ORAL COMMUNICATION Noise:

Lesson 1: The Communication Process Any barrier that disrupts communication:

Communication: • Physical Noise: External sounds (loud music).

Communication is the process of giving, receiving, or • Physiological Noise: Physical hindrances

exchanging ideas, information, signals, or messages (headache, toothache).
through appropriate media, allowing individuals or
• Psychological Noise: Emotional conditions
groups to persuade, seek information, give information,
(stress, sadness).
or express emotions.
Types of Communication:
Elements of Communication:
Verbal Communication:
Sender:
Uses words to send and receive messages.
Chooses the purpose, crafts the message, and decides
how to deliver it. • Oral Communication: Spoken interaction,
involving listening and speaking.
Encoding:
• Written Communication: Transcription of
Translating information into a message using symbols
thoughts into written words, requiring reading
that represent ideas.
and writing skills.
Message:
Nonverbal Communication:
The content that needs to be delivered or imparted.
Sending and receiving messages without words (facial
Channel: expressions, body movements).

The means by which the message is sent and received: Audio and Visual Communication:

• Oral: Face-to-face conversation. • Audio: Communication via sounds (radio, phone

calls).
• Written: Messages sent in writing (letters,
emails, reports, etc.). • Visual: Communication using images, drawings,
and visual aids (charts, illustrations).
• Audio/Video: Messages transmitted through
audio or video (video calls, recordings). Models of Communication:

Receiver: Linear Models:

Interprets the message and reacts to it. Explain one-way communication where a sender
transmits a message to a receiver:
Decoding:
• Aristotle’s Model (before 300 BC): Focuses on
Interpreting the message based on the receiver's
the speaker, speech, occasion, target audience,
background, experience, and viewpoint.
and effect.
Response:
• Lasswell’s Model (1948): Answers who, what,
How the receiver reacts to the message after seeing, through which channel, to whom, and what
hearing, or reading it. effect.

Feedback: • Shannon-Weaver’s Model (1949): Introduces

the concept of noise and includes sender,
The receiver sends a reverse message for the sender to encoder, channel, decoder, and receiver.
decode, completing the communication loop.

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 • Berlo’s Model (1960): Expands the linear model Consistent messages through words and actions,
with the SMCR components (sender, message, adhering to organizational goals and values.
channel, receiver).
4. Concern:
Interactive Models:
Good communicators are concerned not only with the
Focus on two-way communication, where feedback loops message content but also with the relationships it
are essential: affects.

• Schramm’s Model (1954): Emphasizes feedback Rich Maggiani’s 10 Tenets of Effective Communication:
and shared fields of experience between the
1. Honest: Builds rapport with the audience.
sender and receiver.
2. Clear: Ensures the message is easily understood.
• White’s Model (1960): Views communication as
circular, continuous, and feedback-driven. 3. Accurate: Ensures the facts are correct.
Transactional Models: 4. Comprehensive: Provides all necessary details.
Both the sender and receiver are involved in creating and 5. Accessible: Uses different methods to ensure the
interpreting messages simultaneously: audience can access the message.
Barnlund’s Model (1970): Identifies communication as a 6. Concise: Communicates information in an economical
dynamic, continuous exchange influenced by internal and straightforward manner.
and external cues.
7. Correct: Follows proper writing and communication
Types of Cues: rules.
• External Cues: Outside the control of 8. Timely: Ensures the message is relevant and
communicators (public and private cues). actionable.
• Internal Cues: Controlled by communicators, 9. Well-designed: Uses professional and effective design
such as behavioral cues (verbal and nonverbal to communicate.
actions).
10.Builds Goodwill: Creates a positive connection with
the audience.
Lesson 2: The Tenets of Communication
Gamble and Gamble’s Axioms of Communication:
What is a Tenet?
1. Communication is a Complex Process:
A tenet is a principle or belief generally held to be true,
often within a professional or group context. Involves multiple steps from idea creation to feedback.

Lee McGaan’s 4 C’s of Effective Communication: 2. Communication is Purposive:

1. Commitment: Communication serves specific purposes like expressing

ideas, building relationships, persuading, entertaining,
Commitment to effective communication across all etc.
levels, involving feedback and adherence to changes.
3. Communication is Dynamic:
2. Context:
Elements interact and influence each other; environment
Communication should occur in a shared context where and noise affect the process.
both sender and receiver have similar understandings.
4. Communication is Unrepeatable and Irreversible:
3. Consistency:
Every communication encounter is unique, and messages
cannot be retracted once delivered.
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5. Communication is Contextualized: Verbal communication in written form. It involves the use
of words in writing to convey messages, such as letters,
Communication is influenced by circumstances and
SMS, reports, circulars, and bulletins.
settings.
Considering Gender, Culture, and Language in Verbal
6. Communication is Everywhere:
Communication
Communication occurs in all aspects of life.
Gender:
7. Communication is Continuous:
Speech Communities: The differences in how men and
The process is ongoing, with continuous feedback. women communicate can be understood through the
concept of speech communities.
8. Communication is Transactional:
• Feminine Speech Communities: Communication is
Involves a sequence where both parties send and receive viewed as a way to build and maintain relationships
messages. by sharing personal experiences and ideas. Women
9. Communication is Learned: tend to engage in relational talk, focusing on
building connections through verbal exchanges.
Effective communication is a skill that can be developed
through practice. • Masculine Speech Communities: Communication is
more pragmatic, aiming to achieve specific goals.
10. Communication is the Sharing of Meanings: Men use talk instrumentally to complete tasks or
Meaning is created and shared through effective advance relationships, framing conversations as
communication. goal-oriented rather than for the sake of sharing.

Communication has Two Levels of Meaning: Culture:

• Content Level: The factual information being Cultures vary in the level of explicit communication they
communicated. use:

• Relational Level: How the message is expressed • High-Context Cultures: Communication relies
(tone, nonverbal cues) and its implications for heavily on nonverbal cues and context. (e.g.,
the relationship. China, Japan, Saudi Arabia)

• Low-Context Cultures: Communication is more

Lesson 3: Verbal Communication explicit and direct, with less reliance on context
and nonverbal cues. (e.g., USA, UK, Australia)
What is Verbal Communication?
Language:
• Verbal communication is the use of words to
share information with others. It can be both • Denotative Meaning: The literal or dictionary
spoken and written communication. definition of a word.

Two Ways of Verbal Communication • Connotative Meaning: The emotional or

subjective interpretation of a word based on an
• Oral Communication: individual's experiences.
Verbal communication through speaking. It includes Elements of Verbal Communication
direct conversations, telephonic conversations,
speeches, discussions, and presentations. 1. Pause: A temporary stop in speech or action.

• Written Communication: 2. Volume: The loudness or softness of the voice.

3. Rhythm: The flow of speech, determined by the

timing and stress of syllables.

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 4. Pitch: The highness or lowness of the voice. Blue – sadness, calmness, & responsibility.

5. Tone: The emotional quality of the voice (e.g., Green – nature, renewal, stability, & health.
frightened, angry, joyful).
Violet – wealth & royalty.
6. Resonance: The placement of the voice, and
White – Purity, cleanliness, & virtue.
where the sound resonates (e.g., chest, throat,
nose). Chronemics (Language of Time) - It is the role of time in
communication. A person's perception and values placed
on time plays a considerable role in their communication
Lesson 4: Nonverbal Communication
process.
Nonverbal communication - transfer of information from
a. Biological Time - rhythms of living things
one person to another without the use of words or
spoken language. b. Personal Time - ways in which individuals experience
time
Types of Nonverbal Communication:
c. Physical Time - fixed cycles of days, years, and seasons
Paralanguage – how something is said, not what is said.
d. Cultural Time - refers to how a large group of people
a. Rate - how fast or slow a person speak view time

b. Pitch - highness or lowness of voice Proxemics (Language of Space) - personal space,

proxemics is the amount of distance that people are
c. Volume - how loudly or softly a person speak
comfortable putting between themselves and others.
d. Vocal fillers - sounds such as “ummm...” and “un huh”.
a. Intimate Space 0 - 1.5 feet
e. Quality - how pleasant or unpleasant your voice
b. Personal Space 1.5 - 4 feet
Sounds
c. Social Space 4 - 12 feet
Language of Flowers – used to represent things we
d. Public Space 12 feet or more
cannot say with each flower having a specific meaning.
Haptics (Language of Touch) - ways which people and
animals communicate and interact via the sense of
touch.

a. Functional-professional Touch - touch is related to a

goal or part of a routine professional interaction.

b. Social-polite Touch - help initiate interactions and

show that others are included and respected.

c. Friendship-warmth touch - serve a relational

maintenance purpose and communicate closeness,
COLORICS (Language of Colors) - like features, colors
liking, care, and concern.
follow the changes of the emotions. Conveys meanings in
two different ways: psychological association and cultural d. Love-intimacy touch - touch is more personal and is
symbolism. typically only exchanged between significant others, such
as best friends, close family members, and romantic
Red – love and passion. Fire, violence, & warfare.
partners.
Yellow – happiness, sunshine, deceit, & cowardice.
Gestures - Visible bodily actions. Movements of hands,
Orange – friendly, inviting, creativity, health, & vitality. face, or other parts of the body.

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a. Adaptors - are unintentional movements of the body WHAT IS FUNCTION?
that reveal information about psychological state or inner
Defined as an activity or purpose natural to or intended
needs.
for a person or thing. Communication function refers to
b. Emblems - are deliberate movements of the body that how people use language for different purposes.
are consciously sent and easily translated into speech.
Functions of Communication
c. Illustrators - are bodily cues designed to enhance
1. Informative Function
receiver comprehension of speech by supporting or
Used when the speaker wants to make others aware of
reinforcing it.
certain data, concepts, and processes.
Facial Expression - Movements of facial muscles that 2. Instructive Function
convey the emotional state of an individual to observers. Used to guide people what to do, how to do and when to
Posture or Personal Appearance - How we present do things.
ourselves in social situations conveys what we feel. 3. Persuasive Function
"Clothes reflect who you are." Used to change the attitude of other people and sway
them towards their way of thinking.
4. Motivation Function
Lesson 5: Barriers to Effective Communication
Used to entice and direct people to act and reach their
WHAT IS A BARRIER? objectives or goals in life.
5. Aesthetic Function
An obstacle, a hindrance, or a problem that comes in a
way of transmission of a message and blocks the Used for pleasure and enjoyment and takes the help of
communication process. Makes communication language and art form to give a realistic presentation of
ineffective in the form of delay, distortion, and the subject matter and explain the conceptual meaning.
incomplete information. 6. Therapeutic Function or Emotional Expression
Used to improve the emotional well-being of a person.
Barriers To Effective Communication
7. Regulation/Control
1. Physical Barriers - anything existing in the real world. Used to control others by managing their behavior.
8. Social Interaction
2. Psychological Barriers - the psychological state of the
Allows people to be connected or build relationship with
communicators which influence how the message is sent,
one another.
received, and perceived.

3. Physiological Barriers - lack of one or several cognitive

abilities. UNIT II: COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES IN VARIOUS
4. Language Barriers - language and linguistic ability SPEECH SITUATIONS
barrier. Lesson 1: Listening and Communication
5. Systematic Barriers - structures and organizations with WHAT IS LISTENING?
inefficient or inappropriate information systems and
communication channels, or lack of understanding of the Listening is the ability to receive, process, and interpret
roles and responsibilities for communication. messages in the communication process.

6. Attitudinal Barriers - behaviors or perceptions.

Example: we might dislike a speaker or hold anger against
them because of what they did prior.

Lesson 6: Functions of Communication

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 3. Situational Context – the psychosocial “where”
the exchange happens.
STAGES OF LISTENING 4. Environment Context – the physical “where”
1. Receiving they are communicating (room arrangement,
• The intentional focus on hearing a speaker’s location, noise level, time of day, etc.)
message. At this stage, we are still only hearing 5. Cultural Context – all the learned behaviors and
the message. rules that affect the interaction.
2. Understanding
• We attempt to learn the meaning of the
Lesson 3: Types of Speech Styles
message.
3. Remembering WHAT IS SPEECH STYLE?
• Remembering begins with listening; listen
The way speakers deliver the message. These vary
effectively to remember what was said. according to social context.
4. Evaluating
• Judging the value of the message. TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE
5. Responding
1. According to Directness of Speech
• Feedback. The stage which you indicate your
• Depending on two things: (1) how direct we are
involvement.
in expressing our views, wants, and opnions
and (2) the thought or consideration that the
Lesson 2: Strategies in Various Speech Situations sender of the message gives to the opinions,
WHAT IS SPEECH CONTEXT? wants, and needs of the recipient.
a) Aggressive
Speech context refers to the situation or environment b) Passive Aggressive
and the circumstances. c) Passive
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT d) Assertive

1. Intrapersonal Communication
• Communication that centers on one person.
2. Interpersonal Communication
• Communication between and among people.
a. Dyad – communication between two people.
b. Small Group – communication involving at least
three but not more than twelve people.
c. Public – deliver or send the message before or in
front of a group.
d. Mass – takes place through mass media like tv,
radio, newspapers, magazines, internet, etc.

INTERPERSONAL CONTEXTS

1. Psychological Context – participants and what

each bring to the interaction. Needs, desires,
values, personality, and habits are all form the
psychological context.
2. Relational Context – the relations the
interactors have toward each other.
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2. According to Formality
• Depending on the degree of closeness or
relational proximity between sender and
receiver.
a) Intimate – private, which occurs between or among
close family members or individuals. Direct and Indirect Speech Acts
b) Casual – common among peers and friends. Jargon, 1. Direct Speech Act – has a direct relationship
slang, or the vernacular language are used. between the type of sentence and its function.
c) Consultative – is the standard one. Professional or
mutually acceptable language is a must.
d) Formal – is used in formal settings. Unlike the Example: ‘Did you get any milk?’
consultative style, this is one-way.
e) Frozen – “frozen” in time and remains unchanged. This is an interrogative sentence that aims to elicit an
answer.
It mostly occurs in ceremonies.
2. Indirect Speech Act – an indirect relationship
between the type of sentence and the function
Lesson 4: Language and Speech Acts
Example: ‘I wonder whether you got any milk.’
WHAT IS SPEECH ACT?
Here the speaker wants to know whether or not milk was
• a subfield of pragmatics that studies how words are
bought. However, they have used a declarative sentence
used to present info. And to carry out actions.
and not an interrogative sentence.
• The speech act theory was introduced by J.L. Austin
and further developed by J.R. Searle. J.R. Searle Speech Acts

J.L. Austin Speech Acts 1. Declarations – speaker declares something

1. Locutionary Acts – the basic production of an 2. Assertives – speaker asserts an idea, opinion, or
utterance, comprising all of its verbal, social, and suggestion. Speaker presents ‘facts’ of the world such as
rhetorical meanings. statements and claims.
a) Utterance Acts- can be any form of sound and do
3. Expressives – speaker states something about their
not necessarily have to be intelligible.
psychological attitudes and their attitudes towards a
b) Propositional Acts – the literal meaning of the
situation.
speech act.
4. Directives – speaker intends to get the listener to do
something.

5. Commissives – speaker commits to doing something

in the future.
2. Illocutionary Acts – active result of the implied
meaning from the locutionary act.
Lesson 5: Communication Strategies

WHAT IS COMMUNICATION STRATEGY?

• A communication strategy is a systematic technique

employed by speakers to express their meaning
when faced with a language problem or difficulty.
3. Perlocutionary Acts – can influence others to change
their behavior or their thoughts and feelings.
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• These strategies, which can be collectively described
as topic management, are considered to be very
important in ensuring smooth interaction between
speakers and listeners.

COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES

1. Nomination
• allows the listeners or audience to tune in the topic,
recall background info. they have about it, and
prepare them to listen to what is to be said about the
topic.
2. Restriction
• A speaker must restrict the topic of discussion to
make it specific enough to be manageable. This
restriction is determined and limited by the amount
of time given to a speaker.
3. Turn-taking
• changing from one speaker to another in a way that
does not disrupt the communication process. In
proper turn taking, speakers must know when to take
their turn or allow others to speak.
4. Topic Control
• Topic control means the speaker should focus on the
topic without straying into other discussions.
5. Topic Shifting
• The change must be done smoothly by using known
expressions that signal a change of topic.
6. Repair
• Sometimes a speaker is misunderstood by the
audience. In this case, the speaker must clarify what
he or she is saying.
7. Termination
• Any speech or discussion must be ended properly.

P.S. Those with GREY highlights are those included in the pointers

“Succuss is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” – Robert Collier

God bless and good luck on our exams courtesy! :))

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