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78572_ch06_ptg01_hr_557-636.qxd 1/18/12 4:57 PM Page 557

6
Stresses in Beams
(Advanced Topics)

Composite Beams
When solving the problems for Section 6.2, assume that the
component parts of the beams are securely bonded by
adhesives or connected by fasteners. Also, be sure to use the y
general theory for composite beams described in Sect. 6.2.
Problem 6.2-1 A composite beam consisting of fiberglass 0.10 in.
faces and a core of particle board has the cross section
shown in the figure. The width of the beam is 2.0 in., the z 0.50 in.
C
thickness of the faces is 0.10 in., and the thickness of the 0.10 in.
core is 0.50 in. The beam is subjected to a bending moment
of 250 lb-in. acting about the z axis. 2.0 in.
Find the maximum bending stresses sface and score
in the faces and the core, respectively, if their respective
moduli of elasticity are 4  106 psi and 1.5  106 psi.

Solution 6.2-1 Composite beam

b  2 in. h  0.7 in.
hc  0.5 in. M  250 lb-in.
E1  4  10 psi6
E2  1.5  106 psi
b 3
I1  (h  h3c)  0.03633 in.4
12
bh3c
I2   0.02083 in.4
12 M(hc / 2)E2
From Eq. (6-6b): score  ;
E1I1 + E2I2  176,600 lb-in. 2
E1I1 + E2I2
M(h/2)E1  ;531 psi ;
From Eq. (6-6a): sface  ;
E1I1 + E2I2
 ;1980 psi ;

557

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78572_ch06_ptg01_hr_557-636.qxd 1/18/12 4:57 PM Page 558

558 CHAPTER 6 Stresses in Beams (Advanced Topics)

Problem 6.2-2 A wood beam with cross-sectional dimensions y

200 mm  300 mm is reinforced on its sides by steel plates 12 mm z
thick (see figure). The moduli of elasticity for the steel and wood 12 mm
are Es  190 GPa and Ew  11 GPa, respectively. Also, the corre-
sponding allowable stresses are ss  110 MPa and sw  7.5 MPa.

300 mm

200 mm
(a) Calculate the maximum permissible bending moment z C C y
Mmax when the beam is bent about the z axis.
(b) Repeat part (a) if the beam is now bent about its y axis.
(C) Find the required thickness of the steel plates on the beam
bent about the y axis so that Mmax is the same for both 200 mm 300 mm
12 mm
beam orientations. 12 mm 12 mm
(a) (b)

Solution 6.2-2 MAXIMUM MOMENT BASED UPON THE STEEL

Mmax_s  sallow_s ≥ ¥
y Ew Iw + Es Is

a b Es
1 h
2
2 Mmax_s  58.7 kN # m
Mmax  min (Mmax_w, Mmax_s)
z 300 mm
C STEEL GOVERNS. Mmax  58.7 kN # m ;
(b) BENT ABOUT THE Y AXIS
b3 h
200 mm Iw  Iw  2.00 * 108 mm4
12
12 mm 12 mm
t3h b + t 2
Is  2c + th a b d
12 2
(a) BENT ABOUT THE Z AXIS
Is  8.10 * 107 mm4
b  200 mm t  12 mm h  300 mm
Ew Iw + Es Is  1.76 * 107 N # m2
Ew  11 GPa Es  190 GPa
MAXIMUM MOMENT BASED UPON THE WOOD
sallow_w  7.5 MPa sallow_s  110 MPa

J K
bh3 Ew Iw + Es Is
Iw  Iw  4.50 * 108 mm4 Mmax_w  sallow_w
a bEw
12 b
2th 3 2
Is  Is  5.40 * 107 mm4
12 Mmax_w  119.9 kN # m
EwIw  EsIs  1.52  107 Nm2 MAXIMUM MOMENT BASED UPON THE STEEL

MAXIMUM MOMENT BASED UPON THE WOOD

Mmax_s  sallow_s ≥ ¥
Ew Iw + Es Is

a
b
Mmax_w  sallow_w ≥ ¥
Ew Iw + Es Is + tb Es
2
a b Ew
h
Mmax_s  90.9 kN # m ;
2
Mmax_w  69.1 kN # m Mmax  min (Mmax_w, Mmax_s)
STEEL GOVERNS. Mmax  90.9 kN # m ;

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78572_ch06_ptg01_hr_557-636.qxd 1/18/12 4:57 PM Page 559

SECTION 6.2 Composite Beams 559

(c) MmaxX  58.7053 kN # m

hb3 h t3 t 2
+ 2h t a + b
b
Beam bent about y-axis (Fig. b): Iw   2 * 108 mm4 Is  2
12 12 2 2

Ew Iw + Es Is Ew Iw + Es Is

J Es a + tb K J Es a + tb K
Mmax Y  sas  58.696 kN # m sas  Mmax X
b b
2 2
Find (t)  7.062 mm
t  7.08 mm

Ew Iw + Es Is

J K
saw  74.019 kN # m
Ew a b
b
2

Problem 6.2-3 A hollow box beam is constructed with webs y

z
of Douglas-fir plywood and flanges of pine, as shown in the
figure in a cross-sectional view. The plywood is 1 in. thick 1.5 in. 1.5 in.
1.5 in.
and 12 in. wide; the flanges are 2 in.  4 in. (nominal size).
The modulus of elasticity for the plywood is 1,800,000 psi 1 in.

12 in.
and for the pine is 1,400,000 psi.

3.5 in.
z
C C y
(a) If the allowable stresses are 2000 psi for the plywood
and 1750 psi for the pine, find the allowable bending 1 in.
moment Mmax when the beam is bent about the z axis.
1.5 in. 12 in.
(b) Repeat part (a) if the beam is now bent about its y axis.

1 in. 3.5 in. 1 in.

(a) (b)

Solution 6.2-3
(a) BENT ABOUT THE Z AXIS b  3.5 in. t  1 in. h  12 in. h1  9 in.
t t E1  1.4 * 106 psi E2  1.8 * 106 psi
sallow_1  1750 psi sallow_2  2000 psi
1
b(h3  h31)
I1  I1  291 in.4
12
2th3
h1 h I2  I2  288 in.4
2 12
E1I1 + E2I 2  9.26 * 108 lb # in.2

2 b

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
78572_ch06_ptg01_hr_557-636.qxd 1/18/12 4:57 PM Page 560

560 CHAPTER 6 Stresses in Beams (Advanced Topics)

MAXIMUM MOMENT BASED UPON THE WOOD MAXIMUM MOMENT BASED UPON THE WOOD
E1 I1 + E2 I2 E1 I1 + E2 I2

J K J K
Mmax_1  sallow_1 Mmax_1  sallow_1
a b E1 a b E1
h b
2 2
Mmax_1  193 k-in. ; Mmax_1  170 k-in.

MAXIMUM MOMENT BASED UPON THE PLYWOOD MAXIMUM MOMENT BASED UPON THE PLYWOOD
E1 I1 + E2 I2 E1 I1 + E2 I2

J K Ja + tb E2 K
Mmax_2  sallow_2 Mmax_2 sallow_2
a b E2
h b
2 2
Mmax_2  172 k-in. ; Mmax_2  96 k-in.
Mmax  min (Mmax_1, Mmax_2) Mmax  min (Mmax_1, Mmax_1)
PLYWOOD GOVERNS. Mmax  172 k-in. ; PLYWOOD GOVERNS. Mmax  96 k- in. ;

(b) BENT ABOUT THE Y AXIS

b3 (h  h1)
I1  I1  11 in.4
12
t3h b + t 2
I2  2 c + th a b d I2  123 in.4
12 2
E1 I1 + E2 I2  2.37 * 108 lb # in.2

Problem 6.2-4 A round steel tube of outside diameter d2 and a brass core of diameter d1 are bonded to form a composite
beam, as shown in the figure.
(a) Derive formulas for the allowable bending moment M that can be carried by the beam based upon an allowable stress
ss in the steel and an allowable stress sB in the brass. (Assume that the moduli of elasticity for the steel and brass are
Es and EB, respectively.)
(b) If d2  50 mm, d1  40 mm, Es  210 GPa, EB  110 GPa, ss  150 MPa, sB  100 MPa, what is the maximum
bending moment M?
(c) What new value of brass diameter d1 will result in a balanced design? (Note that a balanced design is that in which
steel and brass reach allowable stress values at the same time).

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
78572_ch06_ptg01_hr_557-636.qxd 1/18/12 4:57 PM Page 561

SECTION 6.2 Composite Beams 561

Solution 6.2-4
(a) DERIVATION OF FORMULAS
Ad24  d14 B Ad14 B
p p
Is  IB 
64 64
ss1Es Is + EB IB2 pss A EB d1 4  Es d1 4 + Es d2 4 B
MallowSteel  
Es a b
d2 32 Es d2
2

1Es Is + EB IB2 psB A EB d1 4  Es d1 4 + Es d2 4 B

MallowBrass  sB 
Es a b
d1 32 Es d1
2
(b) MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT
d2  50 mm d1  40 mm Es  210 GPa EB  110 GPa ss  150 MPa sB  100 MPa

pss 1EB d1 4  Es d1 4 + Es d2 42
MmaxS   1482 N # m
32 Es d2
psB 1EB d1 4  Es d1 4 + Es d2 42
MmaxB   1235 N # m
32 Es d1
(c) BALANCED DESIGN: equate allowable moments, then solve for d1.

1d2 4  d1 42 IB  1d 42
p p S
Is 
64 64 1
ss 1Es Is + EB IB2 B
Mas   1481.738 N # m
Es a b
d2
2
1Es Is + EB IB2
MaB  sB  1234.781 N # m d1
Es a b
d1
2 d2

1Es Is + EB IB2 1Es Is + EB IB2

1d 2  33.333 mm
sB
sB  ss or d1 
ss 2
Es a b Es a b
d1 d2
2 2
d1  33.3 mm

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78572_ch06_ptg01_hr_557-636.qxd 1/18/12 4:57 PM Page 562

562 CHAPTER 6 Stresses in Beams (Advanced Topics)

Problem 6.2-5 A beam with a guided support and 10-ft span y

supports a distributed load of intensity q  660 lb/ft over its first
half (see figure part a) and a moment M0  300 ft-lb at joint B.
The beam consists of a wood member (nominal dimensions 0.25 in.
6 in.  12 in., actual dimensions 5.5 in.  11.5 in. in cross q
section, as shown in the figure part b) that is reinforced by M0 11.5 in.
0.25-in.-thick steel plates on top and bottom. The moduli z C
of elasticity for the steel and wood are Es  30  106 psi A C B
5 ft 5 ft
and Ew  1.5  106 psi, respectively.
0.25 in.
(a) Calculate the maximum bending stresses ss in the steel
plates and sw in the wood member due to the applied loads. (a)
(b) If the allowable bending stress in the steel plates is 5.5 in.
sas  14,000 psi and that in the wood is saw  900 psi, (b)
find qmax. (Assume that the moment at B, M0, remains
at 300 ft-lb.)
(c) If q  660 lb/ft and allowable stress values in (b) apply, what is M0,max at B?

Solution 6.2-5
q  660 lb/in. M0  300 lb # ft L  10 ft (b) MAXIMUM UNIFORM DISTRIBUTED LOAD

(a) MAXIMUM BENDING STRESSES MAXIMUM MOMENT BASED UPON WOOD

sallow_w  900 psi
Mmax  q a b a b + M0
L 3L

Mallow_w a b Ew
2 4 h1
Mmax  25,050 lb-ft 2
From sallow_w 
Ew I1 + Es I2
Wood (1): b  5.5 in. h1  11.5 in.
Mallow_w  33,857 lb-ft
Ew  1.5 * 106 psi
bh31 MAXIMUM MOMENT BASED UPON STEEL PLATE
I1  I1  697.07 in.4
12 sallow_s  14,000 psi
Plate (2): b  5.5 in. t  0.25 in.
Mallow_s a b Es
h
h  12 in. Es  30 * 106 psi
2
From sallow_s 
1h  h312
b 3
I2  I2  94.93 in.4 Ew I1 + Es I2
12
Mallow_s  25,236 lb-ft
Ew I1 + Es I 2  3.894 * 109 lb-in.2

Mmax a b Ew
h1 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE MOMENT
2 Mallow  min (Mallow_s, Mallow_w)
sw  sw  666 psi ;
Ew I1 + Es I2
STEEL PLATES GOVERN
Mmax a b Es
h
2 Mallow  25,236 lb-ft ;
ss  ss  13,897 psi ;
Ew I1 + Es I2

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
78572_ch06_ptg01_hr_557-636.qxd 1/18/12 4:57 PM Page 563

SECTION 6.2 Composite Beams 563

MAXIMUM UNIFORM DISTRIBUTED LOAD (c) MAXIMUM APPLIED MOMENT

From Mallow  qmax a b a b + M0 From Mallow  q a b a b + Mo_max

L 3L L 3L
2 4 2 4
qmax  665 lb/ft ; M0_max  486 lb-ft ;

Problem 6.2-6 A plastic-lined steel pipe has the cross-sectional shape shown y
in the figure. The steel pipe has outer diameter d3  100 mm and inner diameter
d2  94 mm. The plastic liner has inner diameter d1  82 mm. The modulus
of elasticity of the steel is 75 times the modulus of the plastic.
(a) Determine the allowable bending moment Mallow if the allowable stress in z d1 d2 d3
the steel is 35 MPa and in the plastic is 600 kPa. C
(b) If pipe and liner diameters remain unchanged, what new value of allowable
stress for the steel pipe will result in the steel pipe and plastic liner
reaching their allowable stress values under the same maximum moment
(i.e., a balanced design)? What is the new maximum moment?

Solution 6.2-6
d3  100 mm d2  94 mm d1  82 mm
n  75  Es/Ep
ssa  35 MPa spa  600 kPa

(a) FIND ALLOWABLE MOMENT BASED ON ALLOWABLE STRESSES IN STEEL AND PLASTIC
CROSS-SECTIONAL PROPERTIES

ad 4  d2 4 b  1.076 * 106 m4 ad 4  d1 4 b  1.613 * 106 m4

p p
Is  Ip 
64 3 64 2
MAXIMUM MOMENT BASED ON ALLOWABLE STRESS IN STEEL
ssa 1Es Is + Ep Ip2 ssa 1nIs + Ip2
Msmax    768.428 N # m 6 steel governs. Mallow  768 N # m
na b
d3 d3
Es
2 2
MAXIMUM MOMENT BASED ON ALLOWABLE STRESS IN PLASTIC
spa 1Es Is + Ep Ip2 spa 1nIs + Ip2
Mpmax    1051.042 N # m
a b
d2 d2
Ep
2 2
(b) BALANCED DESIGN - must equate expressions for Mmax, then solve for required ssa :
spa
ssa  nspa a b  47.87 MPa
ssa d3
 ssa  47.9 MPa
nd3 d2 d2
ssa 1nIs + Ip2 spa 1nIs + Ip2
Msmax   1052 N # m Mpmax   1051 N # m  same as above
na b a b
d3 d2
2 2
¿
increased due to increased ssa

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78572_ch06_ptg01_hr_557-636.qxd 1/18/12 4:57 PM Page 564

564 CHAPTER 6 Stresses in Beams (Advanced Topics)

Problem 6.2-7 The cross section of a sandwich beam consisting of aluminum y

alloy faces and a foam core is shown in the figure. The width b of the beam t
is 8.0 in., the thickness t of the faces is 0.25 in., and the height hc of the core
is 5.5 in. (total height h  6.0 in.). The moduli of elasticity are 10.5  106 psi for
the aluminum faces and 12,000 psi for the foam core. A bending moment
M  40 k-in. acts about the z axis.
z hc h
Determine the maximum stresses in the faces and the core using (a) the C
general theory for composite beams, and (b) the approximate theory for sandwich
beams.

b t
Probs. 6.2-7 and 6.2-8

Solution 6.2-7 Sandwich beam

bh3c
I2   110.92 in.4
12
M  40 k-in. E1I1 + E2I2  348.7 * 106 lb-in.2

(a) GENERAL THEORY (EQS. 6-7a AND b)

M(h/2)E1
sface  s1   3610 psi ;
E1I1 + E2I2
M(hc / 2)E2
score  s2   4 psi ;
E1I1 + E2I2
(1) ALUMINUM FACES:
b  8.0 in. t  0.25 in. h  6.0 in. (b) APPROXIMATE THEORY (EQS. 6-9 AND 6-10)

E1  10.5 * 106 psi b 3

I1  (h  h3c )  33.08 in.4
12
b 3
I1  (h  h3c )  33.08 in.4 Mh
12 sface   3630 psi ;
2I1
(2) Foam core: score  0 ;
b  8.0 in. hc  5.5 in. E2  12,000 psi

Problem 6.2-8 The cross section of a sandwich beam consisting of fiberglass faces and a lightweight plastic core is shown in
the figure. The width b of the beam is 50 mm, the thickness t of the faces is 4 mm, and the height hc of the core is 92 mm (total
height h  100 mm). The moduli of elasticity are 75 GPa for the fiberglass and 1.2 GPa for the plastic. A bending moment
M  275 N # m acts about the z axis.
Determine the maximum stresses in the faces and the core using (a) the general theory for composite beams, and (b) the
approximate theory for sandwich beams.

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78572_ch06_ptg01_hr_557-636.qxd 1/18/12 4:57 PM Page 565

SECTION 6.2 Composite Beams 565

Solution 6.2-8 Sandwich beam

(a) GENERAL THEORY (EQS. 6-7a AND b)
M(h/2)E1
sface  s1   14.1 MPa ;
E1I1 + E2I2
M(hc / 2)E2
score  s2   0.21 MPa ;
E1I1 + E2I2

(b) APPROXIMATE THEORY (EQS. 6-9 AND 6-10)

b 3
I1  (h  h3c )  0.9221 * 106 m4
(1) Fiber glass faces: 12
b  50 mm t  4 mm h  100 mm Mh
sface   14.9 MPa ;
E1  75 GPa 2I1

b 3 score  0 ;
I1  (h  h3c )  0.9221 * 106 m4
12

(2) Plastic core:

b  50 mm hc  92 mm E2  1.2 GPa
bh3c
I2   3.245 * 106 m4
12
M  275 N # m E1I1 + E2I2  73,050 N # m2

Problem 6.2-9 A bimetallic beam used in a temperature-control switch y 1

consists of strips of aluminum and copper bonded together as shown in the — in.
16
figure, which is a cross-sectional view. The width of the beam is 1.0 in., and A
each strip has a thickness of 1/16 in.
z
Under the action of a bending moment M  12 lb-in. acting about the O
z axis, what are the maximum stresses sa and sc in the aluminum and copper, C
1
respectively? (Assume Ea  10.5  106 psi and Ec  16.8  106 psi.) 1.0 in. — in.
16

Solution 6.2-9 Bimetallic beam

CROSS SECTION NEUTRAL AXIS (EQ. 6-3)

y dA  y1A1  (h1  t/2)(bt)

L1
 (h1  1/32)(1)(1/16) in.3

y dA  y2A2  (h1  t  t/2)(bt)

L2
(1) Aluminum: E1  Ea  10.5  10 psi 6
 (h1  3/32)(1)(1/16) in.3
(2) Copper: E2  Ec  16.8  10 psi 6

Eq. (6-4): E1 y dA + E2 y dA  0
M  12 lb-in. L1 L2

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
78572_ch06_ptg01_hr_557-636.qxd 1/18/12 4:57 PM Page 566

566 CHAPTER 6 Stresses in Beams (Advanced Topics)

MAXIMUM STRESSES (EQS. 6-7a AND b)

(10.5  106)(h1  1/32)(1/16)
 (16.8  106)(h1  3/32)(1/16)  0 Mh1E1
sa  s1   4120 psi ;
E1I1 + E2I2
Solve for h1: h1  0.06971 in.
Mh2E2
h2  2(1/16 in.)  h1  0.05529 in. sc  s2   5230 psi ;
E1I1 + E2I2

MOMENTS OF INERTIA (FROM PARALLEL-AXIS THEOREM)

bt3
I1  + bt(h1  t/2)2  0.0001128 in.4
12
bt3
I2  + bt(h2  t/2)2  0.00005647 in.4
12
E1I1 + E2I2  2133 lb-in.2

Problem 6.2-10 A simply supported composite beam y

3 m long carries a uniformly distributed load of intensity
q  3.0 kN/m (see figure). The beam is constructed of a wood
member, 100 mm wide by 150 mm deep, reinforced on its q = 3.0 kN/m
lower side by a steel plate 8 mm thick and 100 mm wide.
150 mm
(a) Find the maximum bending stresses sw and ss in the
z O
wood and steel, respectively, due to the uniform load if
the moduli of elasticity are Ew  10 GPa for the wood
and Es  210 GPa for the steel. 3m 8 mm
(b) Find the required thickness of the steel plate so that the 100 mm
steel plate and wood reach their allowable stress values,
sas  100 MPa and saw  8.5 MPa, simultaneously
under the maximum moment.

Solution 6.2-10 Simply supported composite beam

(a) BEAM: L  3 m q  3.0 kN/m b  100 mm h  150 mm t  8 mm
2
qL (1) Wood: E1  Ew  10 GPa
Mmax   3375 N # m
8 (2) Steel: E2  Es  210 GPa
CROSS SECTION
NEUTRAL AXIS

y dA  y1A1  (h1  h/2)(bh)

L1
 (h1  75)(100)(150) mm3

y dA  y2A2  (h + t/2  h1)(bt)

L2
 (154  h1)(100)(18) mm3

Eq. (6-4): E1 y dA + E2 y dA  0
L1 L2

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78572_ch06_ptg01_hr_557-636.qxd 1/18/12 4:57 PM Page 567

SECTION 6.2 Composite Beams 567

MAXIMUM STRESSES (EQS. 6-7a AND b)

(10 GPa)(h1  75)(100)(150)(109)
 (210 GPa)(h1  154)(100)(8)(109)  0 Mh1E1
sw  s1 
E1I1 + E2I2
Solve for h1: h1  116.74 mm
 5.1 MPa (Compression) ;
h2  h  t  h1  41.26 mm
Mh2E2
MOMENTS OF INERTIA (FROM PARALLEL-AXIS THEOREM) ss  s2 
E1I1 + E2I2
bh3  37.6 MPa (Tension) ;
I1  + bh(h1  h/2)2  54.26 * 106 mm4
12
bt2
I2  + bt(h2  t/2)2  1.115 * 106 mm4
12
E1I1 + E2I2  776,750 N # m2

(b) as  100 MPa aw  8.5 MPa Ew  10 GPa Es  210 GPa
b  100 mm h  150 mm
M  3375 N # m
M h2 Es M h1 Ew
ss  sw 
Es Is + Ew Iw Es Is + Ew Iw
saw sas h1 saw Es
Solving for M and equating expressions gives  so 
h1 Ew h2 Es h2 sas Ew
From Eg. 6-3, Eq. g

ts 2 cnbs a1  n b d + ts c2 h cnbs  b an b d d + bh2 a1  n b 0

saw saw saw
(g)
sas sas sas
Solving for ts: ts  3.09 mm

Problem 6.2-11 A simply supported wooden I-beam with a 12-ft span supports y 2 in.  2 in. pine flange
a distributed load of intensity q  90 lb/ft over its length (see figure part a). The 1
beam is constructed with a web of Douglas-fir plywood and flanges of pine glued — in.
2 in. 2
to the web as shown in the figure part b. The plywood is 3/8 in. thick; the flanges are C
2 in.  2 in. (actual size). The modulus of
q 8 in. z 3
elasticity for the plywood is 1,600,000 psi — in. plywood
and for the pine is 1,200,000 psi. 8 (Douglas fir)

(a) Calculate the maximum bending 2 in.

A 12 ft B
stresses in the pine flanges and in 2 in.
the plywood web.
(b) What is qmax if allowable stresses (b)
are 1600 psi in the flanges and (a)
1200 psi in the web?

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78572_ch06_ptg01_hr_557-636.qxd 1/18/12 4:57 PM Page 568

568 CHAPTER 6 Stresses in Beams (Advanced Topics)

Solution 6.2-11
q  90 lb/ft L  12 ft (b) MAXIMUM UNIFORM DISTRIBUTED LOAD
MAXIMUM MOMENT BASED UPON PLYWOOD
(a) MAXIMUM BENDING STRESSES
sallow_plywood  1200 psi
qL2
Mmax  Mmax  1620 lb-ft
Mallow_plywood a bEplywood
h1
8
3 2
Plywood (1): t in. h1 7 in. From sallow_plywood 
8 Eplywood I1 + Epine I2

Eplywood  1.6 * 106 psi Mallow_plywood  1719 lb-ft

th13
I1  I1  10.72 in.4 MAXIMUM MOMENT BASED UPON PINE
12
sallow_pine  1600 psi
1
Pine (2): b  2 in. h2  2 in. a
Mallow_pine a + a b Epine
in. h1
2
2
Epine  1.2 * 106 psi From sallow_pine 
Eplywood I1 + Epine I2
3 (b  t)(h2  a)
2 3 Mallow_pine  2675 lb-ft
I2 2 c + ba a b +
ba h1 + a
12 2 12
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE MOMENT
h2  a 2
+ (b  t) (h2  a) a  b d
h1
Mallow  min (Mallow_plywood, Mallow_pine)
2 2
PLYWOOD GOVERNS. Mallow  1719 lb-ft ;
I2  65.95 in.4 ;
MAXIMUM UNIFORM DISTRIBUTED LOAD
Eplywood I1  EpineI2  96.287  106 lb/in.2
qmax L2
Mmax a b Eplywood
h1 From Mallow 
8
2
splywood  qmax  95.5 lb/ft ;
Eplywood I1 + Epine I2

splywood  1131 psi ;

Mmax a
h1
+ ab Epine
2
spine 
Eplywood I1 + Epine I2

spine  969 psi ;

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78572_ch06_ptg01_hr_557-636.qxd 1/18/12 4:57 PM Page 569

SECTION 6.2 Composite Beams 569

Problem 6.2-12 A simply supported composite beam with a y

3.6-m span supports a triangularly distributed load of peak 6-mm  80-mm
steel plate
intensity q0 at midspan (see figure part a). The beam is constructed
of two wood joists, each 50 mm  280 mm, fastened to two steel 50-mm  280-mm
plates, one of dimensions 6 mm  80 mm and the lower plate of wood joist 280 mm
C
dimensions 6 mm  120 mm (see figure part b). The modulus of z
elasticity for the wood is 11 GPa and for the steel is 210 GPa.
If the allowable stresses are 7 MPa for the wood and 120 MPa 6-mm  120-mm
q0
steel plate
for the steel, find the allowable peak load intensity q0,max when the
beam is bent about the z axis. Neglect the weight of the beam.
A 1.8 m 1.8 m B

(a) (b)

Solution 6.2-12
t2 b31 b1 2
+ t2 b1 ah  h1  b
L  3.6 m
Steel (2): I2 
12 2
DETERMINE NEUTRAL AXIS t2 b23 b2 2
WOOD (1): t1  50 mm h  280 mm + + t2 b2 a h1  b
12 2
Ew  11 GPa I2  10.47  106 mm4

y1 dA  y1 A1  a  h1b (2t1 h)
h Ew I1  Es I2  4.22  1012 N # mm2
L 2
MAXIMUM MOMENT BASED UPON WOOD
Steel (2): t2  6 mm b1  80 mm
sallow_w  7 MPa
b2  120 mm Es  210 GPa
Mallow_w (h  h1)Ew
From sallow_w 
y2 dA  y2 A 2  ah  h1  b (t2 b1)
b1 Ew I1 + Es I2
L 2
Mallow_w  18.68 kN # m
 a h1  b (t 2 b 2)
b2
2 MAXIMUM MOMENT BASED UPON STEEL
sallow_s  120 MPa
From E1 y1 dA + E2 y2 dA  0
L L Mallow_s (h  h1)Es
From sallow_s 
Ew I1 + Es I2
Ew a  h1 b (2t1 h) + Es c ah  h1  b
h b1
2 2 Mallow_s  16.78 kN # m

(t2 b1)  ah1  b (t2 b 2) d  0

b2 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE MOMENT
2 Mallow  min (Mallow_w, Mallow_s)
h1  136.4 mm STEEL GOVERNS. Mallow  16.78 kN # m ;

MOMENT OF INERTIA MAXIMUM UNIFORM DISTRIBUTED LOAD

3 2
Wood (1): I1  2 c + (t1 h)a  h1 b d
t1 h h q0max L2
12 2 From Mallow 
12
I1  183.30 * 106 mm4 q0max  15.53 kN/m ;

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78572_ch06_ptg01_hr_557-636.qxd 1/18/12 4:57 PM Page 570

570 CHAPTER 6 Stresses in Beams (Advanced Topics)

Transformed-Section Method
When solving the problems for Section 6.3, assume that
the component parts of the beams are securely bonded by
adhesives or connected by fasteners. Also, be sure to use
1
the transformed-section method in the solutions. y — -in.  11.0-in.
4
steel plate
Problem 6.3-1 A wood beam 8 in. wide and 12 in. deep 3.5 in.
(nominal dimensions) is reinforced on top and bottom by 0.25 in
0.25-in.-thick steel plates (see figure part a).

11.25 in.
y

11.5 in.
(a) Find the allowable bending moment Mmax about the
z C C
z axis if the allowable stress in the wood is 1100 psi
and in the steel is 15,000 psi. (Assume that the ratio z
of the moduli of elasticity of steel and wood is 20.)
0.25 in 4-in.  12-in.
(b) Compare the moment capacity of the beam in part a with joists
that shown in the figure part b which has two 4-in.  12-in. 7.5 in.
joists (nominal dimensions) attached to a 1/4-in.  11.0-in.
steel plate. (a) (b)

Solution 6.3-1
(a) FIND Mmax: Mmax min (M1, M2)
(1) Wood beam: b  7.5 in. h1  11.5 in. STEEL GOVERNS Mmax  422 k-in. ;
sallow_w  1100 psi
(b) COMPARE MOMENT CAPACITIES
(2) Steel plates: b  7.5 in. h2  12 in.
t  0.25 in. (1) Wood beam: b  3.5 in. h1  11.25 in.
sallow_s  15,000 psi (2) Steel plates: h2  11 in. t  0.25 in.

TRANSFORMED SECTION (WOOD) WIDTH OF STEEL PLATES

n  20 bT  nt bT  5 in.
bh13 bT h23
WIDTH OF STEEL PLATES IT  2 + IT 1385 in.4
12 12
bT  nb bT  150 in.
MAXIMUM MOMENT BASED UPON THE WOOD (1)
bh31 t 3 bT h2  t 2
IT  + 2c + t bT a b d sallow_w IT
12 12 2 M1  M1  271 k-in.
h1
IT  3540 in. 4
2
MAXIMUM MOMENT BASED UPON THE WOOD (1) MAXIMUM MOMENT BASED UPON THE STEEL (2)
sallow_w IT sallow_s IT
M1  M1  677 k-in. M2  M2  189 k-in.
h1 h2 n
2 2
MAXIMUM MOMENT BASED UPON THE STEEL (2) Mmax min (M1, M2)
sallow_s I T STEEL GOVERNS. Mmax 189 k-in. ;
M2  M2  442 k-in.
h2n THE MOMENT CAPACITY OF THE BEAM IN (a) IS 2.3
2 TIMES MORE THAN THE BEAM IN(b)

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78572_ch06_ptg01_hr_557-636.qxd 1/18/12 4:57 PM Page 571

SECTION 6.3 Transformed-Section Method 571

Problem 6.3-2 A simple beam of span length 3.2 m carries a uniform load of intensity y
48 kN/m. The cross section of the beam is a hollow box with wood flanges and steel side
plates, as shown in the figure. The wood flanges are 75 mm by 100 mm in cross section,
and the steel plates are 300 mm deep. 75 mm
What is the required thickness t of the steel plates if the allowable stresses are
120 MPa for the steel and 6.5 MPa for the wood? (Assume that the moduli of elasticity
for the steel and wood are 210 GPa and 10 GPa, respectively, and disregard the weight z 300 mm
C
of the beam.)

75 mm

100 mm

t t

Solution 6.3-2 Box beam

qL 2 Width of steel plates
Mmax   61.44 kN # m
8  nt  21t

SIMPLE BEAM: L  3.2 m q  48 kN/m

All dimensions in millimeters.
(1) Wood flanges: b  100 mm h  300 mm
1 1
IT  (100 + 42t)(300)3  (100)(150)3
h1  150 mm 12 12
(s1)allow  6.5 MPa  196.9 * 106 mm4 + 94.5t * 106 mm4
Ew  10 GPa
REQUIRED THICKNESS BASED UPON THE WOOD (1)
(2) Steel plates: t  thickness h  300 mm (EQ. 6-16)
(s2)allow  120 MPa M(h/2) Mmax(h/2)
s1  (IT)1 
Es  210 GPa IT (s1)allow
 1.418 * 109 mm4
TRANSFORMED SECTION (WOOD)
Equate IT and (IT)1 and solve for t : t1  12.92 mm

REQUIRED THICKNESS BASED UPON THE STEEL (2) (EQ. 6-18b)

M(h/2)n Mmax(h/2)n
s2  (IT)2 
IT (s2)allow
 1.612 * 109 mm4
Equate IT and (IT)2 and solve for t: t2  14.97 mm
STEEL GOVERNS. tmin  15.0 mm ;

Wood flanges are not changed.

Es
n  21
Ew

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Random documents with unrelated
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 But the complications do not finish with the problem of the
mother-in-law. There is the other problem which arises when the
candidate for marriage has lost his first wife, or the woman her first
husband, or both of them their first partners, with or without
children on one side or on both sides.
The possible combinations are these:
Widow and widower
without children.
with children.
of the man.
of the woman.
of both.
Widower
without children.
with children.
Widow
without children.
with children.
These various combinations are so many algebraical formulæ in
which one may find snares, dangers to happiness, and rancour
without end.
If you are a widower and you marry a widow, and neither of you
have children, no danger hangs over you. Liberty on both sides, no
right nor pretext for intervention; marriage presents itself almost in
the guise of an union between two young people.
You may indeed incur the danger of your wife making
comparisons, and these not to your advantage. An old proverb says,
Comparisons are odious, but I should like to make a correction and
add that for him to whom they are unfavourable they are odious, but
flattering to him who gains by them. Perhaps you may excel your
predecessor, and your companion will be happy to find it so.
 In any case, if you have your weak side inquire about the public
and private virtues of the first husband, and put the results into the
balance which must weigh the pros and cons of the marriage.
A widow and a widower may both have children, or one only may
have them. The dangers in these cases are very different.
It is better for the wife to have them, for if the husband really
loves her he will also love her children; and besides, being a man, he
is less at home, and paternity is always an episode in his life and not
the whole life, as maternity is with the woman. Then if the man has
the good fortune not to have children he will often end by loving his
wife’s as much as though they were his own.
In the case of there being children on both sides the balance may
prove of advantage, because it is equal in weight and measure, and
the two married people have cause to reproach themselves and to
suffer for the same things.
The worst case is that of a widower with children to whose
number the new wife adds; he must be an angel, his wife and
children angels also, if no civil war breaks out in his house. Think of
it well, think a hundred times. Do not complicate the marriage,
already fraught with so many dangers, by imprudence and temerity.
In marriages between a widow and a widower the greatest danger
arises from the children, who fear or see their future threatened,
and who in their love for their lost parent believe the new marriage
to be an outrage to the memory of the dear one.
It is in these cases that we see all that a man has of venom and
baseness come up and soil and cover everything with defilement and
poison; all the brutal possibilities of human egotism covered, it may
be, with varnish but still the skeleton underlying every thought and
feeling.
⁂
 Only one of the engaged persons may be widow or widower, and
it is greatly to the honour of women that more men marry a second
time than women. Man often finds more happiness in marriage than
she does, while she is more faithful to the memory of the departed,
and thinks more of her children than herself.
How many women I have known who, being left widows quite
young, have sacrificed themselves, together with the need of loving
and being loved, to their children, often to one alone; proud of their
sacrifice, unconquerable against all temptations and against all the
power of the most legitimate passions.
Do children know how to value this heroism hidden in the bosom
of so many families? Do they understand that there is more courage
required in this struggle of months and years than one day’s assault
of a battery in battle?
Very rarely do they know it, for even the best of children do not
return a hundredth part of the love they have received from their
parents, and especially from their mother.
⁂
Is happiness more easily to be found in the union of a widower
and a young woman, or in that of a widow and a celibate?
The answer is difficult, for the problem is too vague, and individual
qualities weigh too heavily in the balance, gradually modifying the
surroundings, the affections now warding off dangers, now
increasing them infinitely.
If other conditions be favourable the widow is generally an
excellent wife for many reasons: She has lost many illusions, but has
learned to know and excuse the egotism of man. Sometimes she will
have been obliged to beg her first husband’s pardon for some
accession of jealousy or caprice; and as a woman always occupies
herself in everything more with other people’s happiness than her
own, she wishes to give her second husband perfect bliss, and often
and willingly succeeds. If she cannot offer her companion the
virginal flower (which after all is more a myth than a real jewel) she
can give him all the treasures of amorous experience, that is often
worth more than a hundred virginities.
On the other hand the widower who marries a young woman has
the great advantage of her not being able to make any odious
comparisons, and he also brings precious gems to the new home
which an unmarried man does not know or possess. He has learned
to know all the little weaknesses and great virtues of woman, he has
learned to become less egotistical, to think of others more than
himself, and as separate from himself, and he generally is an
excellent husband.
⁂
In all intricate problems, in all the fatal confusions which present
themselves in the marriage between widows and widowers, between
widows, widowers, and celibates, the anchor of safety which saves
from shipwreck is always the heart. When there is great love, and it
is shared by two, who join hands forever, every difficulty is cleared
away, and concord ends by hoisting its banner over the new house.
The most ferocious hatred is conquered by generosity, by the
indulgence of one who loves much, and after a short battle of the
opposing forces love scatters its flowers and blessing over the new
nest. Love is the strength of strengths, which surpasses all others,
and in this case it is omnipotent, so that when it exists in all its
proper energy on one side only, it absorbs all the minor energies,
and on the fields threatened with hail and lightning the sun shines
through the last drops of the beneficent rain, and the rainbow hangs
its multicoloured bridge in the sky, drawing enemies nearer and
making them allies.
⁂
Of all the accidents which we may meet on the threshold of
matrimony one of the most common is the stoppage of the way by
someone who exclaims: “Halt! there is no passage here.”
You are a minor, or your loved one is, or the person who has the
right to speak does not find your choice to his taste, and shuts the
door of the temple you wish to enter in your face, securing it with
many chains. Civil war is declared, and it is to be seen who can and
ought to gain the victory.
This can and ought are not synonymous terms, because the
parents on one side or the other can withhold their consent to your
union, but many times they are in the wrong, and ought not to
refuse to sanction the marriage.
As regards two lovers, if their love is sincere, if in their secret and
confidential dialogues they have sworn the everlasting yes to each
other, if they have nearly conjugated half of the verb to love, they
believe that they have every right in the world to become husband
and wife; and when they have tried all fair means to bend the will of
the tyrant or tyrants they run away together, secretly, hoping that
once the deed is done it will sooner or later receive the consent of
those opposing it. Sometimes, however, the wandering sheep are
discovered before the deed is consummated, and are re-conducted
with many reproaches to their respective folds. In more serious
cases spectres of single or double suicide, asphyxiation, poison, or
the revolver may appear.
Should anyone find himself in such case meditating death, and
have time to cast a look on these pages, let him leave the charcoal,
the poison of the druggist, and the revolver of the armourer. Life is a
good and beautiful thing that must be guarded with love, caressed
with tenderness, and if love ought to be the bridegroom of the
marriage, reason and good sense ought always to be present as
witnesses.
If with a stroke of a magic wand one could raise all those who
have committed self-destruction to life again, after having dressed
their wounds, they would take up life gaily, and even another love
affair.
Parents always have the duty and the right of speaking,
protesting, and counselling, nay, even of interposing a veto, if they
see their children’s future endangered when they have chosen love
as arbitrator, but have forgotten to call good sense and reason as
witnesses.
If you will marry an abject creature who will dishonour your name
and the name of the family to which you belong, and of whom after
a few months of warm passion you yourself will be ashamed; if you
will marry a woman suffering from tuberculous disease, or one of a
consumptive family, or where madness is present; if you will
increase the sad patrimony of proletaries and the unemployed,
having neither present nor future resources; if in one way or another
you throw yourself with closed eyes head foremost into a bottomless
abyss only to satisfy carnal excitement which you may call passion,
but which is only the desire of the flesh—father and mother have full
right to oppose your ruin with all possible means; and even if they
should not succeed they will have done their duty. If the means they
take succeed you will later on thank them with a warm gratitude.
In all these cases I allow you to combat, to weep, even tear out
some of your hair; but the tears over, the muscles tired, gather up
the hair you have torn out and present it to your fair one, telling her
to keep it until your return as a pledge of your eternal faith; for you
ought to leave, and that instantly, even on foot, even asking money
of the tyrannical parents or of some compassionate friend. Travel in
far countries, and who knows if on your return you will not find a
neat little packet tied with rose-coloured ribbon—your letters, your
hair, and perhaps the announcement of the marriage of your old
fiancée.
If your love, instead, has known how to resist the long absence, if
it has strengthened and grown, who knows if the hard parents will
not be moved to pity and try to make an adjustment, provided,
however, that there be no consumption, madness, or other
calamities to dissuade you from marriage in an absolute and decided
way. Better that you should die than sow death broadcast in future
generations.
⁂
There are some cases, however, in which the wrong is not yours,
but is theirs who unreasonably and tyrannically oppose your
happiness from prejudices of rank, avidity of money, or some caprice
or other. If you are a count or marquis and love a girl of good family
without a coat of arms, or if you are very rich and wish to marry an
educated girl of angelic character, but who is not rich—in these and
similar cases seek the help of your mother, who is nearly always
more compassionate than your father, or ask counsel and help from
some intimate friend, from one of the few who knows your heart like
a book, and has never flattered you.
In these domestic contests it is very rare for right and reason to
be on one side only; there is a little on this side and a little on that;
your hands are too unsteady to hold the balance of justice steadily,
and weigh with precision the pro and the con. Your mother, instead,
who loves you as no one else can (not even your lover), and your
friend who knows you well, see things from a dispassionate and
calm point of view, and will judge justly whether you are right or
wrong; and if you are neither mad nor a fool you will end by
believing those who love you and desire your good; and, as the case
may be, stand firm and you will win. The ancient Greek appealed
against Philip, the modern miller appeals against Berlin, and both
were right against Philip and against Frederick the Great. Your
mother and friend will appeal to you not to fast entirely from love,
but to be a little less hungry, and who knows but that they will end
in being right against that king of kings Love—stronger than the
father of Alexander the Great, greater than Frederick the Great.
If they really love you, and are persons of good sense, they will
say neither No! nor Never! to you, but will content themselves by
saying, Have a little patience; wait.
Time is the chief and capable corrector of the proof sheets of the
sketches of love, as also the policy of Fabius the temporizer, who
knew how to gain so many wars by skirmishes and battles.
The stone of comparison enables us to distinguish gold from
ignoble metal; time teaches us to separate with certainty true love
from the desire of the flesh, from the fussy exactions of self-love and
all that is plated. And perhaps, besides your mother and friend, you
will listen to the long experience of him who writes, and will hear his
voice, which says to you, cries to you, supplicates you:
Let time take its course, ever and always.
 CHAPTER IX.
HELL.
I am sitting in a restaurant in the town of ———, at the seaside. It
is the height of the bathing season, the carnival of salt and fresh
water, and the whole world is forgetting the labour and
unpleasantnesses of city life for a few weeks.
I am waiting for my breakfast, seated at a table just outside the
house, under an arbour of vines and convolvulus. The sea breeze
reaches me, plays with my tablecloth and sports with my hair,
uniting itself to the perfume of flowers which peep up, red, white,
and violet, happy also in the midst of all the sunshine, greenery, and
freshness.
Nearly all the tables, scattered about under the arbours or in the
shade of the trees, are surrounded by happy people who have just
taken their baths, fresh, with disordered hair, hungry and merry.
Even human life has its good quarters of an hour.
Near me I see a teacher to whom two girls of about ten and
twelve have been intrusted, and who, faithful to her trust, is giving
them a noisy lesson in morality and gallantry, whilst she eats and
drinks as if she were starving. I cannot imagine how she does it, but
she manages not to interrupt her educational discourse, whilst she
never ceases to eat and drink. The pupils do not listen to her, but
look at each other, slyly laughing at the inexhaustible conversation of
their instructress. A little further off there are three young fellows
who, having passed their examinations well, have been rewarded by
a visit to the seaside. They are laughing, noisy, and giddy with
youth, thoughtless, envying no living soul. One of them has just
finished his breakfast, and in order to pay his bill of one franc fifty
centimes he brings out a red banknote of a hundred francs, and
offers it to the waiter with great pride, and in such a way that
everyone can see it. It is the first he has ever had, and already that
morning he has offered it at the coffeehouse to pay fifteen centimes,
and at the baths to pay for his ticket of fifty centimes. No one would
change it, and even the waiter says he has no change; and the
young fellow is happy, for he will be able to display it a fourth, a
fifth, and even a sixth time.
Facing me a whole family of some seven or eight persons are
eating merrily, and the children, in a chromatic scale of bright
colours and different heights, range from two to fifteen years. Each
one is giving utterance to its joy, clambering up and down the chairs,
playing with a little dog to which they give the tid-bits on their
plates. The father is red, stout, and in his shirt sleeves; he looks
smilingly at his blond companion, reading in her smile the reflection
of all that lisping chatter, laughter, and folly which surround them.
All these people, differing in age, condition, and intellect, unite in
the same merriment, which they seem to have drawn from the sea,
the father of planetary life, the dispenser of spirit and energy; and
all the while the golden rays of the sun shine through the vine
leaves, the ivy, and convolvulus, painting with the shade and
penumbra of the leaves the tablecloth, the dresses of the women,
and the rosy faces of the children, throwing patches, half shades,
and glistening spots on the garden sand.
I, too, a solitary observer, enjoyed all the bright sunshine and the
happiness of the people, but forgot that I had only looked to the
right and straight before me; I turned calmly to the left, sure of
finding there another scene of joy and brightness.
On the contrary, the picture was very different.
At a table just as clean and white as the others, played on
capriciously by light and shade, two persons were sitting, a man and
a woman.
 He was about thirty, she forty-five. He was handsome, robust,
with manly energy; she lame, fat, and hunch-backed. There ought to
have been a neck, but there was none to be seen, for the heavy
head appeared to have been put on the chest awry; and all the cruel
artifices resorted to for hiding the hump behind seemed made on
purpose to produce another in front. Even her features were ugly,
and the ill-made hands were laden with rings. Large earrings were in
her ears, and a colossal locket surrounded by diamonds, inclosing
the man’s portrait, was hanging in front. Husband and wife, no
doubt.
She was eating, but could not have known the flavour of the food,
for the mouthful went round and round between her teeth, whilst
another piece on the fork was waiting in vain for its turn to enter the
mouth. That poor deformed being did not cry, that is, no tears fell
on her cheeks, but she blew her nose every now and then, and the
eyes were moist and sad. She placed the fork automatically from
time to time on the plate, with the mouthful still on it, and gazed at
the man lovingly, tenderly, waiting, imploring for a look.
But the look never came. With one hand he hastily conveyed the
food to his mouth, and with the other held a newspaper, which he
was reading with pretended interest, so as not to have the silence
interrupted. He did not shed tears nor blow his nose, but he
frowned, and he was also suffering one of those intense and hidden
agonies to which one does not confess, but which furrow the soul
like harrows of steel.
I did not remove my eyes again from that dumb and agonizing
scene.
After a long interval she said to him, timidly, hesitatingly, almost
as if committing a crime:
“Will you take anything else?”
He started as if the voice had struck him like a blow in the face;
he turned to her and twisted his mouth like one seized with a
sudden and irresistible disgust.
“No, I want nothing more.”
The No was pronounced angrily and with scorn; it was, and must
have been, a blow to her to whom it was addressed. He looked at
her a long time, a look full of hatred, remorse, and disgust. It
seemed as if he were passing in review all his companion’s ugliness,
and as if until that moment he had never seen it so clearly: those
wrinkles, that gray hair, that hump, the deformed neck, those arms
which looked like hams in sacks, and then those rings and jewels
which seemed to jeer at the white, flabby flesh with their brightness.
The deformity, the grotesque violation of good taste, suddenly struck
that handsome and robust man, for he had sold youth and manhood
to an unfortunate woman who had believed it possible to still love
and be loved.
The two had plunged into the waves of the sea a little before;
they had drunk of the sun’s rays too, but neither sea nor sun had
been able to give happiness to these unfortunate creatures who had
bartered carnal pleasures for gold, who had changed sacred love to
a vile prostitution of flesh and banknotes.
She had already passed the meridian of her second youth; he was
still young.
She was undressing. He was already in bed, and followed the
progressive unclothing of that body with an anxious curiosity, that
body once so active, so handsome and fascinating, now all
submerged in the high waters of an invading corpulence.
He wished to hide his head under the counterpane, and did so,
but a morbid curiosity made him put out his head again directly, and
he looked.
She had read in her glass only too well the ruin of her form, and
had always sought to undress alone; but this time she was obliged
to do it before his eyes. She ingeniously hid the regions which had
most suffered wreck, and with a remnant of coquetry kept
uncovered her shoulders, the ultimum moriens in the woman’s body;
but diffident of herself, and fearful of those looks which seemed to
pierce her through, her last garment fell from her hands to her feet,
and the disasters of the wreck suddenly appeared, standing out
cruelly, without pity for her or for him.
She uttered a cry and stooped down to cover herself....
He, egotistical, pitiless, forgot all the delights that this body once
so fragrant of youth and beauty had given him, and exclaimed,
throwing the words in her face:
“At a certain age I think a little more modesty is demanded.”
From that moment, from that evening, the two were enemies, two
galley slaves bound by the same chain.
⁂
She was reclining, rather than seated, on the sofa, with small and
large cushions, which allowed her to change the frame of which she
was the picture. She was smoking a cigarette, and had a French
novel on her knee that could not have interested her very much, for
at that moment she yawned. The yawn was cut short, or rather
interrupted, by the sudden opening of the sitting-room door; no one
ever entered the room in that way but him. This time it was more
like him than usual: always a husband, now an angry one.
He entered with his hat on his head, his stick in his hand, as if he
were just going out or had just come in. The latter was the case. On
returning from his walk a large envelope had been put into his hand
in the anteroom. It contained a dressmaker’s bill, the third or fourth
he had received in a few months. The total was very high, higher
than usual, and he came into the room with the bill in his hand to
make a scene.
“Come, now, come, now, my lady, when shall we finish with these
accounts?”
 She made no answer, but continued to smoke, only growing a little
red in the face.
“It seems that my lady believes herself to be a millionaire; this is
the third bill that I have had to pay in little more than four months.
But what game are we playing, my lady?”
And my lady, throwing the end of her cigarette on a Japanese
tray, stretched out her voluptuous limbs, and showed, as if by
chance, a fairy-like foot and a leg for a sculptor. More than once
already had the disclosure of such a picture, sacred to love, warded
off a heavy storm. Now, however, neither foot nor leg could disarm
her husband, who had thrown his stick on a chair, but kept on his
hat, to increase the violence of his words and to give authority to his
threats. In the meantime he rumpled and then folded the innocent
paper with alternate convulsive movements.
“I shall not pay this bill; you must pay it yourself. You have jewels
(given by me, of course); put them in pawn. You will then learn not
to play the princess with other people’s money.”
The little foot and leg retired under the dress, ashamed of their
defeat, and at last the lady opened her mouth too:
“I think you can hardly expect me to cut a sorry figure in society.”
“But what society? Society of Egypt! Many ladies who are more
truly ladies than you don’t spend half what you do. I have inquired
and know very well.”
“Yes, your Fifi told you, your Fifi, for whom you pay much larger
bills than you do for your wife.”
Never had his wife uttered the name of the stage dancer until that
moment, and he had believed her to be quite ignorant of his
amours. He reddened up to his hair, frowned, and shook himself as if
he had been stung by a viper, and the conversation became
embittered even to brutality.
 “Ah! jealous, and impertinent too! It seems to me that when one
has not brought a halfpenny of dowry there ought to be a little more
modesty and economy.”
“Good, very good, sir! I have brought youth and beauty as a
dowry, and a dowry besides; yes, you insolent man, a good dowry, a
large sum which was lost in the failure of the Bank of Turin. And is
that my fault? And you, what have you brought me? A bald head,
false teeth, and a body eaten through with vice—a fine patrimony,
truly.”
“Ah, you had a dowry, had you? I have never seen it; the only
treasure I have seen is the gold with which your teeth are stopped.
Sell that and pay the dressmaker’s bill with it.”
The bill flew in the air and fell at the woman’s feet.
The husband went out of the room, slamming the door so loudly
as to make the little Japanese figures and the other bric-a-brac on
the table tremble. And the wife, lighting a fresh cigarette, set to,
with all the force of her intellect, to invent some revenge worthy of
the insult received.
She was alone in her boudoir, seated before a writing table of
ebony inlaid with ivory. She wrote rapidly and smiled to herself, as
one smiles when one is writing to one beloved, and saying a saucy
thing flavoured with much tenderness.
Nothing was heard in the room but the soft and rhythmical
scratching of the steel pen on the paper. She was so intent on what
she was writing that she had not heard someone raise the portière,
enter the room, and stand before her.
That someone was not the person to whom she was writing, for
raising her graceful head for a moment as if to seek an adjective
more merrily saucy to put with the others, she saw her husband,
whom she believed was out, standing before her.
 She uttered a startled cry, and unconsciously covered the paper
she was writing on with her right hand.
“Ah, is it you? How you frightened me!”
“Another time I will have myself announced.”
These words were said without anger, and with a serene
calmness; but a diabolic irony played round the mouth.
The smile gradually converted itself to a real laugh, to which the
nodding head seemed to beat time.
“Perhaps you were writing to Count B. Who can write the better,
you or he? His letters are pretty, very pretty! How much passion—
no, passion is not a fit word, it is too flattering; let us say sensuality,
lasciviousness, debauchery. Which of these words do you find most
suitable?”
The lady had become white as death. The pen fell from her hand
and made a large blot on the elegant paper.
But the husband, continuing to laugh, had approached her, and
having drawn a chair to the writing table, stroked her hair lovingly.
“You were afraid; but of what? You think, perhaps, that I am come
to make a scene, or perhaps to kill you, and then myself after. No,
no; I only like double suicides on the stage or in novels, provided the
author of the book or the drama has talent. But here, why stain this
beautiful Persian carpet with your blood, why scatter mine over the
elegant paper you were covering with your words of love? It would
really be a pity, a crime, and above all a folly. I am come to make a
compact,” and he laid a long kiss on the little fair curls at her neck.
It seemed to the lady as if that kiss burnt her like a red-hot iron.
She withdrew her head and gazed at her husband with glassy
eyes, petrified with astonishment.
 No, he had not really the look of an assassin. He was calm,
cheerful, like a good-tempered fellow who was playing an innocent
joke, a very innocent one.
“Give me a cigarette. The air is heavy with the odour of your
cigarettes! They must be very good ones. Probably Count B. brought
them for you from Constantinople?” He did not wait for her to give it
to him, but took one himself from a bronze bowl and lighted it. “I
told you, then, that I was come to make a compact with you, a
compact of purchase and sale, in which we shall both gain
something. Look!”
And here the husband took out of the pocket of his greatcoat a
perfumed packet of letters tied with a golden cord.
“I have a treasure here! the entire and complete collection of all
the letters the count has written you. Not one is missing! The lady’s
maid you dismissed last week made me a present of them, gave
them to me for nothing. There are a hundred and thirty, written in
three months! How much will you give me for this treasure?”
The lady, being suddenly reassured that her husband’s intentions
were not homicidal, looked at him with a gaze full of contempt and
cruelty. She no longer felt fear or remorse. She could have wished at
that moment that the letters might have been not from one lover
only, but from ten, a hundred, and that each one could strike him
and spit in his face. She began to laugh too.
“Bravo! capital! you are a man of spirit. Give me a kiss!”
And the kiss was given, a faithful copy of the one that Judas gave
Christ nearly twenty centuries ago.
“I will give you a thousand francs!”
“Oh! oh! oh!”
And here followed a long and loud laugh.
 “A thousand francs! a thousand francs! What are you thinking of?
I want ten thousand francs, not a penny more or less. If not, I will
give them to your father for nothing, only reserving two or three of
the most lascivious to publish in the papers. Do you agree?”
“Give them to him if you will. I shall say that you wrote them, that
they are false. My father esteems me highly.”
“Um! Your father is not a fool, and the writing of the count is not
forged. I want ten thousand francs!”
“I will give you five.”
“No; it is too little. I must pay Nina’s milliner’s bill, and I want to
go to Paris.”
“I will give you six.”
“No, ten. Not a penny more or less.”
“Very well; I will give you ten thousand francs. Give me the
letters. Swear that they are all here!”
“Look at the dates. They are really all here. They are numbered
too by the count, with red ink, perhaps with his blood.”
And here there was a loud laugh.
“When you bring me the ten thousand francs I will give you the
letters, not before.”
⁂
The compact was made, the letters were returned, the sum was
paid.
The husband paid Nina’s milliner’s bill, and has gone to Paris.
Indeed, he has already returned and is still living in the house of his
wife, with whom he hopes soon to be able to negotiate a new
ransom.
 And she?
She has a new lover to whom she never writes and from whom
she will not receive any letters. When he complains of this strange
proceeding she throws her arms round his neck and, kissing him,
says:
“Is it not better, dear, to have a kiss the more and a letter the
less?”
And the husband has waited a long time in vain, hoping to
discover a new packet of perfumed letters, tied with a golden cord,
all marked in progressive numbers, written with red ink, perhaps
with blood.
 CHAPTER X.
PURGATORY.
But few marriages are a hell, and fewer still enjoy the highest
beatitudes of heaven; the most stand halfway between the two—
that is, in purgatory. There they live without redemption, which
means without any hope of mounting to heaven; but neither have
they any fear of being hurled down among the fallen angels. After a
more or less lengthy honeymoon they descend gradually to earth,
now walking amongst nettles and thorns, now amongst the
flowering beds of the garden, to remain there till death.
To describe all the forms and accidents of this conjugal purgatory
would be to exhaust the human universe. It is enough for me to
present some scenes taken from life, so that you can judge of the
rest from these examples.
⁂
It is eight o’clock in the morning; he has been awake for some
time; she is sleeping soundly and sweetly.
He had been quiet and silent for more than an hour, reading the
paper, smoking a cigarette, looking at his wife with the fond hope
that she may wake up of herself, but in vain.
Then he coughed several times, used his handkerchief without
needing it, shook the bed, but in vain.
The waiting had become impatience; impatience had changed to a
troublesome, insupportable agitation.
Then he gave her a sweet, light little kiss on her lips. She woke
with a start and stared at him—he who had expected a smile or an
answer on a par with the question.
“How you frightened me! Why did you wake me so suddenly?”
“I thought my kiss would have pleased you, and hoped to wake
you gradually without giving you a shock.”
“But you know—you know very well that for some time past
waking me in that way has hurt me. It gives me palpitation of the
heart, and then I feel ill all day.”
“I have been awake since six o’clock, and have had the patience
to wait two hours for you to wake; you have slept nine hours.”
“And if I wish to sleep ten what have you to say against it? Do you
not remember that I worked like a dog yesterday, that I had to
attend to the house linen, put the drawing room in order, and then
went round to all the shops to find a good flannel for your vests?
You ruin my health, and will give me disease of the heart by your
nasty habit of waking me up so suddenly.”
“And how ought I to wake you? Teach me.”
“If I could teach you to have a little more consideration, if I could
cure you of your egotism, I would willingly do so; you only think of
yourself.”
The tone of the conversation on her part, at first slightly irritated,
had become angry, rancorous, and full of suppressed bitterness.
He felt it, but still hoped for a reconciliation.
He tried to feel her heart.
“Let me see if you really have palpitation of the heart.”
She turned her back on him angrily.
“Let me alone; after having done me harm you now want to joke.
I tell you you will finish by killing me!”
 He turned away too, muttering under his breath and thinking sad
thoughts of that chemical combination called marriage.
⁂
“Listen, dear; I should like to dine an hour earlier to-day.”
“And why?”
“Because I eat nothing at breakfast and have a poet’s hunger.”
“I, on the contrary, have none at all. I eat too much.”
“But besides my appetite, I have another reason for wishing to
dine earlier. Do you know, I have promised my oldest and best
friend, Giovanni, to meet him at the station on his way to Rome?”
“Who knows that it is not a lady instead?”
“Come with me to the station and convince yourself.”
“Heaven defend me! I am not jealous.”
“A little! You are jealous six days in the week and seven times
every day. You are always so and always in the wrong.”
“But I tell you I believe you; I was only joking.”
“Very well, then, we will dine at five instead of six.”
“Impossible! Annina has brought home such a tough fowl that it
will require all the cooking in the world to have it ready by seven.”
“But I can do without the fowl!”
“But there is nothing else! Go another time to meet Giovanni—
when he returns from Rome, for instance.”
“He will not be returning by the same route. I know he has to go
back by Civita Vecchia and Genoa.”
“Well, anyhow, we cannot dine at five!”
 “Ah! it is enough that I should ask a thing for you to find a
thousand and one difficulties to prevent you doing what I want. It
has been so ever since we were married, and will be to the end.”
“And you will always be that obstinate and infallible man who
wishes to command in housekeeping where the woman ought to be
mistress.”
“Go on, go on! Just because one wants dinner at five instead of at
six you have your usual reproaches for me. I know them by heart
already.”
“Yet it does not appear so, for you are incorrigible and will have
what you want at any cost, even if your wife’s or children’s health
has to suffer, or even if the sky fall.”
“Yes, yes, you are right; a tough fowl will kill you. For Heaven’s
sake do not let us have such pettiness.”
“But it is you who are petty, thanks for the compliment; if I am
petty you are egotistical, and ought not to have married.”
“And you ought not to have had a husband, you chatterer, you
intolerable scold!”
“Go on. Haven’t you some more gentle, nice adjectives; they are
so well suited to your delicate mouth?”
“Yes, I have a good many left; you are foolish and have no
common sense; you make a rope out of a thread of silk, and in
everything you find a pretext to make scenes and torment me, and
scatter gall on all you touch. Yes, you must be suffering from the
liver. Call in the doctor, you must have the jaundice.”
“It is you who have the jaundice, and to show you that you are
the most petty of the two I will be silent and go.”
“And I will go too, and will dine neither at five nor six, but at the
hotel. At least I shall not hear your ugly and impertinent voice there,
your chatter without sense, and I shall have an hour’s rest from the
infinite sweetnesses you scatter over the time when we are obliged
to be together.”
He is director of some large works. He is early at his desk, for it is
Saturday and he must balance the accounts of the week and pay the
work people. He is in an exceedingly bad temper, for he has
discovered that the cashier is not honest, that his chief
superintendent is ignorant, and that a good many customers have
sent in complaints of the bad quality of the goods despatched from
the factory. He has both arms on the writing table, his head is
between his hands, and he looks mechanically at a row of figures
before him without reading them.
She, on the contrary, is in the best of tempers, for she feels well,
and when she was dressing her hair the glass told her how
handsome she was, very handsome; and then her little boy on
waking a little before had sat up in his cradle and, smiling, had said
Mamma for the first time.
She caught him up in delight in his little white night-dress, just as
he was, and ran to her husband’s office, opened the door without
knocking or waiting to know if anyone was there, and rushed in
hastily and happily.
He had hardly time to raise his eyes before she was at the writing
table, and had placed the child on a bundle of papers, and said in an
agitated voice:
“Give papa a kiss.”
Papa loved the little fellow very much and the mother exceedingly;
but at that moment he hated all and everything, even himself. What
would he have given at that moment not to be unkind; what would
he have done not to have had his wife and child there to make him
hurt them!
 How many fierce, dumb, and invisible struggles are carried on in a
man’s brain within a few seconds.
He said nothing, but put his mouth quickly to the child’s.
“Yes, yes; bravo; give me a kiss and then go away directly, for I
am busy—I have a devil in every hair and a thousand anxieties in my
mind ... yes ... yes, so ... good-by, good-by.”
And he almost pushed away mother and child with his two
nervous, angry, almost threatening hands. The poor mother had not
expected such a reception, and could not reconcile herself to it.
“Do you know that Carlino has just said Mamma for the first time,
really, just now when he woke?”
The father was silent and fretted, angry with himself because he
could not and did not know how to call up a single affectionate word
to his lips or a sole caress to his hands; all was dark before him, and
everything so bitter that absinthe would have seemed honey to him.
And to be obliged to be so hard with that touching picture before
him! Oh, why had that woman come at such a moment? Why had he
not locked himself in his office?
The mother could not give in. She drew her lips to his scowling
forehead, but he did not draw down those lips to his; he simply
touched her cheek coldly. That kiss was an insult; he was ice; he
was brutal.
She felt a lump in her throat, which broke into a sob.
“Yes, yes, let us go away. We will not come again to trouble you.”
He got up hurriedly and went to the window, but did not open it.
He put his hands through his hair and exclaimed aloud:
“Bless the women! they never understand anything; they come
into the office, interrupt one’s work, and oblige one to be harsh to
those one loves best. And yet they pretend to be our equals.”
 He continued his panegyric on women alone, for mother and child
had disappeared, both crying, the mother mortally offended by the
double blow—the one to the wife’s heart, the other to the mother’s.
The child screamed, frightened at the cruel scene which he
appeared to feel, if he did not understand.
Sobs and cries lasted some time, and were heard through the wall
in the office, making a savage harmony with the bursts of
impatience of the angry director of the factory.
⁂
“Do you know, dear, the Marquis of Bellavista came into our box at
the theatre yesterday evening?”
“What did he want? I did not know he was in Florence.”
“Neither did I.”
“Um!”
“I thought he was still in Naples; but he told me he was staying a
day or two in Florence on his way to the races at Milan, and seeing
me in the box, he came up to shake hands with me.”
“I hope you were rude to him, so that he will not be tempted to
come and see you a second time.”
“Rude, no! but cold. You can ask your mother, who was present at
the time.”
“I can’t believe that you had not seen him before during the day,
when you were out, or perhaps here at home. You tell me now that
you have seen him at the theatre because a hundred others might
tell me, and you wished to forestall them.”
“But this is a gratuitous insult, unjust, cruel! I do not think I have
ever given you reason to doubt my loyalty.”
 “I have not the slightest suspicion of any other man who may pay
you attention, but with the marquis it is quite a different thing.
Before you married me he was deeply in love with you, and you with
him; and the affair went a good way, for you were engaged to each
other. It was only your father who broke off the engagement at the
last moment because he heard the worst accounts of the character
of his future son-in-law and of his disreputable conduct. First love
always leaves deep impressions.”
“No, my love, had I really loved the marquis I should not have
married anyone else, nor should I have believed the accusations
they cast at him. I should have waited until I was mistress of myself,
and not have given my hand to another.”
“And how long was the marquis in the box?”
“About an hour.”
“Very good, only an hour! Too short a time for a love appointment,
and too long for a complimentary visit.”
“But I could not send him away.”
“When a woman desires it she can always make a man
understand that his visit is inopportune, inconvenient, and that he
must shorten it if possible.”
“You teach me how I can do so.”
“And then you chatted over your old love, and the cruel rupture of
your separation.”
“We only spoke of music and theatres.”
“We may believe that. But I am going out to see if I can discover
whether the marquis is still in Florence, and how long he intends to
stay. And in the meantime, if he is barefaced enough to call here, I
beg you will not receive him. This I demand and desire.”
“No command is necessary; I know my duty.”
 “Not always. A visit of an hour in the box of a woman to whom
the man was once engaged is an offence to her husband.”
She, who was completely innocent, felt herself really offended by
all the suspicions of her husband, and began to beat her foot on the
carpet and to torture a volume of Coppée lying on the table with a
paper knife.
From anger and from opposition to the unmerited offence she had
a firm idea that the Marquis of Bellavista would never have been so
jealous, so foolishly jealous. Libertines know the hearts of women a
little better.
The husband went out of the house without a farewell word to his
wife. He became a spy on the marquis, and followed his steps from
café to café, at the club, amongst friends, dividing his projects, and
tormenting himself in a hundred and one ways, one more absurd
than the other.
“Will you allow me, dear, to make an observation?”
The question is asked by a man still in bed, and is addressed to
his wife, who is near him under the same sheet, and is still sleepy.
“About what?”
“About the French song you sang yesterday at the countess’s.”
“And what have you to say about it?”
“That you pronounced the u very badly, just as if it were ou.”
“And have you nothing else to criticise?”
“No. Now do not be angry; if your husband does not tell you of
these things————”
“Bravo, capital, and a thousand thanks; above all, let me
congratulate you on the time you have selected for correcting my
errors in French pronunciation. Instead of wishing me good-morning
with a kiss, a caress, or a loving word the French professor gives me
a lesson in language. Do you give it to me gratuitously, or what do
you charge for it?”
“There you are, up on your high horse in a moment, and for such
a trifle. You are a Tuscan and the u is hard and difficult for those lips
of yours, which distil milk and honey; but another time be careful.
People will say you do not know French.”
“But what French! I ask you if in the excitement of the music, or
the torrent of notes, there is anyone who would notice if one said u
or ou. And I do not speak of a vowel only. Who listens to the words?
They can only be distinguished with difficulty.”
“There are those who notice. First of all, the French, who do not
like to hear their language mutilated; then the envious, the spiteful.
Now only see, each time you had to repeat the word dur, which you
always pronounced dour, the Marchioness Vittoria smiled, and
looked at her sister, who laughed and then pursed her lips to imitate
you. Neither one nor the other was aware that I saw all their
pantomime in the mirror.”
“How can you tell what they were laughing at? I know that I was
very much applauded, and that my voice and method of singing
were praised.”
“You certainly sing well, but remember
that in good society applause
is bestowed upon all, especially upon handsome women.”
“Yes, but only to those who know how to pronounce the u.”
“Shall I tell you all, since you are determined to take offence at
the slightest observation which I make?”
“Yes, tell me.”
“Well, the Duke of St. Etienne whilst they so loudly applauded you
bent forward to his cousin and said: ‘Oui, elle chanté très-bien, mais
elle a le timbre de la voix un peu dour.’ And the amiable little cousin
covered her face to hide her Homeric laugh.”
“Dur or dour, I must get up an hour earlier, or else you will drive
me mad. My day will be a happy one, and I shall have you to thank
for it. A thousand thanks, you master of French!”
To know the reason of this sudden burst of anger, why from being
slightly keen the conversation became suddenly bitter, and the notes
from sharp became acute, you must understand that the cousin of
the duke was, from position, youth, and beauty, the official rival of
the lady who pronounced u as ou.
⁂
They are both seated at the table with their four children, their
ages ranging from five to twelve years. She, the mother, is helping
them all. He is watching the distribution of a delicious custard. From
time to time he frowns, and shakes his head in sign of
disapprobation.
And this pantomime continued so long that at last she became
aware of it, and in her turn looked at him crossly and put down the
spoon.
“What is the matter? Some new criticism?”
“Yes, but it’s no new subject of complaint. For some time past I
have noticed the thing every day at breakfast, dinner, and supper,
and if I have not given utterance to my dislike, it has been to avoid
any unpleasantness; but to-day it seems as if I were losing
patience.”
“Lose it; I will pick it up.”
“You might have a little more consideration, especially when you
usurp the prerogative of a god and distribute good and evil with
such authority.”
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