lot of money. He seldom buys new clothes. Besides, he bargains with the
shopkeepers to save money. In spite of having many friends, he always avoids entertaining them. Both he and his
wife put on shabby dresses. In all, he possesses a strange personality.
Dc‡ii Aby‡”Q`wU‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q, bold Kiv euvKv A¶‡ii kã ev kãMy”QMy‡jv evK¨My‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU Link ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| ZvB GB kã ev kãMy”Q‡K
Connector e‡j| Gfv‡e K_v ejv ev †jLvi mgq wewfbœ ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ m¤•K© i¶vi Rb¨ Avgiv wewfbœ Connector e¨envi Kwi| GMy‡jv µgaviv,
ˆecixZ¨, D`vniY, djvdj, Zzjbv BZ¨vw` cÖKvk Ki‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq| Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ †`Lv hv‡”Q though I both.......and `ywU evK¨vsk‡K
mshy³ K‡i‡Q| Avevi Besides I In all Zvi c–e©eZx© ev‡K¨i mv‡_ m½wZ i¶v K‡i‡Q| Gfv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡j Avgiv cÖavbZ `yB ai‡bi linkers
cvw”Q|
(i) Sentence Connectors : c–e©eZx© ev‡K¨i mv‡_ m½wZ i¶v K‡i
(ii) Conjunctions: `ywU evK¨vsk‡K mshy³ K‡i

(a) †Kv‡bv KviY, djvdj ch©vqµg mvRv‡bvi Rb¨ Avgiv wb‡Pi Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kwi :
Firstly, secondly, thirdly, first of all, to begin with, to start with, next, then, to conclude, finally, lastly, last of
all BZ¨vw`
wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki :
Firstly the economy is beginning to recover, and secondly unemployment figures have not increased this
month.
There are three reasons for my resignation. First(ly), I am dissatisfied with my wages; secondly, the hours are
too long; and finally, there is little chance of promotion.
(b) c–‡e© †`Iqv Z‡_¨i mv‡_ wgj †`wL‡q bZzb Z_¨ †`Iqvi Rb¨ Avgiv wb‡Pi Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kwi : Correspondingly,
equally, likewise, similarly, just as. j¶ Ki :
Correspondingly (GKBfv‡e): The new exam is longer and correspondingly more difficult to pass.
Equally (mgfv‡e) : She has high responsibilities and equally a high salary.
Likewise (Abyiƒcfv‡e) : The food was excellent and likewise the soft drink.
Similarly (Abyiƒcfv‡e) : She was late and I similarly was delayed.
Just as (wVK †hgbwU) : Just as the Greeks looked down upon the Romans, the Romans looked down upon their
uncivilized neighbours.
(c) c–‡e© †`Iqv Z‡_¨i Dci †Rvi †`Iqvi Rb¨ AviI Z_¨ hy³ Ki‡Z Avgiv wb‡æi Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kwi : Above all,
Again, Further, Furthermore, Moreover, Besides, In addition, On top of it/ Not only that
Above all (m‡e©vcwi) : He has opportunity, the motivation, and above all the courage to do it.
Again (Avevi, ZvQvov) : He expects high salary. Again, we have to consider the legal implications.
Further (AwaKš`,ZvQvov): The man was beaten up. Further, he was arrested.
Furthermore (AwaKš`,ZvQvov): The drug has powerful side effect. Furthermore, it may be addictive.
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Moreover (AwaKš`,ZvQvov): He is a good player. Moreover, he is an artist.

Besides (AwaKš`,ZvQvov): He is my cousin. Besides, he is a good company.
In addition (AwaKš`): In addition, there are six other applicants.
On top of it/ Not only that (ZvQvovI): His salary is handsome. On top of it, he gets commission.
(d) c–e©eZ©x e³‡e¨i wecixZ ev †kÖvZvi cÖZ¨vkvi wecixZ wKQy ej‡Z; A_ev c–‡e© †`Iqv Z_¨‡K ¯•ó Kivi Rb¨ AviI Z_¨ w`‡Z Avgiv wb‡æi
Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kwi : Actually, In fact, As a matter of fact, To tell the truth
Actually (cÖK…Zc‡¶) : Can I call you back? Actually I am busy at this moment.
In fact (cÖK…Zc‡¶) : I used to live in France. In fact, it is not far from where you are going.
As a matter of fact (cÖK…Zc‡¶) : He looks younger than his wife. As a matter of fact, he is older.
To tell the truth (mwZ¨ ej‡Z) : ‘Where are the carrots?’ ‘Well, to tell the truth, I forgot to buy them.’
(e) c–‡e© hv hv ejv n‡q‡Q Zvi mvi K_v ej‡Z Avgiv wb‡Pi Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kwi: Altogether/On the whole, Overall,
Therefore, In all, In conclusion/To conclude/To sum up/Briefly/In short
Altogether/on the whole (†gv‡Ui Dci/ me w`K we‡ePbv K‡i): The salary is low and the office is too far away.
Altogether/On the whole, it is not a satisfactory job.
Overall (mvwe©K we‡ePbvq): The bride is educated and beautiful. The bridegroom is rich. Overall, it has been a good
match.
Therefore (†mB Kvi‡Y): I would like to spend more time with my family. I have, therefore, decided to resign as
chairman.
In all (†gv‡Ui Dci/ me w`K we‡ePbv K‡i): He lost his watch, his car broke down, and he got a letter of complaint
from a customer; in all, he had a bad day.
In conclusion/ To conclude/ To sum up (Dcmsnv‡i): In conclusion, we can see that the failure of students is
mainly due to lack of their interest and effort.
Briefly, In short (ms‡¶‡c) : He is lazy, he is ignorant and he is stupid. In short, he is useless.
(f) c–‡e© hv ejv n‡q‡Q Zv ¯•ó Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kiv hvq :
Namely, For example, For instance, Specifically, Actually, I mean, In other words
Namely [viz] (A_v©r, h_v) : We should concentrate on our target consumer, namely teenagers.
For example [eg] (D`vniY¯^iƒc) : Rabindranath Tagore has written many plays; for example, Raktakarabi,
Bisarjan.
For instance [ie] (`„óvš@¯^iƒc): He has some assistance; for instance, a secretary.
That is to say (A_v©r, Ab¨ K_vq): They took refreshments– that is to say, sandwiches, coffee, beer, and chocolate.
Specifically (mywbw`©ófv‡e): The newspaper, or more specifically, the editor, was taken to court for publishing the
photographs.
Actually (cÖK…Zc‡¶): Tommy is really stupid. He actually still believes in Father Christmas.
I mean (Ab¨ K_vq, eySv‡Z Pvw”Q): We cannot continue with the deal on this basis. I mean, unless you can bring
down the price, we shall have to cancel the order.
In other words (Ab¨ K_vq): They took with them some chocolate, cans of beer, a flask of coffee, a pack of
sandwiches; in other words, enough refreshments. You have not answered my question; in other words, you
disapprove of my proposal.
(g) c–‡e© D‡jÐwLZ Kv‡Ri †hŠw³K djvdj ejvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kiv hvq: Accordingly/ Consequently/ So/
Therefore, As a consequence/ As a result/ As a result of/ Of course/ Naturally
Accordingly (†m‡nZz) : The cost of materials rose sharply last year. Accordingly, we had to increase our prices.
Consequently/ So/ Therefore (d‡j, djkÖwZ‡Z) : He was irritable, unjust, unreliable, and so/ therefore/
consequently became increasingly unpopular.
As a consequence/ As a result (d‡j, djkÖwZ‡Z) : We are polluting the environment, as a consequence/ as a
result climate is changing.
Of course/ Naturally (Aek¨B, ¯^fveZB) : She arrived late, gave answers in an offhand manner, and of course
displeased the interviewing panel.
(h) †h KvRwUi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q Zvi hw` wecixZ N‡U Z‡e Zvi djvdj Kx n‡Z cv‡i Zv ejvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kiv
hvq: Otherwise, or elses
Otherwise, or else (bZzev, Ab¨_vq): I had better go now; otherwise, Ann will wonder where I am.
(i) c–e©eZ©x e³e¨ wVK K‡i †bqvi Rb¨ Avgiv wb‡Pi Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kwi : Or better, Or rather, Actually
Or better (AviI h_vh_fv‡e ej‡j) : He invited several friends, or better, several people that he thought were
friends.
Or rather (AviI h_vh_fv‡e ej‡j) : He was opposed by his mother, or rather by both his parents.
Actually (e¯`Z) : I thought him to be poor. Actually, he is rich.
(j) c–‡e© hv ejv n‡q‡Q Zvi mv‡_ msMwZc–Y© bq Ggb Z_¨ hy³ Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kiv hvq :
However, nevertheless/ all the same/ in spite of this/ despite this/ even so/ still/ yet
However (Z‡e, Aek¨): He is a nice person. However, he sometimes gets irritated.
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Nevertheless/ all the same (Zv m‡Ë¡I): He was inattentive in the class. Nevertheless, he passed the exam.
In spite of this/ despite this/ even so/ still (Zv m‡Ë¡I/ ZviciI): Dhaka often makes you feel sickening. Still, it is
the place you would love to live in.
Yet (GZ`m‡Ë¡I, ZviciI): He is often rude to me. Yet I like him.
(k) c–‡e©i gZvg‡Zi wKQyUv we‡ivwaZv Kiv, Ges Avevi c–‡e©i gZvg‡Z wd‡i hvIqv
It is true (GUv mZ¨), Certainly (wbtm‡›`‡n), Of course (Aek¨), May (nq‡Zv)- GB Connector My‡jv c–‡e©i D‡jÐwLZ gZvg‡Zi
we‡ivwaZv Ki‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq| However/ But/ Even so/ Nevertheless/ Still -GB Connector My‡jv c–‡e©i gZvgZ mg_©b Ki‡Z
e¨envi Kiv nq|
I cannot agree with colonialism. It is true that the British may have done some good in India. Even so,
colonialism is basically evil.
I am glad to have a place of my own. It is true it is a long way from the centre. Still it’s home.
(l) hv c–‡e© ejv/ Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi Dci MyiZ¡ bv w`‡q eis GLb hv ejv/ Kiv n‡”Q Zvi Dci MyiZ¡ †`qvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi Sentence Connectors
e¨envi Kiv hvq: Anyhow/ At any rate/ In any case
In any case (†hgb K‡i †nvK) : I am not sure what time I will arrive, may be seven or eight. In any case, I will be
certainly there before eight thirty.
Anyhow (hvB †nvK) : You are likely to miss the train. Anyhow, you can try.
Anyhow (†hgb K‡i †nvK) I asked him to wait, but he left anyhow.
Anyway (hvB †nvK) : I knew it would be a sad movie, but I went anyway.
(m) wecixZag©x `ywU e³e¨ †jLvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kiv hvq: Whereas, While, On the one hand, On the
other hand
Whereas (c¶vš@‡i) : Some people praise him; whereas others call him a cheat.
On the one hand (GK w`‡K), On the other hand (Ab¨ w`‡K) : On the one hand we have plenty of time, but on the
other hand our resources are limited.
While (c¶vš@‡i) : I drink black coffee; while he prefers it with cream.
(n) c–e©eZ©x e³‡e¨i mv‡_ mivmwi m¤•„³ bq Ggb e³‡e¨i AeZviYv Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kiv hvq : By the way,
Incidentally
By the way (fv‡jv K_v, ZvQvov) : It’s a lovely sunset. Oh, by the way, what happened to that bike I lent you?
Incidentally (fv‡jv K_v, ZvQvov) : Jane wants to talk to you about advertising. Incidentally, she has lost a lot of
weight. Anyway it seems the budget is big.
(o) c–e©eZ©x Av‡jvPbvq wd‡i hvIqvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kiv hvq :
As I was saying (†hUv ejwQjvg) : ….. on the roof – Jeremy put the cat down, please. As I was saying, if Jack gets up
on the roof and looks at the tiles….
(p) e³v hv ej‡Qb †m e¨vcv‡i e³vi g‡bi †Rvi cÖKvk Ki‡Z wb‡Pi Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kiv hvq: Honestly, Frankly, No
doubt
Honestly (mwZ¨ ej‡Z) : Honestly, that’s all the money I have got!
Frankly (ýLvjvLywjfv‡e ej‡Z) : Frankly, I’m not surprised.
No doubt (wbtm‡›`‡n) : No doubt he means to help.
(q) ivwR Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ hv c–‡e© we‡ePbvq Av‡mwb Ggb wKQz ýRviv‡jv e³e¨ Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ Avgiv wb‡Pi
Sentence Connector e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi :
After all (me m‡Ë¡I) : He should have offered to pay – he has plenty of money, after all.
(r) KZUzKz wVK e‡j e³v g‡b K‡ib Zv eySv‡Z wb‡æi Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kiv hvq : On the whole, In
general/ In all/ most/ many/ some cases/ Broadly speaking/ To a great/ some extent
On the whole (ýgv‡Ui Dci) : On the whole, I had a happy childhood.
In general (AwaKvsk ý¶‡Î, mvaviYZ) : In general, we are satisfied with the work.
In all/ most/ many/ some cases (me/ AwaKvsk/wKQy ý¶‡Î) : In most cases, people will be nice to you if you
are nice to them.
Broadly speaking (mvaviYfv‡e ej‡Z ýM‡j) : Broadly speaking, women are less strong than men are.
To a great/ some extent (eûjvs‡k, wKq`s‡k) : To a great extent, a person’s character is formed by the age of
eight.
(s) c–e©eZ©x ev‡K¨i mv‡_ mg‡qi m¤•K© ý`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ wb‡æi Sentence Connectors e¨envi Kiv hvq:
After a while (wKQy¶Y ci) : Rahim entered the room and after a while, he came out.
Afterwards (cieZ©x‡Z) : Let's have breakfast now. Afterwards go for skiing.
At that time (H mg‡q) : I saw him entering the room. At that time I was playing in the field.
At last (Ae‡k‡l) : I searched for the man everywhere. At last, I found him on the roof.
Presently (AwP‡i) : He will not go now. Presently, he is busy with me.
Lately (m¤cÖwZ) : Lately he got married.
Subsequently (cieZ©xKv‡j) : Subsequently, he lost all.
Initially (cÖv_wgKfv‡e) : Initially, he was slow.
Meanwhile (B‡Zvg‡a¨) : Meanwhile, he reached home.
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Previously (c–‡e©) : Previously, he was a bureaucrat.

Earlier (c–‡e©) : He joined the company as a manager last year. Earlier, he was working as a commercial
officer in another company.
Finally (Ae‡k‡l) : Finally Germany won the World Cup.
Formerly (cÖv³b) : She is from Myanmar, formerly known as Burma.
In the past (AZx‡Z) : In the past, Europe was economically feudalistic.
Now (GLb) : Now it is time to change the world.
Once upon a time (GK`v) : Once upon a time, there lived a great man named Socrates in Greece.
Presently (G¶zwb, AwP‡i) : Presently he is the Principal of the college.
Shortly (AwP‡i, Awej‡¤^) : Shortly before us, Alam left the place.
Practice
10.1. Choose the right sentence connectors to fill in the gaps.
Afterwards Therefore Then Otherwise After sometime
Nevertheless Therefore However Eventually Similarly
(a) There is no more food left. — there is plenty of drinks.
(b) The Interact Club has done well to help the poor. — the Welfare Club has done well too.
(c) The documents will be scrutinized by the police. — they will be sent back to the relevant authority.
(d) The retailer has been making losses. — he intends to wind up his business.
(e) Wash the potatoes first. — you can boil them.
(f) We have been trying to contact Michael for the past few days. — we managed to trace him to a hotel in town.
(g) Life in the country may not be as exciting as life in the city. — you are close to nature which provides peace
and quietness.
(h) The dog will bark without fail every time the ice-cream man passes by. — it will start howling.
(i) Let us not be complacent with ourselves. — we may lose out in the final round.
(j) Samira has experienced poverty and hardship before. — she has a sympathetic heart towards the poor and
needy.

Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨ eûj e¨eüZ linkers n‡jv Conjunctions| Giv `ywU evK¨vsk‡K mshy³ K‡i ïay sentence-B MVb K‡i bv;
evK¨vsk `ywUi A_© wKfv‡e m¤•„³ ZvI cÖKvk K‡i| ýhgb :
clause conjunction clause

I went to bed early because I was extremely tired.

sentence
Conjunction-My‡jv‡K Avevi wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
(a) Coordinating : `ywU mgMyi―‡Z¡i ¯^vaxb evK¨vsk‡K hy³ K‡i|
(b) Subordinating : `ywU AmgMyi―‡Z¡i A_v©r GKwU ¯^vaxb I Av‡iKwU civaxb evK¨vsk‡K hy³ K‡i|
(c) Co-relative : `ywU mgRvZxq evK¨vsk‡K hy³ K‡i; Z‡e conjunction-My‡jvi `ywU Ask _v‡K|

ýh Conjunction mgch©v‡qi `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK word, phrase ev clause-ýK mshy³ K‡i, Zv‡K Co-ordinating
conjunction e‡j|
Co-ordinating Conjunction-ýK Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
(i) Copulative Conjunction (ms‡hvRK) :
`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK mg‡kÖwYfz³ Z_¨‡K hy³ K‡i DfqUv‡K eySv‡bvi Rb¨ ýh Conjunction e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K
Copulative Conjunction e‡j| ýhgb :
and (Ges) :
and w`‡q `ywU GKB ýkªwYi parts of speech hy³ Kiv hvq| GUv ev‡K¨i subject ev object ev adverbial ýh
ýKv‡bv As‡k em‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e g‡b ivL‡e, and w`‡q hy³ AskwU subject n‡j Zv‡K mvaviYZ plural ai‡Z nq|
Rahim and Karim are coming today.
I like fish and meat.
I went to Chittagong and Sylhet.
and w`‡q `ywU evK¨vsk‡KI hy³ Kiv hvq| G‡¶‡Î mvaviYZ 1g KvRwUi d‡j Kx NUj Zv D‡j­L Kiv nq|
The rain stopped and the sun began shinning brightly.
as well as (Ges) :
as well as w`‡q `ywU subject hy³ n‡j cÖ_g subject Abyhvqx verb-wU e‡m|
He as well as his brothers is present in the meeting.
both ............and (DfqUv) :
Both .......... and w`‡q hy³ AskwU subject n‡j Zv‡K mvaviYZ plural ai‡Z nq|
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Both Sumon and Shohag have passed the examination.

not only ...... but also (ïay GUv bq ........ IUvI) :
not only ....... but also w`‡q hy³ AskwU subject n‡j wØZxq subject part Abyhvqx verb-wU e‡m|
Not only Maidul but also Muhtadi has passed the examination.
(ii) Alternative (weKíevPK) Conjunction :
nq GUv bv nq IUv ev ýKv‡bvUvB bq Ggb eySv‡bvi Rb¨ ýh Conjunction `yBwU e³e¨‡K hy³ K‡i Zv‡K
Alternative Conjunction e‡j| ýhgb :
either ....... or (nq GUv ........ bv nq IUv): `ywUi g‡a¨ ýKv‡bv GKUv eySv‡Z either ..........or e¨envi Kiv nq|
Either Rahim or I will come.
neither ....... nor (GUvI bv .......... IUvI bv): `ywUi g‡a¨ ýKv‡bvwU bv eySv‡Z neither ........... nor e¨envi Kiv
nq| Neither Maidul nor Muhit has passad the exam.
or (A_ev) : cÖ_gwU bv n‡j c‡iiwU Ggb eySv‡Z or e¨envi Kiv nq|
He has lost his purse, or it has been stolen.
Avevi, D‡j­wLZ KvRwUi wecixZ n‡j Zvi djvdj Kx n‡Z cv‡i ev n‡e Zv eySv‡ZI or e¨envi Kiv nq|
Read or you will fail in the exam.
g‡b ivL‡e either ...... or, neither ....... nor, or w`‡q `ywU subject hy³ n‡j 2q Subject Abymv‡i Verb e‡m|
otherwise (bZzev) : D‡j­wLZ KvRwUi wecixZ n‡j Zvi djvdj Kx n‡Z cv‡i ev n‡e Zv eySv‡Z otherwise e¨envi
Kiv nq|
Do the work; otherwise you will suffer.
(iii) Adversative (ˆecixZ¨m–PK) Conjunction :
`yBwU wecixZ e³e¨‡K hy³ Ki‡Z ýh Conjunction e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K Adversative Conjunction e‡j| ýhgb :
but (wKš‘), yet (ZeyI), still (Z_vwc), nevertheless (Z`m‡Ë¡I) :
cÖ_g KvRwUi ýhŠw³K ýh dj nevi K_v Zv bv n‡q wecixZ ýKv‡bv dj n‡j GB Conjunction e¨envi Kiv nq|
He is rich but unhappy.
He did not study hard nevertheless he passed the examination.
on the contrary (c¶vš@‡i), while (c¶vš@‡i), whereas (c¶vš@‡i) :
`ywU cv_©K¨g–jK e³e¨‡K hy³ Kivi Rb¨ GB Conjunction e¨envi Kiv nq|
I am poor while he is honest/ rich.
The ant was industrious; while the grasshopper was lazy.
(iv) Illative (wm×vš@evPK) Conjunction :
ýh Conjunction ýKv‡bv Kvh©KviY m¤•K© eySv‡Z e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K Illative Conjunction e‡j|
therefore (ZvB), consequently (d‡j), as a result (d‡j) :
ýKv‡bv Kv‡Ri ýhŠw³K djvd‡ji mv‡_ GB Conjunction e¨envi Kiv nq|
He has starved for two days; therefore/ as a result/ consequently he has become weak.

ýh Conjunction GK ev GKvwaK Subordinate (Aaxb) Clause ýK Principal ev main clause ev Independent

(¯^vaxb) clause Gi mv‡_ mshy³ K‡i Zv‡K Subordinate Conjunction e‡j| ýhgb :
We study hard so that we can pass the examination.
Doyeta had reached the station before Sumon came.
We eat so that we may live.
We laugh lest we should weep.
Subordinating conjunction mvaviYZ wbæwjwLZ A_© cÖ`vb K‡i :
(a) Time (mgq) :
mgq wb‡`©kK conjunction My‡jv n‡jv: till (hZ¶Y ch©š@), until (hZ¶Y bv ch©š@), before (Av‡M), after
(c‡i), when (hLb), while (hLb), since (ý_‡K)|
Wait until I return.
Wait till I return.
I have not seen him since he was four.
Do not give her this pill (ewo) till the doctor comes.
(b) Cause or Reason (KviY) :
Cause or reason (KviY) A_© cÖKvkK conjunction My‡jv n‡jv : because (KviY), as (ýh‡nZz), since (ýh‡nZz)|
KviY cÖKvkK I djvdj cÖKvkK `ywU evK¨‡K hy³ Ki‡Z GB conjunction e¨envi Kiv nq| g‡b ivL‡e, KviY
cÖKvkK As‡ki ïi―‡Z GB conjunction hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e| ýhgb :
You will not pass because you have not tried.
I could not attend the class as I was ill.
g‡b ivL‡e, conjunction-hy³ Ask cÖ_‡g ev c‡i ýjLv hvq| Z‡e cÖ_‡g wjL‡j `yB evK¨vs‡ki gv‡S Kgv em‡e|
As I was ill, I could not attend the class.
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(c) Purpose (D‡Ïk¨) :

D‡Ïk¨ cÖKvkK Conjunction My‡jv n‡jv that (hv‡Z), so that (hv‡Z), in order that (GB D‡Ïk¨ ýh), lest (hv‡Z
bv)| cÖ_g KvRwUi D‡Ïk¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Z GB Conjunction ýhv‡M D‡Ïk¨g–jK Ask wjL‡Z nq|
Walk fast lest you should miss the train.
Eat good food so that you may keep your health fit.
Read attentively that you can pass the exam.

lest Gi ý¶‡Î verb-Gi c–‡e© should e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges negative word e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv; KviY GUv
A_©MZfv‡e wb‡RB negative|
so that, in order that Gi ý¶‡Î verb-Gi c–‡e© can/could/may/might e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
(d) Condition (kZ©) :
kZ© cÖKvkK Conjunction My‡jv n‡jv If (hw`), unless (hw` bv), whether or not (nj wKbv), provided,
providing that (hw`, GB kZ© mv‡c¶)| kZ© I djvdj cÖKvkK `ywU evK¨vsk‡K hy³ Kivi Rb¨ GB Conjunction
My‡jv e¨envi Kiv nq| GB Conjunction kZ© cÖKvkK As‡ki ïi―‡Z wjL‡Z n‡e|
If you read, you will pass.
If you do not read, you will fail.
(e) Effect (djvdj) :
GB ai‡bi conjunction n‡jv so/such .......... that (GZ..........ýh). ýKv‡bv GKwU Ae¯’vi ev Kv‡Ri cieZ©x djvdj
hy³ Kivi Rb¨ GB conjunction e¨envi Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î 1g As‡ki verb-Gi ci so/such Ges djvd‡ji ïi―‡Z that ýhvM
Ki‡Z nq|
ýhgb : She is so lazy that she cannot prepare her lessons.
(f) Comparison (Zzjbv) :
Comparison (Zzjbv) A_© cÖKvkK subrodinating conjunction My‡jv n‡jv : than ( ýP‡q), So ........ as/ as ........
as (hZ..........ZZ/ gZ)|
Doyeta is wiser than Jui.
Sumon is as tall as Anwar.
Jui is smaller than Aney.
Suvo is not as tall as Rubel.
(g) Manner (ixwZ) :
Manner (ixwZ) A_© cÖKvkK subordinating conjunction My‡jv n‡jv : as .......... so (ýhgb---ýZgb) ; according
as (ýhgb), like (gZ) as if/ as though (ýhb)| ýKv‡bv GKwU KvR Kivi cÖwµqv ýKgb Zv hy³ Ki‡Z GB
conjunction e¨envi Kiv nq| g‡b ivL‡e as if/ as though Gi ci verb-wU Past/ Past Perfect n‡e| KvRwU Present
n‡j as if/ as though Gi Ask past n‡e; Avi KvRwU Past n‡j as if/ as though Gi Ask Past Perfect n‡e|
As you sow, so you reap.
He will get according as he wants.
He talks as if he were mad.
It is raining like the sky is falling.
(h) Concession or Contrast (¯^xK…wZ ev Zzjbv) :
Concession or Contrast (¯^xK…wZ ev Zzjbv) G ai‡bi A_© cÖKvkKvix subordinating conjunction n‡jv :
though/although (hw`I)| ýKv‡bv NUbv ev Ae¯’vi ýhŠw³K djvdj bv n‡q hw` wecixZ djvdj nq Z‡e GB
conjunction e¨envi Kiv nq| ýh Ask Ae¯’v/KvR cÖKvkK Zvi ïi―‡Z though/although e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
Though he worked hard, he failed.
Though he was late, he did not say sorry.
g‡b ivL‡e conjunction-hy³ Ask Av‡M ev c‡i ýjLv hvq| Z‡e conjunction-hy³ Ask Av‡M wjL‡j gv‡S Kgv w`‡Z
n‡e|
Though he is ill, he will come.
He will come though he is ill.
(i) Indroductory sense (m–Pbv) :
hLb ýKv‡bv conjunction sentence Gi ïi―‡Z e¨eüZ nq; A_©vr that, there BZ¨vw` Øviv ïi― nq ZLb Zv‡K
Introductory conjunction e‡j| ýhgb :
That he is a good man is known to all.
(j) Apposition (m¤^Ü) :
m¤^Ü cÖKvkKvix subordinating conjunction n‡jv : that, who, whom, whose, what, which, where, when.
The rumour that his brother Abul has become a smuggler, is false.

c–‡e©i Av‡jvPbvq j¶ Kiv hvq, ci¯•i hy³ nIqv ev m¤^Ühy³ nIqv wKQy wKQy conjunction Av‡Q, hv‡`i GKwU
word ev Ask Ab¨ GKwU word ev As‡ki mv‡_ wg‡j GKmv‡_ GKwU ýhŠwMK conjunction G cwiYZ nq Ges
 7

GKwU gvÎ conjunction wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| G‡`i‡K e‡j correlative conjunction| Giv ýRvovq ýRvovq e¨eüZ nq| ýhgb
:
hardly ............ when no sooner ......... than
scarcely ............ when neither ............... nor
though .............. yet either ............... or
whether ........... or not both ............... and
such ............... as the same ............. as
the same ............. that as ............... as
Practice
10.2. Fill in the gaps using suitable conjunctions from the list given in the box.
(i) as for unless because until
(a) — you work hard, you will not reach your goal.
(b) Wait here — I come back.
(c) — I was weak, I could not walk on foot.
(d) Nobody knows him well — he is a stranger in our village.
(e) Eva could not attend the party — she was suffering from fever.
(ii) though or but as if unless
(a) I would fail — you helped me.
(b) She talks — she were mad.
(c) Work hard — you will fail.
(d) — he is poor, he is honest.
(e) He tried hard — did not succeed.
(iii
until since if unless lest
)
(a) — you work hard, you will fail.
(b) Wait — I come back.
(c) Walk fast — you should miss the train.
(d) I shall go — I am invited.
(e) It is a long time — we last saw him.
(iv) since because if or after
(a) I hate him — he is lazy.
(b) Walk quickly — you will miss the train.
(c) Many years have passed — his father died.
(d) — you come, I shall go.
(e) The patient died — the doctor had come.
(v) and still because if otherwise and
(a) Two — two make four.
(b) I was annoyed — I kept quiet.
(c) Walk quickly — you will not overtake him.
(d) God made the country — man made the town.
(e) I read the paper — it interests me.
✍ Production........................................................................................................................................................................................................
1. Use appropriate sentence connectors in the blank spaces of the following text : 0⋅5×10 = 5
A lion was drinking water from a brook. (a) — a lamb was also drinking water from the down stream of the
same brook. The lion saw the lamb and decided to devour it. (b) — he was thinking about how to accomplish
his evil design. (c) — he hit upon a plan. (d) — the lion complained that the lamb was disturbing him by
muddying water. But the lamb said that he was drinking water from down stream. (e) — the question of
muddying water on his part did not arise here. (f) — the lamb argued that it was the lion that was muddying the
water for him as he drinking water upstream. (g) — the lion retorted that the lamb spoke ill of him a year ago.
(h) — the lamb said that he was not born a year ago. The lion grew into a range. (i) — he said that perhaps his
father spoke ill of him last year. (j) — the lion had the right to take revenge and kill the lamb. [DB '16]
2. (a) — I was walking along the road the other day, I happened to notice a small brown leather purse lying on the
pavement. I picked it up and opened it to see (b) — I could find out the owner's name. There was nothing
indside. It (c) — some small change and a rather old photograph — a picture of a woman and a young girl about
twelve years old who looked like the woman's daughter. I put the photograph back (d) — took the purse to the
Police station. (e) — I handed it to the sergeant in charge. Before I left, the sergeant made a note of my name
and address in case the owner of the purse wanted to write and thank me. That evening I went to have dinner
 8

with an uncle and aunt of mine. They had also invited another person, a young woman, (f) — there would be
four people at table. The young woman's face was familiar (g) — I could not remember where I had seen it. I
was quite sure (h) — we had not met before. (i) — conversation, however, the young woman happened to mark
that she had lost her purse that afternoon. I at once remembered where I had seen her face. She was the young
woman in the photograph (j) — she was now much older. [RB '16]
3. Honesty is a noble virtue. The man (a) — possesses this rare quality is the happiest man on earth. To be honest,
a man should have trustworthiness (b) — nobody trusts a liar. A liar may prosper for the time being. (c) —
ultimately he goes to the dogs. (d) — we should be honest. It is said that honesty is the best policy (e) —
dishonesty is the sign of downfall. God helps those who are honest. (f) — dishonest people are cursed.
Childhood is the best time (g) — children should be taught honesty. It is seen that children follow their parents
(h) — parents should be honest. (i) — children should be allowed to mix with those friends who are honest (j)
— they can mould their characters. [DinajB '16]
4. Time and tide wait for none. (a) — no one can stop the onward march of time. (b) —, we should not waste a
single moment in vain. (c) —, we should make proper use of every single moment of our life. (d) —, the
students should understand the value of time. It is a matter of great regret that some of the students pass away
their valuable time in Facebook. (e) —, they kill their time. (f) —, they cannot prepare their lessons well, (g) —
they always have a poor preparation for the examination. (h) — they cannot do well in the examination. (i) — ,
they do not stop wasting time. (j) —, they continue to waste their time using Cell phone and Facebook till it is
too late for them. [JB '16]
5. Mobile phone has become an essential gadget for everybody (a) — it has became very popular. (b) — it has
created a number of problems. It has (c) — advantages (d) — disadvantages. (e) — it helps to connect people.
(f) — it helps to exchange information. (g) — it can be used for various purposes. (h) — it has a few
disadvantages (i) — can cause a lot of troubles. (j) — its advantages are more than its disadvantages. [CB '16]
6. Bangladesh is mainly an agricultural country. (a) —, her economy and prosperity depend on agriculture. (b) —,
our agriculture depends on the mercy of nature. (c) —, if there is sufficient rain, people can plough their lands
and sow seeds in time. (d) —, they can reap a good harvest. (e) —, if it does not rain in time, the farmers cannot
grow the crops easily and they do not have good harvest. (f) —, without water our agriculture is lifeless. The
rain is not always beneficial to our agriculture. (g) —, sometimes it rains so much that it causes floods. (h) —,
our crops go under water and most often, they are totally destroyed. (i) —, the farmers who constitute the most
part of our professional people, lose everything. (j) — we can safely conclude that our economy depends on
rain. [CtgB '16]
7. The gifts of science are uncountable. (a) — we cast our eyes, we see the wonders of science. Satellite TV
channels are the means through (b) — we can see and hear the events (c) — are happening all over the world.
(d) —, today we have specialized satellite channels on almost every interest. (e) —, people now have more
choices and more freedom about television programmes. Satellite channels help us a lot by reporting on climatic
conditions of different parts of the world. (f) —, we can be aware of storms, cyclones and tidal bores. (g) —
satellite channels are helping us to a great extent to enrich our own culture and tradition. (h) — satellite
channels are playing a favourable role, it is (i) — doing harm to our young and new generation. (j) — still we
cannot deny the immense benefits we are getting from satellite channels. [SB '16]
8. Time is a special resource that you cannot store or save for future use (a) — it is managed properly to gain
success. The skills of managing time properly are called time management skills. (b) — these skills are
necessary for job hunting and career success (c) — it is essential to improve these skills. (d) — there are several
useful strategies that can be used to improve your time management skills. (e) — have clear goal in mind. (f) —
set up your priorities. (g) — block out time for your high priority activities first and protect that time from
interruptions. (h) — set a deadline to do them and try your best to stick to it. (i) — your skills will help you
avoid stress in completing any work successfully (j) — reward yourself when the job is done. [BB '16]
9. Soil is necessary for life (a) — most of our foods come from soil. It is true (b) — some of us eat meat. (c) —
meat comes from animals that live on plants (d) — again grow on soil. (e) — we do not give food to soil, plants
will become weak. (f) — natural and inorganic manure are necessary for cultivation. (g) — compost manure is
widely used in cultivation. (h) — agriculture scientists discourage the farmers to use pesticide, (i) — they opt
for a method of catching pests in traditional way. (j) — it is not so popular.
10. Teaching is a noble profession. (a) — teachers are the nation builders. (b) — teachers play a central role in the
process of classroom activities. (c) — they deliver knowledgeable speeches. (d) — they organize the system of
education. (e) — they also implement national curriculum, syllabus and set up objectives of learning (f) — they
motivate the learners effectively. (g) —, the physical facilities of most of the educational institutions of our
country do not support the teachers in their noble endeavours. (h) — the teachers are not evaluated properly and
so they are to lead a miserable life with low income. (i) — they are to live under constant poverty (j) —, we
cannot expect them to give a standard education to the students of our country right now.
11. Trees are a vital part of our environment. (a) —, they bear a great impact on the climate. (b) — we are not
careful about them. (c) —, we destroy trees at random. (d) —, one day the country will bear the consequence of
 9

greenhouse effect (e) — ours is an agricultural country, our economy depends upon it. (f) —, our agriculture is
dependent on rain, (g) — trees play a vital role on our climate. (h) —, trees keep the soil strong. (i) —, trees
save us from flood (j) — many other natural calamities.
12. A leader is someone (a) — leads. (b) —, by the word 'leader' we understand a 'political' leader. (c) — that a
great leader is born, not made. A great leader must have certain qualities (d) — make him great. (e) — a good
leader must have the ability to take the correct decision at the perfect moment. (f) —, a leader has to be
determined. (g) —, a leader must have full command over his followers. (h) —, an ideal leader has the speaking
ability. A good leader also possesses some other qualities. (i) —, courage, honesty, truthfulness, courtesy,
patriotism, and, (j) —, sacrificing attitude. To be a good leader, a leader has to try to acquire all these qualities.
13. Sports are a popular form of entertainment. (a) — many international sporting events are organized from time to
time. (b) — these events are sponsored by multinational manufacturing companies and business firms. (c) —
they pay for the sports events in exchange for the right to advertise their products during those events. (d) —,
the sponsors products receive maximum media coverage thus giving companies international recognition. This
is only the commercial aspect of the international sport. (e) — there are other aspects too. (f) — the sports
venue becomes a meeting place of the people of different countries, (g) — people of different nation get
together on the occasion of an international sporting event, they come closer to each other. (h) — they can share
views, opinions and friendship. This opportunity creates a sense of brotherhood. (i) —, getting acquainted with
different culture helps to break down prejudice and broaden outlook. (j) — globalization has anything to do
with the development of international relationship, sporting events can certainly can contribute in a big way.
14. It is difficult to believe (a) — any man can be so spiritually dead (b) — to have no love for his native country.
But (c) — such an unpatriotic person does exist. Take careful note of his career. (d) — you will find that he will
never inspire poets to sing in his honour. He may possess many things. (e) — high rank, fabulous riches etc. (f)
— these advantages will not save him from oblivion. (g) —, he will win no fame during his life time : and (h)
— he dies he will die in a double sense. His body will return to the dust whence he came. (i) —, his name will
be forgotten. (j) —, none will weep for him and none will honour him.
15. Happiness lies in the mind of a man (a) — beauty lies in the eyes of a beholder. (b) —, we can say (c) —
happiness comprises a state of mind. A poor man can be happy with one lakh taka (d) — it has no importance
for a millionaire. (e) —, the source of happiness lies in us. (f) — we do good work (g) — give happiness to
others, our own happiness also increases by leaps and bounds. One way of doing this is to find out and go out to
those (h) — may be in need of our help. The highest form of happiness is derived when we help others (i) —
make them happy. (j) — in every religion great importance is put on the service of mankind.