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Equity and Trusts in Australia Seventh Edition Gino Evan Dal Pont Download

The document is about the seventh edition of 'Equity and Trusts in Australia' by Gino Evan Dal Pont, which discusses recent legal developments in equity and trusts, including case law and statutory changes. It highlights the evolution of legal doctrines and their implications in both Australian and international contexts. The book serves as a comprehensive resource for understanding equity and trusts law in Australia, incorporating updates and contributions from legal professionals.

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27 views90 pages

Equity and Trusts in Australia Seventh Edition Gino Evan Dal Pont Download

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EQUITY AND TRUSTS
IN AUSTRALIA
Copyright © 2018. Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Pty Limited. All rights reserved.

INTERNATIONAL AGENTS & DISTRIBUTORS

NORTH AMERICA ASIA PACIFIC

Thomson Reuters Thomson Reuters
Eagan Sydney
United States of America Australia

LATIN AMERICA EUROPE

Thomson Reuters Thomson Reuters
São Paulo London
Brazil United Kingdom
Copyright © 2018. Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Pty Limited. All rights reserved.

G E DAL PONT
Professor
Faculty of Law, University of Tasmania

SEVENTH EDITION
Copyright © 2018. Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Pty Limited. All rights reserved.

LAWBOOK CO. 2019

First edition (Dal Pont and Chalmers) .....................................  1996

Second edition (Dal Pont and Chalmers)................................. 2000
Third edition (Dal Pont and Chalmers)..................................... 2004
Fourth edition (Dal Pont and Chalmers)................................... 2007
Fifth edition (Dal Pont)............................................................ 2011
Sixth edition (Dal Pont)........................................................... 2015
ISBN: 9780455241722

© 2019 Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Limited

This publication is copyright. Other than for the purposes of and subject to the conditions prescribed under
the Copyright Act, no part of it may in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, microcopying,
photocopying, recording or otherwise) be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted without prior
written permission. Inquiries should be addressed to the publishers.
All legislative material herein is reproduced by permission but does not purport to be the official or authorised
Copyright © 2018. Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Pty Limited. All rights reserved.

version. It is subject to Commonwealth of Australia copyright. The Copyright Act 1968 permits certain
reproduction and publication of Commonwealth legislation. In particular, s 182A of the Act enables a complete
copy to be made by or on behalf of a particular person. For reproduction or publication beyond that permitted
by the Act, permission should be sought in writing. Requests should be submitted online at www.ag.gov.
au/cca, faxed to (02) 6250 5989 or mailed to Commonwealth Copyright Administration, Attorney-General’s
Department, Robert Garran Offices, National Circuit, Barton ACT 2600.

Product Developer: Lucas Frederick

Edited and typeset by Newgen KnowledgeWorks Pvt. Ltd., Chennai, India
Printed by Ligare Pty Ltd, Riverwood, NSW

This book has been printed on paper certified by the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification
(PEFC). PEFC is committed to sustainable forest management through third party forest certification of
responsibly managed forests. For more info: http://www.pefc.org

The sixth edition of this work saw release in 2015. Some four years later, a new edition is
called for, if for no other reason than to take into account many intervening cases and statu-
tory changes, coupled with the most recent academic and practitioner commentaries. Again
the focus has extended beyond Australia, with reference made to recent cases, statutes and
commentaries from other common law jurisdictions, the United Kingdom, Canada and New
Zealand in particular.
The elapsing of four years has witnessed a fine tuning of the law in some contexts, and
more substantial incursions into the orthodoxy in others. In the Preface to the sixth edi-
tion, the prospect of doctrinal changes was foreshadowed by reason of remarks in Australian
Financial Services and Leasing Pty Ltd v Hills Industries Ltd1 on the relationship between
the defence of change of position and the law of estoppel. Yet the intervening time frame has
been largely silent in this space. But at least so far as estoppel is concerned, the High Court in
Crown Melbourne Ltd v Cosmopolitan Hotel (Vic) Pty Ltd2 took the opportunity to probe
the parameters of a representation. And while in Kakavas v Crown Melbourne Ltd,3 the High
Court had ostensibly sought to constrain the scope of the doctrine of unconscionable dealing,
four years later it proved willing to invoke the doctrine in the face of a plaintiff who ignored
legal advice to avoid the dealing in question.4
The prospect of attitudinal fluidity at the highest level also surfaced in the penalties sphere.
Whereas the High Court in 2012 rejected the need for a breach of contract as a trigger for
characterising a clause as a penalty,5 making it an outlier in the common law world, 2016
saw it (arguably severely) constrain the scope for triggering the penalty doctrine,6 in line with
developments in England7 and (subsequently) in New Zealand.8 In another context, namely
when it comes to the effects of illegality in trusts (and contracts too), English law has redi-
Copyright © 2018. Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Pty Limited. All rights reserved.

rected itself in line with the Australian trajectory.9 The same may ensue from remarks of the
English Supreme Court vis-à-vis parameters for compensation for breach of trust.10
While Australian law has resisted recognition of a privacy tort, following in the footsteps
of the Victorian Court of Appeal in Giller v Procopets,11 a Western Australian judge in 2015
utilised the equitable doctrine of breach of confidence to provide monetary relief for the unau-
thorised publication on social media of sexual relations between the parties.12

1 Australian Financial Services and Leasing Pty Ltd v Hills Industries Ltd (2014) 253 CLR 560.
2 Crown Melbourne Ltd v Cosmopolitan Hotel (Vic) Pty Ltd (2016) 260 CLR 1.
3 Kakavas v Crown Melbourne Ltd (2013) 250 CLR 392.
4 Thorne v Kennedy (2017) 91 ALJR 1260.
5 Andrews v Australian and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd (2012) 247 CLR 205.
6 Paciocco v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd (2016) 258 CLR 525.
7 Cavendish Square Holdings BV v Makdessi [2016] AC 1172.
8 Wilaci Pty Ltd v Torchlight Fund No 1 LP (in receivership) [2017] 3 NZLR 293.
9 Patel v Mirza [2017] AC 467, in this regard broadly endorsing the High Court’s approach in Nelson v Nelson (1995) 184
CLR 538.
10 AIB Group (UK) plc v Mark Redler & Co Solicitors [2015] AC 1503.
11 Giller v Procopets (2008) 24 VR 1.
12 Wilson v Ferguson [2015] WASC 15.

The recognition and incidents of trusts in the commercial sphere continue to present chal-
lenges for the courts. In 2015, the High Court refused to allow a trust to infiltrate a commer-
cial dealing even though it was couched in trust language.13 The ensuing year saw it investigate
the concept of a “unit trust” under statute.14 And in 2018, the Full Federal Court and the
Victorian Court of Appeal were each asked to address the distribution of the proceeds of the
trustee’s right to indemnity but did not see entirely eye to eye.15
The foregoing is hardly exhaustive of judicial developments and should not been seen
as a licence to overlook the manifold useful judicial remarks on equity and trusts in both
Australian and non-Australian courts since 2015, which find expression in this edition. Too
late to translate to the text, note should nonetheless be made of the High Court’s decision in
Pipikos v Trayans,16 maintaining a strict approach to the doctrine of past performance.
As with the sixth (and indeed preceding) editions, I wish to acknowledge and thank Dr Lisa
Butler Beatty, General Manager, Head of the Wealth Management Office of the Trustee, and
Special Counsel (WM Legal), Commonwealth Bank of Australia, for contributing and updat-
ing Chapter 28 (Trusts for Investment). As always, the staff of the University of Tasmania Law
Library very much deserve credit for their untiring assistance in securing access to relevant
material.
I have sought to include developments up to 1 August 2018.

G E DAL PONT
Hobart
28 September 2018
Copyright © 2018. Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Pty Limited. All rights reserved.

13 Korda v Australian Executor Trustees (SA) Ltd (2015) 255 CLR 62.
14 Elecnet (Aust) Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (2016) 259 CLR 73.
15 Jones (liquidator) v Matrix Partners Pty Ltd (2018) 354 ALR 436; Commonwealth v Byrnes (2018) 354 ALR 789
16 Pipikos v Trayans HCA 39 (12 September 2018).

Prologue –Nature of Equity .............................................................................................. 1

[P.05] HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ................................................................................ 1
[P.10] Early development of equity ..................................................................... 1
[P.30] Transformation of equity .......................................................................... 3
[P.35] Equity in Australian courts ....................................................................... 5
[P.40] THE FUSION DEBATE ............................................................................................. 6
[P.40] What is meant by “fusion”? ..................................................................... 6
[P.45] Remedial fusion ....................................................................................... 8
[P.70] MAXIMS OF EQUITY ........................................................................................... 14
[P.75] A person who seeks equity must do equity ............................................. 15
[P.80] A person who comes to equity must come with clean hands ................... 16
[P.85] Equity will not suffer a wrong without a remedy .................................... 16
[P.90] Equity will not allow statute to be used as an instrument of fraud ......... 16
[P.95] Equity looks to intent rather than form .................................................. 17
[P.100] Equity assists the diligent and not the tardy ............................................ 18
[P.105] Equity acts in personam ......................................................................... 18
[P.110] Equity is equality .................................................................................... 18
[P.115] Equity will not perfect an imperfect gift ................................................. 19
[P.120] Equity will not assist a volunteer ............................................................ 20
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[P.125] Equity considers as done that which ought to have been done ................ 20
[P.130] THEMES ................................................................................................................. 21
[P.135] Equity’s role in preventing or rectifying abuses of trust .......................... 21
[P.150] Equity’s role in preventing or rectifying unconscionable conduct ............ 23
[P.165] Equity’s role in preventing or rectifying unfair outcomes ........................ 26
[P.170] Equity’s approach to remedies ................................................................ 26

PART I: EQUITABLE INTERESTS

Chapter 1: Nature and Creation of Equitable Interests .......................................... 33

[1.05] NATURE OF AN EQUITABLE INTEREST ............................................................ 33
[1.05] Hallmarks of an equitable interest in property ....................................... 33
[1.20] Scope of an equitable interest in property ............................................... 36
[1.25] Equitable interests compared to legal interests ........................................ 37
[1.35] CREATION OF EQUITABLE INTERESTS IN PROPERTY .................................... 38
[1.45] Equitable interests created pursuant to intention .................................... 39
[1.85] Equitable interests arising by implication of law ..................................... 44
[1.120] Equitable interests arising by operation of law ....................................... 48

vii

[1.145] TYPES OF EQUITABLE INTERESTS IN PROPERTY ............................................ 50

[1.145] Trust ....................................................................................................... 50
[1.150] Equitable charge or mortgage ................................................................. 50
[1.160] Equitable lien ......................................................................................... 51
[1.165] Equitable lease ....................................................................................... 53

Chapter 2: Equitable Priorities ....................................................................................... 55

[2.10] COMPETING EQUITABLE INTERESTS ............................................................... 55
[2.10] General principle .................................................................................... 55
[2.20] Relevant factors in ascertaining the better equity .................................... 57
[2.75] Priorities in relation to trusts .................................................................. 64
[2.80] Tacking .................................................................................................. 64
[2.105] Equitable priorities and mere equities ..................................................... 66
[2.125] EQUITABLE ESTATE AND SUBSEQUENT LEGAL ESTATE ................................. 70
[2.125] General principle .................................................................................... 70
[2.135] Qualifications to the general principle .................................................... 70
[2.140] LEGAL ESTATE AND SUBSEQUENT EQUITABLE ESTATE ................................. 71

Chapter 3: Assignments in Equity ................................................................................. 73

[3.05] CONCEPT OF AN ASSIGNMENT ........................................................................ 73
[3.10] Historical background to assignments of choses in action ...................... 73
[3.20] Disposal and transfer of equitable interests outside of an assignment ..... 75
[3.25] STATUTORY ASSIGNMENTS ............................................................................... 75
[3.25] Statutory scheme .................................................................................... 75
[3.35] Principal requirements ............................................................................ 76
[3.40] EQUITABLE ASSIGNMENTS ................................................................................. 79
[3.45] Requirement of an intention to assign .................................................... 80
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[3.55] Relevance of notice ................................................................................ 82

[3.80] Equitable assignment of legal choses ...................................................... 84
[3.95] Equitable assignment of equitable choses ............................................... 86
[3.120] ENTITLEMENTS OF AN EQUITABLE ASSIGNEE ............................................... 88
[3.120] Standing ................................................................................................. 88
[3.140] Assignor as trustee ................................................................................. 90
[3.155] IMPACT OF CONTRACTUAL NON-ASSIGNABILITY CLAUSES ....................... 92

PART II: RELATIONSHIPS OF TRUST

Chapter 4: Fiduciary Relations ........................................................................................ 97

[4.05] FIDUCIARY DUTIES .............................................................................................. 97
[4.10] Nature of fiduciary duties ....................................................................... 97
[4.35] Strictness of fiduciary duties ................................................................. 102
[4.40] Reasons for seeking to establish breach of fiduciary duty ..................... 103
[4.45] Duration of fiduciary duties ................................................................. 104
[4.50] CHARACTERISTICS OF RELATIONSHIPS THAT ATTRACT
FIDUCIARY DUTIES ............................................................................................ 105
[4.50] A fiduciary principle? ........................................................................... 105

viii

[4.55] Trust and confidence? ........................................................................... 105

[4.60] Undertaking to act in the interests of another? ..................................... 106
[4.65] Disadvantage, vulnerability and unequal bargaining power? ................ 107
[4.70] Synthesis .............................................................................................. 108
[4.75] Categorising relationships that give rise to fiduciary duties ................... 110
[4.80] TRUSTEE AND BENEFICIARY ............................................................................ 110
[4.85] DIRECTOR AND COMPANY ............................................................................. 111
[4.90] Corporate business opportunities ......................................................... 112
[4.120] Multiple directorships .......................................................................... 117
[4.130] Director having an interest in, and transacting with,
the company ......................................................................................... 119
[4.135] LAWYER AND CLIENT ....................................................................................... 120
[4.140] Application of the “no-conflict” duty ................................................... 120
[4.160] Application of the “no-profit” duty ...................................................... 122
[4.170] AGENT AND PRINCIPAL .................................................................................... 124
[4.175] Real estate agents ................................................................................. 124
[4.190] PARTNERS ........................................................................................................... 127
[4.190] Nature of partnership duties ................................................................ 127
[4.200] Fiduciary duties prior to the execution of a partnership agreement ...... 127
[4.205] Fiduciary duties following dissolution of partnership ........................... 128
[4.210] Fiduciary duties following death of a partner ....................................... 129
[4.215] JOINT VENTURERS ............................................................................................ 129
[4.235] FINANCIAL ADVISER AND CLIENT ................................................................. 133
[4.250] BANKER AND CUSTOMER ................................................................................ 135
[4.265] COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS GENERALLY ............................................... 136
[4.285] EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYEE ............................................................................ 139
[4.285] Employees’ contractual duty of fidelity compared to fiduciary
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duties ................................................................................................... 139

[4.290] Employees’ duty of confidentiality compared to fiduciary duties .......... 140
[4.295] Employers’ duty ................................................................................... 141
[4.300] DOCTOR AND PATIENT .................................................................................... 142
[4.305] SOCIAL AND FAMILIAL RELATIONSHIPS ....................................................... 143
[4.305] Child abuse and fiduciary duties ........................................................... 143
[4.315] Guardian and ward .............................................................................. 145
[4.320] DEFENCES TO BREACH OF FIDUCIARY DUTY ............................................... 146
[4.325] REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF FIDUCIARY DUTY ............................................. 146

Chapter 5: Government and the Public Trust .......................................................... 149

[5.05] CONCEPTS OF TRUST IN PUBLIC LAW ............................................................ 149
[5.10] Fiduciary theory and the government–citizen relationship .................... 150
[5.15] Trust analogy ....................................................................................... 150
[5.20] IMPACT OF TRUST CONCEPTS ON PUBLIC LAW ........................................... 151
[5.25] Trust at an individual level ................................................................... 152
[5.30] Trust on a collective level ..................................................................... 153
[5.35] Curial application of trust concepts in public law —
fiduciary duties to indigenous persons .................................................. 153

Chapter 6: Confidential Information .......................................................................... 159

[6.05] NATURE AND JURISDICTIONAL BASIS ........................................................... 159
[6.10] Jurisdiction ........................................................................................... 159
[6.20] Elements ............................................................................................... 160
[6.25] CONFIDENTIALITY ............................................................................................ 161
[6.30] Commercial or technical information ................................................... 162
[6.90] Personal confidences ............................................................................. 171
[6.155] Governmental information ................................................................... 180
[6.170] CONFIDENTIAL CIRCUMSTANCES .................................................................. 183
[6.170] Relevance of confidential circumstances ............................................... 183
[6.175] Objective test ....................................................................................... 183
[6.180] Information communicated within a contractual relationship .............. 184
[6.190] Information disclosed to a governmental body ..................................... 186
[6.195] Information collected by law enforcement officers ................................ 187
[6.205] BREACH OF DUTY .............................................................................................. 188
[6.205] Standing to enforce confidentiality ....................................................... 188
[6.215] Need for specificity in identifying confidential information .................. 190
[6.220] Inferring a breach of confidence ........................................................... 191
[6.230] Need for proof of detriment? ................................................................ 192
[6.240] Receipt of confidential information by third parties ............................. 193
[6.265] INFORMATION GAINED BY REPREHENSIBLE MEANS ................................. 197
[6.280] PUBLIC INTEREST DEFENCE ............................................................................ 199
[6.285] Public interest and governmental information ...................................... 200
[6.290] Disclosure of iniquity ........................................................................... 201
[6.315] REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF CONFIDENCE ................................................... 204
[6.320] Injunction ............................................................................................. 205
[6.330] Account of profits ................................................................................ 206
Copyright © 2018. Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Pty Limited. All rights reserved.

[6.340] Equitable damages ............................................................................... 207

[6.370] Delivery up ........................................................................................... 212
[6.375] Constructive trust ................................................................................. 213

Chapter 7: Undue Influence ........................................................................................... 217

[7.05] NATURE OF UNDUE INFLUENCE ..................................................................... 217
[7.05] Definition ............................................................................................. 217
[7.10] Distinguished from unconscionable dealing .......................................... 218
[7.15] Compared to undue influence at law (“testamentary undue
influence”) ............................................................................................ 218
[7.20] TYPES OF UNDUE INFLUENCE ......................................................................... 219
[7.25] Presumed undue influence .................................................................... 219
[7.45] Actual undue influence ......................................................................... 223
[7.50] RELEVANT EVIDENCE ....................................................................................... 224
[7.55] Independent advice ............................................................................... 225
[7.70] Clear intention to enter transaction sought to be impugned ................. 228
[7.75] Improvidence of transaction ................................................................. 229
[7.85] Transaction not the proximate result of the influence ........................... 231

[7.90] UNDUE INFLUENCE AND PARTICULAR RELATIONSHIPS ............................ 232

[7.90] Undue influence by husband over wife ................................................. 232
[7.100] The relationship between man and woman to whom he is
affianced (?) .......................................................................................... 234
[7.105] Other personal relationships ................................................................ 234
[7.110] Intra-family undue influence ................................................................. 235
[7.140] Undue influence and commercial relationships ..................................... 239
[7.160] UNDUE INFLUENCE AND THIRD PARTIES ..................................................... 240
[7.165] Agency ................................................................................................. 242
[7.170] Notice .................................................................................................. 243
[7.210] Unconscionable conduct by creditor ..................................................... 251
[7.270] DEFENCES ........................................................................................................... 262
[7.280] REMEDIES ........................................................................................................... 263

PART III: UNCONSCIONABLE CONDUCT

Chapter 8: Fraud and Mistake ...................................................................................... 269

[8.05] FRAUD IN EQUITY ............................................................................................. 269
[8.10] PRESSURE IN EQUITY ........................................................................................ 270
[8.10] Common law duress distinguished from pressure in equity .................. 270
[8.15] Scope of the pressure doctrine in equity ................................................ 270
[8.25] Onus of proof and relief ....................................................................... 272
[8.30] A modern substantive doctrine of duress? ............................................ 273
[8.35] EQUITABLE FRAUD AND STATUTE .................................................................. 273
[8.50] FRAUD ON A POWER ......................................................................................... 275
[8.55] Relevance of intention .......................................................................... 275
[8.70] Anticipation or knowledge of the conduct of object(s)
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as intention .......................................................................................... 276

[8.75] Severance of an excessive exercise of a power ....................................... 277
[8.85] Default, revocation and release of powers ............................................ 277
[8.90] INNOCENT MISREPRESENTATION ................................................................. 278
[8.90] Equitable relief ..................................................................................... 278
[8.95] Statutory intervention —misleading and deceptive conduct ................. 279
[8.100] MISTAKE .............................................................................................................. 280
[8.105] Recovery of amounts paid under mistake ............................................. 280
[8.145] Contracts contaminated by mistake ...................................................... 286

Chapter 9: Unconscionable Dealing ............................................................................ 295

[9.05] NATURE OF THE DOCTRINE ............................................................................ 295
[9.05] Elements of the doctrine ....................................................................... 295
[9.10] Focus on “procedural” rather than “substantive” unconscionability ..... 296
[9.15] Unconscionable dealing distinguished from undue influence ................. 296
[9.25] SPECIAL DISADVANTAGE .................................................................................. 297
[9.25] Nature of “special” disadvantage ......................................................... 297
[9.30] Factors indicating special disadvantage ................................................ 298

[9.80] KNOWLEDGE OF SPECIAL DISADVANTAGE ................................................... 306

[9.85] Statements of weaker party revealing misunderstanding ....................... 307
[9.90] Knowledge of improvidence of transaction ........................................... 308
[9.100] Knowledge stemming from longstanding relationship .......................... 308
[9.105] Knowledge of relationship between guarantor and debtor .................... 309
[9.115] EXPLOITATION OF SPECIAL DISADVANTAGE ................................................ 310
[9.115] Protection by independent advice ......................................................... 310
[9.120] Need for proof of subjective intention to exploit? ................................ 311
[9.150] DEFENCES ........................................................................................................... 315
[9.155] REMEDIES ........................................................................................................... 316
[9.160] STATUTORY INITIATIVES .................................................................................. 316
[9.165] Australian Consumer Law, Pt 2-2 ......................................................... 317

Chapter 10: Estoppel ....................................................................................................... 325

[10.10] COMMON LAW ESTOPPEL ............................................................................... 325
[10.10] Estoppel by deed (or estoppel in writing) ............................................. 325
[10.15] Estoppel by judgment (or estoppel by record) ....................................... 325
[10.35] Estoppel by conduct ............................................................................. 327
[10.50] EQUITABLE ESTOPPEL ....................................................................................... 329
[10.50] Distinctions between common law and equitable estoppel
by conduct ........................................................................................... 329
[10.55] Forms of estoppel by conduct in equity ................................................ 330
[10.80] Attempts to fuse estoppel by conduct into a substantive doctrine ......... 333
[10.105] REPRESENTATION ............................................................................................. 336
[10.110] Clarity of the representation ................................................................. 336
[10.140] Assumptions are not restricted to factual matters ................................. 341
[10.145] Conduct or dealings as a representation ............................................... 342
Copyright © 2018. Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Pty Limited. All rights reserved.

[10.155] Silence as a representation .................................................................... 343

[10.160] RELIANCE ........................................................................................................... 343
[10.165] Reliance must be reasonable ................................................................. 344
[10.200] Written contract inconsistent with extra-contractual
representations ..................................................................................... 348
[10.220] DETRIMENT ........................................................................................................ 350
[10.220] Rationale .............................................................................................. 350
[10.230] Calculation of detriment ...................................................................... 351
[10.270] Remedies to rectify detriment ............................................................... 359
[10.275] Detriment compensated or remedied by other means ........................... 360
[10.290] Opportunities foregone as detriment .................................................... 362
[10.300] Emotional distress as detriment ............................................................ 363
[10.305] Detriment sustained by third parties ..................................................... 364
[10.310] UNCONSCIONABILITY ...................................................................................... 364
[10.310] Role of unconscionability ..................................................................... 364
[10.315] Parameters of unconscionable conduct ................................................. 366
[10.355] ESTOPPEL AND THIRD PARTIES ....................................................................... 371
[10.360] ESTOPPEL AND STATUTE .................................................................................. 372
[10.360] Inconsistency between estoppel and statute .......................................... 372
[10.395] Estoppel and the discretion of statutory authorities .............................. 376
xii

Chapter 11: Relief Against Forfeiture ........................................................................ 379

[11.05] BASIS FOR RELIEF AGAINST FORFEITURE ..................................................... 379
[11.05] Unconscionable conduct ....................................................................... 379
[11.10] Proprietary rights in applicant .............................................................. 380
[11.15] FORFEITURE AND CONTRACTS FOR THE SALE OF LAND .......................... 381
[11.15] Scope of jurisdiction ............................................................................. 381
[11.20] Forfeiture of payments made under a contract of sale .......................... 382
[11.25] Forfeiture of other interests under a contract of sale ............................. 383
[11.50] Forfeiture of moneys paid as a deposit ................................................. 387
[11.85] FORFEITURE AND CONTRACTS FOR THE LEASE OF LAND ....................... 394
[11.90] Relief against forfeiture for breach of covenant to pay rent .................. 395
[11.105] Relief against forfeiture for breach of covenants other than
to pay rent ............................................................................................ 397
[11.125] NATURE OF RELIEF AGAINST FORFEITURE ................................................... 401
[11.125] Forms of relief ...................................................................................... 401
[11.135] Standing to seek relief .......................................................................... 402

PART IV: UNFAIR OUTCOMES

Chapter 12: Part Performance ..................................................................................... 407

[12.05] DOCTRINE OF PART PERFORMANCE ............................................................ 407
[12.05] Relationship to statutory writing requirements ..................................... 407
[12.15] Historically strict approach .................................................................. 408
[12.20] Loosening of the strict approach in England ........................................ 409
[12.25] Current legal position —confluence with constructive
trusts, estoppel and statute? .................................................................. 410
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[12.45] EVIDENCE OF PART PERFORMANCE ............................................................. 412

[12.45] What constitutes relevant evidence ....................................................... 412
[12.60] Taking possession ................................................................................. 414
[12.80] Payment of money ................................................................................ 416

Chapter 13: Penalty Clauses .......................................................................................... 419

[13.05] BACKDROP AND CONTEXT ............................................................................. 419
[13.20] FOUNDATION FOR RELIEF ............................................................................... 420
[13.55] DISTINGUISHED FROM RELIEF AGAINST FORFEITURE ............................... 426
[13.60] DEALINGS OUTSIDE THE PENALTY NET ........................................................ 426
[13.60] Legitimate deposits ............................................................................... 426
[13.65] Acceleration clauses ............................................................................. 427
[13.70] Grants of indulgence ............................................................................ 427
[13.80] TRIGGERING EVENT NOT CONFINED TO BREACH
OF CONTRACT ................................................................................................... 428
[13.95] ACTION FOR DAMAGES IF PENALTY UNENFORCEABLE ............................. 431

Chapter 14: Subrogation, Contribution and Marshalling .................................... 433

[14.05] SUBROGATION ................................................................................................... 433
[14.05] The nature of subrogation .................................................................... 433

xiii

[14.30] Insured and insurer .............................................................................. 436

[14.70] Principal and surety ............................................................................. 441
[14.85] Debtor and creditor .............................................................................. 443
[14.125] CONTRIBUTION ................................................................................................. 449
[14.125] Nature of contribution ......................................................................... 449
[14.145] Measure of contribution ....................................................................... 453
[14.170] Principal areas of operation .................................................................. 457
[14.180] Contribution between sureties .............................................................. 458
[14.190] Contribution between insurers ............................................................. 459
[14.215] MARSHALLING .................................................................................................. 463
[14.215] Nature and purpose of marshalling ...................................................... 463
[14.240] Circumstances where marshalling is not available ................................ 465

Chapter 15: Deceased Estates ....................................................................................... 467

[15.05] SATISFACTION IN EQUITY ................................................................................ 467
[15.10] Presumption as between testators and creditors .................................... 467
[15.40] Presumption in respect of persons in loco parentis ............................... 470
[15.55] EQUITABLE ADEMPTION .................................................................................. 471
[15.55] Nature of equitable ademption ............................................................. 471
[15.65] Presumption of ademption ................................................................... 472
[15.80] Subsequent advance by parent (or person in loco parentis) ................... 474
[15.95] Subsequent advance for a specific purpose ............................................ 476
[15.100] ELECTION IN EQUITY ....................................................................................... 478
[15.100] Nature of election in equity .................................................................. 478
[15.105] Dual gifts ............................................................................................. 478
[15.120] Mutual obligations ............................................................................... 481
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PART V: TRUSTS

Chapter 16: Nature of A Trust ..................................................................................... 485

[16.05] DEFINITION AND CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................ 485
[16.15] CLASSIFICATION OF TRUSTS ............................................................................ 486
[16.15] Express trusts ....................................................................................... 486
[16.20] Non-express trusts ............................................................................... 488
[16.25] HISTORY OF THE TRUST ................................................................................... 488
[16.25] The “use” ............................................................................................. 488
[16.40] Movement to the modern trust ............................................................. 490
[16.45] MODERN FUNCTIONS OF TRUSTS .................................................................. 490
[16.50] TRUSTS AND OTHER LEGAL RELATIONSHIPS .............................................. 492
[16.55] Trust and bailment ............................................................................... 492
[16.90] Trust and agency .................................................................................. 497
[16.110] Trust and debt ...................................................................................... 498
[16.120] Trust and contract ................................................................................ 500
[16.150] Trust, condition, charge and equitable personal obligation ................... 504
[16.175] Trusts and powers ................................................................................ 506
[16.195] Trustee and executor ............................................................................ 510

xiv

Chapter 17: The Requisite Certainties ....................................................................... 513

[17.10] CERTAINTY OF INTENTION ............................................................................ 513
[17.15] Process of construction ......................................................................... 513
[17.25] Admissibility of extrinsic evidence ........................................................ 516
[17.40] Intention stemming from statute ........................................................... 518
[17.45] Inferring an intention to create a trust .................................................. 518
[17.60] CERTAINTY OF SUBJECT MATTER .................................................................. 520
[17.65] Nature of the property ......................................................................... 521
[17.80] Quantum of interest ............................................................................. 522
[17.95] CERTAINTY OF OBJECT .................................................................................... 524
[17.95] “Beneficiary principle” ......................................................................... 524
[17.100] Application of the beneficiary principle to fixed trusts .......................... 525
[17.115] Application of the beneficiary principle to discretionary trusts ............. 526
[17.140] Purpose trusts ....................................................................................... 529
[17.170] Gifts to unincorporated associations .................................................... 534

Chapter 18: Formalities and Complete Constitution ............................................. 539

[18.05] FORMALITIES FOR ESTABLISHING AN INTER VIVOS TRUST ...................... 539
[18.05] Statutory writing requirements ............................................................. 539
[18.15] Enforcement of trust where formalities not fulfilled .............................. 542
[18.40] FORMALITIES FOR ESTABLISHING A TESTAMENTARY TRUST ................... 546
[18.40] Formality requirements for a valid will ................................................. 546
[18.45] Secret trusts .......................................................................................... 547
[18.90] COMPLETE CONSTITUTION OF TRUSTS ........................................................ 552
[18.90] Complete constitution by full legal transfer of trust property ............... 552
[18.110] Enforceability of an incompletely constituted trust by
way of contract .................................................................................... 557
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[18.125] Exceptions to the rule that equity will not assist a volunteer ................ 558

Chapter 19: Legality of Trusts ...................................................................................... 563

[19.05] FORMS OF ILLEGALITY .................................................................................... 563
[19.10] Public policy illegality .......................................................................... 563
[19.15] Statutory illegality ................................................................................ 564
[19.20] TRUSTS FOR ILLEGAL PURPOSES .................................................................... 564
[19.30] Disclosure of illegal purpose ................................................................. 565
[19.55] Doctrine of locus poenitentiae —carrying out the illegal purpose ....... 569
[19.60] TRUSTS THAT DISTURB THE SANCTITY OF MARRIAGE
OR THE FAMILY ................................................................................................. 570
[19.75] TRUSTS IN RESTRAINT OF ALIENATION OF PROPERTY ............................. 572
[19.75] Conditional dispositions and deprivation clauses ................................. 572
[19.80] Trusts that infringe the rule against perpetuities ................................... 574
[19.95] Rule against indestructibility ................................................................ 577
[19.100] TRUSTS TO AVOID CREDITORS ........................................................................ 577
[19.105] Setting aside where settlor is a natural person ...................................... 578
[19.135] Setting aside where settlor is a company ............................................... 581
[19.140] Voidable dispositions outside of insolvency .......................................... 583

[19.150] TRUSTS TO EVADE TAXATION ......................................................................... 584

[19.155] FAMILY COURT POWERS TO SET ASIDE FAMILY TRUSTS ............................. 586
[19.155] Setting aside dispositions ...................................................................... 586
[19.170] Setting aside marriage settlements ........................................................ 588

Chapter 20: Beneficiaries ............................................................................................... 591

[20.10] RIGHTS OF BENEFICIARIES .............................................................................. 591
[20.10] Beneficiaries’ rights generally ................................................................ 591
[20.30] Beneficiaries’ access to trust information .............................................. 593
[20.75] Beneficiaries’ right to disclaim .............................................................. 603
[20.95] NATURE OF BENEFICIARIES’ INTERESTS UNDER A TRUST ......................... 606
[20.100] Unit trusts ............................................................................................ 606
[20.120] Discretionary trusts .............................................................................. 609
[20.155] Default beneficiaries ............................................................................. 615

Chapter 21: Trustees ........................................................................................................ 617

[21.05] WHO MAY ACT AS TRUSTEE ............................................................................ 617
[21.05] Capacity to act as trustee ..................................................................... 617
[21.10] Company as trustee .............................................................................. 618
[21.15] Statutory trustee companies .................................................................. 618
[21.20] Public trustee ........................................................................................ 619
[21.25] Advisory trustees .................................................................................. 619
[21.30] Custodian trustees ................................................................................ 620
[21.45] Bare trustees ......................................................................................... 621
[21.50] APPOINTMENT OF TRUSTEES .......................................................................... 622
[21.55] Appointment pursuant to the trust instrument ..................................... 622
[21.60] Appointment under statutory power .................................................... 623
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[21.65] Appointment by the court .................................................................... 624

[21.85] Number of trustees ............................................................................... 628
[21.90] DISCLAIMER BY TRUSTEE ................................................................................ 628
[21.95] RETIREMENT OF TRUSTEES ............................................................................. 629
[21.100] REMOVAL OF TRUSTEES ................................................................................... 630
[21.105] Removal by the court —welfare of the beneficiaries ........................... 630
[21.130] Costs of a proceeding for removal ........................................................ 634
[21.135] DEATH OF TRUSTEE .......................................................................................... 634
[21.140] ORDERS VESTING TRUST PROPERTY IN NEW TRUSTEES ............................ 635

Chapter 22: Duties of Trustees ..................................................................................... 637

[22.05] NATURE OF DUTIES ........................................................................................... 637
[22.10] Initial duties ......................................................................................... 637
[22.15] Fundamental duty to obey the terms of the trust .................................. 637
[22.20] Standard of care ................................................................................... 638
[22.30] DUTY TO ACCOUNT .......................................................................................... 639
[22.40] DUTY TO ADMINISTER THE TRUST PERSONALLY ........................................ 640
[22.40] Fettering discretion ............................................................................... 640
[22.45] Duty not to delegate and its exceptions ................................................ 641

xvi

[22.50] Engagement of agents by trustees ......................................................... 642

[22.65] Unanimity in trustee decision-making ................................................... 644
[22.70] FIDUCIARY DUTIES ............................................................................................ 645
[22.75] Trustees’ remuneration ......................................................................... 645
[22.95] Purchase of trust property by trustee (“purchase rule” or
“self-dealing rule”) ............................................................................... 648
[22.115] Purchase of a beneficiary’s interest (“fair dealing rule”) ........................ 651
[22.120] DUTY TO ACT IMPARTIALLY ............................................................................ 651
[22.120] Nature of the duty ................................................................................ 651
[22.130] Apportionment required by the duty of impartiality ............................. 652
[22.155] Residuary personalty of a wasting, hazardous or
reversionary nature .............................................................................. 654
[22.160] Allocation of revenue and costs ............................................................ 655
[22.175] DUTY TO INVEST ............................................................................................... 656
[22.180] Investments authorised by the trust instrument .................................... 657
[22.185] Investments authorised by statute ......................................................... 658
[22.200] Investments authorised by the court pursuant to its
“expediency” jurisdiction ..................................................................... 660
[22.205] Investment for the financial advantage to the trust ............................... 660
[22.225] DUTY TO PAY CORRECT BENEFICIARIES ....................................................... 663
[22.225] Duty of trustee in the event of overpayment ......................................... 663
[22.230] Action by underpaid beneficiary ........................................................... 664

Chapter 23: Powers and Rights of Trustees ............................................................. 665

[23.05] POWERS OF TRUSTEES ...................................................................................... 665
[23.10] Sources of trustees’ powers ................................................................... 665
[23.30] Exercise of trustees’ discretion .............................................................. 667
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[23.80] Powers of sale ...................................................................................... 674

[23.115] Powers of maintenance and advancement ............................................. 677
[23.120] RIGHTS OF TRUSTEES ....................................................................................... 679
[23.120] Right to indemnity (and exoneration) ................................................... 679
[23.160] Right to contribution from co-trustees ................................................. 687
[23.165] Right to impound the interest of a beneficiary ...................................... 688
[23.170] Right to seek advice and directions from the court ............................... 688

Chapter 24: Breach of Trust .......................................................................................... 695

[24.10] STANDING TO SUE ............................................................................................. 695
[24.10] Identity of persons with standing ......................................................... 695
[24.15] Beneficiaries’ standing to sue third parties ............................................ 696
[24.25] REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF TRUST ................................................................ 698
[24.30] Compensation ...................................................................................... 698
[24.60] Interest ................................................................................................. 702
[24.75] Account of profits ................................................................................ 704
[24.95] Liability for co-trustee’s breaches of trust —“wilful default” .............. 706
[24.105] Account on the basis of wilful default .................................................. 708

xvii

[24.110] Options apart from action for breach of trust ...................................... 708
[24.130] Personal action against third-party recipients of trust
property — Re Diplock ....................................................................... 711
[24.140] DEFENCES TO BREACH OF TRUST .................................................................. 713
[24.140] Trustee exemption clauses .................................................................... 713
[24.160] Consent, acquiescence or release by the beneficiaries ............................ 716
[24.175] Delay .................................................................................................... 718
[24.200] Court’s statutory power to excuse breach ............................................. 721

Chapter 25: Variation, Resettlement and Termination of Trusts ....................... 725

[25.05] VARIATION OF TRUST ....................................................................................... 725
[25.10] Power of variation in the trust instrument ............................................ 725
[25.25] Inherent jurisdiction of the court to vary trusts .................................... 727
[25.30] Variation by the court under its “expediency” jurisdiction .................... 728
[25.60] Variation by the court on behalf of infants, unborn and
incompetent persons ............................................................................. 735
[25.80] Western Australia —statutory jurisdiction to vary the
quantum paid to a beneficiary .............................................................. 738
[25.85] RESETTLEMENT OF TRUSTS ............................................................................ 738
[25.90] Sources of the power to resettle a trust ................................................. 738
[25.105] Resettlement for revenue law purposes ................................................. 740
[25.120] TERMINATION OF TRUST ................................................................................ 741
[25.125] Termination by revocation ................................................................... 742
[25.135] Termination by beneficiaries ................................................................. 743
[25.155] Termination by distribution of trust property ....................................... 746

Chapter 26: Resulting Trusts ......................................................................................... 749

[26.05] NATURE OF THE RESULTING TRUST .............................................................. 749

[26.05] Definition and terminology .................................................................. 749
[26.10] “Institutional” nature of the resulting trust .......................................... 750
[26.15] FAILURE TO EXHAUST BENEFICIAL INTEREST ............................................. 751
[26.20] Failure of express trust ......................................................................... 751
[26.25] Failure to set out the trust or disclose the entire beneficial interest ....... 751
[26.30] Property conveyed on trust for a specific purpose that fails .................. 751
[26.35] Property conveyed on trust for purposes exceeds that required ............ 752
[26.40] Resulting trust over stolen property ..................................................... 753
[26.45] RESULTING TRUSTS FORM CONTRIBUTIONS TO PROPERTY ..................... 753
[26.45] Circumstances giving rise to the presumption of resulting trust ............ 753
[26.55] Voluntary transfer situation .................................................................. 755
[26.60] Purchase money situation ..................................................................... 755
[26.90] Constructive trust relief ........................................................................ 760
[26.95] DISPLACING THE PRESUMPTION BY CONTRARY EVIDENCE .................... 760
[26.100] Relevant evidence of intention .............................................................. 760
[26.110] Relevant evidence in rebuttal ................................................................ 762
[26.120] PRESUMPTION OF ADVANCEMENT ................................................................ 763
[26.120] Nature and operation ........................................................................... 763
[26.145] Rebuttal of the presumption of advancement ....................................... 768

xviii

[26.155] FUTURE OF THE PRESUMPTIONS .................................................................... 770

Chapter 27: Trusts for Commercial Purposes ........................................................... 773

[27.10] TRUSTS AS VEHICLES TO CONDUCT BUSINESS ............................................. 773
[27.20] INSOLVENCY AND TRUSTS ............................................................................... 775
[27.25] Liability on insolvency of trustee .......................................................... 775
[27.65] Property given for a specific purpose —trust or debt? ......................... 782
[27.75] Property given for a specific purpose —co-existence
of loan and trust (“Quistclose Trust”) .................................................. 784
[27.110] Insolvency of beneficiary ...................................................................... 793
[27.125] TAXATION OF TRUSTS ...................................................................................... 795
[27.130] Scheme of trust taxation ....................................................................... 795
[27.185] Capital gains tax and trusts .................................................................. 802
[27.200] Taxation of minors’ income: Part III, Division 6AA .............................. 803

Chapter 28: Trusts for Investment .............................................................................. 805

[28.05] BACKGROUND ................................................................................................... 805
[28.10] Superannuation .................................................................................... 805
[28.15] Managed investments ........................................................................... 806
[28.20] STATUTORY REGULATION OF SUPERANNUATION ...................................... 806
[28.25] MySuper .............................................................................................. 807
[28.30] Regulators ............................................................................................ 808
[28.35] Regulated entities ................................................................................. 809
[28.40] Compliance .......................................................................................... 810
[28.45] Financial services regime ...................................................................... 810
[28.50] SUPERANNUATION TRUSTS ............................................................................. 810
[28.55] Provisions of a superannuation fund deed ............................................ 811
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[28.60] Trustees ................................................................................................ 812

[28.75] Duties of trustees and directors ............................................................ 814
[28.105] Trust property ...................................................................................... 821
[28.130] Beneficiaries ......................................................................................... 824
[28.145] SUPERANNUATION TRUSTS AND THE CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT .... 826
[28.150] Construction of trust documents .......................................................... 826
[28.155] Employer’s implied obligation of trust and confidence .......................... 828
[28.160] OTHER TRUST RELATED SUPERANNUATION ISSUES ................................... 829
[28.160] Exercise of discretion and the formation of opinions ............................ 829
[28.170] Amendment and rectification of trust deeds .......................................... 831
[28.190] Surpluses .............................................................................................. 833
[28.210] Conflicts of interest .............................................................................. 836
[28.220] Duty of impartiality ............................................................................. 838
[28.225] DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN SUPERANNUATION TRUSTS ............................... 838
[28.230] Internal review ..................................................................................... 838
[28.235] External review: SCT (and forthcoming Australian Financial
Complaints Authority) ......................................................................... 838
[28.240] MANAGED INVESTMENT SCHEMES ............................................................... 840
[28.240] Meaning of “managed investment scheme” .......................................... 840

xix

[28.245] Responsible entity ................................................................................ 841

[28.250] Duties of the responsible entity ............................................................ 842
[28.255] Scheme constitution ............................................................................. 842
[28.260] Other investor protection avenues ........................................................ 843

Chapter 29: Charitable Trusts ....................................................................................... 845

[29.05] NATURE OF A CHARITABLE TRUST ............................................................... 845
[29.05] Purpose trust ........................................................................................ 845
[29.10] Differences between private and charitable trusts ................................. 845
[29.30] Meaning of “charitable” at law ............................................................ 847
[29.55] PUBLIC BENEFIT REQUIREMENT .................................................................... 852
[29.60] The “public” requirement ..................................................................... 852
[29.90] The “benefit” requirement .................................................................... 858
[29.110] RELIEF OF THE POOR, AGED AND IMPOTENT .............................................. 862
[29.115] Relief of poverty ................................................................................... 863
[29.125] Relief of the aged ................................................................................. 864
[29.130] Relief of impotence .............................................................................. 865
[29.140] ADVANCEMENT OF EDUCATION .................................................................... 866
[29.145] Valid educational purposes ................................................................... 866
[29.155] Public benefit in educational purposes .................................................. 869
[29.160] The “benefit” element ........................................................................... 870
[29.165] ADVANCEMENT OF RELIGION ........................................................................ 871
[29.165] Religious purposes ............................................................................... 871
[29.190] Advancing religion ............................................................................... 874
[29.195] Public benefit in religious purposes ....................................................... 875
[29.210] OTHER PURPOSES BENEFICIAL TO THE COMMUNITY ............................... 877
[29.215] Two-stage analogy approach ................................................................ 877
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[29.220] Protection of animals ........................................................................... 878

[29.225] Locality cases ....................................................................................... 879
[29.230] Preservation or protection of the environment ...................................... 880
[29.235] Promotion of industry and commerce ................................................... 880
[29.240] Relief of distress ................................................................................... 881
[29.245] Promotion of safety and protection of the country ............................... 882
[29.250] Assistance for immigration and emigration .......................................... 883
[29.255] Recreation and sport ............................................................................ 884
[29.275] MIXED CHARITABLE AND NON-CHARITABLE PURPOSES .......................... 888
[29.275] Requirement that a trust be exclusively charitable ................................ 888
[29.280] Gifts for the purposes of associations ................................................... 888
[29.290] Alternative and cumulative expressions ................................................ 891
[29.295] Saving legislation .................................................................................. 892
[29.310] CY-PRÈS SCHEMES ............................................................................................. 894
[29.310] Impossibility, impracticability or illegality ............................................ 894
[29.315] “Initial” failure ..................................................................................... 894
[29.320] Non-existent institutions ...................................................................... 896
[29.345] Cy-près and public appeals ................................................................... 898

[29.355] Statutory cy-près .................................................................................. 899

[29.375] Power to settle cy-près schemes ............................................................ 902
[29.380] ADMINISTRATIVE SCHEMES ............................................................................ 903

PART VI: Equitable Defences

Chapter 30: Equitable Defences ................................................................................... 907

[30.10] DELAY .................................................................................................................. 907
[30.10] Delay and equitable relief ..................................................................... 907
[30.25] Relationship between laches and acquiescence ..................................... 910
[30.35] Laches and limitation legislation .......................................................... 911
[30.45] Nature of the claim .............................................................................. 913
[30.75] Subject matter of the claim ................................................................... 916
[30.80] Identity of the party seeking to rely on the defence ............................... 917
[30.85] SET-OFF ................................................................................................................ 917
[30.85] Nature of set-off ................................................................................... 917
[30.95] Legal set-off ......................................................................................... 918
[30.105] Equitable set-off ................................................................................... 919
[30.140] WAIVER IN EQUITY ........................................................................................... 924
[30.145] Release ................................................................................................. 925
[30.160] Estoppel ............................................................................................... 926
[30.170] UNCLEAN HANDS .............................................................................................. 928
[30.170] Nature of and limitations on the defence .............................................. 928
[30.180] Case illustrations .................................................................................. 930

PART VII: EQUITABLE REMEDIES

Chapter 31: Injunctions .................................................................................................. 935

[31.05] GENERAL PRINCIPLES ....................................................................................... 935
[31.05] Nature and jurisdiction ........................................................................ 935
[31.10] Classification ........................................................................................ 936
[31.15] Effect of non-compliance ...................................................................... 936
[31.20] Standing to seek an injunction .............................................................. 937
[31.40] Scope of injunctive relief ...................................................................... 941
[31.50] Considerations relevant to the exercise of the court’s discretion ........... 942
[31.75] Injunctions in criminal law ................................................................... 945
[31.80] Ex parte applications ............................................................................ 946
[31.90] INTERLOCUTORY INJUNCTIONS .................................................................... 948
[31.90] Nature of interlocutory injunctions ...................................................... 948
[31.95] Serious question to be tried /prima facie test ........................................ 949
[31.105] Damages not an adequate remedy (irreparable harm) ........................... 951
[31.125] Balance of convenience ......................................................................... 953
[31.175] Interlocutory injunctions to prevent alleged defamation ....................... 962
[31.185] Appellate review of interlocutory determinations ................................. 966

xxi

[31.190] QUIA TIMET INJUNCTIONS .............................................................................. 966

[31.195] ANTI-SUIT INJUNCTIONS ................................................................................. 967

Chapter 32: Mareva and Anton Piller Orders ........................................................... 969

[32.05] MAREVA ORDERS .............................................................................................. 969
[32.05] Nature and jurisdiction ........................................................................ 969
[32.40] Preconditions to Mareva relief ............................................................. 973
[32.75] Scope and variation of Mareva orders .................................................. 978
[32.90] Post-judgment Mareva orders .............................................................. 980
[32.100] Mareva orders and third parties ........................................................... 981
[32.110] Extra-jurisdictional and worldwide Mareva orders .............................. 984
[32.120] Orders in aid of Mareva relief (“ancillary orders”) ............................... 986
[32.135] Abuses of process in seeking Mareva relief ........................................... 988
[32.140] ANTON PILLER ORDERS ................................................................................... 989
[32.145] The Anton Piller case ............................................................................ 990
[32.150] Nature of Anton Piller relief ................................................................. 990
[32.155] Preconditions to Anton Piller relief ....................................................... 991
[32.160] Application for and execution of Anton Piller orders ........................... 992
[32.200] Principal uses of Anton Piller orders ..................................................... 998

Chapter 33: Specific Performance ............................................................................. 1001

[33.05] NATURE OF SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE ......................................................... 1001
[33.05] Definition ........................................................................................... 1001
[33.10] Basic requirements ............................................................................. 1002
[33.20] SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE OF PARTICULAR CONTRACTS ......................... 1003
[33.20] Contracts for the sale of land ............................................................. 1003
[33.35] Building contracts .............................................................................. 1006
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[33.40] Repairing covenants in leases ............................................................. 1006

[33.45] Contracts for the sale of personalty .................................................... 1007
[33.65] Contracts to pay or lend money ......................................................... 1010
[33.80] Contracts for personal services ........................................................... 1011
[33.90] DEFENCES TO AN ACTION FOR SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE ...................... 1012
[33.90] Defences arising from the nature of the contract ................................ 1012
[33.130] Defences arising from the conduct of the parties ................................ 1017

Chapter 34: Compensation, Damages and Account of Profits ......................... 1025

[34.05] EQUITABLE COMPENSATION ......................................................................... 1025
[34.05] Nature of equitable compensation ...................................................... 1025
[34.20] Relevance of causation ....................................................................... 1027
[34.55] Flexible nature of equitable compensation .......................................... 1032
[34.60] Award of interest ................................................................................ 1033
[34.65] EQUITABLE DAMAGES ..................................................................................... 1033
[34.70] Prerequisites for the award of equitable damages ............................... 1034
[34.105] Assessment of equitable damages ....................................................... 1038
[34.125] Exemplary and aggravated damages ................................................... 1041
[34.140] ACCOUNT OF PROFITS ................................................................................... 1045
[34.140] Nature of an account ......................................................................... 1045

xxii

[34.155] Jurisdiction ......................................................................................... 1047

[34.160] Calculation of profit ........................................................................... 1048

Chapter 35: Rescission .................................................................................................. 1051

[35.05] NATURE OF RESCISSION ................................................................................. 1051
[35.10] Rescission at common law ................................................................. 1051
[35.15] Rescission in equity ............................................................................ 1052
[35.40] Need for assistance of the court .......................................................... 1055
[35.45] GROUNDS FOR RESCISSION ........................................................................... 1055
[35.50] Misrepresentation .............................................................................. 1055
[35.65] Breach of fiduciary duty ..................................................................... 1058
[35.70] Mistake .............................................................................................. 1058
[35.75] BARS TO RESCISSION ....................................................................................... 1059
[35.75] Third party interests ........................................................................... 1059
[35.85] Affirmation ........................................................................................ 1059
[35.100] Delay .................................................................................................. 1062
[35.105] Express exclusion of the right to rescind ............................................ 1062
[35.110] Executed contract ............................................................................... 1062

Chapter 36: Receivership .............................................................................................. 1065

[36.05] NATURE OF RECEIVERSHIP ............................................................................ 1065
[36.20] OUT-OF-COURT (“PRIVATE”) APPOINTMENT ............................................. 1066
[36.25] Agency relationship ............................................................................ 1067
[36.45] Duties of privately-appointed receivers ............................................... 1070
[36.80] APPOINTMENT BY THE COURT .................................................................... 1076
[36.85] Officer of the court ............................................................................. 1076
[36.90] Jurisdiction not to be exercised liberally ............................................. 1077
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[36.100] Standing ............................................................................................. 1078

[36.105] Pre-existing contracts of the debtor .................................................... 1078
[36.110] Undertaking as to damages ................................................................ 1079
[36.115] Ex parte appointment ......................................................................... 1079
[36.125] Indemnity for remuneration and expenses .......................................... 1080
[36.130] Receivers and equitable execution ...................................................... 1081
[36.150] STATUTE GOVERNING RECEIVERS ............................................................... 1083
[36.150] Corporations Act 2001 ....................................................................... 1083
[36.165] Receivers appointed under property legislation .................................. 1085

Chapter 37: D
eclarations, Rectification, Specific Restitution and
Delivery up ................................................................................................ 1087
[37.05] DECLARATIONS ............................................................................................... 1087
[37.05] Source of jurisdiction to grant declaratory relief ................................. 1087
[37.10] Use of declaratory relief ..................................................................... 1088
[37.15] Discretion to grant declaratory relief .................................................. 1088
[37.20] Inconsistency with alternative remedy or statute ................................ 1090
[37.30] Theoretical or academic issues ............................................................ 1091
[37.40] Standing ............................................................................................. 1092
[37.50] No practical relevance or utility ......................................................... 1094

xxiii

[37.65] RECTIFICATION ............................................................................................... 1095

[37.65] Nature of rectification ........................................................................ 1095
[37.80] Instruments equity will not rectify ...................................................... 1098
[37.90] Rectification for common mistake ...................................................... 1099
[37.125] Rectification for unilateral mistake ..................................................... 1105
[37.140] SPECIFIC RESTITUTION ................................................................................... 1109
[37.155] DELIVERY UP AND CANCELLATION OF DOCUMENTS .............................. 1110
[37.155] Nature of jurisdiction ......................................................................... 1110
[37.165] Terms of relief .................................................................................... 1111

Chapter 38: Constructive Trusts ................................................................................. 1115

[38.05] DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION .............................................................. 1115
[38.10] Institutional constructive trusts .......................................................... 1115
[38.15] “Remedial” constructive trusts ........................................................... 1117
[38.20] Constructive trusts distinguished from other trusts ............................. 1117
[38.25] INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS ................................................... 1118
[38.25] Accountability as principal for breach of fiduciary duty ..................... 1118
[38.55] Accountability of persons who act as trustees without
appointment ....................................................................................... 1125
[38.65] Liability as an “accessory” to a fiduciary or trust breach .................... 1126
[38.100] Accountability as a recipient of trust property .................................... 1135
[38.130] Constructive trusts arising out of agreements to deal with
property ............................................................................................. 1141
[38.165] REMEDIAL CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS ............................................................ 1147
[38.165] Nature and incidents .......................................................................... 1147
[38.175] General principle: unconscionable denial of or assertion
to beneficial interest in property ......................................................... 1149
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[38.215] Common intention constructive trust ................................................. 1155

[38.250] Backdating the remedial constructive trust ......................................... 1162
[38.270] Alternative remedies ........................................................................... 1168
[38.275] Charitable trust as remedy? ................................................................ 1169

Chapter 39: Tracing ....................................................................................................... 1171

[39.05] NATURE OF TRACING ..................................................................................... 1171
[39.10] Tracing at common law ...................................................................... 1171
[39.15] Tracing in equity ................................................................................ 1172
[39.50] Coalescence between common law and equitable tracing ................... 1176
[39.55] PROCESS OF TRACING .................................................................................... 1177
[39.55] Mixing of trust and non-trust property: the tracing step .................... 1177
[39.85] Mixing of property from more than one trust: the
“allocation step” ................................................................................ 1183

Index ..................................................................................................................................... 1189

xxiv

A (C) v Critchley (1999) 166 DLR (4th) 475 ................................................................................ 5.50

A E Goodwin Ltd v AG Healing Ltd (1983) 7 ACLR 481 ............................................................. 24.65
A H McDonald & Co Pty Ltd v Wells (1931) 45 CLR 506 ........................ 33.145, 35.15, 35.30, 35.40
A J Bekhor & Co Ltd v Bilton [1981] QB 923 ........................................................................... 32.120
A Local Authority v W [2006] 1 FLR 1 ........................................................................................ 6.205
A M Spicer and Son Pty Ltd (in liq) v Spicer (1931) 47 CLR 151 ................................................ 14.80
A Roberts & Co Ltd v Leicestershire County Council [1961] Ch 555 ........................................ 37.125
A v B plc [2003] QB 195 ....................................................................................... 6.95, 6.100, 6.105
A v C (No 2) [1981] QB 956 ..................................................................................................... 32.80
A v Hayden (No 1) (1984) 56 ALR 73 ....................................................................................... 31.95
A v Hayden (No 2) (1984) 156 CLR 532 ................................................................................... 6.295
A V Jennings Ltd v First Provincial Building Society Ltd (1996) ATPR ¶41–494 ......................... 31.165
A v Law Society of Tasmania (2001) 10 Tas R 152 ..................................................................... 4.155
AA and Australian Prudential Regulation Authority, Re (2002) 66 ALD 443 ................................ 28.60
Aas v Benham [1891] 2 Ch 244 ................................................................................................ 4.190
AB Consolidated Ltd v Europe Strength Food Co Pty Ltd [1978] 2 NZLR 515 .................... 6.10, 6.15,
6.40, P.145
AB Hassle v Pharmacia (Australia) Pty Ltd (1995) 33 IPR 63 ....................................................... 31.90
AB v CD [2015] 1 WLR 771 ....................................................................................................... 31.50
Abacus Trust Company (Isle of Man) Ltd v NSPCC [2001] WTLR 953 ........................................ 23.45
Abacus Trust Company (Isle of Man) v Barr [2003] Ch 409 ....................................................... 23.50
Abbey National Building Society v Maybeech Ltd [1985] Ch 190 ................................. 11.95, 11.100
Abdulla v Shah [1959] AC 124 ................................................................................................ 38.150
A'Beckett, Re [1941] VLR 283 ..................................................................................... 29.180, 29.200
Abella v Anderson [1987] 2 Qd R 1 .............................................................................. 32.75, 32.110
Aberdeen Railway Co v Blaikie (1854) 1 Macq 461 ................................................................... 22.95
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Abigail v Lapin (1934) 51 CLR 58; [1934] AC 491 .................................................. 1.110, 2.10, 2.25,
2.35, 2.130
Abigroup Ltd v Abignano (1992) 39 FCR 74 ........................................................................... 14.140
Able Demolitions and Excavations Pty Ltd v BHP Billiton Direct Reduced Iron Pty Ltd
[2008] WASC 136 .............................................................................................................. 31.145
Aboody v Ryan (2012) 17 BPR 32,359 ........................................................................... 9.115, 9.120
Aboriginal Hostels Ltd v Darwin City Council (1985) 55 LGRA 414 ......................................... 29.240
Abou-Rahmah v Al-Haji Abdul Kadir Abacha [2007] 1 Lloyd's Rep 115 ...................................... 38.85
Abraham v Johns [2010] VSC 33 ............................................................................................... 33.25
Abrahams v Biggs [2011] FCA 1475 ............................................................................................ 6.35
Abram Steamship Co Ltd v Westville Shipping Co Ltd [1923] AC 773 ............................ 35.40, 35.90
Absolute Analogue Inc v Sundance Resources Ltd (No 3) [2014] WASC 283 ............................. 34.75
Academy of Health and Fitness Pty Ltd v Power [1973] VR 254 ...................................... 35.55, 35.90
Accom Finance Pty Ltd v Mars Pty Ltd (2007) 13 BPR 24,729 ................................................... 13.55
Accounting Systems 2000 (Developments) Pty Ltd v CCH Australia Ltd (1993)
114 ALR 355 .......................................................................................................................... 8.95
Accurate Financial Consultants Pty Ltd v Koko Black Pty Ltd (2008) 66 ACSR 325 ........ 10.115, 10.120,
10.125, 10.135
ACE Insurance Ltd v Trifunovski (2011) 200 FCR 532 .............................................................. 10.360
Acland v Gaisford (1816) 2 Mad 28; 56 ER 245 ...................................................................... 24.100
Acmnet Pty Ltd v AI Tel Pty Ltd [2007] SASC 96 ...................................................................... 31.100

xxv

ACN 074 971 109 (as Trustee for Argot Unit Trust) v National Mutual Life Association
of Australasia Ltd (2008) 21 VR 351 ................................................................................... 10.260
ACN 077 991 890 Pty Ltd v National Australia Bank Ltd (2007) 13 BPR 24,299 ...................... 14.225
Acohs Pty Ltd v RA Bashford Consulting Pty Ltd (1997) 144 ALR 528 ...................................... 14.165
Acron Pacific Ltd v Offshore Oil NL (1985) 157 CLR 514 ........................................................... 13.70
Across Australia Finance Pty Ltd v Kalls (2008) 3 BFRA 205 ..................................................... 14.225
Actionstrength Ltd v International Glass Engineering SpA [2003] 2 AC 541 .............................. 18.35
Active Leisure (Sports) Pty Ltd v Sportsman's Australia Ltd [1991] 1 Qd R 301 .............. 31.15, 31.50,
31.60, 31.120, 31.145
Adam P Brown Male Fashions Pty Ltd v Philip Morris Inc (1981) 148 CLR 170 ........................ 31.185
Adams and Kensington Vestry, Re (1884) 27 Ch D 394 ............................................................. 17.20
Adams v Broke (1842) 1 Y & C 627; 62 ER 1146 ..................................................................... 33.105
Adams v Executive Director, Fisheries WA [2000] WASC 34 ..................................................... 10.395
Adams v Zen 28 Pty Ltd [2010] QSC 36 ................................................................................... 27.55
Adamson, Ex parte (1878) 8 Ch D 807 ..................................................................................... 24.35
Adamson v Hayes (1973) 130 CLR 276 ..................................................................................... 18.10
Adamson v Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works [1929] AC 142 ............................... 29.220
Adamson v Reid (1880) 6 VLR (E) 164 ......................................................................... 22.175, 24.65
Adderley v Dixon (1824) 1 Sim & St 607; 57 ER 239 ................................................................ 33.20
Addison Wesley Longman Australia Pty Ltd v Kopystop Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 1518 .................... 32.155
Addstead Pty Ltd v Liddan Pty Ltd (1997) 25 ACSR 175 ................................................. 38.70, 16.15
Adenan v Buise [1984] WAR 61 ................................................................................................. 9.150
Admar Computers Pty Ltd v Ezy Systems Pty Ltd (1997) 38 IPR 659 ........................................... 6.15
Adventure Golf Systems Australia Pty Ltd v Belgravia Health & Leisure Group Pty Ltd
[2017] VSCA 326 ................................................................................................................. 4.265
Aectra Refining and Manufacturing Inc v Exmar NV [1994] 1 WLR 1634 ...................... 30.95, 30.110
Aequitas v AEFC (2001) 19 ACLC 1006 .................................................... 4.235, 35.15, 38.75, 38.85
Affiliated FM Insurance Co v Quintette Coal Ltd (1998) 156 DLR (4th) 307 .............................. 14.30
AFG Insurances Ltd v City of Brighton (1972) 126 CLR 655 ........................................... 14.35, 14.40
AG Australia Holdings Ltd v Burton (2002) 58 NSWLR 464 ................................ 4.155, 6.290, 6.295,
6.370, 37.175
Agar, Re [1981] 2 NZLR 684 .......................................................................................... 25.40, 25.50
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AG(CQ) Pty Ltd v A&T Promotions Pty Ltd [2011] 1 Qd R 306 ................................................... 2.30
Aged Care Services Pty Ltd v Kanning Services Pty Ltd [2013] NSWCA 393 ................................ 1.65
Agip (Africa) Ltd v Jackson [1990] Ch 265 ................................................................. 38.100, 38.110
Agip (Africa) Ltd v Jackson [1991] Ch 547 ........................................... 38.100, 38.110, 39.10, 39.25
Agip SpA v Navigazione Alta Italia SpA (the “Nai Genova”) [1984]
1 Lloyd's Rep 353 .................................................................................... 37.105, 37.125, 37.135
AGL Victoria Pty Ltd v Lockwood (2003) 10 VR 596 .................................................................. 36.35
Agricultural & Rural Finance Pty Ltd v Gardiner (2008) 238 CLR 570 ...................................... 30.140
Agripay Pty Ltd v Byrne [2011] 2 Qd R 501 ........................................................ 7.220, 7.255, 7.260
Agusta Pty Ltd v Provident Capital Ltd (2012) 16 BPR 30,397 ...................................... 2.130, 23.155
Ah Chung, Re (1915) 11 Tas LR 173 ......................................................................................... 17.15
Ahmad v Secret Garden (Cheshire) Ltd [2013] 3 EGLR 42 .......................................... 37.100, 37.110
Ahmed & Co, Re (2006) 8 ITELR 779 ............................................................................. 17.40, 39.90
AIB Group (UK) plc v Mark Redler & Co Solicitors [2015] AC 1503 .......... 24.30, 24.35, 24.40, 34.15
Aid/Watch Incorporated v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (2010)
241 CLR 539 ............................................................................................... 29.30, 29.40, 29.105
AIK Corporation Pty Ltd (admin apptd) v 119 Nicholson Road Pty Ltd [2015] WASC 391 ......... 25.45
Ainsworth v Criminal Justice Commission (1992) 175 CLR 564 ................................................. 37.15
Air Canada v British Columbia (1989) 59 DLR (4th) 161 ................................................ 8.105, 8.130
Air Canada v M & L Travel Ltd (1993) 108 DLR (4th) 592 ......................................................... 38.55
Air Express Ltd v Ansett Ltd v Sportsman's Australia Ltd [1991] 1 Qd R 301 ............................ 31.130
Air Express Ltd v Ansett Transport Industries (Operations) Pty Ltd (1981) 146 CLR
249 ......................................................................................................... 31.130, 31.140, 34.105

xxvi

Air Jamaica Ltd v Charlton [1999] 1 WLR 1399 ................................................. 19.85, 26.45, 28.195
Air New Zealand Ltd v Leibler (unreported, SC(Vic), 19 November 1996) ............................... 37.130
Airbus Industrie GIE v Patel [1999] 1 AC 119 .......................................................................... 31.195
AIT Investment Group Pty Ltd v Markham Property Fund No 2 Pty Ltd [2015] NSWSC 216 ...... 20.35
Aitken's Trust, Re [1964] NZLR 838 ........................................................................................... 25.70
Akai Pty Ltd v People's Insurance Co Ltd [1998] 1 Lloyd's Rep 90 ............................................ 31.195
Akers v Samba Financial Group [2017] AC 424 ......................................................................... 39.20
Akins v National Australia Bank (1994) 34 NSWLR 155 ............................................ 7.95, 9.20, 9.80,
9.105, P.150
Akita Holdings Ltd v Attorney-General of the Turks and Caicos Islands [2017] AC 590 ............ 38.100
Akron Securities Ltd v Iliffe (1997) 41 NSWLR 353 ......................................................... 8.95, 35.110
Aktiebolaget Hässle v Biochemie Australia Pty Ltd (2003) 57 IPR 1 .......................................... 31.165
Alacoque v Roache [1998] 2 NZLR 250 ................................................................................... 29.370
Alati v Kruger (1955) 94 CLR 216 ............................................................ 35.10, 35.15, 35.40, 35.50
Alati v Wei Sheung (2000) 34 ACSR 489 ................................................................................. 19.140
Albion Insurance Co Ltd v Government Insurance Office (NSW) (1969)
121 CLR 342 .......................................................................................... 14.125, 14.130, 14.140,
14.185, 14.190, 14.195
Alcoa of Australia Retirement Plan Pty Ltd v Frost (2012) 36 VR 618 ....................................... 28.165
Alcorn v Canada (Commissioner of Corrections) (1997) 153 DLR (4th) 175 .............................. 31.50
Alderton v Prudential Assurance Company Ltd (1993) 41 FCR 435 ...................... 7.10, 7.165, 7.180,
7.280, 9.15, 9.155
Aldrich v Cooper (1803) 8 Ves 382; 32 ER 402 ....................... 14.50, 14.55, 14.215, 14.230, 14.240
Alec Finlayson Pty Ltd v Royal Freemason Benevolent Institution of
New South Wales Nominees Ltd [2013] NSWSC 1168 ......................................................... 30.40
Alexander v Alexander [2011] WTLR 187 .................................................................................. 25.50
Alexander v Perpetual Trustees WA Ltd [2001] NSWCA 240 ....................................... 24.140, 24.150
Alexander v Perpetual Trustees WA Ltd (2004) 216 CLR 109 ........................... 24.15, 24.140, 24.150
Alexander v Tse [1988] 1 NZLR 318 .......................................................................................... 33.30
ALH Group Property Holdings Pty Ltd v Chief Commissioner of State Revenue (2012)
245 CLR 338 ......................................................................................................................... 3.10
Alice Springs Town Council v Mpweteyerre Aboriginal Corporation (1997) 139 FLR 236 ........ 29.240
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Allan v Allan (No 2) (2012) 49 Fam LR 461 ............................................................................. 20.125

Allan v Rea Brothers Trustees Ltd [2002] EWCA Civ 85 .................................................. 24.160, P.185
Allcard v Skinner (1887) 36 Ch D 145 ........................................................... 7.30, 7.45, 7.55, 7.270
Allen-Meyrick's Will Trusts, Re [1966] 1 WLR 499 ....................................................... 16.185, 23.175
Allen v Distillers Co (Biochemicals) Ltd [1974] 2 WLR 481 ......................................................... 25.65
Allen v Gold Reefs of West Africa Ltd [1900] 1 Ch 656 .............................................................. 25.15
Allen v Jambo Holdings Ltd [1980] 1 WLR 1252 ........................................................................ 32.45
Allen v Snyder [1977] 2 NSWLR 685 ............................................ 17.50, 18.25, 18.30, 26.05, 26.60,
26.130, 38.215, 38.220
Allen's Asphalt Pty Ltd v SPM Group Pty Ltd [2010] 1 Qd R 202 ................................................. 1.65
Allhusen v Whittell (1867) LR 4 Eq 295 ................................................................................... 22.150
Allied Arab Bank v Hajjar [1988] QB 787 ................................................................................. 32.130
Allied Irish Bank v Ashford Hotels Ltd [1997] 3 All ER 309 .......................................... 31.130, 36.135
Allied Irish Bank v Byrne [1995] 2 FLR 325 ................................................................................ 7.180
Allinson v Permanent Trustee Australia Ltd (unreported, SC(NSW), Powell J, 8
September 1988) .............................................................................................................. 21.100
Allnutt v Wilding [2007] BTC 8003 ........................................................................................... 37.65
Alma Hill Constructions Pty Ltd v Onal (2007) 16 VR 190 ......................................................... 3.135
Alpha Wealth Financial Services Pty Ltd v Frankland River Olive Company Ltd (2008)
66 ACSR 594 ....................................................................................................................... 8.115
Alsop Wilkinson (a firm) v Neary [1995] 1 All ER 431 .............................................................. 22.120
Alternative Investment Solutions (General) Ltd v Valle de Uco Resort and Spa SA
[2013] EWHC 333 (QB) ....................................................................................................... 32.60

xxvii

Altson, Re [1955] VLR 281 .................................................................................. 17.15, 17.20, 23.95

Altson v Equity Trustees, Executors and Agency Co (1912) 14 CLR 341 ..................................... 23.85
Aluminium Industrie Vaassen BV v Romalpa Aluminium Ltd [1976] 1 WLR 676 .............. 16.70, 16.75
Amalgamated Investment & Property Co Ltd v Texas Commerce International Bank
Ltd [1981] 3 All ER 577 ......................................................................................... 10.160, 10.310
Amaltal Corporation Ltd v Maruha Corporation [2007] 3 NZLR 192 ................... 4.265, 4.275, 34.45
Amaltal Corporation Ltd v Maruha (NZ) Corporation Ltd [2003] 2 NZLR 92 .................. 11.40, 13.95
Amaltal Corporation Ltd v Maruha (NZ) Corporation Ltd [2004] 2 NZLR 615 ................ 11.40, 13.95
Ambridge Investments Pty Ltd (in liq) v Baker [2010] VSC 59 ...................................... 37.15, 38.200
American Cyanamid Co v Ethicon Ltd [1975] AC 396 ............................. 6.320, 31.50, 31.90, 31.95,
31.100, 31.105, 31.120,
31.125, 31.130, 31.165
American Express International Banking Corp v Hurley [1985] 3 All ER 564 ............................... 36.30
American Surety Co of New York v Wrightson (1910) 103 LT 663 ........................................... 14.180
Amertek Inc v Canadian Commercial Corp (2005) 256 DLR (4th) 287 ...................................... 4.265
AMEV Finance Ltd v Artes Studios Thoroughbreds Pty Ltd (1989) 15 NSWLR 564 ..................... 13.55
AMEV-UDC Finance Ltd v Austin (1986) 162 CLR 170 .................................................... 13.80, 13.95
AMI Australia Holdings Pty Ltd v Fairfax Media Publications Pty Ltd (2011)
Aust Torts Rep 82-077 .............................................................................................. 6.240, 6.305
Amit Laundry Pty Ltd v Jain [2017] NSWSC 1495 ........................................................ 26.80, 26.140
AMKMK v Chettiar [1955] AC 230 .......................................................................................... 39.100
AMM v HXW [2010] EWHC 2457 ............................................................................................... 6.95
Ammon v Consolidated Minerals Ltd (No 3) [2007] WASC 232 ....................................... 4.65, 6.235
AMP Society v Specialist Funding Consultants Pty Ltd (1991) 24 NSWLR 326 ......................... 30.110
AMP (UK) plc v Barker [2001] PLR 77 ........................................................................... 23.50, 28.185
AMP Workers' Compensation Services (NSW) Ltd v QBE Insurance Ltd (2001)
53 NSWLR 35 ....................................................................................................... 14.125, 14.200
Ampelite Fibreglass Pty Ltd v Alsynite Roofing Products Pty Ltd (2000) 49 IPR 271 ................. 31.155
Ampol Ltd v Calaby Pty Ltd (1991) 109 ALR 343 .................................................................... 10.320
Amtel Pty Ltd v Ah Chee [2015] WASC 341 ........................................................ 7.235, 7.250, 7.260
Amway Corporation v Eurway International Ltd [1974] RPC 82 ....................................... 6.50, 6.215
Anachuna Nwakobi v Eugene Nzekwu [1964] 1 WLR 1019 ....................................................... 30.80
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Anaconda Nickel Ltd v Edensor Nominees Pty Ltd (2004) 50 ACSR 679 .................................. 10.310
Anderson v McPherson (No 2) (2012) 8 ASTLR 321 ........................................ 26.75, 26.120, 26.135
Andrabell Ltd, Re [1984] 3 All ER 407 ....................................................................................... 16.85
Andrew Garrett Wine Resorts Pty Ltd v National Australia Bank Ltd (No 7) (2005)
227 ALR 113 ........................................................................................................................ 17.40
Andrew Garrett Wines Resorts Pty Ltd v National Australia Bank Ltd [2006] SASC 381 ............ 21.125
Andrew Knox Holdings Pty Ltd v ANZ Banking Group Ltd [1997] ANZ Conv R 102 .................. 35.95
Andrew v Zant Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 1716 ................................................................................ 19.140
Andrews Advertising Pty Ltd v Andrews (2014) 99 ACSR 164 .................................................... 38.70
Andrews v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd (2011) 211 FCR 53 ......................... 13.15
Andrews v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd (2012)
247 CLR 205 ................................................................. 11.80, 13.05, 13.55, 13.95, 13.100, P.40
Androma Pty Ltd, Re [1987] 2 Qd R 134 ........................................................................ 3.105, 3.150
Anfrank Nominees Pty Ltd v Connell (1989) 1 ACSR 365 ........................................................ 37.115
Ange v First East Auction Holdings Pty Ltd (2011) 284 ALR 638 ................................................ 13.80
Angelides v James Steadman Hendersons Sweets Ltd (1927) 40 CLR 43 ................................. 30.175
Anglican Trusts Corporation of the Diocese of Gippsland v Attorney-General [2008]
VSC 352 ............................................................................................................................ 29.260
Anglo-Italian Bank v Davies (1878) 9 Ch D 275 ...................................................................... 36.130
ANI Corporation Ltd v Celtite Australia Pty Ltd (1991) AIPC ¶90–728 ......................................... 6.80
Annandale, Re [1986] 1 Qd R 353 .......................................................................................... 29.315
Anning v Anning (1907) 4 CLR 1049 .................................................................. 3.80, 18.95, 18.105

xxviii

Ansell Rubber Co Pty Ltd v Allied Rubber Industries Pty Ltd [1967] VR 37 ............... 6.30, 6.55, 6.370
Ansett Australia Ground Staff Superannuation Fund Pty Ltd v Ansett Australia Ltd
(2003) 176 FLR 393 ............................................................................................................. 37.35
Ansett Australia Ground Staff Superannuation Plan Pty Ltd (ACN 065 590 178) v
Ansett Australia Ltd (ACN 004 209 410) (2004) 49 ACSR 1 ............................................... 23.170
Ansett Australia Ground Staff Superannuation Plan Pty Ltd v Ansett Australia Ltd
(2002) 174 FLR 1 ............................................................................................................... 28.150
Anson v Anson (2004) 12 BPR 22,303 .......................... 26.90, 38.15, 38.190, 38.205, 38.250, P.110
Anson v Potter (1879) 13 Ch D 141 ........................................................................................ 25.140
Antill v Mostyn [2010] NSWSC 587 ................................................................ 22.30, 22.180, 22.220
Anton Piller KG v Manufacturing Processes Ltd [1976] 1 Ch 55 .................................. 32.145, 32.155
Antoni v Antoni [2007] UKPC 10 ............................................................................................ 26.145
Anvil Jewellery Ltd v Riva Ridge Holdings Ltd [1987] 1 NZLR 35 .................................. 31.50, 32.185
ANZ Banking Group Ltd v Widin (1990) 26 FCR 21 ............................................ 12.25, 12.35, 12.80
ANZ Executors and Trustees Ltd v Humes Ltd [1990] VR 615 ..................................... 33.135, 33.145
ANZ Trustees Ltd v Attorney-General [2008] NSWSC 1081 ..................................................... 29.180
Apand Pty Ltd v Kettle Chip Company Pty Ltd (1999) 43 IPR 225 ........................................... 34.160
APM Wood Products Pty Ltd v Kimberley Homes Pty Ltd (unreported, SC(NSW),
17 February 1989) ............................................................................................................. 30.110
Apostolou v VA Corporation Aust Pty Ltd (2010) 77 ACSR 84 ................................................. 23.130
Apostolovski v Total Risk Management Pty Ltd (2010) 79 NSWLR 432 ...................................... 28.85
Apotex Fermentation Inc v Novopharm Ltd (1998) 162 DLR (4th) 111 ..................................... 6.345
Apple Fields Ltd v Damesh Holdings Ltd [2001] 1 NZLR 194 .................................................... 34.50
Applegate v Moss [1971] 1 QB 406 ........................................................................................ 24.185
Aquaculture Corporation v NZ Green Mussel Co Ltd [1990] 3 NZLR 299 .................... 6.360, 34.125,
P.45, P.50
Aquasun Pty Ltd v Coverdale Ram Pty Ltd [2000] NSWSC 1146 ......................... 32.40, 32.65, 32.70
Aquilina Holdings Pty Ltd v Lynndell Pty Ltd [2008] QSC 57 ..................................................... 14.70
Arab Bank Australia Ltd v Sayde Developments Pty Ltd (2016) 93 NSWLR 231 ......................... 13.50
Arakella Pty Ltd v Paton (2004) 60 NSWLR 334 ............................................................. 25.35, 25.45
Arakella Pty Ltd v Paton (No 2) (2004) 49 ACSR 706 ......................... 22.10, 24.200, 24.205, 24.210
Ararimu Holdings Ltd, Re [1989] 3 NZLR 487 ......................................................................... 39.100
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Arcadia Holdings Pty Ltd v Brown (1997) 18 WAR 350 ........................................................... 10.155
Archbishop of Melbourne v Council of Trustees of National Gallery (Vic) [1998] 2 VR 391 ........ 31.75
Archer v Archer [2000] NSWCA 314 ........................................................................................... 7.10
Ari v Decevic [2013] NSWSC 1967 ........................................................................................... 11.75
Ariaans v Hastings (1996) 36 IPR 211 ........................................................................................ 30.10
Ariell (No 2), Re [1974] Qd R 293 ........................................................................................... 18.130
Aries Tanker Corp v Total Transport Ltd (“The Aries”) [1977] 1 Lloyd's Rep 334 ...................... 30.125
Aristoc Industries Pty Ltd v R A Wenham (Builders) Pty Ltd [1965]
NSWR 581 ................................................................................................... 31.50, 33.45, 37.145
Aristrocrat Techologies Australia Pty Ltd v Allam (2016) 327 ALR 595 ....................................... 31.80
Arjon Pty Ltd v Commissioner of State Revenue (2003) 8 VR 502 ............................................ 23.125
Arklow Investments Ltd v MacLean [2000] 1 WLR 594 .................................. 4.45, 4.55, 4.290, P.145
Armitage v Nurse [1998] Ch 241 ................................................................. 24.105, 24.145, 24.150,
24.185, 24.190
Armour v Thyssen Edelstahlwerke AG [1991] 2 AC 339 ............................................................. 16.75
Armstrong, Re [1960] VR 202 ................................................................................................... 17.10
Armstrong v Armstrong (2004) FLC ¶93–190 ......................................................................... 38.250
Armstrong v Attorney-General (NSW) (1934) 34 SR (NSW) 54 ................................................. 29.75
Armstrong v Commissioner of Stamp Duties (1967) 69 SR (NSW) 38 ........................ 14.170, 14.180
Armstrong v Commonwealth Bank of Australia (1999) 9 BPR 17,035 ........................................ 7.235
Armstrong World Industries (Australia) Pty Ltd v Parma (2014)
101 ACSR 150 ......................................................................................... 31.100, 31.145, 31.165

xxix

Arnot v Hill-Douglas [2006] NSWSC 429 ................................................................................ 10.205

Arrowcrest Group Pty Ltd v Ford Motor Company of Australia Ltd [2002] FCA 1450 ................. 9.175
Artcraft Pty Ltd v Dickson [2014] SASC 108 ............................................................................ 38.100
Arthur Andersen & Co v Gibson [2002] BCL 715 ...................................................................... 4.245
Arthur Barnett Ltd v National Insurance Co of New Zealand Ltd [1965] NZLR 874 ....... 14.20, 14.30,
14.35, 14.45
Arthur Brady Family Trust, Re [2015] 2 Qd R 172 ...................................................................... 25.45
Arthur v Public Trustee (1988) 90 FLR 203 ................................................................... 26.80, 38.195
ASA Constructions Pty Ltd v Iwanov [1975] 1 NSWLR 512 .............................. 34.75, 34.115, 34.120
ASB Bank Ltd v Harlick [1996] 1 NZLR 655 ........................................................... 7.45, 7.125, 7.180
ASB Securities Ltd v Guerts [2005] 1 NZLR 484 ......................................................................... 8.140
Ascot Investments Pty Ltd v Harper (1981) 148 CLR 337 ........................................................ 20.135
Asea Brown Boveri Superannuation Fund No 1 Pty Ltd v Asea Brown Boveri Pty Ltd
[1999] 1 VR 144 ..................................................................................................... 23.35, 28.170
Ash v Ash (No 2) [2017] VSC 569 ............................................................................................. 24.70
Ashfield Municipal Council v Joyce [1978] AC 122 .................................................................. 29.200
Ashrafinia v Ashrafinia (No 4) [2014] NSWSC 676 .................................................................. 21.115
Ashton (deceased), Re [1955] NZLR 192 .......................................... 29.180, 29.185, 29.295, 29.300
Ashton v Ashton (1986) FLC ¶91–777 .................................................................................... 20.135
Ashworth v Royal National Theatre [2014] 4 All ER 238 ............................................................ 33.80
Asia Pacific International Pty Ltd v Dalrymple [2000] 2 Qd R 229 ..................................... 9.45, 9.140
Aslan v Kopf (unreported, CA(NSW), 16 May 1995) ............................................................... 38.135
Aspermont Ltd v Lechmere Financial Corporation (2002) 27 WAR 1 .............................. 32.25, 32.45
Aspinall, Re (1913) 30 WN (NSW) 215 ................................................................................... 22.225
Assicurazioni Generali de Trieste v Empress Assurance Corporation Ltd [1907] 2 KB 814 ........... 14.45
Associated Alloys Pty Ltd v ACN 001 452 106 Pty Ltd (in liq) (2000)
202 CLR 588 ................................................................................. 16.80, 16.85, 16.115, 16.165,
17.15, 17.90, 27.90
Associated Alloys Pty Ltd v Metropolitan Engineering and Fabrications Pty Ltd (1996)
20 ACSR 205 ....................................................................................................................... 16.80
Associated Japanese Bank (International) Ltd v Credit du Nord SA [1988]
3 All ER 902 .............................................................................................................. 8.145, 8.160
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Associated Minerals Consolidated Ltd v Wyong Shire Council [1975] AC 538 ................ 30.55, 30.80
Associated Newspapers Ltd v His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales [2008] Ch 57 ................. 6.120
Associated Securities Ltd and the Companies Act, Re [1981] 1 NSWLR 742 ................. 27.65, 27.100
Association of Franciscan Order of Friars Minor v City of Kew [1967] VR 732 ............ 29.175, 29.195,
29.200
Astley v Austrust Ltd (1999) 197 CLR 1 ..................................................................................... 34.50
Astor's Settlement Trusts, Re [1952] Ch 534 ............................................................... 17.150, 17.155
Astram Financial Services Pty Ltd v Bank of Queensland Ltd [2010] FCA 1010 .......................... 27.25
Atilgan v Atilgan [1999] NSWSC 324 ........................................................................................ 26.75
Atkins v Godfrey [2006] WASC 83 ............................................................................................ 22.90
Atkinson (deceased), Re [1971] VR 612 ..................................................................................... 22.10
Atkinson's Will Trusts, Re [1956] 3 All ER 738 ............................................................................ 26.20
Atlantis Holdings Pty Ltd, Re [2012] NSWSC 112 .................................................................... 23.180
Attenborough v Solomon [1913] AC 76 ................................................................................. 16.205
Attorney-General for England and Wales v R [2002] 2 NZLR 91 ........................................ 7.190, P.55
Attorney-General for England and Wales v R [2004] 2 NZLR 577 ................................................ 7.55
Attorney-General for England and Wales v Television New Zealand Ltd (1998)
44 IPR 123 ........................................................................................................................... 6.160
Attorney-General (Hong Kong) v Reid [1994] 1 AC 324 ................................................. 38.35, 38.40
Attorney-General (NSW) v Eagar (1864) 3 SCR (NSW) 234 ..................................................... 29.190
Attorney-General (NSW) v Elliott (1868) 6 SCR (NSW) Eq 85 .................................................. 21.110
Attorney-General (NSW) v Metcalfe (1904) 1 CLR 421 ............................................................ 29.290
Attorney-General (NSW) v Perpetual Trustee Co Ltd (1940) 63 CLR 209 .................... 29.155, 29.315

xxx

Attorney-General (NSW) v Quin (1990) 170 CLR 1 ................................................................. 10.395

Attorney-General (NSW) v Sawtell [1978] 2 NSWLR 200 ......................................................... 29.220
Attorney-General (NSW) v Walker (1914) 31 WN (NSW) 59 ................................................... 29.240
Attorney-General (NSW) v World Best Holdings Ltd (2005) 63 NSWLR 557 .................... 9.190, P.155
Attorney-General of Manitoba and Metropolitan Stores (MTS) Ltd, Re (1987)
38 DLR (4th) 321 ............................................................................................................... 31.125
Attorney-General of Ontario v Ballard Estate (1995) 119 DLR (4th) 750 .................................... 20.60
Attorney-General of the Cayman Islands v Wahr-Hansen [2001] 1 AC 75 ................................ 29.290
Attorney-General (SA) v Bray (1964) 111 CLR 402 .................................................................. 29.220
Attorney-General (UK) v Heinemann Publishers Australia Pty Ltd (1987) 8 NSWLR 341 ........... 30.175
Attorney-General (UK) v Heinemann Publishers Australia Pty Ltd (1987)
10 NSWLR 86 ................................................................................................... 5.10, 6.80, 6.155,
6.160, 6.230, 6.285
Attorney-General (UK) v Heinemann Publishers Australia Pty Ltd (1988)
165 CLR 30 .............................................................................................................. 6.160, 6.285
Attorney-General (UK) v Wellington Newspapers Ltd [1988]
1 NZLR 129 ............................................................................................ 6.10, 6.80, 6.160, 6.285
Attorney-General v Alford (1855) 4 De GM & G 843; 43 ER 737 .............................................. 24.65
Attorney-General v Blake [1998] 1 All ER 833 .................................................................. 4.45, 4.290,
P.60, P.145
Attorney-General v Blake [2001] 1 AC 268 ................................................ 4.45, 4.290, 6.75, 34.115,
39.80, P.60, P.65, P.145
Attorney-General v Cahill [1969] 1 NSWLR 85 ........................................................................ 29.260
Attorney-General v Forestry Corporation of New Zealand Ltd [2001] 1 NZLR 172 .................. 16.140
Attorney-General v Fulham [2002] NSWSC 629 ......................................................... 29.340, 29.365
Attorney-General v Gray [1977] 1 NSWLR 406 ....................................................................... 10.360
Attorney-General v Guardian Newspapers Ltd (No 2) [1990]
1 AC 109 ........................................................................................... 6.155, 6.160, 6.230, 6.240,
6.255, 6.295, 6.325, 6.345
Attorney-General v Guardian Newspapers (No 2) [1990] 1 AC 109 ............................... 6.160, 6.255
Attorney-General v Jacobs Smith [1895] 2 QB 341 ....................................................... 2.125, 18.115
Attorney-General v Jonathan Cape Ltd [1976] 1 QB 752 ........................................................... 6.155
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Attorney-General v Marchant (1866) LR 3 Eq 424 ................................................................... 29.145

Attorney-General v Murdoch (1856) 2 K & J 571; 69 ER 910 .................................................. 21.130
Attorney-General v New South Wales Henry George Foundation Ltd [2002]
NSWSC 1128 ..................................................................................................................... 29.105
Attorney-General v Punch Ltd [2003] 1 AC 1046 ................................................ 6.245, 6.325, 31.15
Attorney-General v Schonfield [1980] 3 All ER 1 ...................................................................... 24.125
Attorney-General v Sheffield Gas Consumers Co (1853) 3 De GM & G 304; 43 ER 119 ............ 31.75
Atwell v Atwell [2002] TASSC 119 ............................................................................................. 17.20
Atwell v Roberts (2012) 43 WAR 507 ........................................................................................ 1.115
Atwood v Maude (1868) LR 3 Ch App 369 ............................................................................. 38.175
Auag Resources Ltd v Waihi Mines Ltd [1994] 3 NZLR 571 .............................................. 4.65, 4.215
Auckland Area Health Board v Television New Zealand Ltd [1992] 3 NZLR 406 ....................... 31.175
Auckland Medical Aid Trust v Commissioner of Inland Revenue [1979]
1 NZLR 382 ............................................................................................. 29.135, 29.145, 29.280
Audio Visual Copyright Society Ltd v Australian Record Industry Association Ltd (1999)
152 FLR 142 ........................................................................................................................ 25.45
Ausbro Forex Pty Ltd v Mare (1986) 4 NSWLR 419 ................................................................... 32.40
Ausintel Investments Australia Pty Ltd v Lam (1990) 19 NSWLR 637 ................. 27.65, 27.95, 27.100
Aussie Invest Corporation Pty Ltd v Pulcesia Pty Ltd (2005) 13 VR 168 ................ 11.30, 11.55, 11.75
Aussiegolfa Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation [2018] FCAFC 122 .......................................... 28.20
Austec Wagga Wagga Pty Ltd v Rarebreed Wagga Pty Ltd [2012] NSWSC 343 ....................... 21.125
Austin v Austin (1906) 3 CLR 516 ............................................................................................. 22.20
Austin v Keele (1987) 61 ALJR 605 .................................................................. 26.80, 26.100, 38.225

xxxi

Austin v Royal (1999) 47 NSWLR 27 ......................................................................................... 14.70

Austino Wentworthville Pty Ltd v Metroland Australia Ltd (2013) 93 ACSR 297 .......................... 3.35
Austin's Settlement, Re [1960] VR 532 ...................................................................................... 23.95
Austotel Pty Ltd v Franklins Selfserve Pty Ltd (1989) 16 NSWLR 582 .............. 10.75, 10.165, 10.195,
10.270, 10.310, 10.345
Austral Standard Cables Pty Ltd v Walker Nominees Pty Ltd (1992)
26 NSWLR 524 .................................................................................................................. 10.295
Australasian Annuities Pty Ltd (in liq) v Rowley Super Fund Pty Ltd (2015) 318 ALR 302 ........... 24.65
Australasian Conference Association Ltd v Mainline Constructions Pty Ltd (in liq)
(1978) 141 CLR 335 ................................................................................................ 14.50, 14.55,
14.70, 27.95
Australasian Performing Right Association Ltd v Austarama Television
Pty Ltd [1972] 2 NSWLR 467 ....................................................................... 30.15, 37.90, 37.100
Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd v Alirezai (2002)
Q ConvR ¶54–574 .................................................................................................... 7.165, 9.115
Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd v Alirezai (2004)
Q ConvR ¶54–601 .............................................................................. 7.165, 7.180, 7.255, 9.115
Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd v Barry [1992] 2 Qd R 12 ................................... 9.80
Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd v Dzienciol [2001]
WASC 305 ....................................................................................................... 7.235, 9.25, 9.155
Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd v Karam (2006) 64 NSWLR 149 ......................... 8.15
Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd v National Mutual Life Nominees Ltd
(1977) 15 ALR 287 ................................................................................................................ 2.60
Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd v Petrik [1996] 2 VR 638 ............ 7.280, 9.155, 35.25
Australia Asia Pacific Hotels Ltd v Australian Frontier Holiday Operations Pty Ltd
[2000] NSWSC 340 ............................................................................................................. 31.65
Australia Capital Financial Management Pty Ltd v Linfield Developments Pty Ltd
(2017) 18 BPR 36,683 ....................................................................................... 1.140, 2.60, 2.70
Australia Estates Pty Ltd v Cairns City Council [2005] QCA 328 ...................................... 8.185, 8.190
Australian Boot Traders Employees' Federation v Commonwealth (1954)
90 CLR 24 ................................................................................................................ 37.15, 37.30
Australian Broadcasting Corporation v Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd (2001)
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208 CLR 199 .............................................................................. 6.10, 6.25, 6.120, 6.265, 6.270,

6.275, 6.375, 31.05, 31.30,
31.35, 31.175, P.140, P.160
Australian Broadcasting Corporation v O'Neill (2006) 227 CLR 57 ................... 31.90, 31.95, 31.100,
31.105, 31.175, 31.180
Australian Building & Technical Solutions Pty Ltd v Boumelhem (2009)
2 ASTLR 336 ......................................................................................................... 38.195, 38.210
Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (No 2) (1992)
177 CLR 106 ................................................................................................................ 5.10, 5.30
Australian Capital Territory Commissioner for Revenue v Slaven (2009) 178 FCR 334 ............. 23.130
Australian Co-operative Foods Ltd v Norco Co-operative Ltd (1999)
46 NSWLR 267 ..................................................................................................... 10.200, 10.205
Australian Coal and Shale Employees' Federation v Commonwealth (1953)
94 CLR 621 .......................................................................................................................... P.180
Australian Coarse Grain Pool Pty Ltd v Barley Marketing Board of Queensland (1982)
157 CLR 605 ..................................................................................................................... 31.160
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v 4WD Systems Pty Ltd (2003)
200 ALR 491 ............................................................................................................. 9.175, 31.05
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Albert (2005) 223 ALR 467 .................... 31.15
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v C G Berbatis Holdings Pty Ltd
(2000) 96 FCR 491; 169 ALR 324 .............................................................................. 9.170, P.150
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v C G Berbatis Holdings Pty Ltd
(2003) 214 CLR 51 ....................................................................... 8.15, 9.25, 9.170, 9.175, P.160

xxxii

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Chaste Corporation Pty

Ltd (in liq) (2003) 44 ACSR 668 ......................................................................................... 32.135
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Chats House Investments Pty
Ltd (1996) 22 ACSR 539 ...................................................................................................... 9.170
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Danoz Direct Pty Ltd (2003)
60 IPR 296 ........................................................................................................................... 37.30
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Gary Peer & Associates Pty
Ltd (2005) 142 FCR 506 ...................................................................................................... 37.60
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Lee Lee Pty Ltd (2000)
ATPR ¶41–742 ..................................................................................................................... 9.185
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Lux Distributors Pty Ltd [2013]
FCAFC 90 ............................................................................................................................ 9.190
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Lux Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 926 ................... 9.185
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v MSY Technology Pty Ltd
(2012) 201 FCR 378 ............................................................................................................ 37.05
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Samton Holdings Pty Ltd
(2002) 117 FCR 301; 189 ALR 76 ................................................................................ 9.25, 9.45,
9.170, P.150
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Simply No-Knead (Franchising)
Pty Ltd (2000) 178 ALR 304 ................................................................................................. 9.180
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Z-Tek Computer Pty Ltd (1997)
78 FCR 197 ......................................................................................................................... 31.05
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Zanok Technologies Pty Ltd
[2009] FCA 1124 ................................................................................................................. 31.05
Australian Conservation Foundation Inc v Commissioner of State Revenue [2002] VCAT 1491 .29.230
Australian Conservation Foundation Inc v Commonwealth (1980) 146 CLR 493 ....................... 37.45
Australian Conservation Services Pty Ltd v Liladel Holdings Pty Ltd (2017) 12 ACTLR 124 ......... 21.55
Australian Consolidated Investments Ltd v England (1995) 183 LSJS 408 .................................. 9.170
Australian Crime Commission v Gray [2003] NSWCA 318 ......................................... 10.115, 10.130,
10.135, 10.270
Australian Eagle Insurance Co Ltd v Mutual Acceptance (Insurance) Pty Ltd [1983]
3 NSWLR 59 ...................................................................................................................... 14.190
Australian Elizabethan Theatre Trust, Re (1991) 102 ALR 681 ............... 16.110, 27.80, 27.95, 27.100
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Australian Executor Trustees Ltd v Attorney-General (WA) [2015] WASC 439 .......................... 23.170
Australian Executor Trustees Ltd v Ceduna District Health Services Inc (2006)
245 LSJS 371 ..................................................................................................................... 29.330
Australian Executor Trustees Ltd v Provident Capital Ltd (recs and mgrs apptd)
(in liq) [2013] FCA 1461 ...................................................................................................... 36.85
Australian Federal Police, Commissioner of v Cornwell (1990) 98 ALR 677 .............................. 23.125
Australian Financial Services and Leasing Pty Ltd v Hills Industries Ltd (2014)
253 CLR 560 .......................................................................................................... 6.260, 14.105
Australian Football League v The Age Company Ltd (2006) 15 VR 419 ........................... 6.80, 6.295,
6.305, 6.320
Australian Guarantee Corp (NZ) Ltd v CFC Commercial Finance Ltd [1995]
1 NZLR 129 ................................................................................................ 2.10, 2.25, 2.40, 2.70
Australian Gypsum Ltd and Australian Plaster Co Ltd v Hume Steel Ltd (1930)
45 CLR 54 ......................................................................................................................... 37.105
Australian Hardwoods Pty Ltd v Commissioner for Railways [1961]
1 WLR 425 ................................................................................................. 33.05, 33.150, 33.160
Australian Home Finance Pty Ltd, Re [1956] VLR 1 ................................. 27.20, 27.65, 39.90, 39.110
Australian Horizons (Vic) Pty Ltd v Ryan Land Co Pty Ltd [1994] 2 VR 463 .............................. 10.220
Australian Iron and Steel Pty Ltd v Buck [1982] 2 NSWLR 889 ........................................ 32.65, 32.80
Australian Mutual Provident Society v Gregory (1908) 5 CLR 615 ............................................... 2.60
Australian National Airlines v Commonwealth of Australia (1986) 66 ALR 545 ........................ 31.145

xxxiii

Australian Olympic Committee Inc v Big Fights Inc (1999) 46 IPR 53 ...................................... 10.320
Australian Olympic Committee Inc v Big Fights Inc (No 2) (2000) 176 ALR 124 ........... 21.80, 25.150
Australian Postal Corporation v Gray (1989) 98 FLR 468 ......................................................... 31.185
Australian Postal Corporation v Lutak (1991) 21 NSWLR 584 ............................. 24.80, 26.40, 38.10,
39.75, 39.80
Australian Regional Credit Pty Ltd v Mula (2009) 14 BPR 26,779 .............................................. 7.255
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Adler (No 3) (2002)
20 ACLC 576 ....................................................................................................................... 34.25
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Arafura Equities Pty
Ltd (2005) 56 ACSR 429 .............................................................................. 31.05, 36.05, 36.160
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Atlantic 3–Financial (Aust) Pty
Ltd [2004] 1 Qd R 591 ...................................................................................................... 36.125
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Australian Investors Forum Pty
Ltd (2003) 44 ACSR 503 ...................................................................................................... 36.85
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Australian Lending Centre Pty
Ltd (No 3) (2012) 213 FCR 380 .................................................................................. 9.35, 9.195
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Australian Property
Custodian Holdings Ltd (recs and mgrs apptd) (in liq) (controllers appt)
(No 3) [2013] FCA 1342 ...................................................................................................... 22.25
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Burke [2000] NSWSC 694 ...................... 32.125
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Burnard (2007) 64 ACSR 360 ................... 38.15
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Carey (No 6) (2006)
153 FCR 509 ........................................................................................... 20.125, 20.135, 25.145
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Chase Capital Management Pty
Ltd (2001) 36 ACSR 778 .................................................................................................... 28.240
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Citigroup Global Markets
Australia Pty Ltd (No 4) (2007) 160 FCR 35 ........................................................................... 4.30
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Commercial Nominees of
Australia Ltd (2002) 42 ACSR 240 ...................................................................................... 23.170
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Drake (No 2) (2016)
340 ALR 75 ................................................................................................ 22.25, 22.190, 24.150
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Enterprise Solutions 2000 Pty Ltd
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[2003] 1 Qd R 135 ............................................................................................................ 28.240

Australian Securities and Investments Commission v HLP Financial Planning (Aust) Pty
Ltd (2007) 164 FCR 487 ...................................................................................................... 37.10
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v John McKenney Consulting Pty
Ltd (2002) 43 ACSR 458 ...................................................................................................... 1.105
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Koala Quality Produce Ltd
(2002) 41 ACSR 628 .......................................................................................................... 28.240
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Lawrenson Light Metal Die
Casting Pty Ltd (1999) 158 FLR 307 .......................................................... 1.160, 36.125, 36.160
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Letten (No 7) (2010)
190 FCR 59 ....................................................................................................................... 39.115
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Mapstone (2006)
59 ACSR 214 ....................................................................................................................... 31.05
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Marshall Bell Hawkins Ltd (2002)
43 ACSR 340 ........................................................................................................ 32.125, 36.160
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Mauer-Swisse Securities Ltd
(2002) 42 ACSR 605 ............................................................................................................ 31.05
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v National Exchange Pty Ltd
(2005) 148 FCR 132 ............................................................................................................ 9.180
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Nelson (2003) 44 ACSR 719 ................... 39.115
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Storm Financial Ltd (recs and
mgrs apptd) (in liq) (No 5) (2012) 91 ACSR 122 ................................................................. 31.05
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Sydney Investment House
Equities Pty Ltd (No 2) [2006] NSWSC 1264 ..................................................................... 24.125

xxxiv

Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Takaran Pty Ltd (2002)

170 FLR 388 ...................................................................................................................... 28.240
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Takaran Pty Ltd (No 2) (2002)
194 ALR 743 ............................................................................................................. 36.05, 36.85
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Triton Underwriting Insurance
Agency (2004) 48 ACSR 249 ............................................................................................... 31.05
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Young (2003) 173 FLR 441 .................... 36.160
Australian Securities Commission v AS Nominees Ltd (1995) 133 ALR 1 ............ 22.25, 28.90, 28.250
Australian Securities Commission v Cooke (1996) 22 ACSR 580 .............................................. 36.160
Australian Securities Commission v Marlborough Gold Mines Ltd (1993) 177 CLR 485 ........... 10.165
Australian Softwood Forests Pty Ltd v Attorney-General (NSW) (1981) 148 CLR 121 ............... 28.240
Australian Steel & Mining Corporation Pty Ltd v Corben [1974] 2 NSWLR 202 ........................... 8.90
Australian Trade Commission v Film Funding & Management Pty Ltd (1989)
24 FCR 595 ....................................................................................................................... 19.140
Australian Workers' Union v Yallourn Energy Pty Ltd (2000) 95 IR 207 .................................... 31.195
Authorson v Canada (Attorney General) (2002) 215 DLR (4th) 496 ...................... 5.35, 16.15, 16.45
Autocaps (Aust) Pty Ltd v Pro-Kit Pty Ltd (1999) AIPC ¶91–516 ........................................ 30.35, P.40
Autodesk Inc v Dyason (1992) 173 CLR 331 ............................................................................... 6.15
Autodesk Inc v Dyason (No 2) (1993) 176 CLR 300 ......................................................... 6.15, 10.30
Automobile and General Finance Co Ltd v Hoskins Investments Ltd (1934) 34 SR
(NSW) 375 .....................................................................................................................P.70, P.75
Auzcare Pty Ltd v Idameneo (No 123) Pty Ltd (2015) 91 NSWLR 581 ....................................... 13.70
Avanes v Marshall (2007) 68 NSWLR 595 ...................................................................... 20.35, 20.60
Avard v Harrison (1986) ASC ¶55–525 .................................................................................... 37.145
Avco Financial Services Ltd v Commonwealth Bank of Australia (1989) 17 NSWLR 679 ............. 1.150
Avco Financial Services Ltd v White [1977] VR 561 .......................................................... 1.150, 2.55
Aveling v Knipe (1815) 19 Ves 441; 34 ER 580 ........................................................................ 26.110
Avon County Council v Howlett [1983] 1 WLR 605 ................................................................... 8.115
Avondale Printers & Stationers Ltd v Haggie [1979] 2 NZLR 124 ................................................ 8.40
AWA Ltd v Exicom Australia Pty Ltd (1990) 19 NSWLR 705 .......................................... 30.85, 30.110
AWB Ltd v Cole (No 2) (2006) 233 ALR 453 ............................................................................. 37.05
AXA Trustees Ltd v Attorney-General [2000] VSC 530 ................................................ 22.190, 22.200
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Axelsen v O'Brien (1949) 80 CLR 219 ..................................................................................... 33.145

Axxess Australia Pty Ltd v Primus Telecommunications (Aust) Pty Ltd [2000] VSC 64 ................ 31.55
Ayerst (Inspector of Taxes) v C & K (Construction) Ltd [1976] AC 167 ........................................ 1.10
Ayerst v C& K (Construction) Ltd [1976] AC 167 ...................................................................... 17.40
Ayerst v Jenkins (1873) LR 16 Eq 275 ........................................................................................ 19.30
AYSA Amateur Youth Soccer Association v Canada (Revenue Agency) [2007] 3 SCR 217 ......... 29.255

B Johnson & Co (Builders) Ltd, Re [1955] Ch 634 ............................................... 36.20, 36.25, 36.45
B (KL) v British Columbia [2003] 2 SCR 403 .............................................................................. 4.310
B Liggett (Liverpool) Ltd v Barclays Bank Ltd [1928] 1 KB 48 .................................................... 14.85
B v R (1996) 10 PRNZ 73 .......................................................................................................... 4.310
B v X [2011] 2 NZLR 405 .......................................................................................................... 16.05
Babanaft International Co SA v Bassante [1989] 1 All ER 433 .................................................. 32.110
Babsari Pty Ltd v Wong [2000] 2 Qd R 576 ............................................................................... 8.150
Baburin v Baburin [1990] 2 Qd R 101 ................................................................... 7.80, 30.15, 30.20
Baburin v Baburin (No 2) [1991] 2 Qd R 240 ...................................................... 7.270, 30.15, 30.20
Bacchus Marsh Concentrated Milk Co Ltd v Joseph Nathan & Co Ltd (1918)
26 CLR 410 ......................................................................................................................... 37.65
Bacich v Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1992) 29 NSWLR 1 ............................................. 6.80
Bacon, Re [1907] 1 Ch 475 ..................................................................................................... 21.135
Bacon v O'Dea (1989) 88 ALR 486 .......................................................................................... 17.170

xxxv

Bacon v Pianta (1966) 114 CLR 634 ....................................................................................... 17.175

Baden v Societe Generale pour Favoriser le Developpement du Commerce et de
L'Industrie en France SA [1992] 4 All ER 161 ........................................................................ 38.80
Baden's Deed Trusts (No 2), Re [1973] Ch 9 .............................................................. 17.115, 17.120
Badman v Drake [2008] NSWSC 1366 ...................................................................................... 7.130
Baglioni v Cavalli (1900) 83 LT 500 ........................................................................................ 14.245
Bahin v Hughes (1886) 31 Ch D 390 ...................................................................................... 23.160
Bahr v Nicolay (No 2) (1988) 164 CLR 604 .................... 1.05, 14.60, 16.125, 16.145, 17.50, 38.130
Bailey v Bailey [2009] NSWSC 1018 ........................................................................................ 21.110
Bailey v Barnes [1894] 1 Ch 25 ...................................................................................... 2.100, 2.130
Bailey v Cassaniti (1991) 5 BPR 11,683 ..................................................................................... 30.50
Baillie, Re [1928] VLR 171 ............................................................................................ 22.135, 23.40
Baillieu v Australian Electoral Commission (1996) 33 IPR 494 ..................................... 10.195, 10.230
Bain, Re [1939] 1 Ch 224 ....................................................................................................... 29.185
Baird v BCE Holdings Pty Ltd (1996) 40 NSWLR 374 ............... 30.150, 35.05, 35.40, 35.110, 37.120
Baird v Chambers (2010) 15 BPR 28,337 .................................................................................. 11.75
Baird v Smee [2000] NSWCA 253 .............................................................................. 38.135, 38.140
Baker (deceased), Re [1961] VR 641 ......................................................................................... 25.35
Baker v Affoo [2014] QSC 46 ...................................................................................................... 7.30
Baker v Local Government Superannuation Schemes Pty Ltd [2007] NSWSC 1173 ................. 28.160
Bakewell v Holme (1943) 44 SR (NSW) 150 ............................................................................ 22.165
Baldwin v Greenland [2005] QSC 386 ...................................................................................... 21.20
Baldwin v Greenland [2007] 1 Qd R 117 ..................................................................... 21.20, 21.110
Balfour, Re [1916] VLR 397 ....................................................................................................... 21.10
Balkanbank v Taher [1995] 2 All ER 904 .................................................................................. 31.140
Balkin v Peck (1998) 43 NSWLR 706 .......................................................................... 23.140, 23.145
Ball v Fawcett [1997] 1 NZLR 743 ........................................................................................... 38.195
Ballabil Holdings Pty Ltd v Hospital Products Ltd (1985) 1 NSWLR 155 ........................ 32.30, 32.115
Ballarat Trustees Executors and Agency Co v Federal Commissioner of Taxation
(1950) 80 CLR 350 ............................................................................................................ 29.115
Ballard Estate v Ballard Estate (1991) 79 DLR (4th) 142 .................................................. 22.65, 22.95
Ballard v Attorney-General (2010) 30 VR 397 .......................................................................... 23.170
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Ballenden v Bryant [2012] NSWSC 1471 ..................................................................... 21.135, 22.45

Ballman, Re (1804) 10 Ves Jun 110; 32 ER 786 ....................................................................... 23.155
Ball's Settlement Trusts, Re [1968] 1 WLR 899 ................................................................ 25.45, 25.65
Balnaves v Balnaves (1988) 12 Fam LR 488 ............................................................................. 19.160
Baloglow v Konstanidis (2001) 11 BPR 20,721 .................................................... 1.140, 18.10, 18.25
Balston Ltd v Headline Filters Ltd [1987] FSR ............................................................................... 6.55
Baltic Shipping Co v Translink Shipping Ltd [1995] 1 Lloyd's Rep 673 ..................................... 32.110
Bamford v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (2009) 176 FCR 250 ......................................... 22.135
Banco Exterior Internacional SA v Thomas [1997] 1 WLR 221 ................................................... 7.180
Banicevic v Gunson [2006] 2 NZLR 11 ........................................................................... 25.35, 25.45
Bank Mellat v Nikpour [1985] FSR 87 ...................................................................................... 32.155
Bank of China v NBM LLC [2002] 1 WLR 844 ......................................................................... 32.110
Bank of Connecticut v European Grain and Shipping Ltd [1989] 1 AC 1056 ........................... 30.110
Bank of Credit & Commerce International SA v Aboody [1990] 1 QB 923 ........................ 7.45, 7.55,
7.80, 7.85
Bank of Credit and Commerce International (Overseas) Ltd v Akindele [2001] Ch 437 ............ 38.105
Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA (in liq) v Ali [2000] 3 All ER 51 ....................... 30.155
Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA (in liq) v Ali [2002] 1 AC 251 ......................... 30.155
Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA (No 8), Re [1998] AC 214 ................... 1.150, 14.215
Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA (No 9), Re [1994] 3 All ER 764 ....................... 32.110
Bank of Cyprus (London) Ltd v Markou [1999] 2 All ER 707 ...................................................... 7.235
Bank of Montreal v Stuart [1911] AC 120 ................................................................................... 7.75
Bank of New South Wales v City Mutual Life Assurance Society Ltd [1969] VR 556 ................. 14.245

xxxvi

Bank of New South Wales v O'Connor (1889) 14 App Cas 273 ................................................... 1.75
Bank of New South Wales v Rogers (1941) 65 CLR 42 ............................................ 7.55, 7.60, 7.120,
7.170, 7.180
Bank of New Zealand v Harry M Miller & Co Ltd (1992) 26 NSWLR 48 .................................... 3.130
Bank of New Zealand v Jones [1982] Qd R 466 ......................................................................... 32.30
Bank of New Zealand v New Zealand Guardian Trust Co Ltd [1999]
1 NZLR 664 ..................................................................................................... 4.10, 24.40, 34.10
Bank of Queensland Ltd v Banjamin [2017] QSC 209 ............................................................... 9.195
Bank of Queensland Ltd v Grant (1984) 54 ALR 306 ............................................................... 32.100
Bank of Queensland v Edwards [2017] QSC 191 ............................................................ 7.235, 9.195
Bank of Scotland v Wright [1991] BCLC 244 ............................................................................. 18.35
Bank of Victoria Ltd v Mueller [1925] VLR 642 .......................................................................... 35.20
Bank of Western Australia Ltd v Abdul [2012] VSC 222 .................................................. 7.235, 36.30
Bank of Western Australia v Connell (1996) 16 WAR 483 ............................... 2.80, 2.85, 2.90, 2.100
Banks v Grey District Council [2004] 2 NZLR 19 ....................................................................... 37.30
Bankstown City Council v Alamdo Holdings Pty Ltd (2004) 135 LGERA 312 ............................. 31.15
Bankstown City Council v Alamdo Holdings Pty Ltd (2005) 223 CLR 660 ...................... 31.15, 31.50
Bannatyne v D & C MacIver [1906] 1 KB 103 ......................................................................... 14.115
Bannister v Bannister [1948] 2 All ER 133 .................................................................................. 18.30
Banque Belge pour L'Etranger v Hambrouck [1921] 1 KB 321 ................................................... 39.10
Banque Commerciale SA (en liqn) v Akhil Holdings Ltd (1990) 169 CLR 279 .......................... 24.185
Banque Financiére de la Cité v Parc (Battersea) Ltd [1999] 1 AC 221 ...... 14.15, 14.25, 14.50, 14.55,
14.85, 14.95, 14.100
Baptist Union of New Zealand v Attorney-General [1973] 1 NZLR 42 ..................................... 29.130
Bar-Mordecai v Hillston [2004] NSWCA 65 ................................................................................. 7.30
Barba v Gas & Fuel Corporation (Vic) (1976) 136 CLR 120 ..................................................... 38.160
Barbados Trust Company Ltd v Bank of Zambia [2007] 1 Lloyd's Rep 495 ................................. 3.160
Barbagallo v J & F Catelan Pty Ltd [1986] 1 Qd R 245 ................................................... 31.55, 34.65,
34.75, 34.115
Barby v Perpetual Trustee Co Ltd (1937) 58 CLR 316 ...................................... 29.50, 29.210, 29.245
Barclay-Johnson v Yuill [1980] 3 All ER 190 ............................................................................... 32.65
Barclay, Re [1899] 1 Ch 674 ............................................................................... 24.60, 24.65, 24.70
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Barclays Bank Ltd v Quistclose Investments Ltd [1970] AC 567 ........................ 16.120, 27.20, 27.75,
38.125, 39.100
Barclays Bank Ltd v W J Simms Son & Cooke (Southern) Ltd [1980] QB 677 ............................. 8.105
Barclays Bank plc v Coleman [2001] QB 20 ................................................................................. 7.80
Barclays Bank plc v Estates & Commercial Ltd [1997] 1 WLR 415 ................................................ 1.95
Barclays Bank plc v Holmes [2000] PLR 339 ............................................................... 28.170, 28.200
Barclays Bank plc v O'Brien [1994] 1 AC 180 ....................................... 7.35, 7.40, 7.45, 7.95, 7.160,
7.165, 7.170, 7.180, 7.190
Barisic v Topic (1981) 58 FLR 262 ............................................................................................. 32.30
Barker v Cox (1876) 4 Ch D 464 ............................................................................................... 33.25
Barker v Duke Group Ltd (in liq) (2005) 91 SASR 167 ............................................................... 30.40
Barker v Linklaker [2008] 1 Qd R 405 ...................................................................................... 38.185
Barker's Will Trusts, Re (1948) 64 TLR 273 ............................................................................... 29.190
Barkier, Re (1898) 77 LT 712 ................................................................................................... 24.215
Barkley v Barkley-Brown [2009] NSWSC 76 ............................................................................... 7.130
Barlow Clowes International Ltd (in liq) v Eurotrust International Ltd [2006]
1 WLR 1476 ......................................................................................................................... 38.90
Barlow Clowes International Ltd (in liq) v Vaughan [1992] 4 All ER 22 .................................... 39.110
Barlow v Neville Jeffress Advertising Pty Ltd (1994) 4 Tas R 391 .............................................. 31.190
Barlow's Will Trusts, Re [1979] 1 WLR 278 ............................................................................... 17.120
Barnes v Addy (1874) LR 9 Ch App 244 .............................................................. 38.55, 38.60, 38.65
Barnes v Racster (1842) 1 Y & CCC 401; 62 ER 944 ................................................................ 14.245
Barney, Re [1892] 2 Ch 265 ...................................................................................................... 38.55

xxxvii

Barneys Blue-Crete Pty Ltd v Australian Workers' Union (1979) 43 FLR 463 ............................... 31.80
Barnhart v Greenshiels (1853) 9 Moo PCC 18; 14 ER 204 ......................................................... 2.130
Barns v Barns (2003) 214 CLR 169 .......................................................................................... 38.145
Barns v Queensland National Bank (1906) 3 CLR 925 ............................................................... 36.50
Barnsley v Noble [2017] Ch 191 ............................................................................................. 24.150
Barron v Ward Kellner Pty Ltd (2006) 17 NTLR 195 .................................................................. 4.155
Barr's Settlement Trusts, Re [2003] Ch 409 ............................................................................... 23.50
Barry (deceased), Re [1971] VR 395 ........................................................................................ 29.315
Barry, Re [1936] QWN 12 ....................................................................................................... 23.175
Barry v Borlas Pty Ltd [2012] NSWSC 831 ................................................................................. 25.50
Barry v Heider (1914) 19 CLR 197 .......................................................................... 1.110, 2.15, 2.25
Barrymore v News Group Newspapers Ltd [1997] FSR 600 ....................................................... 6.105
Bartlett v Barclays Bank Trust Co Ltd (No 1) [1980] Ch 515 .............................. 22.25, 24.90, 24.210
Bartlett v Barclays Bank Trust Co Ltd (No 2) [1980] Ch 515 .................... 22.25, 24.35, 24.65, 24.90,
24.100, 24.105, 24.210, 34.05
Barton Insurance Brokers Ltd v Irwin (1999) 170 DLR (4th) 69 .................................................... 6.55
Barton v Armstrong ........................................................................................................... 8.20, 8.25
Barton v Armstrong [1973] 2 NSWLR 598; (1973) 47 ALJR 781 ................................ 8.10, 8.20, 8.25
Bashir v Commissioner of Lands [1960] AC 44 .......................................................................... 11.85
Bass v Permanent Trustee Co Ltd (1999) 198 CLR 334 .............................................................. 37.30
Bassett, Re [1935] NZLR 95 .................................................................................................... 24.210
Bassi and K D Sales Force Specialists Pty Ltd, Re (1999) 25 Fam LR 678 ..................... 19.155, 19.160
Bassola v Bassola (1985) 10 Fam LR 413 ................................................................................. 19.155
Bastion v Gideon Investments Pty Ltd (in liq) (2000) 35 ACSR 466 ......................................... 24.125
Bastion v Gideon Investments Pty Ltd (in liq) (No 2) (2000)
35 ACSR 466 ............................................................................................... 24.125, 27.35, 36.85
Bateman Television Ltd v Bateman [1971] NZLR 453 ................................................... 26.60, 26.110
Bateman's Bay Local Aboriginal Land Council v Aboriginal Community Benefit Fund
Pty Ltd (1998) 194 CLR 247 ..................................................................................... 31.25, 37.40
Bater v Kare [1964] SCR 206 ................................................................................................... 14.155
Bates & Partners Pty Ltd v Law Book Co Ltd (1994) 29 IPR 11 ................................... 31.145, 31.165
Bath and North Eastern Somerset District Council v Mowlem plc [2015]
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1 WLR 785n ......................................................................................................................... 31.50

Bathgate v National Hockey League Pension Society (1994) 110 DLR (4th) 609 ..................... 28.200
Bathurst City Council v PWC Properties Pty Ltd (1998) 195 CLR 566 ............................ 16.45, 17.40,
18.75, 38.275
Bathurst (Earl) v Fine [1974] 1 WLR 905 .................................................................................. 11.105
Batistatos v Roads and Traffic Authority (NSW) (2006) 226 CLR 256 ......................................... 30.10
Batiste v Lenin (2002) 10 BPR 19,441 ..................................................................................... 30.130
Batiste v Lenin (2002) 11 BPR 20,403 ........................................................................ 11.115, 30.130
Batt v Clipse (Caloundra) Pty Ltd (2011) 7 ASTLR 441 ............................................................ 20.115
Battishill v Reed (1856) 18 CB 696; 139 ER 1544 .................................................................... 34.115
Battye v Shammall (2005) 91 SASR 315 ......................................................................... 4.190, 4.200
Baumgartner v Baumgartner (1987) 164 CLR 137 ....................................... 38.170, 38.175, 38.180,
38.190, 38.220, 38.250, P.110
Bax Global (Australia) Pty Ltd v Evans (1999) 47 NSWLR 538 .................................................. 32.120
Bay Bon Investments Pty Ltd v Selvarajah [2008] NSWSC 1251 ................................................ 13.55
Bay of Plenty Electricity Ltd v Natural Gas Corporation Energy Ltd [2002] 1 NZLR 173 ........... 10.355
Bayer AG v Winter [1986] 1 WLR 497 ..................................................................................... 32.130
Bayer v Balkin (1995) 31 ATR 295 .............................................................................. 23.140, 23.145
Bayley & Associates Pty Ltd v DBR Australia Pty Ltd [2012] FCA 746 ......................................... 32.50
Bayley & Associates Pty Ltd v DBR Australia Pty Ltd [2013] FCA 1341 ....................................... 4.285
Bayley v Gibsons Ltd (1993) 1 Tas R 385 ........................................................................ 14.70, 14.75

xxxviii

Bayliss v Public Trustee (1988) 12 NSWLR 540 ........................................................................ 18.135

Baynard v Woolley (1855) 20 Beav 583; 52 ER 729 ................................................................. 23.160
Baytur SA v Finagro Holding SA [1991] 4 All ER 129 ................................................................. 3.125
BB Australia Pty Ltd v Danset Pty Ltd [2017] NSWSC 1307 ....................................................... 4.265
BB Australia Pty Ltd v Danset Pty Ltd [2018] NSWCA 101 .......................................... 38.155, 38.160
BBC Hardware Ltd v GT Homes Pty Ltd [1997] 2 Qd R 123 ............................................. 1.65, 1.150
Beach Petroleum NL v Abbott Tout Russell Kennedy (1997) 26 ACSR 114 ...................... 34.20, 34.50
Beach Petroleum NL v Johnson (1992) 9 ACSR 404 ........................................ 32.60, 32.125, 36.160
Beach Petroleum NL v Kennedy (1999) 48 NSWLR 1 .................................................... 34.20, 34.25,
34.40, 34.45
Beachquest Pty Ltd v Interstate Mortgage And Investments Pty Ltd [2003]
2 Qd R 586 ............................................................................................................................ 2.95
Beamer Pty Ltd v Star Lodge Supported Residential Services Pty Ltd [2005]
VSC 236 ................................................................................................................. 11.90, 11.105
Beath v Kousal [2010] VSC 24 ..................................................................................... 22.65, 23.150
Beaumont v Oliveira (1869) 4 Ch App 309 ............................................................................. 29.145
Beavan, Re [1912] 1 Ch 196 ................................................................................................... 14.120
Beck, Re [1967] 2 NSWR 91 .................................................................................................... 29.175
Beck v Henley (2014) 11 ASTLR 457 .......................................................................... 25.135, 25.150
Beckbessinger, Re [1993] 2 NZLR 362 ............................................... 16.190, 17.15, 17.100, 17.120,
17.130, 18.65, 29.295, 29.300
Becker v Anderson [2014] NZHC 2037 ..................................................................................... 4.250
Beckford Nominees v Shell Company of Australia Ltd (1986) 73 ALR 373 ............................... 10.375
Beddoe, Re [1893] 1 Ch 547 .................................................................................................. 23.135
Beddow v Beddow (1878) 9 Ch D 89 ....................................................................................... 31.05
Beecham (Australia) Pty Ltd v Roque Pty Ltd (1987) 11 NSWLR 1 ........................................... 31.195
Beecham Group Ltd v Bristol Laboratories Pty Ltd (1968) 118 CLR 618 ............ 6.320, 31.95, 31.165
Beese v Woodhouse [1970] 1 WLR 586 ..................................................................................... 32.20
Begbie v State Bank of New South Wales Ltd (1994) ATPR ¶41-288 ........................ 7.10, 7.165, 9.40
Beggs v Kirkpatrick [1961] VR 764 .................................................................. 26.35, 29.340, 29.345
Behman v Behman [2015] NSWSC 1787 ................................................................................ 38.165
Bela v Beehag (1984) 3 BPR 9402 ................................................................... 22.100, 24.165, 30.50
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Belar Pty Ltd (in liq) v Mahaffey [2000] 1 Qd R 477 ................................................... 23.130, 23.140
Belcher (deceased), Re [1950] VLR 11 ..................................................................................... 29.245
Belgrave Nominees Pty Ltd v Barlin-Scott Airconditioning (Aust) Pty
Ltd [1984] VR 947 ............................................................................................................. 31.110
Bell Bros Pty Ltd v Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale [1969] WAR 155 ............................................ 8.140
Bell Group Ltd (in liq) v Westpac Banking Corporation (No 9) (2008) 39 WAR 1 ......................... 4.85
Bell v Amberlay Pty Ltd (2001) 19 ACLC 1439 ........................................................................ 36.125
Bell v Lever Bros Ltd [1932] AC 161 ................................................................................ 8.90, 8.145,
8.160, 8.175
Bellasis v Uthwatt (1737) 1 Atk 426; 26 ER 271 ........................................................................ 15.85
Bellis v Challinor [2015] WTLR 43 ............................................................................................. 17.30
Bell's Indenture, Re [1980] 1 WLR 1217 ......................................................................... 24.30, 24.50
Belmont Finance Corporation Ltd v Williams Furniture Ltd [1979] Ch 250 .............................. 38.105
Belmont Finance Corporation Ltd v Williams Furniture Ltd (No 2) [1980]
1 All ER 393 ............................................................................................. 38.100, 38.105, 38.125
Beloved Wilkes's Charity, Re (1851) 3 Mac & G 440; 42 ER 330 ..................................... 20.45, 23.35
Bendigo & County Districts Trustees & Executors Co Ltd v Sandhurst & Northern
District Trustees, Executors & Agency Co Ltd (1909) 9 CLR 474 ......................................... 31.190
Benham, Re [1939] SASR 450 ...................................................................................... 17.20, 29.145
Benjamin, Re Will of [1920] VLR 393 ......................................................................................... 21.80
Benjamin v Leicher (1998) 45 NSWLR 389 ................................................................... 18.10, 18.130

xxxix

Benjamin v Sanders (1891) 17 VLR 68 .................................................................................... 23.105

Bennell v Westlawn Finance Ltd [2010] FCA 658 ......................................................................... 3.35
Bennet v Bennet (1879) 10 Ch D 474 ........................................................................ 26.120, 26.135
Bennett v Horgan (unreported, SC(NSW), 3 June 1994) ......................................................... 38.210
Bennett v L & W Whitehead Ltd [1926] 2 KB 380 ..................................................................... 35.95
Bennett v Minister of Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 ................................................ 34.10
Benson v Benson [2008] WASC 13 .......................................................................................... 38.250
Bentley v Nelson [1963] WAR 89 .............................................................................................. 31.80
Benzija v Adriatic Fisheries Pty Ltd (1984) 37 SASR 545 ................................... 21.105, 21.110, 25.75
Berdoe v Dawson (1865) 34 Beav 603; 55 ER 768 .................................................................... 7.115
Berger v Lysteron Pty Ltd [2012] VSC 95 ................................................................................... 21.55
Berk v Permanent Trustee Co of New South Wales Ltd (1947) 47 SR (NSW) 459 ......................... 7.85
Berkeley Applegate (Investment Consultants) Ltd (in liq), Re [1989] Ch 32 ....................... 27.35, P.75
Bernard v Josephs [1982] Ch 391 ............................................................................................. 26.85
Bernard v Weingarth (1997) 8 BPR 15,651 ............................................................................... 11.80
Berry, Re [1962] Ch 97 ........................................................................................................... 22.155
Berry v St Marylebone Corporation [1958] Ch 406 ................................................................. 29.190
Berryman v Solicitor-General [2005] 3 NZLR 121 ........................................................... 6.320, 31.60
Bertei v Feher [2000] WASCA 165 ................................................................................ 26.80, 26.125
Bertling, Re [1956] QSR 379 ................................................................................................... 29.245
Bester v Perpetual Trustee Co Ltd [1970] 3 NSWR 30 ......................................................... 7.60, 7.75
Beswick v Beswick [1968] AC 58 .................................................................................. 33.75, 33.110
Better Business Bureau of Washington DC, Inc v United States (1945) 326 US 279 ................. 29.235
Bevin v Smith [1994] 3 NZLR 648 ........................................................................................... 38.155
Bhana v Bhana (2002) 10 BPR 19,545 ...................................................................................... 26.55
BHLSPF Pty Ltd v Brashs Pty Ltd (2001) 8 VR 602 .................................................................... 28.195
BHP Iron Ore Pty Ltd v Australian Workers' Union (2000) 171 ALR 680 ................................... 31.165
Bhullar v Bhullar [2003] 2 BCLC 241 ........................................................................................... 4.90
Bialkower v Acohs Pty Ltd (1998) 83 FCR 1; 41 IPR 33 ........................ 14.130, 14.140, 14.165, P.110
BICC plc v Burndy Corporation [1985] Ch 232 ............................................................ 11.10, 30.110
Bidjara Aboriginal Housing & Land Co Ltd v Commonwealth of Australia [2005]
2 Qd R 468 .......................................................................................................................... 36.15
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Bigg v Queensland Trustees Ltd [1990] 2 Qd R 11 ........................................ 38.135, 38.140, 38.145

Bignold's Settlement Trusts, Re (1872) 7 Ch App 223 ............................................................... 21.60
Bilbie v Lumley (1802) 2 East 469; 102 ER 448 ......................................................................... 8.105
Billage v Southee (1852) 9 Hare 532; 68 ER 623 ......................................................................... 7.30
Billington (deceased), Re [1949] QSR 102 ................................................................................. 22.65
Binder, Re [1942] SASR 251 ....................................................................................... 29.130, 29.245
Binningup Nominees Pty Ltd v Brogue Tableau Pty Ltd [2004] WASC 14 ................................ 20.110
Birch, Re [1924] VLR 510 .......................................................................................................... 22.80
Birch v Curtis [2002] 2 FLR 847 .................................................................................. 38.135, 38.140
Birchall, Re (1889) 40 Ch D 436 ............................................................................................... 21.90
Biritz v National Australia Bank Ltd (2001) 187 ALR 757 ............................................................. 8.05
Birmingham and District Land Co v London and North Western Railway Co (1888)
40 Ch D 268 ....................................................................................................................... 10.75
Birmingham v Kirwan (1805) 2 Sch & Lef 444 ........................................................................ 15.100
Birmingham v Renfrew (1937) 57 CLR 666 ................................................................ 38.135, 38.145
Birtchnell v Equity Trustees Executors and Agency Co Ltd (1929)
42 CLR 384 ................................................................................................... 4.190, 4.195, 4.210
Biscayne Partners Pty Ltd v Valance Corp Pty Ltd [2003] NSWSC 874, P.60
Bishop, Re [1965] Ch 450 ....................................................................................................... 26.125
Bishopsgate Insurance Australia Ltd v Commonwealth Engineering (NSW)
Pty Ltd [1981] 1 NSWLR 429 ..................................................................... 37.95, 37.100, 37.105
Bishopsgate Investment Management Ltd (in liq) v Homan [1995] Ch 211 .............................. 39.20

Bishopsgate Investment Management Ltd (in liq) v Maxwell (No 2) [1994] 1 All ER 261 ............. 4.85
Black Uhlans Inc v New South Wales Crime Commission (2002)
12 BPR 22,421 .............................................................................. 26.75, 26.100, 30.170, 30.175
Black v Black (1991) 15 Fam LR 109 ....................................................................................... 38.185
Black v S Freedman & Co (1910) 12 CLR 105 ..................................................... 26.40, 38.10, 39.30
Blackburn Building Society v Cunliffe, Brooks, & Co (1882) 22 Ch D 61 ................................. 14.115
Blackburn v McCallum (1902) 33 SCR 65 ................................................................................. 19.75
Blackburn v Smith (1848) 2 Ex 783; 154 ER 707 ....................................................................... 35.10
Blackburn v Yarra Vale Properties Pty Ltd [1980] VR 290 ........................................................... 19.35
Blackett v Blackett (1871) 24 LT 276 ....................................................................................... 36.115
Blackett v Darcy (2005) 62 NSWLR 392 ..................................................................... 18.130, 18.145
Blackley Investments Pty Ltd v Burnie City Council (No 2) (2011) 21 Tas R 98 ............. 8.200, 10.155
Blackmagic Design Pty Ltd v Overliese (2010) 84 IPR 505 ........................................................... 4.20
Blackmagic Design Pty Ltd v Overliese (2011) 191 FCR 1 ................................................. 4.20, 4.285
Blackwell v Blackwell [1929] AC 318 ........................................................ 18.45, 18.50, 18.65, 18.80
Blackwood v London Chartered Bank (1874) LR 5 PC 92 .......................................................... 2.130
Blair v Curran (1939) 62 CLR 464 .................................................................................. 10.20, 10.25
Blair v Duncan [1902] AC 37 .................................................................................................. 29.290
Blair v Martin [1929] NZLR 225 .............................................................................................. 22.100
Bland v Ingrams Estates Ltd [2001] Ch 767 .................................................................. 1.150, 11.135
Bland v Ingrams Estates Ltd (No 2) [2002] 2 WLR 361 ...................................... 11.90, 11.95, 11.100
Blathwayt v Baron Cawley [1976] AC 397 ...................................................................... 19.10, 19.70
Blazely v Whiley (1995) 5 Tas R 254 ........................................................................... 10.230, 10.270
BLB Corporation of Australia v Jacobsen (1974) 48 ALJR 372 ................................. 4.20, 4.105, 4.120
Blenkinsop v Herbert (2017) 51 WAR 264 ................................................................................. 23.15
Bli Bli No 1 Pty Ltd v Kimlin Investments Pty Ltd [2008] QSC 289 ........................................... 38.115
Blindley Heath Investments Ltd v Bass [2017] Ch 389 ............................................................... 10.35
Blinkco v Blinkco [1964–65] NSWR 20 .................................................................................... 26.125
Bloch v Bloch (1981) 180 CLR 390 ................................................................................ 26.65, 26.80
Blocksidge, Re [1997] 1 Qd R 234 ............................................................................................ 25.65
Blomley v Ryan (1956) 99 CLR 362 ................................................................. 7.75, 9.30, 9.50, 9.60,
9.115, 33.145, P.180
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Bloomer v Spittle (1872) LR 13 Eq 427 ..................................................................................... 8.200

Blue Seas Investments Pty Ltd v Mitchell (1999) 25 Fam LR 65 ............................................... 31.135
Blueberry River Indian Band v Canada (1995) 130 DLR (4th) 193 ............................................... 4.65
Blueberry River Indian Band v Canada (Department of Indian Affairs and Northern
Development) (2001) 201 DLR (4th) 35 ............................................................................ 15.100
Bluebottle UK Ltd v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation (2007) 232 CLR 598 ............................. 3.155
Blum v ANZ Bank New Zealand Ltd [2015] NZCA 335 .................................................. 6.280, 6.295
Blundell, Re [1906] 2 Ch 222 .................................................................................................... 15.40
Blyth, Re [1997] 2 Qd R 567 ........................................................................ 17.115, 17.125, 29.215,
29.295, 29.300
BNY Trust Co of Australia Ltd v Glambedakis [2009] NSWSC 815 ............................................. 7.235
Boardman v Phipps [1967] 2 AC 46 ............................................................ 4.15, 4.35, 4.165, 6.375,
24.80, 39.80
Bobko v Commonwealth (unreported, SC(Vic), Fullagar J, 22 April 1988) ............................... 10.310
Bodalla Aboriginal Housing Co Ltd v Eurobodalla Shire Council (2012) 195 LGERA 114 .......... 29.295
Bodney v Westralia Airports Corporation Pty Ltd (2000) 109 FCR 178 ......................................... 5.60
Body Corporate No 1/PS40911511E St James Apartments v Renaissance Assets Pty
Ltd (2004) 11 VR 41 ............................................................................................................ 17.15
Boe v Alexander (1987) 41 DLR (4th) 520 ................................................................................ 23.40
Boehm v Goodall [1911] 1 Ch 155 ......................................................................................... 36.125
Bofinger v Kingsway Group Ltd (2009) 239 CLR 269 ........................................... 14.10, 14.105, P.75
Bogg v Raper (1998/99) 1 IETLR 267 ......................................................................... 24.145, 24.155

xli

Bojczuk v Gregorcewicz [1961] SASR 128 ............................................................................... 14.120

Bolton v Curre [1895] 1 Ch 544 ............................................................................................. 23.165
Bond, Re [1929] VLR 333 ........................................................................................... 29.130, 29.300
Bond, Re (1940) 35 Tas LR 96 ................................................................................. 3.45, 3.80, 3.150
Bond, Re (1992) 25 ATR 61 ........................................................................................... 10.10, 19.75
Bond v Larobi Pty Ltd (1992) 6 WAR 489 ................................................................................ 14.140
Bond Worth Ltd, Re [1979] 3 All ER 919 ................................................................................... 16.75
Bones, Re [1930] VLR 346 ....................................................................................................... 29.225
Bonini v Western Australian Real Estate Custodian Ltd [2001] WASC 258 ................... 20.110, 20.115
Bonnard v Perryman [1891] 2 Ch 269 .................................................................................... 31.175
Booker McConnell plc v Plascow [1985] RPC 425 ...................................................... 32.155, 32.185
Booth Macdonald & Co Ltd v Hallmond (Official Assignee of) (1913) 33 NZLR 110 ................. 16.55
Booth v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1987) 164 CLR 159 .................................... 3.115, 3.150
Boranga v Flintoff (1997) 19 WAR 1 .......................................................................................... 17.25
Borden (UK) Ltd v Scottish Timber Products Ltd [1981] Ch 25 .................................................. 16.75
Borg v Howlett (No 2) (1996) 8 BPR 15,535 ............................................................................. 33.45
Borg Warner (Aust) Ltd v Switzerland General Insurance Co Ltd (1989)
16 NSWLR 421 ..................................................................................................... 14.190, 14.195
Borough of Burwood v Freehill (1906) 23 WN (NSW) 243 ...................................................... 21.145
Borthwick-Norton v Romney Warwick Estates Ltd [1950] 1 All ER 798 ...................................... 11.90
Bosaid v Andry [1963] VR 465 .......................................................... 33.130, 34.75, 34.105, 34.110,
34.120, 37.110
Boscawen v Bajwa [1996] 1 WLR 328 ................................................................ 14.15, 14.25, 14.85,
14.95, 39.05, 39.55
Bouch v Sproule (1887) 12 App Cas 385 ................................................................................ 22.165
Boulter, Re [1922] 1 Ch 75 ....................................................................................................... 19.70
Boulter v Boulter (1898) 19 LR (NSW) Eq 135 .............................................................................. P.75
Boulting v Association of Cinematograph, Television and Allied Technicians [1963]
2 QB 606 ........................................................................................................... 4.20, 4.35, 4.130
Bourne v Colodense Ltd [1985] ICR 291 .................................................................... 36.130, 36.135
Boutique Balmoral Ltd v Retail Holdings Ltd [1976] 2 NZLR 222 ............................................... 12.45
Bowkett v Action Finance Ltd [1992] 1 NZLR 449 ..................................................................... 4.255
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Bowles, Re [1902] 2 Ch 650 ................................................................................................... 17.100

Bowman (deceased), Re [1955] SASR 98 ................................................................................... 22.20
Bowman v Secular Society Ltd [1917] AC 406 ........................................................... 17.170, 29.100
Bowmil Nominees Pty Ltd, Re [2004] NSWSC 161 ......................................................... 25.45, 25.60
Boyarsky v Taylor (2008) 14 BPR 26,553 ......................................................... 11.70, 33.125, 33.135
Boyce v Boyce (1849) 16 Sim 476; 60 ER 959 ........................................................................... 17.80
Boyce v Paddington Borough Council [1903] 1 Ch 109 ............................................................ 37.40
Boyd & Forrest v Glasgow Railway Co [1915] SC (HL) 20 ....................................................... 35.105
Boyd v Cowell [1952] VLR 288 ............................................................................................... 22.200
Boyes, Re (1884) 26 Ch D 531 ....................................................................................... 18.60, 18.65
Boyns v Lackey [1958] SR (NSW) 395 ............................................................................ 30.10, 30.75
Boyse v Rossborough (1857) 6 HLC 1; 10 ER 1192 ..................................................................... 7.15
BPA Industries Ltd v Black (1987) 11 NSWLR 609 .................................................................... 32.180
Bradley v Commonwealth (1973) 128 CLR 557 ........................................................................ 31.25
Bradley v Wingnut Films Ltd [1993] 1 NZLR 415 ....................................................................... 6.130
Bradto Pty Ltd v State of Victoria (2006) 15 VR 65 ..................................................... 31.145, 31.165
Brady v Stapleton (1952) 88 CLR 322 .................................................... 19.115, 39.20, 39.55, 39.60
Brags Electrics Pty Ltd v Gregory [2010] NSWSC 1205 ........................................................... 32.155
Brandeis Brokers Ltd v Black [2001] 2 Lloyd's Rep 359 ................................................................ 4.30
Brandling v Weir [2003] NSWSC 723 ...................................................................................... 38.230
Brandon v Robinson (1811) 18 Ves 429; 34 ER 379 .................................................................. 19.75
Branir Pty Ltd v Owston Nominees (No 2) Pty Ltd (2001) 117 FCR 424 .................................. 10.205

xlii

Bratovic v SBM Argentinian Bar and Grill Pty Ltd (2005) 242 LSJS 445 .................................... 21.115
Brayson Motors Pty Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1983)
57 ALJR 288 ....................................................................................................................... 31.165
Breadner v Granville-Grossman [2001] Ch 523 .............................................. 16.185, 16.190, 22.40,
23.45, 23.50
Break Fast Investments Pty Ltd v PCH Melbourne Pty Ltd (2007)
20 VR 311 .......................................................................................... 34.80, 34.85, 34.90, 34.95
Breakspear v Ackland [2009] Ch 32 .......................................................................................... 20.70
Brede, The [1974] QB 233 ........................................................................................................ 30.95
Breen v Williams (1996) 186 CLR 71 .................................................... 4.10, 4.15, 4.25, 4.35, 4.300,
4.305, 4.315, 20.30, 36.70
Bremer, Re [1986] 2 NZLR 53 ................................................................................................. 23.115
Brennan v Bolt Burdon (a firm) [2005] QB 303 .............................................................. 8.125, 8.155
Brennan v Duncan [2006] NSWSC 674 ................................................ 14.170, 26.80, 26.85, 26.110
Brenner, Re [1986] 2 NZLR 53 ................................................................................................ 23.115
Brentwood Brick and Coal Co, Re (1876) 4 Ch D 562 ................................................................. 1.95
Brereton v Milstein [1988] VR 508 .................................................................... 32.35, 32.45, 32.115
Brewer (deceased), Re [1933] NZLR 1221 ............................................................................... 29.190
Brice v Mackay [1983] 2 Qd R 543 ......................................................................................... 21.140
Brickenden v London Loan & Saving [1934] 3 DLR 465 ............................................................ 34.25
Brickles v Snell [1916] 2 AC 599 ............................................................................................... 11.25
Brickworks Ltd v Warringah Shire Council (1963) 108 CLR 568 ............................................... 10.395
Bride v Freehill Hollingdale & Page [1996] ANZ Conv R 594 ..................................................... 36.30
Bridge v Campbell Discount Co Ltd [1962] AC 600 .................................................................... 9.05
Bridge Wholesale Acceptance Corp (Aust) Ltd v Burnard (1992) 27 NSWLR 415 ....................... 33.05
Bridgetown/Greenbushes Friends of the Forest Inc v Executive Director of
Conservation and Land Management (1997) 18 WAR 102 ................................................ 31.165
Bridgewater v Leahy (1998) 194 CLR 457 ....................................................... 7.05, 7.10, 7.15, 7.70,
7.280, 8.15, 9.15, 9.20,
9.25, 9.55, 9.90, 9.130, 9.135
Brien v Graspas (2004) 207 ALR 275 ....................................................................................... 21.125
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Briggs and Secretary, Department of Employment and Workplace Relations,

Re (2007) 93 ALD 762 ....................................................................................................... 20.150
Briggs v Gleeds (Head Office) (a firm) [2015] Ch 212 .................................................. 10.40, 10.390
Brink's MAT Ltd v Elcombe [1988] 3 All ER 188 ......................................................................... 31.85
Brisbane City Council v Attorney-General (Qld) [1979] AC 411 .................................... 17.15, 29.225
Brisbane Unit Development Corp v Robertson [1983] 2 Qd R 105 .......................................... 35.105
Bristol and West Building Society v May May & Merrimans (a firm) [1996]
2 All ER 801 ......................................................................................................................... 4.150
Bristol and West Building Society v Mothew [1996] 4 All ER 698 .................. 4.10, 4.60, 24.40, 34.10
British Airways Pension Trustees Ltd v British Airways plc [2002] PLR 247 ................... 28.150, 28.200
British Anzani (Felixstowe) Ltd v International Marine Management (UK) Ltd [1980]
QB 137 .............................................................................................................................. 30.110
British Broadcasting Corporation v Harpercollins Publishers Ltd [2011] EMLR 6 ........................... 6.80
British Coal Corp v British Coal Staff Superannuation Scheme Trustees Ltd [1995] 1
All ER 912 .......................................................................................................................... 28.155
British Columbia v National Bank of Canada (1995) 119 DLR (4th) 669 .................................... 39.65
British Franco Electric Pty Ltd v Dowling Plastics Pty Ltd [1981] 1 NSWLR 448 ................... 6.80, 6.85
British Midland Tool Ltd v Midland International Tooling Ltd [2003] 2 BCLC 523 .......... 4.100, 4.120,
4.285
British Railways Board v Pickin [1974] AC 765 .................................................................... 8.35, 8.40
British Red Cross Balkan Fund, Re [1914] 2 Ch 419 ...................................................... 26.35, 39.105
British School of Egyptian Archaeology, Re [1954] 1 All ER 887 ............................................... 29.345
BRK (Bris) Pty Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (2001) 46 ATR 347 ................... 20.155, 23.35

xliii

Broadlands International Finance Ltd v Sly (1987) 4 BPR 9420 .................................................... 7.95
Broadmoor Special Hospital Authority v Robinson [2000] QB 775 ....................... 6.205, 31.25, 31.60
Brockbank, Re [1948] Ch 206 ........................................................................... 16.185, 22.40, 23.65
Brooke Bond & Co Ltd's Trust Deed, Re [1963] 1 Ch 357 ......................................................... 21.40
Brooke v Brooke (1911) 3 OWN 52 ........................................................................................ 23.115
Brookfield Multiplex Ltd v International Litigation Funding Partners Pte Ltd (2009)
180 FCR 11 ....................................................................................................................... 28.240
Brooks, Re (1969) 4 DLR (3d) 694 .......................................................................................... 29.190
Brooks v Saylor (2007) 279 DLR (4th) 547 .............................................................................. 26.135
Brooks v Wyatt (1994) 99 NTR 12 ............................................................................................ 34.65
Brophy v Brophy (1974) 3 ACTR 57 ........................................................................................ 26.135
Brott v Drew (1993) 112 FLR 269 ............................................................................................. 32.40
Brott v Maher (No 2) [2004] VSCA 220 .................................................................................... 4.160
Broughton v Snook [1938] Ch 505 ........................................................................................... 12.45
Broulee Developments Pty Ltd v Mackay [2008] NSWSC 32 ........................... 30.50, 33.130, 33.175
Brown (deceased), Re [1954] 1 Ch 39 ...................................................................................... 19.75
Brown, Re (1901) 11 QLJ 133 ................................................................................................. 29.190
Brown-Sarre v Waddingham [2012] VSC 116 .......................................................................... 23.175
Brown v Brown [1931] 4 DLR 420 .......................................................................................... 24.165
Brown v Brown (1993) 31 NSWLR 582 ........................................................... 26.60, 26.120, 26.135
Brown v George (1998) 24 Fam LR 58 .................................................................................... 38.185
Brown v Gregson [1920] AC 860 ............................................................................................ 15.100
Brown v Heffer (1967) 116 CLR 344 ............................................................................ 15.60, 38.155
Brown v Pourau [1995] 1 NZLR 352 ........................................................ 18.45, 18.50, 18.60, 18.75
Brown v Smitt (1924) 34 CLR 160 ............................................................................................ 35.15
Brown v Wylie (1980) 6 Fam LR 519 ......................................................................................... 18.30
Browning v Fidelity Trust Co (1918) 250 F 321 ....................................................................... 24.145
Bruce v Cobcroft [2017] NSWSC 1464 ..................................................................................... 25.45
Bruce v Presbytery of Deer (1867) LR 1 Sc & Div 96 ................................................................. 29.45
Brueckner v Satellite Group (Ultimo) Pty Ltd (2002) 15 BPR 28,885 .......................................... 7.235
Brumm, Re [1942] QSR 52 ........................................................................................................ 16.60
Brunette (deceased), Re [1922] NZLR 490 .............................................................................. 22.145
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Brunker v Perpetual Trustee Co Ltd (1937) 57 CLR 555 ....................................... 7.45, 18.95, 38.155
Brunninghausen v Glavanics (1999) 46 NSWLR 538 ................................................................. 4.115
Brusewitz v Brown [1923] NZLR 1106 ............................................................. 7.35, 7.45, 7.60, 7.75
Brutan Investments Pty Ltd v Underwriting and Insurance Ltd (1980)
58 FLR 289 .......................................................................................................................... 36.50
Bruton Holdings Pty Ltd (in liq) v Commissioner of Taxation (2011) 193 FCR 442 .................... 21.45
Bruynius, Re [1995] 1 Qd R 492 .................................................................................................. 3.50
Bryant (deceased), Re [1964] NZLR 846 ................................................................................... 25.70
Bryning (deceased), Re [1976] VR 100 ....................................................................... 29.240, 29.380
Bryson v Bryant (1992) 29 NSWLR 188 ...................................................................... 38.180, 38.195
BSH Holdings Pty Ltd v Commissioner of State Revenue (2000) 2 VR 454 ................................. 29.05
Buchan v Ayre [1915] 2 Ch 474 ................................................................................... 23.140, 27.50
Buckenara v Hawthorn Football Club Ltd [1988] VR 39 ............................................................. 31.55
Buckland v Ibbotson (1902) 28 VLR 688 ................................................................................. 24.180
Buckley, Re [1928] NZLR 148 .................................................................................................. 29.220
Budge, Re [1942] NZLR 350 ................................................................................................... 17.150
Bufalo Corporation Pty Ltd v Leone (2001) 40 ACSR 327 .......................................................... 36.40
Bukowski (deceased), Re [1954] QSR 286 ............................................................................... 20.120
Bulankoff, Re [1986] 1 Qd R 366 ............................................................................... 26.110, 26.135
Bullas v Public Trustee [1981] 1 NSWLR 641 .............................................................. 23.175, 25.165
Bullock v Federated Furnishing Trades Society of Australasia (No 1) (1985)
5 FCR 464 ......................................................................................................................... 31.165
Bullock-Webster (deceased), Re [1936] NZLR 814 ................................................................... 29.370

xliv

Bulun Bulun v R & T Textiles Pty Ltd (1997) 157 ALR 193 ......................................................... 38.25
Bunn v British Broadcasting Corporation [1998] 3 All ER 552 ............................. 6.150, 6.195, 6.300,
6.320, 31.135
Bunnings Group Ltd v Hanson Construction Materials Pty Ltd [2017] WASC 132 ........................ 1.65
Bunny Industries Pty Ltd v FSW Enterprises Ltd [1982] Qd R 712 ............................................ 38.130
Bupa Australia Pty Ltd v Shaw [2013] VSC 507 .............................................................. 14.20, 14.35
Burazin v Blacktown City Guardian Pty Ltd (1996) 142 ALR 144 ............................................... 4.295
Burger King Corp v Hungry Jack's Pty Ltd (2001) 69 NSWLR 558 .............................................. 38.75
Burke & Riversdale Road Pty Ltd v Gemini Investments Pty Ltd
(No 2) [2003] VSC 48 ............................................................................................... 11.35, 11.60
Burke v Hudson's Bay Co [2010] 2 SCR 273 ............................................................................ 28.200
Burke v LFOT Pty Ltd (2002) 209 CLR 282 ....................................... 14.125, 14.130, 14.160, 14.165
Burke v State Bank of New South Wales (1994) 37 NSWLR 53 ........................... 7.165, 7.180, 7.280,
9.155, 35.25
Burley, Re [1910] 1 Ch 215 ....................................................................................................... 17.20
Burlinson v Hall (1884) 12 QBD 347 ........................................................................................... 3.35
Burmeister v O'Brien [2010] 2 NZLR 395 ...................................................................... 30.175, P.190
Burnand v Rodocanachi Sons & Co (1882) 7 App Cas 333 ............................................ 14.20, 14.45
Burney's Settlement Trusts, Re [1961] 1 All ER 856 .................................................................... 25.60
Burnley Borough Council v England (1977) 76 LGR 393 ........................................................... 31.75
Burns Philp Trust Co Pty Ltd v Kwikasair Freightlines Ltd (1963) 63 SR (NSW) 492 .................... 33.05
Burns Philp Trustee Co Ltd v Viney [1981] 2 NSWLR 216 ............................................................ 1.20
Burns v Bayliss [2006] WASC 102 ............................................................................................ 16.205
Burns v Burns [2008] QSC 173 ...................................................................................... 21.80, 23.75
Burns v Leda Holdings Pty Ltd [1988] 1 Qd R 214 .................................................... 22.225, 23.125,
23.130, 24.135
Burns v Steel [2006] 1 NZLR 559 ................................................................................... 21.45, 23.65
Burnside City Council v Attorney-General (SA) (1992) 75 LGRA 145 ....................................... 29.265
Burrow v Scammell (1881) 19 Ch D 175 .................................................................................. 33.25
Burston Finance Ltd v Speirway [1974] 1 WLR 1648 ...................................................... 14.05, 14.85
Burt, Boulton & Hayward v Bull [1895] 1 QB 276 ..................................................................... 36.85
Burt v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd (1994)
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ATPR (Digest) ¶46–123 ............................................................................................... 9.05, 9.110

Burton, Re [1938] NZLR 637 ................................................................................................... 10.375
Burton, Re (1994) 126 ALR 557 ............................................................................ 8.50, 21.55, 27.60
Burton v Arcus (2006) 200 FLR 1 ............................................................................................ 28.240
Burton's Settlements, Re [1955] 1 Ch 82 .................................................................................... 8.80
Busby v Thorn EMI Video Programmes Ltd [1984] 1 NZLR 461 ............................................... 32.160
Buschau v Rogers Cablesystems Inc (1999) 165 DLR (4th) 668 ............................................... 28.200
Bush v Minister for Local Government (2002) 124 LGERA 256 ................................................ 31.155
Bush v National Australia Bank Ltd (1992) 35 NSWLR 390 ...................................................... 37.115
Businessworld Computers Pty Ltd v Australian Telecommunications Commission
(1988) 82 ALR 499 ...................................................................................... 31.15, 31.90, 31.145
Butler v Board of Trade [1971] Ch 680 ........................................................................... 6.240, 6.250
Butler v Countrywide Finance Ltd [1993] 3 NZLR 623 ................................................. 37.95, 37.105
Butler v Craine [1986] VR 274 .......................................................................... 12.25, 12.45, 38.215
Butler v Fairclough (1917) 23 CLR 78 .......................................................... 2.10, 2.15, 2.35, 34.130
Butler v Rice [1910] 2 Ch 277 ................................................................................................... 14.90
Butler v Vavladelis [2012] VSC 186 ........................................................................................... 9.195
Butlin's Settlement Trusts, Re [1976] Ch 251 ..................................................... 37.65, 37.75, 37.115
Butt v Kelson [1952] Ch 197 ..................................................................................................... 20.30
Butterworth v Purnell [1919] VLR 375 ..................................................................................... 24.205
Buttle v Saunders [1950] 2 All ER 193 .......................................................................... 22.205, 28.85
Buzzle Operations Pty Ltd (in liq) v Apple Computer Australia Pty Ltd (2007)
214 FLR 48 ........................................................................................................................ 14.125

xlv

Byers v Dorotea Pty Ltd (1986) 69 ALR 715 .............................................................................. 35.90

Byland Nominees Pty Ltd (in liq) v Maclean [1985] WAR 352 ..................................................... 1.95
Bylander International Consortium (Australia) Pty Ltd v Multilink Investments Pty Ltd
[2001] NSWCA 53 ............................................................................................................... 7.235
Byrne Australia Ltd, Re [1981] 1 NSWLR 394 ............................................................................ 27.30
Byrne, Re (1906) 6 SR (NSW) 532 ................................................................................................ P.75
Byrne v Mortyn [2008] TASSC 83 ............................................................................................. 12.30
Byrnes v Byrnes [2012] NSWSC 1600 ..................................................................................... 10.270
Byrnes v Kendle (2011) 243 CLR 253 ................................................................ 17.30, 21.45, 22.175
Byron Bay Retirement Villages Pty Ltd v Zandata Pty Ltd [2008] NSWSC 1123 ........................ 11.105

C & K A Flanagan Sailmakers Pty Ltd v Walker [2002] NSWSC 1125 ......................................... 4.285
C G Berbatis Holdings Pty Ltd v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission
(2001) 185 ALR 555 ............................................................................................................ 9.175
C H Giles & Co Ltd v Morris [1972] 1 WLR 307 ........................................................................ 33.85
C Inc plc v L [2001] 2 All ER (Comm) 446 ............................................................................... 32.100
C J Belmore Pty Ltd v AGC (General Finance) Ltd [1976] 1 NSWLR 507 .................................... 13.80
C-Shirt Pty Ltd v Barnett Marketing and Management Pty Ltd (1997) 37 IPR 315 ....................... 4.65
C v B [2007] 1 Qd R 212 ........................................................................................................ 20.135
C v Holland [2012] 3 NZLR 672 ................................................................................................ 6.135
C v W (No 2) [2016] NSWSC 945 ............................................................................................. 4.315
CA Inc v ISI Pty Ltd (2012) 201 FCR 23 ............................................................................ 6.25, 6.215
Caborne, Re [1943] Ch 224 ...................................................................................................... 19.60
Cabot Corp v Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Ltd (1987) 11 NSWLR 697 ......................... 30.55
Cachia v Westpac Financial Services Ltd (2000) 170 ALR 65 ........................................... 25.10, 25.20
Cachia v Westpac Financial Services Ltd [2000] FCA 1576 ............................................. 25.10, 25.20
Cadbury Schweppes Inc v FBI Foods Ltd (1996) 138 DLR (4th) 682 .......................................... 31.65
Cadbury Schweppes Inc v FBI Foods Ltd (1999) 167 DLR (4th) 577 ................ 4.35, 4.55, 6.10, 6.25,
6.250, 6.325, 6.375, P.50, P.145
Cadd v Cadd (1909) 9 CLR 171 ................................................................................................ 18.30
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Cadman v Horner (1810) 18 Ves 10; 34 ER 221 ...................................................................... 30.180

Cadogan Petroleum Holdings Ltd v Global Process Systems LLC [2013]
2 Lloyd’s Rep 26 .................................................................................................................. 13.55
Cadorange Pty Ltd (in liq) v Tanga Holdings Pty Ltd (1990) 20 NSWLR 26 ........... 1.55, 1.130, 10.60
Cadura Investments Ltd v Rototek Pty Ltd [2004] WASC 150 .................................................. 32.125
Cadwallader v Bajco Pty Ltd [2002] NSWCA 328 .................................................................... 30.175
Caffoor v Commissioner of Income Tax, Colombo [1961] AC 584 .......................................... 29.155
Cain (deceased), Re [1950] VLR 382 ............................................................. 17.170, 29.130, 29.325
Cain v Moon [1896] 2 QB 283 ............................................................................................... 18.135
Cain v Watson [1910] VLR 256 ............................................................................................... 23.105
Cairns Festival Faire Pty Ltd v AEFC Ltd (unreported, FCA, Heerey J, 3 September 1993) ......... 10.305
Calaby Pty Ltd v Ampol Pty Ltd (1990) 102 FLR 186 ............................................................... 10.320
Calcorp (Australia) Pty Ltd v 271 Collins Pty Ltd (2010) 29 VR 462 ........................................... 13.70
Caledonia North Sea Ltd v British Telecommunications plc [2002] Lloyd's Rep 261 ................. 14.135
Callaghan v Callaghan (1995) 64 SASR 396 ............................................................... 26.140, 26.145
Callaghan v Merivale CBD Pty Ltd (2006) NSW ConvR ¶56–155 ............................................. 30.140
Calverley v Green (1984) 155 CLR 242 ........................................ 1.130, 24.80, 26.60, 26.70, 26.75,
26.80, 26.85, 26.100, 26.120, 26.125,
26.130, 26.150, 26.160, 38.265, 39.80
Calvo v Sweeney [2009] NSWSC 719 ................................................................. 4.235, 7.155, 22.95
Cam-Net Communications v Vancouver Telephone Co (1999) 182 DLR (4th) 436 .................. 30.110
Cambridge Nutrition Ltd v British Broadcasting Corp [1990] 3 All ER 523 ............................... 31.165
Camdex International Ltd v Bank of Zambia (No 2) [1997] 1 All ER 728 ...................... 32.90, 32.135

xlvi

Cameron (deceased), Re [1999] Ch 386 .......................... 15.55, 15.65, 15.70, 15.80, 15.85, 26.160
Cameron v Hogan (1934) 51 CLR 358 ...................................................................................... 31.20
Cameron v McMahon [2009] VSC 277 ..................................................................................... 4.235
Cameron v Murdoch (1986) 63 ALR 575 .................................................................................. 4.210
Cameron v Qantas Airways Ltd (1995) 55 FCR 147 ........................................................ 9.190, 31.65
Cameron v Qantas Airways Ltd (1996) 66 FCR 246 ................................................................... 9.190
Cameron v UBS AG (2000) 2 VR 108. ....................................................................................... 13.75
Campbell, Re (1875) 1 VLR (IP & M) 32 .................................................................................... 21.55
Campbell, Re (1883) 9 VLR (E) 138 ......................................................................................... 23.175
Campbell, Re [1973] 2 NSWLR 146 ........................................................................... 22.120, 22.140
Campbell v Campbell [2015] NSWSC 784 .............................................................................. 38.140
Campbell v MGN [2003] QB 633 ............................................................................................. 6.240
Campbell v MGN Ltd [2004] 2 AC 457 ...................................................... 6.25, 6.110, 6.120, 6.125
Canada (Human Rights Commission) v Canadian Liberty Net (1998)
157 DLR (4th) 385 ............................................................................................................. 31.175
Canada Trust Co and Cantol Ltd, Re (1979) 103 DLR (3d) 109 ............................................... 28.195
Canada Trustco Mortgage Co v Sugarman (1999) 179 DLR (4th) 548 ....................... 30.105, 30.110
Canadian Aero Service Ltd v O'Malley (1973) 40 DLR (3d) 371 .......................................... 4.85, 4.95
Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce v Ohlson (1997) 154 DLR (4th) 33 ......................... 7.55, 9.15
Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce v Twin Richfield Oils (1992) 88 DLR (4th) 596 ............... 39.55
Canberra International Airport Pty Ltd v Ansett Australia Ltd (2002) 41 ACSR 309 ...... 11.95, 11.105,
11.110
Cancer Council of Western Australia v Attorney-General (WA) (2016) 15 ASTLR 422 ............... 29.370
Canny Gabriel Castle Jackson Advertising Pty Ltd v Volume Sales (Finance) Pty Ltd
(1974) 131 CLR 321 ............................................................................................................ 1.115
Canson Enterprises Ltd v Boughton & Co (1991) 85 DLR (4th) 129 ............ 4.35, 4.60, 24.40, 34.05,
34.20, 34.45, 34.50
Canterbury Development Corporation v Charities Commission [2010] 2 NZLR 707 ................ 29.235
Cape v Redarb Pty Ltd (1992) 107 FLR 362 .................................................................... 36.75, 36.85
Capell v Winter [1907] 2 Ch 376 ................................................................................................ 2.30
Capewell v Revenue and Customs Commissioners [2007] 1 WLR 387 ............... 36.05, 36.85, 36.125
Capgemini US LLC v Case [2004] NSWSC 674 ....................................................................... 31.155
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Capita Financial Group Ltd v Rothwells Ltd (1993) 30 NSWLR 619 ............... 14.125, 14.130, 14.180
Capitanescu v Universal Weld Overlays Inc (1996) 141 DLR (4th) 751 .................................... 32.155
Capral Fiduciary Ltd v Ladd (1999) 1 NZSC 40,455 ................................................................ 28.200
Carbery v Cox (1852) 3 Ir Ch R 231n ..................................................................................... 29.155
Cardigan v Moore [2012] WTLR 931 ........................................................................................ 22.95
Cardile v LED Builders Pty Ltd (1999) 198 CLR 380 ...................... 31.05, 31.25, 32.05, 32.20, 32.35,
32.40, 32.75, 32.80, 32.100
Carey v Norton [1998] 1 NZLR 661 ................................................................................... 7.05, 7.45
Carkeek v Tate-Jones [1971] VR 691 ........................................................................... 26.100, 26.130
Carl Zeiss Stiftung v Rayner & Keeler Ltd (No 2) [1967] 1 AC 853 ............................................ 10.25
Carlton and United Breweries (NSW) Pty Ltd v Bond Brewing New South Wales Ltd
(1987) 76 ALR 633 ............................................................................................................ 31.155
Carlton v Goodman [2002] 2 FLR 259 ...................................................................................... 26.80
Carmine v Ritchie [2012] NZHC 1514 ...................................................................................... 21.55
Carnac, Re (1885) 16 QBD 308 ................................................................................................ 8.135
Carob Industries Pty Ltd (in liq) v Simto Pty Ltd (2000) 23 WAR 515 .......................................... 3.25
Carpentaria Investments Pty Ltd v Airs [1972] Qd R 436 ........................................................... 33.10
Carpenter v McGrath (1996) 40 NSWLR 39 .............................................................................. 11.50
Carr v McDonald's Australia Ltd (1994) 63 FCR 358 ..................................................... 10.385, 34.75
Carreras Rothmans Ltd v Freeman Mathews Treasure Ltd [1985] Ch 207 ......................... 1.65, 1.150
Carruthers v Manning [2001] NSWSC 1130 ........................................................................... 38.230
Carson, Re [1956] QSR 466 .................................................................................................... 29.175
Carson v Wood (1994) 34 NSWLR 9 ....................................................................................... 38.195

xlvii

Carter Holt Harvey Woodproducts (Australia) Pty Ltd (No 1) [2017] VSC 499 ............................. 1.65
Carter Sumitomo Bank Ltd v Kartika Ratna Thahir [1993] 1 SLR 735 ......................................... 38.45
Carydis v Merrag Pty Ltd (2007) 13 BPR 24,773 ..................................................................... 33.150
Cash Converters Pty Ltd v Hila Pty Ltd (1993) 9 WAR 471 .......................................... 31.145, 31.165
Cash Management Resources Australia Pty Ltd v BT Securities Ltd [1990] VR 576 ....................... 2.10
Cashman v 7 North Golden Gate Gold Mining Co (1897) 7 QLJ 152 ........................................ 30.25
Casper Corp Pty Ltd v Gorman (2011) 5 BFRA 166 ................................................................. 33.150
Cassidy, Re [1979] VR 369 ......................................................................................... 23.175, 25.165
Cassis v Kalfus (No 2) [2004] NSWCA 315 ................................................................................ 34.55
Castellain v Preston (1883) 11 QBD 380 ................................................................................... 14.30
Castlemaine Tooheys Ltd v South Australia (1986) 161 CLR 148 ................................... 31.70, 31.95,
31.105, 31.165
Castrol Australia Pty Ltd v EmTech Associates Pty Ltd (1980) 33 ALR 31 ................ 6.80, 6.155, 6.190
Catanzariti v Romano [2011] ACTSC 106 ..................................................................... 7.130, 18.105
Caton v Caton (1866) LR 1 Ch App 137 ................................................................................... 12.05
Cattley v Pollard [2007] Ch 353 .............................................................................................. 24.195
Causley v Countryside (No 3) Pty Ltd (unreported, CA(NSW), 2 September 1996) ................... 27.55
Cave-Brown-Cave, Estate of [1906] VLR 283 ........................................................................... 23.175
Cave v Cave (1880) 15 Ch D 639 ............................................................................................. 2.105
Cavendish Square Holdings BV v Makdessi [2016] AC 1172 ......... 13.10, 13.15, 13.20, 13.25, 13.30,
13.35, 13.40, 13.50, 13.90, 13.95, 33.10
Cayne v Global Natural Resources plc [1984] 1 All ER 225 ......................................... 31.125, 31.165
CBS Records Australia Ltd v Telmak Teleproducts (Australia) Pty Ltd (1987)
72 ALR 270 ........................................................................................................... 31.155, 31.165
CBS United Kingdom Ltd v Lambert [1983] Ch 37 ........................................ 32.130, 32.190, 32.195
Cedar Meats (Aust) Pty Ltd v Five Star Lamb Pty Ltd (2014) 45 VR 79 ....................................... 13.50
Celestial Aviation Trading 71 Ltd v Paramount Airways Private Ltd [2010] 1 CLC 165 ............... 11.10
Celtic Resources Holdings plc v Arduina Holding BV (2006) 32 WAR 276 ................................ 32.115
Centaur Mining & Exploration Ltd v Anaconda Nickel Ltd (2001) 19 ACLC 1375 ..................... 6.210
Centofanti v Eekimitor Pty Ltd (1995) 65 SASR 31 .................................................................... 4.115
Central Bayside Division of General Practice Ltd v Commissioner of State Revenue
(2005) 60 ATR 151 .............................................................................................................. 29.85
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Central Bayside General Practice Association Ltd v Commissioner of State Revenue

(2006) 228 CLR 168 ................................................................................................. 29.35, 29.85
Central Commodities Services Pty Ltd, Re Application of [1984] 1 NSWLR 25 ......................... 36.125
Central Estates (Belgravia) Ltd v Woolgar (No 2) [1972] 1 WLR 1048 ........................................ 11.90
Central Insurance Co Ltd v Seacalf Shipping Corporation (The “Aiolos”) [1983] 2
Lloyd's Rep 25 ..................................................................................................................... 3.125
Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd [1947] 1 KB 130 ..................... 10.75, P.45
Central Mortgage Registry of Australia Ltd v Donemore Pty Ltd [1984] 2 NSWLR 128 ..... 2.90, 2.100
Central Newbury Car Auctions Ltd v Unity Finance Ltd [1957] 1 QB 371 .................................... 2.25
Central Trust and Safe Deposit Co v Snider [1916] 1 AC 266 .................................................. 38.155
Centrepoint Community Growth Trust, Re [2000] 2 NZLR 325 .................................. 29.115, 29.230
Centrepoint Community Growth Trust v Commissioner of Inland Revenue [1985] 1
NZLR 673 ............................................................................................................. 29.170, 29.280
CF Partners (UK) LLP v Barclays Bank plc [2014] EWHC 3049 .................................. 6.25, 6.80, 6.185
CGM Investments Pty Ltd v Chelliah (No 2) [2003] FCA 305 .................................................. 31.190
CGU Insurance Ltd v Chacmol Holdings Pty Ltd [2003] VSC 493 .............................................. 32.40
CGU Insurance Ltd v One.Tel Ltd (in liq) (2010) 242 CLR 174 ....................................... 21.45, 22.10
Chacos v Dijan Pty Ltd [2003] NSWSC 821 ............................................................................... 32.75
Chaffey v Mount Cook Air Services Ltd [1969] NZLR 25 ........................................................... 37.20
Chahwan v Euphoric Pty Ltd (2009) 73 ACSR 252 .................................................................... 24.15
Chaine-Nickson v Bank of Ireland [1976] IR 393 ....................................................................... 20.55
Challenge Bank Ltd v Pandya (1993) 60 SASR 330 .................................................................... 7.165

xlviii

Challenger Managed Investment Ltd v Direct Money Corporation Pty Ltd (2003) 59
NSWLR 452 ....................................................................................................................... 14.105
Chalmers v Pardoe [1963] 1 WLR 677 ................................................................. 1.55, 10.60, 38.270
Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Western Australia (Inc) v Commissioner of
State Revenue (2012) 89 ATR 797 ...................................................................................... 29.235
Chambers v Jones (1902) 2 SR (NSW) Eq 177 .............................................................. 21.60, 21.125
Chambers v S R Hamilton Corporate Trustee Ltd [2017] NZAR 882 ............................. 22.40, 23.170
Champion Homes Sales Pty Ltd v JKAM Investments Pty Ltd [2014] NSWSC 952 ............... 1.65, 2.40
Chan v Cresdon Pty Ltd (1989) 168 CLR 242 ...................................................... 1.20, 1.165, 38.155
Chan v Zacharia (1984) 154 CLR 178 ............................................... 4.30, 4.80, 4.190, 4.205, 38.25
Chandran v Narayan [2006] NSWSC 104 ................................................................................. 7.235
Chang v Registrar of Titles (1976) 137 CLR 177 ...................................................................... 38.155
Chanter, Re [1952] SASR 299 ....................................................................................... 17.20, 29.310
Chapman, Re [1896] 2 Ch 763 ............................................................................................... 24.100
Chapman v Browne [1902] 1 Ch 785 ..................................................................................... 24.215
Chapman v Chapman [1954] AC 429 ............................................................................ 25.25, 25.60
Chappell v TCN Channel Nine Pty Ltd (1988) 14 NSWLR 153 ................................................ 31.180
Chappell v Times Newspapers Ltd [1975] 1 WLR 482 ............................................................... 33.80
Charge Card Services Ltd, Re [1987] Ch 150 .............................................................................. 1.65
Charles Marshall Pty Ltd v Grimsley (1956) 95 CLR 353 ................................. 26.55, 26.100, 26.115,
26.120, 26.135, 26.145
Charles v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1954) 90 CLR 598 ................................ 20.100, 20.105
Charles v Fraser [2010] WTLR 1489 ........................................................................................ 38.135
Charlesworth Nominees Pty Ltd v Charlesworth [2017] VSC 445 .............................................. 21.05
Chartbrook Ltd v Persimmon Homes Ltd [2009] AC 1101 at [59] ............................................. 37.95
Chartered Insurance Institute v Corporation of London [1957]
2 All ER 638 ....................................................................................................................... 29.155
Charteris, Re [1917] 2 Ch 379 ...................................................................... 22.120, 22.125, 23.105
Chase Corp (Aust) Py Ltd v North Sydney Brick & Tile Co Ltd (1994)
35 NSWLR 1 ............................................................................................................. 2.80,14.220,
14.225, 14.245
Chase Manhattan Bank NA v Israel-British Bank (London) Ltd [1981] 1 Ch 105 ........................ 8.105
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Chattey v Farndale Holdings Inc (1998) 75 P & CR 298 ............................................................ 1.100

Chattis Nominees Pty Ltd v Norman Ross Homeworks Pty Ltd
(receiver appointed) (in liq) (1992) 28 NSWLR 338 ....................................... 16.75, 16.80, 16.85
Cheese v Thomas [1994] 1 All ER 35 ................................................................................ 7.80, 7.280
Chellaram v Chellaram [1985] Ch 409 ...................................................................................... 21.65
Chellew v Excell [2009] 1 NZLR 711 ......................................................................................... 22.95
Cheltenham & Gloucester Building Society v Ricketts [1993] 1 WLR 1545 ................. 31.130, 31.140
Cheltenham & Gloucester plc v Appleyard [2004] EWCA Civ 291 ........................................... 14.105
Chen v Song [2005] ANZ ConvR 130 ....................................................................................... 9.115
Cherokee Nation v Georgia (1831) 30 US 1 ................................................................................ 5.40
Chesterman v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1923) 32 CLR 362 ...................................... 29.380
Chesterman v Federal Commissioner of Taxation [1926] AC 128 ............................................ 29.290
Chesterman v Mitchell (1923) 24 SR (NSW) 108 ....................................................... 29.175, 29.245
Chettiar v Chettiar [1962] AC 294 ................................................................................. 19.30, 19.35
Chichester Diocesan Fund and Board of Finance (Incorporated) v Simpson [1944]
AC 341 .............................................................................................................................. 29.290
Chichester v Coventry (1867) LR 2 HL 71 .......................................................... 15.40, 15.45, 15.55,
15.65, 15.70, 15.75, 15.85
Chick v Grosfeld (No 3) [2012] NSWSC 1536 ........................................................................... 22.80
Chidiak v Maatouk [2010] NSWSC 386 .................................................................................. 14.130
Chief Commissioner of Stamp Duties (NSW) v Buckle (1998)
192 CLR 226 ................................................................. 20.120, 23.125, 23.130, 25.105, 25.160

xlix

Chief Commissioner of Stamp Duties (NSW) v ISPT Pty Ltd (1998)

41 ATR 29 ..................................................................................................... 1.165, 16.05, 17.70,
21.45, 23.125, 27.10
Chief Commissioner of State Revenue v CCM Holdings Trust Pty Ltd [2014]
NSWCA 4 ............................................................................................................... 23.140, 27.55
Chief Commissioner of State Revenue v Smeaton Grange Holdings Pty Ltd (2017)
106 ATR 151 ........................................................................................................................ 20.75
Child v Dynes [1985] 2 NZLR 554 ............................................................................................ 2.110
Chillingworth v Chambers [1896] 1 Ch 685 ................................................. 23.160, 23.165, 24.165
China Light & Power Company Ltd v Ford [1996] 1 HKLR 57 ................................................... 6.360
Chint Australasia Pty Ltd v Cosmoluce Pty Ltd (2008) 14 BPR 26,279 ........................ 10.200, 10.205
Chioggia, The [1898] P 1 ........................................................................................................ 14.245
Chipper v Perpetual Executors Trustee and Agency Co (WA) Ltd [1973] WAR 136 .................... 25.80
Chirnside, Re (1903) 29 VLR 4 ....................................................................................... 15.70, 15.85
Chirnside, Re [1956] VLR 295 ...................................................................................... 16.195, 22.80
Chirnside v Fay [2004] 3 NZLR 637 ...................................................................... 4.30, 4.215, 34.05
Chirnside v Fay [2007] 1 NZLR 433 .............................................................. 4.30, 4.60, 4.70, 4.215,
4.220, 34.05, 34.145
Chiro v Linton (No 2) [2009] SASC 197 .................................................................................... 22.90
Chittick v Galea [2007] NSWSC 38 ........................................................................................... 11.95
Chittick v Maxwell (1993) 118 ALR 728 .......................................................................... 34.55, P.175
Choi v Kim [2013] NSWSC 1774 ............................................................................................ 38.250
Chomley, Re (2014) 10 ASTLR 338 ......................................................................................... 22.110
Chow Cho-Poon, Re Estate of (2013) 10 ASTLR 251 ............................................................... 23.170
Christensen v Christensen [1954] QWN 37 ............................................................................... 22.30
Christmas' Settlement Trusts, Re [1986] 1 Qd R 372 ................................................................. 25.65
Christodoulou v Christodoulou [2009] VSC 583 .............................................................. 7.130, 9.50
Christ's Hospital v Grainger (1849) 1 Mac & G 460; 41 ER 1343 ............................................... 29.25
Christy v Courtenay (1850) 13 Beav 96; 51 ER 38 ................................................................... 26.145
Chrysalis Records Ltd v Vere (1982) 43 ALR 440 ..................................................................... 32.155
Church of England Property Trust, Diocese of Canberra and Goulburn v Imlay Shire
Council [1971] 2 NSWLR 216 ............................................................................................ 29.125
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Church of England Property Trust Diocese of Goulburn v Rossi (1893)

14 LR (NSW) Eq 186 ............................................................................................................ 21.05
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Canadian Trust v King (1998)
165 DLR (4th) 227 ............................................................................................................. 31.140
Church of Scientology of California Inc v Reader's Digest Services Pty Ltd [1980] 1
NSWLR 344 ....................................................................................................................... 31.180
Church of Scientology of California v Kaufman [1973] RPC 635 ................................................ 6.305
Church of Scientology v Woodward (1982) 154 CLR 25 ........................................................... 37.55
Church of the New Faith v Commissioner for Pay-roll Tax (Vic) (1983) 154 CLR 120 ............... 29.170
Church v Arnold (1902) 2 SR (NSW) 127 ................................................................................ 36.130
Church v Talbot (1901) 1 SR (NSW) Eq 13 .............................................................................. 22.225
Churchill v Churchill (1867) LR 5 Eq 44 ...................................................................................... 8.75
Chwee Kin Keong v Digilandmall.com Pte Ltd [2005] 1 SLR 502 ................................... 8.190, 8.200
Cia de Seguros Imperio v Heath (REBX) Ltd [2001] 1 WLR 112 ...................................... 30.35, 30.40
Ciaglia v Ciaglia (2010) 269 ALR 175 ............................................................................. 12.85, 18.10
Ciavarella v Balmer (1983) 153 CLR 438 ........................................................................ 11.25, 11.35
CIBC Mortgages plc v Pitt [1994] 1 AC 200 ....................................................................... 7.45, 7.80
Ciccarello, Re [2008] FCA 141 ................................................................................................ 24.125
Cicinave Pty Ltd v Jasco Pty Ltd (1989) 5 BPR 11,139 ............................................................... 11.95
Cid v Cortes (1987) 4 BPR 9391 ............................................................................................... 14.85
Cierpiatka, Marriage of (2000) 25 Fam LR 548 ............................................................. 17.20, 38.270
Cinema Plus Ltd v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd (2000)
49 NSWLR 513 ...................................................................................................................... 1.65

Gino, Dal Pont. <i>Equity and Trusts in Australia</i>, Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Pty Limited, 2018. ProQuest Ebook Central,
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Never had he seen roads so straight and so shadeless; they seemed
to lead in an uncurving line from one end of the earth to the other;
and those that walked upon them were never in a hurry.
Strings of carts laden with freshly cut corn and hay moved slowly
along, the heads of the patient oxen bent low to the ground,
straining under the weight they dragged.
High above the swinging loads long-haired youths stretched in lazy
content, piped dreamy tunes upon their wooden flutes, their eyes
hidden beneath broad-brimmed hats. All were dressed in the same
white shirts Radu had worn.
There were also old men walking beside the vehicles, bearing heavy
scythes on their shoulders.
Their faces were browned, the colour of sun-baked earth; and from
under the shade of their hats silvery locks hung down covering the
napes of their wrinkled necks.
One friendly peasant had bidden Eric take a rest on the top of his
hay, and our wanderer had gladly accepted, swinging himself up on
the swaying mass.
There he reposed among the fragrant green, half buried beneath the
flowers of yesterday.
The faithful hawk flew down from the blue and perched close to his
feet. Eric closed his eyes, hugging his sword to his breast; and as he
did so the vision of his dream stood before him with startling
vividness.
Never had he seen the face so distinctly; never had the eyes looked
into his from so near. He sat up, almost expecting to find some
unknown being at his side; but no—he was shut in all about by the
withered grass that smelt so sweet and was so deliciously soft to his
limbs.
But why had he so clearly felt his vision's sweet presence? It made
his heart beat with breathless excitement. How warm the sun was!
How long the road!
The clouds of dust raised by the wheels of the carts were so thick
that Eric could no more see where he was going. But had he not
always allowed Fate to shape events as she would? This time again
he would not worry, but simply believe in his luck as he had done all
along, and trust in God who had so mercifully guided his steps.
Eric must have fallen asleep on his moving bed, because when he
awoke the sun was already low and the carts had stopped beside a
wood near the edge of the road. The peasants had unyoked their
oxen, which were quietly chewing the cud, watching their masters
with large humid eyes, their tails lazily flicking the swarms of flies
from off their flanks.
The men sat in groups; some smoking, some preparing their meal of
Indian corn over a small fire they had lit in the ditch.
Eric climbed down from his lofty resting-place, looking around him
rather dazed from his sleep.
The falcon rose noiselessly into the air and flew off, perching upon a
tall tree in the wood beyond. It had not yet forsaken its travelling
companion, and Eric followed its flight with an affectionate look.
The men made room for the youth as they all sat around the boiling
pot that hung over the fire from three crossed bars. One man stirred
the thick dough with a solid rounded stick; from time to time they
took draughts of cool water, putting their lips to the thick spouts of
quaintly shaped earthen pots which were standing at their side.
None could resist our traveller's charm, and every one treated him
as an honoured guest, wherever he brought his sunny smile, his
dreamer's eyes, and his golden locks.
His new hosts asked him a few vague questions, about what he was
doing, whither he was going, and whence he came; but they
showed no great eagerness; it even appeared to Eric as if nothing
could take them by surprise. In their quiet acceptation of all that
came and went, they much reminded Eric of their own beasts of
burden.
They did not seem to think, but only to dream, and consider one
thing as good as another; they were ready to share whatever was
theirs with this stranger whom they had met on the way.
In the distance a tiny village could be seen, hidden amongst thick
shrubs and trees; but the peasants explained it was not their home;
they still had far to go, so they meant to stop here for the night,
sleeping either in the ditch among the dusty flowers or upon their
loads of hay.
They kindly proposed that Eric should remain with them and rest
beside their carts, which he agreed to do; but before settling down
for the night he felt inclined to wander through the wood and to
discover what lay beyond.
The peasants had suddenly espied the wonderful sword that hung
from his belt, and they would not let him go before they had
handled it in turns.
For a moment they dropped their calm in loud exclamations of
approval, and stood around him as he let the blade flash in the
sinking light.
Then he moved away, and soon was lost among the oaks of the
wood that spread their branches over his head. Through their thick
trunks the setting sun could be seen turning the sky into a burning
furnace, and one side of every trunk seemed glowing hot as the fiery
rays smote upon it.
A thick carpet of green spread beneath his feet, and innumerable
birds sang amongst the trees as he passed. The wood was small,
and before long Eric had reached the farther side.
In front of him stretched the broad bed of a river, now almost dry;
but in several places the water flowed calmly along in separate
streams.
The banks were bordered with grey-green willows and on the small
islands in the river's bed the same trees thickly grew. The water was
dyed red by the sinking sun, and each stone shone like a jewel, as if
some wasteful king had cast all his treasure away.
There, where the river was dry, Eric perceived a group of small
brown tents, like giant withered leaves, that the parting sun was
turning into every shade of rust and orange.
Little columns of smoke mounted into the air on all sides, throwing
their blue veil of filmy vapour over the bushes in the background.
Tied up to some trees near by were lean, hungry-looking horses of
all sorts, and solemn grey donkeys wandered about amongst the
loose stones cropping each blade of grass they could find.
Eric descended the small bank that separated the wood from the
river and hesitatingly approached the shabby tents. As he did so a
whole swarm of nut-brown children came running towards him, from
every corner, with outstretched, begging hands, their rags hanging
in tatters around their thin little bodies.
Some were quite naked and as dark as mahogany, with enormous
black eyes and feathery lashes. They screamed and chattered, and
many of them turned mad somersaults over the stony ground to
attract the wanderer's attention.
In a second the whole settlement was in a violent uproar of
excitement, mixed with the barking of dogs.
From each dwelling dark, curiously clad men and women trooped
out.
Many were beautiful, and all had marvellous eyes; the younger men
wore their hair in thick black curls, hanging about their faces. There
were frightful old hags amongst them draped in discoloured
garments that almost fell from their withered limbs, held only
together by broad scarlet girdles that were wound innumerable
times around their waists.
One or two young girls were startlingly handsome; they stood with
heads thrown back, their hands on their hips, holding short white
pipes between their flashing teeth.
Their tresses were bound in gaudy rags, and each wore a flower of
brightest hue stuck behind her ear. Round their necks they had hung
strings of beads and shells, of all sorts and sizes, that shone in
varying colours as they moved about.
They were slim and upright, with narrow hips and beautiful feet and
hands, but one and all were as dark as Indians, their faces having
taken the tint of the long roads they were for ever pursuing.
As Eric had immediately guessed, this was a troop of that mysterious
race of gypsies that comes from no one knows whither, and wanders
over the world with no destination in view. Everywhere they are
dreaded by the quiet inhabitants of the villages, for they are ready
to steal all that comes their way, and never respect what belongs to
another.
At the slightest provocation their knives are ready to spring from
their belts; their tempers blaze like scorching flames; to them it
seems but part of the day's work to leave a dagger within the heart
of any who have awakened their resentment.
Now they all clamoured and yelled as they dragged at his cloak,
touched his clothes, fingered his sword, and nearly pulled the staff
from his hand.
But they were all laughing and excited, evidently enchanted to meet
so fair a traveller who had so unexpectedly fallen in their midst.
Eric felt quite confused by this turbulent greeting, and was
wondering what was going to happen next, when one of the quite
old women moved out of the mob, took hold of his cloak, and pulled
him towards her tent.
She was clothed in an old carpet-like cloth that she had wrapped
round her loins over a discoloured shift that might once have been
white, but was now the shade of the earth; the whole was held
together by a long band of faded colours that was twisted several
times round hips and waist. Her grey hair hung in thin strands over
her face, that was wrinkled and brown like the bark of a tree, but
which still showed signs of former beauty. She was bent almost
double, and dragged herself along with the help of a twisted staff.
Like all the others she had a short white pipe in her mouth, and her
head was covered with a kerchief of brilliant colour.
From her belt hung a curiously shaped shell, a sign that she was a
teller of fortunes, and therefore a respected personage amongst this
troop of nomads.
Eric followed her without resistance, but hesitated at the entry to her
dark dwelling, very reluctant to penetrate within anything so
unclean; but the old woman was insistent, and our young traveller
had to yield and even to take his place upon some indescribable rags
that served as a bed and seat all in one.
The air was stifling and full of smoke, the whole place so devoid of
cleanliness that Eric hardly dared to look about. The gypsy took his
hand in hers, but Eric found great difficulty in understanding what
she was saying, in spite of the knowledge that had come to him
through the old man's tablets. With her bony finger she began
following the lines on his palm. Outside the tent the other gypsies
stood jabbering and laughing.
All of a sudden the old woman gave a start, and declared that
whatever his fate had been, now he was near a critical moment in
his life, and must expect either a great joy or a great pain, she could
not tell which; ... "but," added the old creature, "great joy and great
pain lie very near together, and often one rises out of the other; it is
hard to say which is nearer truth.
"I am the wise woman of this wandering people; from near and far
they come to listen to my words; much could I tell thee of what I
have seen, for there is not a road on this earth upon which my
weary feet have not moved.
"If thou wilt not hurry away I shall tell thee many a tale; but to-day I
can show thee something which we call the treasure of our clan,
though in truth it belongs not to us; we believe, however, that it
brings luck to our wandering tribe. Come quickly, before the light
bids us farewell."
The strange old thing again seized our astonished traveller and
dragged him after her out of the tent.
The rest of the dark mob wanted to follow, but the fortune-teller,
who seemed to be the respected head of this curious people,
stopped them with loud imprecations, and none dared oppose her
wishes. She told them to go back to their camp, because she alone
had the right to lead the fair stranger whither she would—that he
was her guest and she would have none of their noisy company.
With incredible agility for her age she led the way, over several
streams of shallow water, over rolling stones and wet sand, to a
small island in the middle of the river's bed. Eric marvelled at the
rapidity with which she moved along, helping herself with her stick;
above their heads the white falcon flew, as always, showing the way.
Here the willows grew thick and grey, trailing their sinuous branches
down to the ground where they mixed with earth and sand.
The gypsy parted the thick boughs, and as she did so a sound of
sweet music came wafted on the air, dream-like, something within
its notes that was at once both ghostly and unreal, something that
made the heart stand still in an ecstasy of wonder.
Eric's leader scrambled up the steep bank, still firmly clutching his
cloak, and almost ran along, winding her way in and out, amongst
the thick growth of shrubs.
There was deep shade here in this silent place. A soft grey-green
light was over all, only from between the leaves the sky could be
seen blood-red.
The ground was covered with a thick carpet of harebells the colour
of an Italian sky; they swayed their heads with a tinkling sound
whenever a breath of wind stirred the air.
It was a spot where fairies would surely dwell, mysterious, cool, and
full of secret promise.
And there, in the midst of this carpet of blue, leaning against a
moss-grown crumbling tree, was a spirit-like being out of another
world!
And there, leaning against a moss-grown
crumbling tree, was a spirit-like being out of
another world.

No words can describe what Eric felt!

He only knew he was at the end of his way ... that all his wanderings
were not in vain—that something marvellous and unspeakably sweet
had suddenly flooded earth and sky, that the entire universe had
become one song of praise, one cry of hope, one yearning desire of
fulfilment....
There, before him in all their wonder and perfection, were the face
and eyes that had stolen the peace from his soul and the art from
his hands.
He fell on his knees, overcome by the surging emotion that filled
heart and brain.
He could not grasp this amazing miracle that completely
overwhelmed his being; the hermit's words alone rang in his ears:
"It may not come in splendid raiment with a crown on its head, but
keep thy heart open as well as thy eyes...." Yes, his eyes and heart
both were open and a glorious light swept over his life, like a warm
wave before which all resistance gives way, covering both past and
future, with an immense longing for perfect achievement.
And this was the vision that had been at last revealed to the eyes
that had searched with such tireless persistence, with such strong
and faithful belief in the ultimate crowning of their desire: A girl, slim
and ethereal, clad in the garment of poverty, a shirt-like dress over
which a colourless scarf had been many times wound till the delicate
figure resembled that of an Egyptian fresco; feet and arms were
bare, and of utmost perfection.
From under a wreath of fragile harebells streamed the most
exquisite tresses ever seen—rich brown in tone, but the sun had
shone on them so lovingly long, that a haze of golden red had been
breathed over them by all the rays that had ceaselessly caressed
their softness.
She stood, her head thrown back; within her hand she held an old
violin on which she was playing like one in a far-off world, for whom
neither turmoil nor strife can exist, playing like an angel from the
regions above, where no sin and no sorrow can have place....
But her face. Oh! her face ... in truth it was not of this world!
A radiance seemed to illuminate it from within, a shine that could
come but from a soul in touch with the infinite, a soul full of light
and love and hope, that no material distance could sever from its
perfect communion with God. And then her eyes! Large and grey,
with a far-away look—eyes that see visions and dreams past the
knowledge of man; starry and clear, yet deep as a summer sea; eyes
in which lay hidden all the boundless illusions of our human race,
mixed with a peace that has no name.
Above her head the leaves rustled with a whispering sound; the
flowers trembled, shaking their bells in waves of blue. The last glow
in the sky fell slanting through the branches upon the girlish figure,
till she appeared to be a transparent apparition out of the legends of
yore.
Serenely indifferent to the two who watched her in rapture and
silence, she played her heavenly music, a distant hymn to a being
she alone could see; and upon invisible wings the gentle evening
breeze carried the rippling notes far away into the fading red of the
sky....
The old woman came quite near to Eric and whispered in his ear:
"They say that she is mad; but I know things that lie deeper than
the deepest ocean, which they never can understand; however, I
shall teach thee some of my wisdom: God has pressed His lips on
her eyes, so she ever sees visions we earthly mortals have not the
power to conceive.
"She is not one of us! She is of a race as far removed from ours as
the sky is removed from the earth. But those that live in the dust,
whose feet move amidst the mud of the roads, cannot believe that a
creature so spotless and pure can exist in this world and yet never
soil its perfection!
"So they say she is daft and turn lightly away from a problem too
deep for the comfort of their shallow souls: for verily it is easier to
disbelieve what the common brain cannot fathom."
"But who is she?" queried Eric, with bated breath.
"Ah! that we shall never know.
"In a distant land far over the sea we were once wandering on a
rich-coloured autumn morning, and there we found, on the grey
steps of a church, an infant of marvellous beauty. Her pearly limbs
were enfolded in fine linen and lace. We had mercy upon the
innocent babe, for our hearts have not the colour of our faces; and
since that blessed day she has been the joy of our tribe and the
pride of both young and old.
"But when she grew to the age when she could talk, not a syllable
could we understand. Her eyes for ever were searching the skies,
and her words spoke of things she alone could perceive. Even I, who
am wise, could not follow her sayings.
"But gradually an inner voice told me that there was something holy
about this stranger maiden, something which removed her far from
us, something that mortal hands should not touch.
"Then I understood that God had laid His hand upon her brain. Now
she seldom speaks, but always plays these heartrending notes. Hark,
fair stranger, listen if it is not unearthly and sweet."
Eric listened with all his soul; never before had such music come to
his ears.
It was full of tears, and sighs, and hopes, and dreams; it was
heavenly indeed, and yet a sobbing human chord pierced the whole,
with a never-ending cry for the things that every poor mortal needs.
It rose and fell, carried upon the changing tides of love and hope; it
contained a yearning effort, a boundless longing, towards that land
of chimeras and dreams beyond the boundaries of the earth.
Every chord seemed strung to a pulsing heart bound and fettered,
yet gasping to be free.
Then it changed into an intensity of peace, like the soft winds of
night descending slowly upon the heat and toil of the day; dying
away into fading notes always fainter and sweeter, like the first
breath of spring over sleeping woods, like the hushed voice of a
great sadness that can still hope and believe ... and then, quite
suddenly, there was silence, and only the summer breeze stirred
amongst the boughs of the trees.
XXI
At
l
a
s
t
!
The fount of beauty,
Fountain of all
dreams,
Now am I come upon my
long desire.

Fiona
M
a
c
l
e
o
d
.

Each day Eric came to this spot of beauty to look upon the being
who was the realization of his soul's desire.
But the terrible mystery, that God allowed, was that this girl never
even seemed to see that he was there.
Eric Gundian, who was adored of all—Eric of the golden locks, Eric
the sweet-voiced,—could not make her eyes realize his presence.
The wandering people had received him into their hearts, as every
man did upon whom he turned and smiled. They gave him a tent
and begged him never more to depart.
But the living dream he had come so far to seek remained in a world
of her own, to which he could not find the key. The dark tribe felt no
rivalry towards this being of light who had so suddenly appeared in
their midst. They saw that he was a creature apart, made of another
clay, filled with another life; something that they could dearly love,
but never completely understand.
Like the rough seamen on the ship, they hoped he would for ever
cast in his lot with theirs and not depart as suddenly as he had
come.
Zorka, the old fortune-teller, was his daily guide; and they all
considered it natural that this glorious youth should have fallen
beneath the spell of the mad girl, who was their greatest pride and
deepest grief.
Had they not sought in turn a smile from her lips, a look out of the
wonder of her eyes, and had she not always seen past them, far
beyond, into horizons all her own, never noticing the glowing
worship that was cast at her feet?
Now they watched with growing anxiety if this handsome stranger
would move her heart and bring her eyes down to this earth. They
both hoped and feared.
They longed that the miracle should come to pass, and yet, in the
deepest recesses of their hearts, there was not one who did not
jealously dread the moment when, perchance, she might turn in love
to this youth they knew was not as they. But none feared so much
as old Zorka the witch—because had she not read within the flames
of the fire, within the flight of the birds, within the forms of the
smoke, within the ripples of the wave-kissed sands, that this maiden
was not for earthly love, that the day when mortal lips should touch
her with human caress she would fade away like vapour on the sea!
Indeed she may have erred in the reading of the signs, but it would
be for the very first time in her life. So she cursed the day when she
had led this beautiful boy into the presence of the girl she adored.
And yet—and yet—can ever Fate be turned from the path upon
which she glides? Must not one and all drink from the cup which has
been fashioned for each separate lip?
Stella she had called the stranger maiden—Stella, because of her
shining orbs; and no doubt when God needed her amongst His other
stars, He would then take her for His very own. Ah, the wise woman,
with her weak and trembling hands, how could she change the
course of the moving worlds!
So she sat by her fire and stared into the bluey flames, her old head
bent, her knotted palms resting on her knees, puffing away at her
pipe of clay, seeing weird shapes in the smoke that rose quivering to
the sky.
So much had she seen, so much ... so much:
Lands of sunshine and regions of snow, storm-tossed waves and
calmest sea, visions of beauty and visions of pain; men that live in
the clear light of day and men that crawl in the shadows of night.
She had seen things that had their beginnings in joy, and things that
ended in sorrow, creatures that live and creatures that die, women
that love and others that hate. Murder she had seen; and her ears
had heard the last groaning sighs of the dying, as they had
hearkened for the sounds of hope when the human soul was being
cast naked into this world of sorrow.
The beginnings and the ends. Yes, everything had come her way,—
her eyes were dim and tired from having seen all too much!
And now as she waited here not far from that island of promise, she
knew that the youthful wanderer was giving all his soul in an agony
of hope and expectation. She knew she was poor and helpless
before these mysteries of life; that at times even the wisest hands
must hang in idle rest.
Yes, day by day Eric came and sat beside this treasure he had found,
and yet it was still as far removed as in the days when he was only
dreaming.
Instead of in sleep, now his waking sight drank in the vision which
was part of his living being. But although he had poured out every
supplication and ardent prayer his mind could conceive, he never
could imprison a single look that he knew was conscious of his
presence.
She sometimes would talk, but more often she would play upon her
beloved violin, and then Eric would feel that each drop of his blood
was rushing through his veins like a mountain torrent; or he would
be possessed by a frantic longing to be free of his body to soar with
the music far up into heaven.
It would happen that she would take hold of his hand and lead him
to places of strangest solitude, and there her visionary words would
try to describe the marvellous things her brain was seeing.
He followed the flight of her extraordinary thoughts; but each day he
was filled with deeper depression, knowing that never had she
consciously looked at his face, never had she realized that it was an
unusual companion who was now at her side, that she was alone
with a being consumed by love.
She talked in a confiding voice as a child speaks to its mother, or as
one that had the habit of conversing alone in the night.
The things she said, and conjured up before his eager mind, were
saturated with such unheard-of sweetness that Eric lived in a world
he had never known.
And so the days passed one by one; the bluebells faded and died,
and still Eric clung to the forlorn hope that Stella's eyes would
suddenly open and see him at her side. The gypsies folded their
tents and moved farther on, roaming from spot to spot.
Wherever they went Eric was always with them.
For hours he would walk in the dust of the roads, keeping pace with
the bare feet of the woman he loved.
The falcon was always there, and still flew like a white banner before
him, as it had done on the very first day. But now Eric no more
followed the shine on its wings; he was following a lowly maiden
who held his beating heart within her careless hand.
He passed through many villages such as Radu had described: the
savage dogs rushed out and surrounded their wandering procession,
the maize-thatched cottages had their doors wide open, and it was
true that the tall sunflowers could peep in at the tiny windows, and
that the maidens sat upon the thresholds drawing their tireless
needles through the snowy linen that lay in their laps.
The peasants looked at the earth-coloured travellers with glances of
disdain; and seldom did a kindly welcome greet them as they came.
Only for Eric they made an exception, and more than one dark-eyed
girl would have given much to keep him at her side.
Autumn was turning the leaves into glorious colours. The woods
were a never-ending marvel of red, gold, and brown. On the freshly
reaped maize-fields the Indian corn lay in small pyramids of ripest
orange. The peasants sat about in groups singing the songs of
harvest, whilst the early night did its best to hurry the glowing
sunsets out of the flaming sky.
Always smaller grew the hope in our wanderer's heart, always more
weary were the endless roads.
Stella still had her eyes turned upon things he could not see. He had
not been able to make her grasp the fact that she had a stranger at
her side.
Each day he brought her another wreath for her burnished tresses—
a wreath that he wound with his artist fingers from whatever flowers
he could find along his road.
They were becoming scarcer and rarer because of the descending
autumn that lay like a hush over the tired world. He made them of
pale-tinted crocuses that hung upon her forehead like tired sighs—
he bound them with the brightest leaves of the season that
resembled the spreading sunsets he so loved at the end of the day.
Often he had plucked shining berries that surrounded her waxen
brow like heavy drops of blood. And one day the wreath he brought
her was all feathery and white, plaited with the fluffy ghosts of the
wild clematis that climbs over rock and tree.
On a morning when the clouds hung heavy over their heads he
pressed above her lovely face a garland of sloe-berries entwined
with grey leaves of the weeping-willow; they fell about her delicate
temples, touching her rounded cheeks with loving caresses as a
mother's hand would do.
Once as she sat on a hard heap of stones, spent after the tramp of
the day, he left her to glean from the barren fields ripe ears of corn
that had been scattered by the reapers on their way.
He made them into a golden crown which he laid at her feet in the
dust, looking into her eyes, trembling under the weight of his love.
And always he found some lowly plant which he plucked with the
thought of bringing a smile to her lips. He even conjured into a
circlet of silver the star-shaped thistles that grew amongst the
wilting grass, and so that their prickles should not wound her
delicate skin, he lined it with soft green moss that lay close against
her forehead, guarding it from the slightest scratch.
But the days when he found neither flower nor plant he felt like a
beggar that dare not come before the face of his queen....
Often when the roving tribe had pitched their tents for the night,
Gundian would go and sit beside the fire with old Zorka the witch,
and he never wearied of the tales she told, listening, with interest
that was always new, to the quaint words that fell from her lips.
Zorka's heart had made him her own, and she dearly loved to have
him at her side; but never did she find the needed courage to urge
him to relinquish his quest; yet, as the days rolled by, she feared
more and more that the signs might really come true.
On a night when all was dark and still, the very old woman and the
beautiful youth sat side by side looking into the leaping flames.
Zorka raised her careworn face and scanned his thinning cheeks, his
sunken eyes, and the beautiful hands that were nervously clasped
on his knee. Her old heart ached with fearful desire for all that could
not be.
"Son, my son!" she suddenly cried, "ah that I could tear the stars
from the sky and throw them before thy feet! Oh that I could drag
down the rays of the moon and hide them all in thy breaking heart
to stop thy longing! that I could draw out all the richness of the
earth and give it to thee, so that thou shouldst be at peace! But thus
it is the wide world over; we think we have reached our soul's
desire, and then we stand before it empty of all our hope."
As she spoke, sweet sounds of music came floating out of the dark—
the soft notes of a violin in which all the sorrow of the earth seemed
concentrated beneath the rippling cadence of joy.
Eric covered his face with his hands, and Zorka felt the burning tears
rise to her dim old eyes, but she brushed them hastily away with the
back of her hand.
"Dear young one," she said, "what can I do for thee? Hast thou not
told me that thou wast once a great artist with fairy fingers, and that
thou didst come all this endless way through joy, sorrow, and
danger, in search of a face ... and now.... Oh, I have guessed it since
many a day thou hast found that face—but where is thy art?
"Crave not for what thou canst not have, but cling to that which God
has given thee. If I get thee brush and colour wilt thou try and
create that face for a second time? Create it so that all should
wonder how human hands could ever have been able to paint so
glorious a treasure. When we cannot have the thing itself we must
try and grasp its shadow."
"Oh!" cried Eric, "my old master said that the thing is God's."
"I do not know," said old Zorka, "if we pray to the same God, thou
and I. Human beings always need forms into which they press their
worship, but I, who am old, can tell thee this: there is but one God
for all, and each man shapes Him according to the depth and
breadth of his own little soul.
"When we are children and play on the ground we are taught to call
Him Father! When we grow up we long for Him as a friend, but if He
keeps His smile for others we curse Him and turn our backs and say
we do not believe He exists. But when grief and despair knock at our
door, we long to feel Him near us once more, but we have lost our
way. We grope in the dark, we hit our hands and our heads, we cry,
and we moan, we stumble and fall till we are laid low in the dust.
"Then it is long till again we look up. Our hair is bleached, our backs
are bent, our eyes are dim, and faltering our step; but gradually we
see all things as they were meant to be—we have left hope far
behind, all that shone and was sweet knows us no more; our way is
without either light or shade, it is grey and smooth like the ocean
after the storm has gone by.
"We believe that its colour will never be anything but grey; but one
day a faint light spreads very far over the most distant horizon and
our tired brain begins to perceive that that light is coming slowly
towards us, slowly—slowly—till it reaches our heart ... and that light
means peace that passeth all human understanding; peace, the
ultimate promise of that God we had cast away; peace, the blessing
of our snow-white hair, the last hope of our ended pilgrimage. But,
my boy, wilt thou do as I bid, and create with thy hands the face
thou lovest so well?"
"I cannot, I cannot," sobbed Eric, his face all convulsed with pain; "I
have lost my art and lost my belief. I am now only one consuming
passionate desire."
"Dear one that I love," answered sadly the old nomad, "for what
hast thou climbed so high if thou now wilt not look up? I tell thee
that if thou wilt grasp the talent that belongs to thee thou shalt find
a relief beyond all thou darest to hope.
"I have been reading the signs out of the wind-swept clouds, and I
know that thus help will come to thee."
"Ah, but, Mother Zorka, tell me, will she ever look at me with eyes
that see?"
"Her eyes do see, my son, and although thy face be the fairest my
old brain has ever conceived, canst thou know if the vision her mind
is for ever adoring is not of a beauty far beyond our dreams?
"Certain flowers are not there to be plucked.
"Why the great Being of the skies has brought thee through pain
and danger, drawn thee into this distant land, to dash the full cup
from thy thirsty lips, after having smilingly led thee so far—is a
mystery I cannot explain.
"But dost realize what it would be if thou shouldst pluck the flower
too soon and thy touch be too rough, and the petals fall fading to
the ground; dost know how empty then thy hands would be?
"Do as I tell thee, make that heavenly face thy very own by drawing
it with the artist hands thy God has given thee! I love thee well, but
I have loved her longer than thee. If the day is to come when her
heart shall open to earthly passion, her eyes to the dear sight of thy
face, let that day be blessed and hold it fast if thou canst.
"I shall only look on; for that is the weary lot of those who live in the
past: but once more I tell thee, paint, oh, paint her face—the time
may come when it will be too late!
"But now go to thy tent, for I am tired and the night is cold."
Eric rose sadly and threaded his way through the sleeping camp,
past the fires that were burning low, past the patient groups of tired
horses, till he reached his bed.
But Zorka sat still many an hour, following the shadowy road of her
past, her dim eyes fixed upon the glowing ashes, speaking to the
Being who rules our destinies, and asking over again the eternal,
unanswered "Why?" looking up to the too distant sky which for ever
keeps its mystery to itself.
XXII
He
s
e
e
k
s
t
o
k
n
o
w
The joy that is more great
than joy
The beauty of the old green
earth can give.

Fiona
M
a
c
l
e
o
d
.
Zorka kept her promise; and one day, who knows whence, Eric
found all he needed for beginning the picture the old woman had
commanded him to paint.
The tents had been pitched quite near to a forest all shining and
shimmering in every shade of gold; gold under foot, gold overhead,
gold falling softly from every bough.
The sun threw his glinting rays upon all the beauty that was a last
glorious farewell Nature was taking from the departing year. The
smoke of the camps and the mist of the autumn mornings mingled
like spirit souls, and waved in moving vapours, veils that some fairy
might have hung over the branches to fill her dwelling with mystic
shadows and shades. From within the shelter of the wood, the great
naked plain could be seen as far as the eye could reach, but the
waving ocean of corn was a past dream of the summer months.
Now the fields and pastures looked desolate and barren, dark and
cold, even beneath the face of the kindly life-giving planet that
shone down upon it with a friendly face.
The rusty tents resembled dwarf pyramids standing upon some
desert seen from afar off.
But the forest was a palace fit for a king, fashioned out of lustrous
rays all woven together into a web of sunny yellows, and there sat
Eric for many an hour trying to make his picture live.
Stella never refused to let him take her hand, and followed him
meekly whither he led. He seated her upon a bank of grass, having
first covered it over and over with leaves of fiery red.
For her lovely feet he made a nest of warm green moss, and at her
side he laid a sycamore leaf full of jet-black bramble-berries as
polished as agate balls.
Out of their flexible branches he wound a wreath about her head;
their fading leaves made a many-tinted crown, more beautiful than a
queen could wear, all amber, topaz, and burnished gold, deep and
rich in hue, splashed in places as with stains of blood.
In and out among the rusty leaves he had plaited dark purple aster
stars that nestled among her waving hair. Whilst his nervous fingers
were by slow degrees laying hold of his forsaken art, Stella played
him ancient tunes of such melting sweetness that often his hot tears
flowed down and mixed in crystal rivulets with the colours on his
palette. As she played, all the visions of the days of his wanderings
rose up out of the distance and floated like shadows before his
brain.
He saw little Oona playing with her balls on the smooth marble
terrace, saw the sleepy little town with the scarlet bunches of
geraniums, heard the bird-like voice of the unknown girl singing her
song of innocence. He walked again under the face of the moon into
the ice maiden's snowy castle, and there he stood with her amongst
the beating, broken hearts that lay awaiting the great trumpet call.
He stood on the wave-tossed boards of the frail little vessel,
mingling his voice with the cries of the sea.
Then, wandering through the enchanted grottos, he came to the
place where he shudderingly knelt by the murdered form of the far
too entrancing woman. In the ruined cathedral the Virgin's eyes
once again blessed his folded hands with her flowing tears.
Above all, the venerated face of his dearly loved master rose
startlingly vivid, waving to him with trembling hands, and his little
travelling companion came running towards him, her dear arms
outstretched in joyous greeting.
The silent army of phantoms passed and faded into space, so that
amongst the falling leaves of autumn he imagined he could clearly
see the many-coloured bubbles rise like tropical butterflies floating
always farther away.
Last of all came Radu the shepherd, with eyes resembling two
burning coals, his white teeth shining from between his smiling lips.
And there was not one of these trembling apparitions that did not
look down upon him with loving glances;—only this fair being
playing at his side would not turn her look his way.
Oh, those eyes that his fairy fingers at last were fixing on his canvas:
deep, grey, wide open, surrounded by long black lashes that were
like dark rays radiating from the unfathomed pupils, starry eyes
overflowing with celestial dreams, eyes that never, ah, never would
come down to look into his!
He clenched his teeth, and, casting away his brushes, he threw
himself down at her feet, laying his face close against them as they
rested, pale twin sisters, amongst the mosses he had gathered.
But Stella was as ever in a world of her own; and whilst the young
painter was trembling with uncontrollable longing, his lips pressed
upon the ground as close to her as he dared, she serenely played on
her violin, making it cry out all the infinite yearning to which her
ethereal nature had never yet awakened.
XXIII
And know that the sorrow of sorrows is only a law of his being.
Fiona MacLeod.

The tired leaves were falling always thicker; the days were shorter;
night came down with the rapidity of a swooping bird; and more
than once in the early morn a white frost had covered the ground
like crystallized sugar strewn all over the earth.
The gypsies' camp was still pitched beside the wood. They had work
to do in the villages close by, and often in the evenings the long-
suffering donkeys came back heavily laden with vessels of shining
copper, which the dark people mended and patched, as is the wont
of their wandering race.
Their voices could be heard, either in song or strife, as they
hammered away on the rounded caldrons that shone from far, the
colour of molten lead.
The naked children played about in noisy groups, quarrelling like
little brown monkeys, pursuing, with extended hands, every traveller
that ventured too near their tents, and relating their misery with
lamentable cries.
There was word of moving to some warmer clime, but as yet no
order of march had been given, though the nights were cold and the
large fires that were lit, and glowed in the dark like funeral pyres,
were hardly sufficient protection. When the young men had finished
their work for the day they would sit around in groups, playing
games of cards with packs all greasy and blackened by constant use,
games which often ended in noisy discord, when more than one
sharpened blade would have to be knocked out of angry hands. The
old women came together and sat by the leaping flames, weird
witches of ancient legends, talking and chattering, relating endless
yarns of endless deeds both gay and sinister, often scolding the
young ones for all they had left undone, threatening them with
every curse if they did not mend their ways.
The lean dogs walked about snatching at every remnant of food they
could lay their hungry teeth upon, but the horses passively waited till
the dark hour would sound for receiving once more their heavy
burdens, which they would carry with patient resignation in spite of
the scarcely healed wounds upon their tired backs.
Only Zorka never joined those rowdy groups; she sat alone in her
gloomy tent like some old beggared queen, thinking about long-past
glories. Her pipe was ever between her lips; the smoke curled
upwards in tiny wisps, forming odd shapes that quivered about like
mystic signs mounting into the damp cold air.
Each day she watched with growing anxiety the two young people,
who, at the fall of night, would come slowly towards her out of the
forest.
Since long she had imagined that nothing more could touch her
withered heart; but the sight of these mortals, so full of beauty,
purity, and light, had filled her with a new benevolence, and she
longed with an unspeakable longing to help them if she could.
She was moved by conflicting feelings, asking herself if Stella's
marvellous visions were worth one poor human kiss, one enchanted
awakening to the wonders of love.
Oh, what use was all her long-accumulated wisdom if it failed her at
a moment like this! What should she do? Should she tell the
enamoured youth to go his way, not to waste his days running after
something that could never be?
But it would break his heart; was he not a dreamer of dreams, and
therefore a kindred soul to the solitary maiden who had never seen
anything but pictures that certainly were not of this world.
Sometimes she felt an overpowering desire that a sweet miracle
might come to pass, and that these two lovely innocents should both
at the same instant put their lips to the full cup of Life.
Even ... even ... yes, death in attainment; would it be so terrible a
thing! Ah! But does death ever mercifully cover with his wings two
living hearts at once? Does he not always leave the one in cold
misery to carry his despair alone? So many heavy problems! and she
who had thought that her overburdened brain had already solved
the mysteries of life! One evening she sat thus alone, pondering over
all these questions to which she could find no answer.
The early dusk was descending slowly over one of autumn's last fine
days, and darkness was also rising out of the cold barren earth,
meeting the coming night half-way.
The sky was covered by leaden clouds, dashed by streaks of glowing
red, where the sun resentfully opposed the grey shadows that strove
to hide him out of sight. The air was chilly and the very old woman
shivered, feeling forsaken and sad and useless.
Over the sombre expanse that lay beyond, a faint mist mounted, like
fleecy wool, giving each object the appearance of floating over the
earth. The tents, the gypsies that moved about, the tethered horses,
the slinking dogs, all seemed to have lost their bases and to be
floating in the air.
Zorka was weary, too tired to think. She was only allowing her mind
to wander slowly through the past.
The fire, that young hands always built up beside her venerable grey
head, leapt and sprang like restless spirits eternally striving after
unattainable heights, casting fantastic lights upon her crouching
form. It was a picture of old age, in all its forlorn, colourless
sadness, from which all else has been taken except the weary
comfort of looking back.
Zorka was remembering the distant years when she, too, had known
wild love and scorching hate; when the day had been a long smile of
promise, when for her also young hearts had beaten with passionate
desire.
She remembered many faces that rose like ghosts out of the past,
calling to her with long-forgotten voices that once she had loved.
She remembered hours of triumph when the ultimate dream of
happiness had arisen and wrapped her around with its burning
flame.
But she had also lived through the long deadly years when nothing
more was laid at her feet, when youth had carelessly trodden upon
the heart that once had seemed to others a treasure impossible to
obtain.
Past—past—all past; but forgotten? Dear God! ah no! But old age,
weary old age from which all flee, whose breath lies like white snow
upon the bended head, contains also the balm and benediction of a
frosty peace that resembles the face of the night, unstarred and
moonless, covering over the glaring joys and gloomy sorrows of
yore!
As she was thus wandering on distant shores of her youth, a shadow
crossed the space before her and she looked up. It took her a little
time before she could come back to cold reality, till her brain realized
that in truth she was now but Zorka the wise old witch.
Eric stood at her side; the flames flared and hissed, covering him
with changing jets of light.
Between his hands he held a finished picture. Zorka gave a low cry
of surprise, and rose trembling to her feet; there in the unsteady
glow of the restless flames she looked upon a face the like of which
human hand had never before fixed upon canvas or paper.
The eyes of the painting seemed alive, and seemed to stare with
unspeakable rapture upon a sight too marvellous for poor human
words to translate into mortal language. There they were with all the
extraordinary beauty the hoary woman had always known: and more
than all, within these eyes the dreamer of dreams had put also
another expression which contained all the yearning cry of his own
passionate, hopeless love.
For many a year old Zorka, the witch, had not shed a single tear—
that source of emotion had dried since ages past; but now as she
gazed with quivering emotion upon the glory of this unearthly visage
she felt how something rose up from her heart, warm and
suffocating, clutching at her strangled throat, till one by one warm
drops ran down her furrowed cheeks, leaving shining wet lines upon
her leathery skin like little streams of rain on hard-baked earth.
Eric watched her, but never spoke a word; he stood motionless, his
arms hanging at his sides, tired and resigned, as one who can fight
no more.
Overhead the white falcon circled and circled, uttering small weird
shrieks like some one in pain; and as it moved about in the inky sky
the blue diamond round its neck shone like a moving star.
"My son," spoke Zorka at last, "thy work is great and wonderful; and
truly it could never be said of one who had fashioned so blessed a
beauty that his life had been lived in vain. But I perceive that thy
human longing is for ever unstilled; and now some inner truth has
broken in upon my far-seeing brain, and these are the words I have
to speak to thee:
"Go to the woman that thy heart loveth too well—go, for such is the
unwritten law of this earth; go and take her in thy living arms and
teach her with a kiss all the joy and all the sorrow of the world. And
what the great God above desires that the end should be is not for
us, who are but fashioned from His dust, to presume to foresee. Go,
and I in the silence of the night shall remain here to watch and
pray!"
Eric did as he was bid; laying the picture his hands had created
down by the side of the reader of signs, he silently vanished into the
dark.
The fire flared into a renewed burst of flame, and stretched out long
arms of red glowing light as if endeavouring to call him back. Then a
cold gust of wind swept over the waste and covered all around with
clouds of smoke.
XXIV
A song of deathless Love,
immortal,
Sunrise-haired and starry-
eyed and wondrous.

Fiona
M
a
c
L
e
o
d
.

Within the tent where Stella lived each thing was sweet and pure.
Her magic charm had spread over all she touched.
Old Zorka had thus decreed that she should always have a dwelling
that need be shared with none. It was as poor a place as those
around, but within the folding walls was a haven of rest and peace.
On its rustic canvas sides hung all the withered wreaths that day by
day she had worn. The one she had just removed from her tresses
was still quite fresh, and softly swayed over the door.
Eric had found in the early morn, beneath a protecting tree, a whole
bunch of scarlet strawberry leaves that the autumnal frosts had not
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Equity and Trusts in Australia Seventh Edition Gino Evan Dal Pont Download

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Equity And Trusts Lawcards 20102011 7th Edition Routledge

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First edition (Dal Pont and Chalmers) ..................................... 1996

© 2019 Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Limited

Product Developer: Lucas Frederick

Prologue –​Nature of Equity .............................................................................................. 1

PART I: EQUITABLE INTERESTS

Chapter 1: Nature and Creation of Equitable Interests .......................................... 33

[1.145] TYPES OF EQUITABLE INTERESTS IN PROPERTY ............................................ 50

Chapter 2: Equitable Priorities ....................................................................................... 55

Chapter 3: Assignments in Equity ................................................................................. 73

[3.55] Relevance of notice ................................................................................ 82

PART II: RELATIONSHIPS OF TRUST

Chapter 4: Fiduciary Relations ........................................................................................ 97

[4.55] Trust and confidence? ........................................................................... 105

duties ................................................................................................... 139

Chapter 5: Government and the Public Trust .......................................................... 149

Chapter 6: Confidential Information .......................................................................... 159

[6.340] Equitable damages ............................................................................... 207

Chapter 7: Undue Influence ........................................................................................... 217

[7.90] UNDUE INFLUENCE AND PARTICULAR RELATIONSHIPS ............................ 232

PART III: UNCONSCIONABLE CONDUCT

Chapter 8: Fraud and Mistake ...................................................................................... 269

as intention .......................................................................................... 276

Chapter 9: Unconscionable Dealing ............................................................................ 295

[9.80] KNOWLEDGE OF SPECIAL DISADVANTAGE ................................................... 306

Chapter 10: Estoppel ....................................................................................................... 325

[10.155] Silence as a representation .................................................................... 343

Chapter 11: Relief Against Forfeiture ........................................................................ 379

PART IV: UNFAIR OUTCOMES

Chapter 12: Part Performance ..................................................................................... 407

[12.45] EVIDENCE OF PART PERFORMANCE ............................................................. 412

Chapter 13: Penalty Clauses .......................................................................................... 419

Chapter 14: Subrogation, Contribution and Marshalling .................................... 433

[14.30] Insured and insurer .............................................................................. 436

Chapter 15: Deceased Estates ....................................................................................... 467

Chapter 16: Nature of A Trust ..................................................................................... 485

Chapter 17: The Requisite Certainties ....................................................................... 513

Chapter 18: Formalities and Complete Constitution ............................................. 539

Chapter 19: Legality of Trusts ...................................................................................... 563

[19.150] TRUSTS TO EVADE TAXATION ......................................................................... 584

Chapter 20: Beneficiaries ............................................................................................... 591

Chapter 21: Trustees ........................................................................................................ 617

[21.65] Appointment by the court .................................................................... 624

Chapter 22: Duties of Trustees ..................................................................................... 637

[22.50] Engagement of agents by trustees ......................................................... 642

Chapter 23: Powers and Rights of Trustees ............................................................. 665

[23.80] Powers of sale ...................................................................................... 674

Chapter 24: Breach of Trust .......................................................................................... 695

Chapter 25: Variation, Resettlement and Termination of Trusts ....................... 725

Chapter 26: Resulting Trusts ......................................................................................... 749

[26.05] NATURE OF THE RESULTING TRUST .............................................................. 749

[26.155] FUTURE OF THE PRESUMPTIONS .................................................................... 770

Chapter 27: Trusts for Commercial Purposes ........................................................... 773

Chapter 28: Trusts for Investment .............................................................................. 805

[28.60] Trustees ................................................................................................ 812

[28.245] Responsible entity ................................................................................ 841

Chapter 29: Charitable Trusts ....................................................................................... 845

[29.220] Protection of animals ........................................................................... 878

[29.355] Statutory cy-​près .................................................................................. 899

PART VI: Equitable Defences

Chapter 30: Equitable Defences ................................................................................... 907

PART VII: EQUITABLE REMEDIES

Chapter 31: Injunctions .................................................................................................. 935

[31.190] QUIA TIMET INJUNCTIONS .............................................................................. 966

Chapter 32: Mareva and Anton Piller Orders ........................................................... 969

Chapter 33: Specific Performance ............................................................................. 1001

[33.40] Repairing covenants in leases ............................................................. 1006

First edition (Dal Pont and Chalmers) .....................................  1996

Prologue –Nature of Equity .............................................................................................. 1

[29.355] Statutory cy-près .................................................................................. 899

Arnot v Hill-Douglas [2006] NSWSC 429 ................................................................................ 10.205

Attorney-General (NSW) v Quin (1990) 170 CLR 1 ................................................................. 10.395

Attorney-General v Marchant (1866) LR 3 Eq 424 ................................................................... 29.145

ATPR (Digest) ¶46–123 ............................................................................................... 9.05, 9.110