CFAS REVIWER:  Cash inflows are lower

Indication may signify that the remaining useful life,

PAS 36: IMPAIRMENT OF ASSET depreciation or amortization method, or residual value of the
assets need to be reviewed and adjusted even if NO impairment
“Prescribed the procedures necessary to ensure that assets are loss recognized.
not carried in excess of their recoverable amount!”
REQUIRED TESING FOR IMPAIRMENT:
PAS 36 applies to (non-current assets); At least annually even if no indication.
1. PPE 1. Intangible assets with indefinite useful life
2. Investment property under cost model 2. Intangible assets not yet available for use
3. Investment in associates, joint ventures and subsidiaries 3. Goodwill acquired in a business combination
4. Intangible
5. Goodwill Tested at any time during the annual period provided it is
performed at the same time every year.
Carrying amount of asset shall not exceed its recoverable
amount. If does, then the asset is impaired. Concurrent testing is not required for dissimilar assets. Such
assets recognized during the the year must be tested for
The excess shall be written-off as impairment loss. impairment before the end of the year.

C/A > S/V Goodwill is tested for impairment in relation to the cash-
generating unit which it has been allocated
C/A is the amount at which an asset is recognized after
deducting any accumulated depreciation and accumulated MEASURING
impairment losses. R/A is higher of FVLCD and VIU
If one them exceed the C/A,no need to compute the other one.
S/V or RECOVERABLE AMOUNT (R/A) is the amount
expected to be recovered. If FVLCD is not available, the VIU is used.

HIGHER OF; No reason to believe that the VIU exceeds the FVLCD, the
FAIR VALUE LESS COST OF DISPOSAL (HFVLCD) latter is used. Cases in assets held for disposal
VALUE IN USE (HVIU)
FVLCD
FAIR VALUE is the price that would be received to sell an Use PRFS 13 Fair Value Measurement
asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction
between market participants at the measurement date. Cost of disposal except those recognized as liabilities:
1. Legal costs, stamp duty and similar transaction taxes.
COST OF DISPOSAL are incremental cost directly 2. Cost of removing the asset
attributable to the disposal of an asset or cash-generating unit. 3. Direct incremental cost to bring an assets into condition to
sale
EXCLUDED fiance cost and income tax expense
Termination benefits and cost associated with reducing or
VALUE IN USE is the present value of the future cash flows reorganizing a business following the disposal of an asset are
expected to be derived from an asset or cash-generating unit. not included.

IDENTIFYING AN ASSET THAT MAY BE IMPAIRED VIU

Present value of the net cash flows expected to be derived from
If an indication exists, the entity estimates the recoverable the continuing use of asset and from its disposal at the end of its
amount of the asset. useful life.

If no indication, the entity need not estimate the recoverable COMPUTED;

amount of the asset. 1. Estimate the future cash inflows and outflows expected to be
derived from continuing use of the asset and from its disposal
INDICATIONS OF IMPAIRMENT: 2. Apply appropriate dsicount rate to those future cashflows

EXTERNAL ESTIMATE OF FUTURE CASHFLOWS

1. Significant decline on asset’s value Cash flows projection are based on management’s best estimate;
2. Significant changes in technological, market, economic, or they give greater weight to external evidence.
legal environment that adversely affect the recoverable amount
of asset Projection maximum of 5 years
3. Increase in market interest rates that affect the discount rate
used in calculating an asset’s value in use. Foreign currency are translated using the spot exchange rate at
4. C/A of net assets exceed its market capitalization. the date the VIU is calculated

INTERNAL EXCLUDED:
1. Obsolescence or physical damage of asset Future restructuring not yet committed
2. Significant changes in the expected use of an asset that Improving or enhancing the assets performance
adversely affect its recoverable amount; Income taxes
 Assets become idle Finance activities
 Plant to discontinue or restructure the operations
 Plan to dispose the asset earlier than expected DISCOUNT RATE
 Reassessment of an asset’s useful life from indefinite or Pre-tax rate is used
finite
3. Economic performance of an asset is worse than expected. RECOGNIZING AND MEASURING AN IMPAIRMENT
 Maintenance cost is higher LOSS
Impairment loss is immediately recognize in profit or loss. decline, significant changes in technological that favorably
Unless the assets is carried at revalued amount; affect the recoverable amount of an asset - rather than adversely,
REVALUATION SURPLUS etc.)

R/S is recognize in OCI If the recoverable amount of the previously impaired asset
exceeds its carrying amount, the carrying amount is increased to
If I/L exceeds the C/A, liability is recognize if required by equal the recoverable amount
another PFRS 
The increase is the reversal of impairment loss
After impairment, SUBSEQUENT DEPRECIATION is based
on the asset’s R/A LIMITATION:

CGU AND GOODWILL 1. The reversal of impairment loss shall not result to a carrying
Tested for impairment individually, except if the asset belongs amount in excess of the assets would be carrying amount had no
to CGU or not possible to determine an individual asset’s R/A. impairment loss been recognized in prior periods

CGU 2. Impairment loss on goodwill is never reversed

The smallest identifiable groups of assets that generates cash
inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows from
other assets or group of assets

GOODWILL
Recognize in a business combination is allocated to each of the
acquirer’s CGU. If the allocation cannot be completed before
the end of that year, it must be completed before the end of the
immediately following year.

Goodwill does not generate its own cashflow.

Not an unidentifiable asset; thus, it can only be tested for

impairment if it is allocated to the CGU

If the CGU which goodwill is allocated is partially disposed of,

the allocated goodwill is reallocated.

CGU is tested for impairment by comparing the CGU’S

carrying amount, including any allocated goodwill, with the
CGU’S recoverable amount.

Impairment loss is allocated;

First, to any goodwill included in the CGU
Then, other assets of CGU based on their carrying amount.

CORPORATE ASSETS
assets that contribute to the future cash flows of several
departments of divisions within an entity.

Example:

Electronic Data Processing (EDP) equipment, such as a

mainframe computer used by several divisions within an entity,
the entity’s headquarters building or a research center.

Corporate assets do not independently generate their own cash

inflows.

Thus, to test a corporate asset for impairment, it needs to be

allocated to the various CGUs using that asset.

The accounting procedures are similar to those applied to

goodwill.

REVERSAL OF IMPAIRMENT LOSS

Assesses at the end of each reporting period whether there is an

indication that an impairment loss recognized in prior periods
for an asses may no longer exist or may have decreased.

If such an indication exists, the entity estimates the recoverable
amount of that asset.

In making the assessment. The entity considers the exact
opposites of the indications of impairment provided earlier (e.g.,
significant increase in the masset’s market value - rather than
 e. Initial operating loss
PAS 38: INTANGIBLE ASSET
An identifiable non-monetary asset without physical substance.

THREE CRITICAL ATTRIBUTES/ESSENTIAL INTERNALLY GENERATED INTANGIBLE ASSET

The cost of internally generated intangible asset comprises all
CRITERIA OF AN INTANGIBLE ASSET: directly attributable costs necessary to create, produce and
prepare the asset to be capable of operating it in the manner
1. IDENTIFIABILITY intended by management.
Must be identifiable to distinguish it clearly from goodwill.
Explicitly provides internally generated brand, masthead,
An asset is identifiable: publishing title, and customer list shall not be recognized as an
intangible asset.
It is separable; the asset is capable of being separated from the
entity and sold, transferred, license, rented or exchanged, either Internally generated goodwill shall not be
individually or together with related asset or liability. recognized as an intangible.

It arises from contractual or other legal rights; regardless if the EXAMPLE: (directly attributable cost)
rights are transferable or separable from entity or other rights a. Cost of materials and services
and obligation. b. Cost of employee benefit
c. Fee to register a legal right
2. CONTROL d. Amortization of patent
Must be under the control of the entity as a result of a past e. Capitalize borrowing cost
event.
RECOGNITION AS AN EXPENSE
It has a power to obtain future economic benefits from the An expenditure that does not meet the recognition criteria shall
intangible asset and restrict the access of others to those be expensed when incurred.
benefits.
EXAMPLE OF EXPENSED WHEN INCURRED
Capacity to control future economic benefits from an intangible EXPENDITURE:
asset normally would stem from legal rights that are enforceable a. Start up costs.
in a court of law. - may consist of organization cost
- may include preopening costs or expenditures, to open a new
3. FUTURE ECONOMIC BENEFITS facility; and
Includes the revenues, cost of saving or other benefits resulting
from the use of the asset by the entity. b. Training cost
c. Advertising and Promotional Costs
RECOGNITION OF AN INTAGIBLE ASSET d. Business relocation or reorganization
a) It is probable that future economic benefits attributable to the Cost
asset will flow to the entity.
Note: PAS38 prohibits the reinstatement of cost, meaning, if
b) The cost of intangible asset can be measured reliably. a cost has been expensed it cannot anymore be capitalized as
an I/A asset
INITIAL MEASUREMENT OF INTANGIBLE ASSET
Shall be measured initially at cost. SUBSEQUENT EXPENDITURE
Shall be recognized as expensed. It may be capitalized or added
If an intangible asset is acquired separately, the cost of the to cost of the intangible asset but must met the following
intangible asset can be measured reliably. criteria:

The cost of a separated acquired intangible a. Probable that future economic benefits that are attributable
asset: specifically to the subsequent expenditure will follow to the
1. Purchase price entity
2.
2. Import duties and nonrefundable b. The subsequent expenditure can be measured reliably
purchase tax
IDENTIFIABLE INTANGIBLE ASSETS
3. Directly attributable cost of preparing the It is identifiable when asset is acquired through purchase or
asset for the intended use there is a transfer of legal rights; Intellectual property.

3.1 Cost of employee benefit EXAMPLE:

3.2 Professional fee a. Patent
3.3 Cost of testing b. Copyright
c. Franchise
COSTS WHICH ARE NOT CAPITALIZABLE d. Trademark or Brand name
Cost that are not included but expensed immediately: e. Customer list
f. Computer software
a. Cost of introducing a new product or service g. Broadcasting license, airline right and
fishing right
b. Cost of conducting business in a new location
UNIDENTIFIABLE INTANGIBLE ASSETS
c. Administration and other general overhead cost It is unidentifiable when it cannot be sold, transferred, licensed,
rented or exchange separately; Goodwill.
d. Cost incurred
MEASUREMENT AFTER RECOGNITION If such pattern cannot be determined reliably, use the straight-
An entity must choose either the cost model or the revaluation line method of amortization.
model for each class of intangible asset.

a. Cost Model – shall be carried at cost, less any accumulated

amortization and any accumulated impairment loss.

b. Revaluation Model – shall be carried at revaluation amount

(fair value of the date of revaluation and is determined by RESIDUAL VALUE
reference to an active market), less any subsequent amortization - It is reviewed at each financial year-end.
and any subsequent accumulated impairment loss.
- It is presumed to be zero, except when the third party bought
Note: Intangible asset can only be carried at revalued an intangible asset at the end of the useful life or when there is
amount if there is an active market for the asset. an active market for the intangible asset.

AMORTIZATION OF INTANGIBLE ASSETS DERECOGNITION OF AN INTANGIBLE ASSET

a. With limited or finite life – amortized, over useful life Derecognized on disposal of the asset and when no future
economic benefits are expected from its use and disposal.
b. With indefinite life – not amortized, but tested for impairment
at least annually Gain or loss from derecognizing shall determine as the
difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying
IMPAIRMENT OF INTANGIBLE ASSETS amount of the asset.
a. With finite useful life – tested for impairment whenever there
is an indication of impairment at the end of reporting period. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
To assess whether an internally generated intangible asset meets
b. With indefinite useful life – tested for impairment at least the criteria for recognition, an entity classifies the generation of
annually and whenever there is an indication of impairment. the asset into research phase and development phase.

Note: Impairment Loss – recognized if the recoverable If an entity cannot distinguish the research phase from
amount is less than the carrying amount development phase, the entity treats the expenditure as if it were
incurred in the research phase only.
AMORTIZATION
The systematic allocation of the amortizable amount of an RESEARCH
intangible asset over the useful life. To discover new knowledge that will be useful in developing
new product.
Cost of the intangible asset less residual value.
DEVELOPMENT COST
Recorded by debiting amortization expense and crediting the Application of research findings to develop a new product.
intangible asset account.
ACCOUNTING FOR RESEARCH COST
Shorter of its USEFUL LIFE AND LEGAL LIFE Provides that expenditures on research or in research phase of an
internal project shall be recognized as expense when incurred.
AMORTIZATION PERIOD
Shall begin when asset is available for use. ACCOUNTING FOR DEVELOPMENT COST
Development is incurred at a later stage in a project and the
Shall cease when intangible asset is derecognized. probability of success may be more apparent.

Shall not cease when the assets is no longer used It may or may not be recognized as an intangible asset
depending on very strict criteria (must follow all the criteria).
Shall be amortized on a systematic basis over the useful life.
CRITERIA FOR RECOGNITION
AMORTIZATION METHOD a. The technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so
1. Straight line that will be available for use or sale.
2. Diminishing balance
3. Units of production b. The intention to complete the intangible asset and use or sell
it.
Note: PAS 38 requires an annual review of the amortization
method and assessments and estimates of useful life and residual c. The ability to use or sell the intangible asset.
value at each year end.
d. How the intangible asset will generate probable future
USEFUL LIFE economic benefits.
- Must be assessed as indefiniteor finite.
e. Availability of resources or fundingto complete development
- Finite, useful life is expressed in terms of years or number of and to use or sell the asset.
units to be produced.
f. Ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the
- Indefinite, when there’s no foreseeable limit to the period over intangible asset during its development.
which the asset is expected to generate net cash flow. Also,
when there are no legal, contractual, competitive and other CAPITALIZABLE EXPENDITURES
The costs incurred related to research and development which
AMORTIZATION METHOD have an alternative future use can be capitalized.
Shall reflect the pattern in which the future economic benefits
from the asset are expected to be consumed by the entity. The following should be charged to R & D expense:
a. Cost of materials used ➢ If the portions could be sold separately, they are accounted
b. Depreciation of equipment for separately. The portion being rented out under operating
c. Amortization of intangible asset lease is classified as investment property while the owner-
occupied is classified as PPE.

➢ If the portions could not be sold separately, the entire

property is classified as investment property if the owner-
occupied portion is insignificant. If the owner-occupied
portion is significant, property is classified as
PAS 40: INVESTMENT PROPERTY PPE.
“PAS 40 prescribes the accounting and disclosure ANCILLARY SERVICES TO OCCUPANTS
requirements for investment property.” The property is classified as investment property if the
services are insignificant to the arrangement as a whole. An
INVESTMENT PROPERTY example is when the owner of an office building provides
Investment property – is land and/or building held to earn security and maintenance services to the building tenants.
rentals or for capital appreciation or both.
If the services provided are significant, the entire property is
Investment property includes only land and building. classified as PPE. An example is services provided to hotel
guests in an owner-managed hotel. An owner-managed hotel is
Investment property is held to earn rentals or for capital classified as PPE rather than investment property.
appreciation or both.
INVESTMENT PROPERTY IN CONSOLIDATED
Meaning, it generates its own cash flows independently from the FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
other assets of an entity and is NOT: Property that is leased by a member of a group to another
member (parent or subsidiary) does not qualify as investment
a. Owner-occupied property : PPE property in the consolidated financial statements because,
from the group’s perspective, the property is owner-occupied.
b. Held for sale
RECOGNITION
c. Classified as “held for sale” under PFRS 5 Non-current assets Recognized when it meets the definition of an investment
Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations. property as well as the asset recognition criteria of “probable
future economic benefits” and “reliable measurement of
Examples of investment property: cost”.

a. Land held for long-term INITIAL MEASUREMENT

An investment property is initially measured at cost.
b. Land held for a currently undetermined future use.
The measurement of costs depends on the mode of acquisition.
c. A building owned by the entity (or a right-of use asset relating
to a building held by the entity) and leased out under one or ACQUISITION BY PURCHASE
more operating leases. The cost of a purchased investment property comprises the
purchase price and any directly attributable costs incurred in
d. A building that is vacant but is held to be leased out under bringing the asset to its intended condition, e.g., professional
one more operating leases. fees for legal services, property transfer taxes and other
transaction costs.
f. Property that is being constructed or developed for future use
as investment property. If any the payment is deferred, the costs is the cash price
equivalent. The difference between this amount and the total
The following are not investment property: payments is recognized as interest expense over the credit
period, unless it qualifies for capitalization under PAS 23.
a. Property acquired exclusively for sale in the near future or for
development and resale. The cost of an investment property excludes the
following:
b. Owner-occupied property, including: a. Start-up costs, unless they are necessary to bring the property
to the condition
i. Property held for future use as owner occupied property;
b. Operating losses incurred before the investment property
ii. Property held for future development and subsequent use as achieves the planned level of occupancy; or
owner-occupied property;
c. Abnormal amounts of wasted materials, labor or other
iii. Property occupied by employees (whether or not the resources incurred in constructing or developing the property.
employees pay rent at market rates); and
EXCHAGE OF ASSETS
iv. Owner-occupied property awaiting disposal. a. With commercial substance –
an exchange has a commercial substance if the entity’s
c. Property that is leased out to another entity under a finance subsequent cash flows are expected to change as a result of
lease. the exchange. The asset received is measured using the
following order of
PARTLY INVESTMENT PROPERTY AND PARTLY priority:
OWNEROCCUPIED
A common example is a building that is partly being rented out 1. Fair value of the asset Given up;
and partly being used as office space. 2. Fair value of the asset Received; or
3. Carrying amount of the asset Given up.
Such are accounted for as follows:
c. Lacks commercial substance – If the investment property is a right-of-use asset, fair value is
The asset received is measured at the carrying amount of the measured for the right-of-use asset and not the underlying
asset given up. property.

No gain or loss arises if the asset received is An entity uses the principle in PFRS 13 Fair value Measurement
measured at the carrying amount of the asset given when determining the fair value of an investment property. To
up. avoid double-counting, assets and liabilities that are integral
parts of the investment property are not recognized separately.

For example, elevator and air-conditioning are an integral part

of a building and are necessarily included in the building’s fair
SUBSEQUENT MEASUREMENT value. Therefore, these items are included in the measurement of
the investment property (i.e., the building as a whole) rather
COST MODEL or the FAIR VALUE MODEL than as separate items of PPE.

Only one model shall be used. Using both models selectively TRANSFERS:
for items of investment property is prohibited, except in the Only when there is change in use.
following cases:
a. Commencement of owner-occupation, for a transfer from
1. When the fair value model is used but the fair value of one investment property to PPE;
investment property cannot be reliably determined on initial
recognition, that investment property will be measured under b. End of owner-occupation, for a transfer from PPE to
the fair value model. For purposes of depreciation, the residual investment property; or
value of the said property is assumed to be zero.
c. Commencement of an operating lease to another party, for
3. Separate choices of accounting policy may be made for a transfer from inventories to investment property; or

(a) investment property that backs liabilities that pay return d. Commencement of development with a view to sale, for a
linked directly to the fair value of, or returns from, specified transfer from investment property to inventories.
assets including that investment property and
In the absence of a change in use, PPE and inventories are
(b) all other investment property. accounted for at the carrying amount of the asset transferred.

PAS 40 requires an entity to determine the fair value of its No gain or loss arises because the asset’s measurement remains
investment property, regardless of the accounting policy used. the same before and after the transfer.

Under the fair value model, fair value is used for measurement If the entity uses the fair value model, transfers between
purposes while under the cost model, fair value is used for investment property, PPE and inventories are accounted for at
disclosure purposes. the asset’s fair value at the date of change in use, and;

PAS 40 encourages, but does not require, the use of an a. For a transfer from investment property to PPE or
independent value in determining the fair value of an investment inventories, the entity applies PAS 40 until the date of
property. transfer.

An entity may subsequently change its accounting policy from The entity recognizes the change in fair value on that date as
the cost model to the fair value model, subject to the provisions unrealized gain or loss in profit or loss, just as it would if the
of PAS 8. investment property is remeasured to fair value at the end of the
period.
If the fair value model is chosen, it shall be applied until the
investment property is derecognized or reclassified to another The asset's fair value at the date of transfer becomes its deemed
asset classification, even if fair value becomes less readily cost for subsequent accounting using PAS 16, PFRS 16
determinable. or PAS 2.

COST MODEL b. For a transfer from PPE to investment property, the entity
Investment property using the cost model under PAS 16 applies PAS16 until the date of transfer.
(PPE).
The entity recognizes any depreciation on the asset until that
The entity uses PRFS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and date.
Discontinued Operations if it classifies an investment property
as “held for sale” or PFRS 16 Leases if the investment Any difference between the fair value and carrying amount is
property is right-of-use asset resulting from a lease. recognized in other comprehensive income as an adjustment to
the asset's revaluation surplus, except if the difference represents
FAIR VALUE MODEL an impairment loss or a reversal thereof.
Fair value – is “the price that would be received to sell an asset
or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between c. For a transfer from inventories to investment property, the
market participants at the measurement date.” difference between the fair value on the date of transfer and the
previous carrying amount is recognized in profit or loss.
Gains or losses arising from changes in fair value are
recognized in profit or loss. DERECOGNITION
Derecognized when it is disposed of or when no future
Assets measured under the fair value model are not economic benefits are expected from it.
depreciated.
The difference between the carrying amount and the net disposal
proceeds, if any, is recognized as gain or loss in profit or loss
(unless PFRS 16 Leases requires otherwise on a sale and
leaseback). DISCLOSURE
General disclosure:
SELF-CONSTRUCTED INVESTMENT PROPERTY a. Whether the entity uses the fair value model or the cost
Accounted for in much the same way as purchased investment model.
property.
b. When classification is difÏcult, the criteria used to distinguish
The initial cost of a self-constructed investment property investment property from PPE
includes all directly attributable costs of constructing and and inventory.
preparing the property for its intended use, such as materials,
labor and construction overhead. c. The extent to which the fair value of investment property is
based on a valuation by an independent valuer. If an
The costs excludes abnormal amounts of wasted material, labor independent valuation is not obtained, that fact is disclosed.
or other resources incurred in constructing or developing the
property. d. The amounts recognized in profit or loss for rental income
and related expenses.
A self-constructed investment property is subsequently
measured using either the costs model or the fair value model. e. The existence and amounts of restrictions on investment
property.
The fair value model may be applied even during the
construction period. f. Contractual obligations to purchase, construct or develop
investment property or for repairs, maintenance or
If fair value cannot be determined until construction is finished, enhancements.
the investment property is temporarily measured under the costs
model. Additional disclosures under the Fair Value Model:

Upon completion, the difference between the investment a. Reconciliation showing increases and decreases in investment
property’s costs and fair value is recognized in profits or loss. property.

SUBSEQUENT EXPENDITURES b. When a valuation obtained for invest is adjusted to avoid

Expensed, unless they clearly meet the recognition criteria. double-counting of assets or liabilities that are recognized as
separate assets and liabilities, the entity discloses a
For example, costs of day-to-day servicing of an investment reconciliation between the valuation obtained and the adjusted
property are expensed in the period which they are incurred i.e., valuation.
as repairs and maintenance expense. PAS 40 states an instance
where a subsequent expenditure is capitalized, which is the c. Disclosures of any investment property whose fair value on
replacement of parts of an investment property. initial recognition cannot be reliably measured and hence
measured under the cost model using the exception allowed
Replacements are accounted for as: under PAS 40.
a. Under the cost model, the cost of the replacement part (new
part) is capitalized to the investment property, if it meets the Additional disclosures under the Cost Model:
recognition criteria.
a. The depreciation methods used, the useful lives, and the
The carrying amount of the replaced part (old part) is depreciation rated used;
derecognized and charged as loss, regardless of whether it had
been depreciated separately. b. Recompilation showing increases and decreases in investment
property and related accumulated depreciation and accumulated
If the carrying amount of the replaced part cannot be impairment loss.
determined, the costs of the replacement part is used as an
indication of what the cost of the replaced part was at the time it
was acquired or constructed.

b. Under the fair value model, the costs of the replacement part
(new part) is capitalized to the investment property.

The investment property’s fair value is then reassured and any

difference between the fair value and the carrying amount is
recognized in profit or loss.

IMPAIRMENT
An investment property that is subsequently measured under
the cost model is tested for impairment using PAS 36.

There is no separate accounting for impairment losses for

investment property measured under the fair value because
any increase or decrease in fair value is simply recognized as
gain or loss in profit or loss.

Any compensation from a third party for an investment property

that is impaired, lost or given up is recognized in profit or loss
when the compensation becomes receivable. The impairment or
loss, the compensation from the third party, and any subsequent
acquisition of a replacement asset are separate economic events
and are accounted for separately.