EXPERIMENT NO: 01

TITLE: Study the working principle of an evaporative condenser and identify different component of it.
AIM: Understand the working principle, construction, advantages, disadvantages and proper application of
evaporative condenser.
INTRODUCTION:
A steam condenser is a closed vessel into which the steam is exhausted, and condensed after doing work in
an engine cylinder or turbine.

A steam condenser has the following two objects:

i. The primary object is to maintain a low pressure (below atmospheric pressure) so as to obtain the
maximum possible energy from steam and thus to secure a high efficiency.
ii. The secondary object is to supply pure feedwater to the hot well, from where it is pumped back to the
boiler.

The steam condensers may be broadly classified in to the following two types, depending upon the way in
which the steam is condensed:
A. Jet condensers or mixing type condensers.
B. Surface condensers or non-mixing type condensers.

Types of Surface Condensers

The surface condensers may be further classified on the basis of the direction of flow of the condensate, the
arrangement of tubing system and the position of the extraction pump, into the following four types:
1. Down flow surface condenser,
2. Central flow surface condenser,
3. Regenerative surface condenser and
4. Evaporative Condenser.

THEORY:
Types of Evaporative Condensers:
1. Pad type evaporative condenser.
2. Spray type evaporative condenser.
3. Rotating type evaporative condenser.

Basic Principle and Construction of evaporative condenser: -

The evaporative condensers use both air and water as condense ring mediums to condense the hot vapour
refrigerant and con vert it into liquid refrigerant. In short, it is a type of indirect cooling, where heat of vapour
refrigerant is taken by water and water is cooled by air. These condensers perform the combined functions of
a water-cooled condenser and a cooling tower. Water is pumped from a water tank to a spray header (with
nozzles) and it is sprayed through nozzles over the condenser coils, through which, the hot vapour refrigerant
received from the compressor is flowing. Heat is transferred from the vapour refrigerant through the
condensing tube walls to the outside water, which is passing over the outside surface of tubes. liquid
refrigerant.
 FIG 1.1 Evaporative Condenser

Due to heat rejected by hot vapour refrigerant to the cold water, it becomes liquid refrigerant. At the same
time, air is drawn from the bottom side of the condenser by a fan (located at top). The air is discharged out
from the top of the condenser. The air causes the water droplets adhered to the surface of the con denser coils
to evaporate by absorbing the heat from the remaining water, which is required for their evaporation. The heat
absorbed by these water droplets is called as latent heat of evaporation or vaporization. Due to heat rejection,
remaining water gets cooled. This cod water collected in the water tank at bottom is again re-circulated into
the circuit. At the same time, air also absorbs some part of heat from water droplets to evaporate them. Thus,
the air becomes hot and is discharged from top to the atmosphere. In order to make up the deficiency of water
caused by the evaporated water, make-up water is supplied to the water tank. A float valve in the water tank
controls the make-up supply. Water eliminator plates are provided above the spray header to prevent particles
of water along with the escaping discharged air.
STUDY:
An environmentally friendly and energy efficient method for cooling buildings in hot and dry region is
Evaporative cooling. India as a multi-climates country demands a variety of cooling systems to achieve
optimized energy consumption, reduce emission, and provide summer comfort condition. Many types of
natural and passive methods were used for cooling buildings in traditional architecture. All of these methods
have been worked based on natural ventilation. A lot of energy is consumed in operation of air conditioner
using air cooled condenser as well as lot of water is wasted in water cooled condensers. So with the help of
evaporative condenser, performance of refrigerating system can be increased as well as it reduces the
requirement of water. With the use of evaporative condensers COP of the system can be enhanced and power
consumption can be reduced.
Applications of evaporative condenser: -
Air conditioning, industrial chemical processes such as distillation, steam power plants and other heat-
exchange systems. Use of cooling water or surrounding air as the coolant is common in many condensers.
Advantages of evaporative condenser: -
 Used in large capacity systems.
 Cheaper as compared to water cooled condensers, which re quire a separate cooling tower.
 Since water is used in a closed loop, only a small part of water evaporates.
 Preferred in places, where water is not available in much quantity.
 Make-up water is supplied to take care of the evaporative loss.
 The water consumption is typically very low, about 5% of a combined system of water-cooled
condenser and cooling tower of equivalent capacity.
Disadvantages of evaporative condenser: -
 As the condenser has to be kept outside, this type of condenser requires a longer length of refrigerant
tubing.
 Large amount of refrigerant is required due to longer tubing.
the factors affecting selection of condenser.

Factors affecting selection of evaporative condenser:-

 Capacity of the refrigeration system.
 Purity of refrigerant.
 The type of refrigerant used.
 The type of cooling medium available.
 The quantity of cooling medium available.
 Velocity of cooling medium.

CONCLUSION:
After the study of evaporative condenser its knowledge and concept will help to apply in the industry in
future days.
EXPERIMENT NO: 02
TITLE: Draw a labelled schematic chart/diagram of a power plant showing a) water – steam cycle; b) air –
coal dust – flue gas path c) condensing unit.
AIM: Understand the concept of power generation in steam power plant and study of different circuits ,units
of power plant.

INTRODUCTION:
A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into
steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the
steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The
greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fuel sources. Some prefer to
use the term energy centre because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electricity. Some thermal
power plants also deliver heat energy for industrial purposes, for district heating, or for desalination of water
as well as delivering electrical power. A large proportion of CO2 is produced by the world’s fossil fired
thermal power plants; efforts to reduce these outputs are various and widespread.
THEORY:
LAYOUT OF STEAM POWER PLANT:

Fig.5.1 Construction and major components of a modern steam power plant. (Print)
 Fig.5.2 Lay out of a steam power plant. (Sketch)

The four main circuits one would come across in any thermal power plant layout are
 Coal and Ash Circuit
 Air and Gas Circuit
 Feed Water and Steam Circuit
 Cooling Water Circuit

STUDY:
Coal and Ash Circuit

Coal and Ash circuit in a thermal power plant layout mainly takes care of feeding the boiler with coal from
the storage for combustion. The ash that is generated during combustion is collected at the back of the boiler
and removed to the ash storage by scrap conveyors. The combustion in the Coal and Ash circuit is controlled
by regulating the speed and the quality of coal entering the grate and the damper openings.

Fig.5.3 Layout of Coal and Ash Circuit. (Sketch)

Air and Gas Circuit
Air from the atmosphere is directed into the furnace through the air preheated by the action of a forced draught
fan or induced draught fan. The dust from the air is removed before it enters the combustion chamber of the
thermal power plant layout. The exhaust gases from the combustion heat the air, which goes through a heat
exchanger and is finally let off into the environment.

Fig.5.4 Layout of Air and Gas Circuit. (Sketch)

Feed Water and Steam Circuit
The steam produced in the boiler is supplied to the turbines to generate power. The steam that is expelled by
the prime mover in the thermal power plant layout is then condensed in a condenser for re-use in the boiler.
The condensed water is forced through a pump into the feed water heaters where it is heated using the steam
from different points in the turbine. To make up for the lost steam and water while passing through the various
components of the thermal power plant layout, feed water is supplied through external sources. Feed water is
purified in a purifying plant to reduce the dissolve salts that could scale the boiler tubes.

Fig.5.5 Layout of Feed Water and Steam Circuit (Sketch)

Cooling Water Circuit
The quantity of cooling water required to cool the steam in a thermal power plant layout is significantly high
and hence it is supplied from a natural water source like a lake or a river. After passing through screens that
remove particles that can plug the condenser tubes in a thermal power plant layout, it is passed through the
condenser where the steam is condensed. The water is finally discharged back into the water source after
cooling. Cooling water circuit can also be a closed system where the cooled water is sent through cooling
towers for re-use in the power plant. The cooling water circulation in the condenser of a thermal power plant
layout helps in maintaining a low pressure in the condenser all throughout. All these circuits are integrated to
form a thermal power plant layout that generates electricity to meet our needs.

Fig.5.6 Layout of Cooling Water Circuit (Sketch)

Advantages
 Generation of power is continuous.
 Initial cost low compared to hydel plant.
 Less space required.
 This can be located near the load centre so that the transmission losses are reduced.
 It can respond to rapidly changing loads.
Disadvantages
 Long time required for installation.
 Transportation and handling of fuels major difficulty.
 Efficiency of plant is less.
 Power generation cost is high compared to hydel power plant.
 Maintenance cost is high.
Application of Thermal Power Plant
The thermal power plant produces electricity to put on the electrical grid. Following are other uses of the
thermal power plants.

 Producing power only for a private client.

 Using extraction steam from a steam turbine for process heat at a plant nearby, such as a paper manufacturer.
 Producing power using waste heat that occurs in processing, such as a chemical plant that produces heat from
a reaction. Waste heat is sent to a waste heat boiler, producing steam that is used in a turbine generator set.
 Producing electrical power from geothermal energy either using hot water injection or using a chemical that
turns to a gas which is then used to turn a turbine generator set.
 As a quick start back up to solar energy and or wind energy (combustion turbines) where it is the secondary
means of power production.
 Thermal plants can burn many different sources and types of fuel. Whatever is cheapest or plentiful. Even
burning trash instead of burying trash, then producing power from the heat generated.
EXPERIMENT NO: 03

TITLE: Determination of Stefan-Boltzmann Constant.

AIM: Understand the concept of heat transfer and its methods, mainly radiation method and laws related with
this. By using Stefan-Boltzmann law determine the Stefan-Boltzmann Constant value.

THEORY:

All the substances emit thermal radiation. When heat radiation is incident over a body, part of radiation is
absorbed, transmitted through, and reflected by the body. A surface which absorbs all thermal radiation
incident over it, is called black surface. For black surface, transmissivity and reflectivity are zero and
absorptivity is unity. Stefan Boltzmann Law states that emissivity of a surface is proportional to fourth
power of absolute surface temperature i.e.
e  T4
or e =  . . T4
Where, e = emissive power of surface.
T = absolute temperature.
 = Stefan Boltzmann Constant
&  = Emissivity of the surface
Value of Stefan Boltzmann constant is taken as

 = 5.667 X 10 8 W / m2 K4

For black surface,  = 1, hence above equation reduces to

e = .T4

THE APPARATUS -

The 'SCIENTIFIC' apparatus consists of a water heated jacket of hemispherical shape. A copper test
disc is fitted at the center of jacket. The hot water is obtained from a hot water tank, fitted to the panel, in
which water is heated by an electric immersion heater. The hot water is taken around the hemisphere, so
that hemisphere temperature rises. The test disc is then inserted at the center. Thermocouples are fitted
inside hemisphere to average out hemisphere temperature. Another thermocouple fitted at the center of
test disc measures the temperature of test disc. A timer with a small buzzer is provided to note down the
disc temperatures at the time intervals of 5 seconds.

1
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1. See that water inlet cock of water jacket is closed and fill up sufficient water in the heater tank.

2. Put ‘ON’ the heater.

3. Blacken the test disc with the help of lamp black & let it cool.

4. Put the thermometer and check water temperature.

5. Boil the water and switch ‘OFF’ the heater.

6. See that drain cock of water jacket is closed and open water inlet cock.

7. See that there is sufficient water above the top of hemisphere

8. Note down the hemisphere temperatures (i.e. upto channel 2 to 5)

9. Note down the test disc temperature (i.e. channel No. 6)

10. Start the timer. Buzzer will start ringing. At the start of timer cycle, insert test disc into the hole at the
bottom of hemisphere.

11. Note down the temperature of disc, every time the buzzer rings. Take at least 4--5 readings.

OBSERVATIONS

Hemisphere Temperature. Time Interval (Sec) Test disc Temperature.

(0C) (0C)

T2 = 45.2 0 T6 – Initial

20.5

T3 = 45.2 5 20.7

T4 = 44.9 10 20.8

T5 = 44.9 15 20.9

20 21.0

25 21.1

2
CALCULATIONS

1) Area of test disc, A = 4.9 X 104 m2 (d = 25 mm)

2) Weight of test disc, m = 9 gms. = 9s x 10-3 kg.
3) Plot a graph of temp. rise of test disc with time as base and find out its slope at origin.

dT
i.e. - ----------- k/sec.
dt at t = 0

4) Hemisphere temp. T2 + T3 + T4 + T5
TH = + 273.15 k
4
5) Initial Test disc temp.

TD = T6 + 273.15 k

As area of hemisphere is very large as compared to that of test disc, we can put

q =     A (T H 4  T 4)D

where, q = heat gained by disc / sec.

dT
= m    (----- )
dt
 = Stefan Boltzmann constant
m = Mass of test disk
 = Emissivity of test disc = 1
A = Area of disc
 = Specific heat of copper = 381 J / Kg 0C
m    ( dT /d t)
  = --------------------------- W / m2 K4
A . ( T H 4  T D4 )
Theoretical value of  is 5.667 x 10-8 W / m2 K4
In the experiment, this value may deviate due to reasons like convection, temp. drop of hemisphere, heat
losses, etc.

3
STEFAN BOLTZMANN LAW:

Hemisphere Temperature. Time Interval (Sec) Test disc Temperature.

(0C) (0C)

T2 = 45.2 0 20.5

T3 = 45.2 5 20.7

T4 = 44.9 10 20.8

T5 = 44.9 15 20.9

20 21.0

25 21.1

45.2 + 45.2 + 44.9 + 44.9

Hemisphere Temperature =
4
= 45.05 + 273.15
= 318.20 k
Initial disc temperature,
Td = T6 + 273.15 k
= 20.5 + 273.15
= 293.6

Temp. (T)

Time (t)

T-t graphical representation.

4
PRECAUTIONS

1) Never put ‘ON’ the heater before putting water in the tank.

2) Put ‘OFF’ the heater before draining the water from heater tank.

3) Drain the water after completion of experiment.

4) Operate all the switches and controls gently.

5
EXPERIMENT NO: 04

TITLE: Determination of thermal conductivity of a solid metallic rod.

AIM: Understand the concept of heat transfer and its methods, mainly conduction method and laws related
with this. By using Fourier’s law determine the thermal conductivity of solid metallic rod.
INTRODUCTION:

Thermal conductivity is the physical property of the material denoting the ease with which a particular
substance can accomplish the transmission of thermal energy by molecular motion. Thermal Conductivity
of a material is found to depend on the chemical composition of the substance or substances of which it is
a composed, the phase (i.e. gas, liquid or solid) in which it exists, its crystalline structure if a solid, the
temperature and pressure to which it is subjected, and whether it is a homogeneous material.Tabel -1- lists
the values of thermal conductivity of for some common metal:

Table -1 - THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SOME MATERIALS

SOLIDS (Metals) Thermal Conductivity STATE

w / m 0C
Pure Copper 380 20 0C
Brass 110 .. do ...
Steel (0.5% C) 54 .. do ...
Stainless Steel 17 .. do ...

MECHANISM OF THERMAL ENERGY CONDUCTION IN METALS

Thermal energy can be conducted in solids by free electrons and by lattice vibrations. Large number of
free electrons move about in the lattice structure of the material, in good conductors. These electrons carry
thermal energy from higher temperature region to lower temperature region, in a similar way they
transport electric charge. In fact, these electrons are frequently referred as electron gas. Energy may also
be transferred as vibrational energy in the lattice structure of the material. In general, however, this mode
of energy transfer is not as large as electron transport and hence, good electrical conductors are always
good heat conductors, e. g. copper, silver etc.
However, with increase in temperature, lattice vibrations come in the way of transport by free electrons
and for most the metals thermal conductivity decreases with increase in temperature.

1
THE APPARATUS
The apparatus consists of a copper bar, one end of which is heated by an electric heater and the other end
is cooled by a water circulated heat sink. The middle portion, i.e. test section of the bar is covered by a
shell containing insulation. The bar temperature is measured at 8 different sections, while 2 thermocouples
measure the temperatures at the shell. Two thermometers are provided to measure water inlet and outlet
temperatures. A dimmer is provided for the heater to control its input. Constant water flow is circulated
through the heat sink. A gate valve provided, controls the water flow.

SPECIFICATIONS
1) Metal Bar: Copper, 25 mm O.D., approx. 430 mm long with insulation shell along the test length and
water-cooled heat sink at the other end.
2) Test length of the bar: 250 mm.
3) Thermocouples: Chromel / alumel -12 nos.
4) Band heater to heat the bar.
5) Dimmerstat to control the heater input.
6) Voltmeter and Ammeter to measure heater input.
7) Multichannel Digital temperature indicator, 0.1 0C least count, 0-200 0C with channel selector switch.
8) Measuring flask to measure water flow.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1) Start the electric supply.
2) Start heating the bar by adjusting the heater input to, say, 80 volts or 100 volts.
3) Start cooling water supply through the heat sink and adjust it too around
300 - 350 ml per minute.
4) Bar temperature will start rising. Go on checking the temperatures at time intervals of 5 minutes.
5) when all the temperatures remain steady, note down all the observations and complete the observation
table.
OBSERVATION TABLE -

Sl. Test Bar Temperature0C Shell Water Water Flow

No. Temp. 0C Temp. 0C Rate
Lit / Sec.
0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12
1 53 52 50 48 45 43 41 21 31 30 30 31

2
CALCULATIONS -
Heat is flowing through the bar from heater end to water heat sink. When steady state is reached, heat passing
through the cooling section of the bar is heat taken by water.
1) Heat passing through cooling section:
 Q = m.CP.  T watts.
where,
m = mass flow rate of cooling water, Kg / s.
Cp = Specific heat of water
= 4180 J/Kg0C
 T = (Water outlet temp.)  (water inlet temp.) 0C
dT
Now, Q = K. [-------]  A
dx
D = Diameter of rod =25mm
A = Cross sectional area of the bar = 0.00049 m2
L= Length of the test section = 250 mm
dT = Change in temperature = (T8 - T1) =
dx = interval of distance = 250/7 = 35.7
 K= W / m 0C

Input,
V= 90 V
I= 437 A
Time => 30 sec for 100 ml
 (30 X 10) Sec fill (100 X 10) ml
 300 sec
 Cp= 4.2 X 103
We know,
Q= mCpT [Cp= Specific heat of water]
2
 1/F X 4.2 X 10 [T= (T12-T11)]
= T12-T11 = 1 => T= (31-30) = 1
[1-300 sec => 1/300 X 4100 X 1]
 Q= 13.93[4.2 X 103 = 4180 J/Kg 0C]
3
[T- water outlet- water inlet]
T12-T11
 dT- change in temperature = (T12-T11) = 53-21= 32
We know diameter of rod = 250 m
Dx = 250/7 = 35.7
A = Cross sectional area = π D2
= π (250)2
= 0.00049 m2
Q = 13.93
Dt = 32
Dx = 35.7
A = 0.049

Then, [13.93 – k (32/35.7) X 0.00049]

 k = 13.93/90 X 0.00049 k = dt/dx X 100
 k = 13.93/0.044 = 89.6
= 316.5 W/m0C

4
EXPERIMENT NO: 05
TITLE: Study and compare Shell & Tube type Heat Exchanger and Plate Type Heat Exchangers using cut
section model.
AIM: Understand the working principle, construction, advantages, disadvantages and proper application of
Shell & Tube type Heat Exchanger and Plate Type Heat Exchangers. (By using cut section model of
CONDENSER, EVAPORATOR, BOILER, RADIATOR etc.)
INTRODUCTION:
A Heat Exchanger is a device that allows two fluids of different temperatures to exchange heat. Heat can be exchanged
between atoms and molecules in any material. The atoms are in a variety of states of motion at any given time. Heat or
thermal energy is produced by the motion of molecules and atoms, and it is present in all matter. Heat exchangers are
devices that transmit heat between two or more fluids of differing temperatures, such as liquids, vapours, or gases. The
amount of molecular mobility is related to heat energy. When it comes to heat transfer, however, it is simply the process
of transferring heat from a high-temperature body to a low-temperature one.
Depending on the type of heat exchanger utilized, the heat transfer process can be gas-to-gas, liquid-to-gas, or liquid-
to-liquid, and it can happen through a solid separator, which prevents the fluids from mixing, or direct fluid contact.
Other design features, including construction materials and components, heat transfer processes, and flow
configurations, aid in classifying and categorizing the many types of heat exchangers. A diversified range of heat
exchanging devices are designed and manufactured for use in both heating and cooling processes and find application
across a wide range of industries.

THEORY:
Definition of Heat Exchanger
Heat exchangers are devices that transmit heat between two fluids across a dividing wall or by direct mixing, with
conduction, convection, and radiation as the three acknowledged ways of heat transfer. A heat exchanger is a device
that allows heat to be transferred from one fluid to another. In both cooling and heating processes, heat exchangers are
used. To avoid mixing, the fluids might be separated by a solid wall, or they could be in direct contact.
Parts of Heat Exchanger
Following are the parts of the heat exchanger:
1. Tubes
2. Tube sheet
3. Tie rods
4. Front headers
5. Rear headers
6. Cooling system
7. Heat exchanger shell
8. Heat exchanger baffle

Fig.9.1 Construction of a heat exchanger

Heat Exchanger Example
Here are a few examples of Heart exchangers:
 Air preheaters,
 economizers,
 evaporators,
 superheaters,
 condensers, and
 cooling towers

Classification of Heat Exchanger
Heat exchangers are typically categorized based on their flow configuration and construction type. The most basic heat
exchanger has hot and cold fluids moving in the same or opposing directions. Heat Transfer Equipment can be classified
into the following types based on its functionality:
 Recuperative
 Regenerative or Storage Type
 Direct Mixing Type

Recuperative
This is the most common type, in which heat is transferred between fluids separated by a barrier.

Regenerative or Storage Type

In this case, some material is heated by a hot fluid. Then the hot fluid flow is stopped. Cold fluid now flows over the
hot solid and gets heated. This type is used for air heating in steam plants. This type is also used in solar heating homes.

Direct Mixing Type

In this case, the fluids mix and reach a common temperature. This type is rarely used.

Types of Heat Exchanger

Heat exchangers are available in a variety of designs, depending on the design characteristics. The following are some
of the more popular variations used in the industry:
 Shell and tube heat exchanger
 Double pipe heat exchanger
 Plate heat exchanger
 Condensers, evaporators, and boilers

Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

A single tube or a sequence of parallel tubes is encased within a sealed, cylindrical pressure vessel in a shell and tube
heat exchanger. One fluid travels through the smaller tube(s), while the other flows around its/their outsides and between
them within the sealed shell. Finned tubes, single- or two-phase heat transfer, counter current flow, co-current flow, or
crossflow arrangements, and single, two, or multiple pass configurations are some of the other design features available
for this type of heat exchanger.
 Fig. 9.2 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

Heat exchangers with two or more concentric, cylindrical pipes or tubes are known as double pipe heat exchangers (one
larger tube and one or smaller tube). One fluid goes through the smaller tube(s) while the other fluid flows around the
smaller tube(s) within the bigger tube, according to the shell and tube heat exchanger's design. Because the fluids remain
separated and flow via their channels throughout the heat transfer process, the design requirements of a double pipe heat
exchanger contain characteristics from the recuperative and indirect contact types.

Fig. 9.3 Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

Plate Heat Type Heat Exchanger

Plate heat exchangers are made up of several thin, corrugated plates that have been grouped. Each pair of plates produces
a channel for one fluid to flow through, and the pairs are stacked and connected (by bolting, brazing, or welding) to
create a second passage for the other fluid to flow through. There are some modifications to the typical plate design,
such as plate-fin or pillow plate heat exchanger. Fins or spacers between plates in plate-fin exchangers allow for different
flow configurations and more than two fluid streams to pass through the device.
 Fig.9.3 Plate type heat exchanger (Print)

Fig. 9.4 Single and Multi-Pass Design

Fig. 9.5 Flow through a plate heat exchanger may be parallel, cross or counter.

Condensers, Evaporators, and Boilers

Heat exchangers that use a two-phase heat transfer mechanism include boilers, condensers, and evaporators. During the
heat transfer process, one or more fluids in two-phase heat exchanger change phase, either from liquid to gas or from
gas to liquid. Condensers are heat-exchanging devices that take a hot gas or vapour and cool it down to the point of
condensation, converting it to a liquid. In evaporators and boilers, on the other hand, the heat transfer process converts
the fluids from liquid to gas or vapour.
Advantages of Heat Exchanger
There are various advantages of using a heat exchanger such as they are not very expensive. All the advantages of a
heat exchanger are listed below:
 Heat exchangers are typically less expensive to maintain.
 These are subjected to extreme working pressures and temperatures.
 You may get an efficiency of roughly 80% with the right-sized heat exchanger.
 They are basic, low-maintenance, small in size, and easy to clean.
 When dismantling, there is no need for additional space.
 Heat exchangers made of shell and tube are less expensive than plate-type heat exchangers.

Disadvantages of Heat Exchanger

Apart from advantages, there are some disadvantages to using a heat exchanger. All the disadvantages of the heat
exchanger are provided below:
 Leakage and pressure decrease in the system are the main downsides.
 The initial cost of the plate type is expensive due to the high cost of titanium plates.
 When disassembling and assembling, the operator must be cautious.
 The pressure in the cooler is increased by over-tightening the clamping bolts.
 The tube cooler's capacity cannot be increased, which is also a disadvantage.

Applications of Heat Exchanger

Heat exchangers can be used in various places as they can be used to warm a cold fluid entering a hot process system
by transferring heat from the system's hot fluid. Check out some applications of the heat exchanger shown below:
 Heat exchangers are most commonly used to transfer heat from one medium to another.
 Heat exchangers of the shell and tube types are utilized in a wide range of industries.
 The spiral heat exchanger is used for digester heating, heat recovery, and effluent cooling, among other things.
 These are commonly used to heat and cool food and beverages.

STUDY:
Comparison of plate heat exchanger and shell and tube heat exchanger
[1] Heat transfer efficiency:
The structure of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger is very good in terms of strength, but it is not ideal from the
perspective of heat exchange, because the fluid will flow through the bypass in the shell side and not fully participate in
the heat exchange.
In the plate heat exchanger, there is no bypass, and the corrugation of the plate can cause the fluid to produce turbulence
at a smaller flow rate. Therefore, the plate heat exchanger has a higher heat transfer efficiency.
Under the same heat exchange task, the heat exchange area required by the two is only 1/3-1/4 of the shell-and-tube heat
exchanger.
[2] Easy to clean:
After removing the compression studs of the plate heat exchanger, the plate bundle can be loosened, or the plates can
be removed for mechanical cleaning, which is very convenient for the heat exchange process that requires frequent
cleaning of the equipment.
[3] Easy to change the heat exchange area:
Since the heat exchange plates are easy to disassemble, only adding or reducing a few plates can achieve the purpose of
increasing or reducing the heat exchange area. The heat exchange area of the equipment can be easily increased or
decreased, and the increased area of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger needs to be increased a device.
[4] Light weight:
Usually, the plate thickness of the plate heat exchanger is only 0.5mm, while the thickness of the heat exchange tube of
the shell-and-tube heat exchanger is 2.0-2.5mm; in the case of completing the same heat exchange task, the weight is
only the shell-and-tube heat exchange About 1/5 of the device.
[5] Floor area:
The plate heat exchanger has a compact structure. The heat exchange area per unit volume is 2-5 times that of the shell-
and-tube type. Unlike the shell-and-tube type, there is no need to reserve a place for maintenance of the tube bundle.
Therefore, the same heat exchange can be achieved. The heater has a smaller footprint.
[6] Low heat loss:
Only the shell plate of the heat transfer plate of the plate heat exchanger is exposed to the atmosphere, so the heat
dissipation loss can be neglected, and no heat preservation measures are required. The shell-and-tube heat exchanger
has a large heat loss and requires a thermal insulation layer.

CONCLUSION:
This study provides us a basic understanding of heat exchangers, the designs and types available,construction, their
applications, and considerations for use.