Archeological Studies In Peru 19411942 William

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ARCHEOLOGI GAL STUDIES
IN PERU, 1941-1942

COLUMBIA STUDIES IN ARCHEOLOGY

AND ETHNOLOGY • Vol. I
 ARGHEOLOGIGAL
STUDIES IN PERU
1 9 4 1 - 1 9 4 2

By WILLIAM DUNCAN STRONG

G O R D O N R. WILLEY, and
J O H N M. C O R B E T T

NEW YORK
COLUMBIA U N I V E R S I T Y PRESS
1943

iiilllllllllllllllllllllMlllllllllllllMlllllllllllMllllllllimill lllllllllillllllMlllllilllllillllll
The publication of this volume has been made possible through
the generous aid of the Institute of Andean Research. A list of
publications for the Institute, of which this volume is No. 3, appears
on the last page, following the Index.

C O P Y R I G H T , 1943, BY C O L U M B I A U N I V E R S I T Y PRESS, NEW YORK

Foreign Agents: O X F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S , Humphrey Milford, Amen

House, London, E.C. 4, England, AND B. I. Building, Nicol Road, Bombay, India

M A N U F A C T U R E D IN THE U N I T E D STATES OF A M E R I C A
TO D R . J U L I O C. T E L L O
of the Universidad Mayor de San Marcos in
Lima and the Museo de Antropologia in Mag-
dalena, this monograph is dedicated, in recogni-
tion of the fact that the founding of the Institute
of Andean Research was the result of stimulation
and suggestion by Dr. Tello during his visit to
the United States in 1936; and in appreciation
also of the importance of his decades of arche-
ological exploration in his native country. These
explorations have served as a basis for the arche-
ological investigations which the Institute of
Andean Research, as well as other North Amer-
ican institutions of learning, have been able to
provide for a series of younger scholars in recent
years, to the mutual enhancement of the intel-
lectual interests and cultural linkage of Peru and
the United States.
 Preface

I
N JUNE, 1941, the Institute of Andean Re- W. R. Grace and Company extended us many
search, working under the auspices of the courtesies both before and during our stay in
Office of the Coordinator of Inter-Ameri- Peru. We are particularly grateful for the hospi-
can Affairs, began a series of stratigraphic ex- tality of Señor Luis R. Fontenoy, General Man-
cavations in certain key areas in Latin America ager of Hacienda Paramonga. In Lima, Señor
(see Strong, 1942, in the bibliography at the José Quimper, Grace and Company Represen-
end of this volume). One of these investigations tative, generously gave us much time in arrang-
(Project 3) was particularly concerned with ing innumerable technical and other details.
refuse-heap stratigraphy on the central Peru- We are most grateful to W. R. Grace and Com-
vian coast. T h e present volume presents a part pany and to him. T o the officers and men of the
of the results thus attained. Further reports on Guardia Civil of Peru in Chancay and Puerto
this work will be issued as opportunity permits. de Supe we also owe our thanks for their coop-
Our most profound thanks go to the Honor- eration in expediting our work in those regions.
able Dr. Manuel Prado Ugarteche, President of T h e present volume includes four parts each
the Republic of Peru; to the Honorable Dr. dealing with a different aspect of our year's
Pedro Olivera, Minister of Education; and to work. Number 1 was written in New York in late
the members of the Patronato de Arqueología May, 1942. A t this time a considerable part of
del Perú, not only for permission to carry on our notes, photographs, and specimens was still
our survey and excavations but also for their in Peru and not available for study. However,
scientific and personal assistance in ways too since the present reports cover only a portion
numerous to mention. of our research and since it may be some
T o Dr. Julio C. Tello, Director of the Mu- time before the remainder can be presented,
seum of Anthropology in Magdalena Vieja, we it seemed advisable at least to outline it at
are grateful for wise scientific guidance and for this time. This first section, therefore, consists
much professional and personal assistance. T o merely of notes and makes no pretense at being
Dr. Luis E. Valcárcel, Director of the National either a complete survey or a detailed report.
Museum in Lima, who assisted our project in Number 2 is based on excavations at Pacha-
many ways, also go our warmest thanks. Dr. camac carried on from July 23 to October 10,
Manuel Beltroy and Señor José Respaldiza of 1941. T h e senior author, William Duncan
the Ministry of Education likewise put us Strong, was in charge of this work until Septem-
greatly in their debt in regard to both official ber 10, and it was completed under the direction
and personal assistance. of Gordon R. Willey. T h e material was worked
During our work at Pachacamac we were up after its arrival in New York by the senior
greatly aided by Dr. Tello's assistant, Señor author, later assisted by John M. Corbett, the
Wapaya; and in the Museum of Anthropology junior author. For invaluable assistance in un-
in Magdalena Vieja we were helped by Señorita packing, cleaning, and supervising the collec-
Rebeca Carrión Cachot and Señores Toribio tions, the authors are very grateful to Marjorie
Mejia Xesspe and Espejo. A t the National Mu- Trumbull of New York. Miss Helen L. Phipard
seum in Lima, Señores Juan J. Delgado, Jorge assisted in this and in statistical and tabular
Muelle, and others granted us much scientific work. In Number 2 the text figures of pottery
as well as personal assistance. T h e personal as- types are the work of Mr. Jack Anglim and the
sociations resulting from these contacts in field maps and diagrams were drawn by the junior
and laboratory will be long remembered and author and Mr. Bennett K. Foster.
will be renewed as often as opportunity offers. Because of University duties and work con-
viii PREFACE
nected with the war situation, it has been im- in this field work, as well as at Pachacamac and
possible in the time available to make as com- Chancay. T h e statistical correlations employed
plete analytic and comparative studies of the were made by Dr. Roque Garcia Frias of the
varied Pachacamac material as we would wish. Peruvian Bureau of Census. T h e writer is also
However, the ceramic sequence in relation to indebted to Dr. Alberto Area Parr6 and Senor
the physical strata at the site of the excavation Washington Patino Area of the same office.
is basic to all other aspects of our problem, and Representative collections from the sites
it is this material that is outlined here. Much worked under Project 3 were left at the disposal
remains to be completed when the world situa- of the Patronato de Arquelogia del Peril under
tion again permits concentrated scientific re- the immediate care of Dr. J. C. Tello, member
search. of the Patronato and Inspector General of An-
Number 3 was written in Lima in the spring tiquities. T h e remainder of the study collec-
of 1942. T h e writer consulted or corresponded tions are either awaiting transshipment from
with Drs. A. L. Kroeber, W. D. Strong, W. C. Peru or are stored for the Institute of Andean
Bennett, T . D. McCown, S. K. Lothrop, M. T . Research in the American Museum of Natural
Newman, Bernard Mishkin, and J. S. Rowe in History in New York. T o the Department of
addition to the Peruvian scholars previously Anthropology and to the Trustees, the Bursar,
mentioned. For their advice and criticism he and other officials of this institution, we owe a
is most grateful. (As Numbers 2 and 3 were writ- great debt of gratitude for much assistance
ten in different places during the same period, furnished the Institute of Andean Research
it was not possible to synchronize them exactly before, in the course of, and subsequent to our
as to format. Each is presented basically as it field work. T h e notes, maps, negatives, and
was written, but certain minor differences in other scientific data from the Peruvian work
terminology were ironed out in May, 1942, are now stored in the Department of Anthro-
when the authors were together in New York.) pology at Columbia University. T o this De-
In Lima, Señores Abraham Guillen and Sabino partment, and to Columbia University, we are
Springett of the National Museum of Peru pre- grateful for both direct and indirect assistance
pared, respectively, the photographs and draw- in the field researches and in preparing the
ings presented in Number 3. Their timely manuscripts. In the latter regard, the authors
services were indispensable. T o Katharine W. wish particularly to thank Mr. Paul L. Cooper
Willey, the author's wife, he is most grateful for his assistance in editing these manuscripts.
for reading and correcting the manuscript dur-
ing its necessarily hasty preparation. W M . DUNCAN STRONG
Number 4 covers only one part of the excava- GORDON R. WILLEY
tions carried out at Ancon. T h e purposes of this JOHN M. CORBETT
work as a whole are mentioned in the present Columbia University
paper. T h e writer wishes to express his appreci- August, 1942

ation to Dr. M. T . Newman, who collaborated

 Contents

Î. ARCHEOLOGICAL NOTES ON THE CENTRAL COAST 1

BY W I L L I A M D U N C A N STRONG AND GORDON R . WILLEY

2. A CERAMIC SEQUENCE A T PACHACAMAC 27

B Y W I L L I A M D U N C A N STRONG AND JOHN M . CORBETT

3. E X C A V A T I O N S IN T H E C H A N C A Y VALLEY 123

BY GORDON R . WILLEY

4. A SUPPLEMENT T O T H E P O T T E R Y SEQUENCE A T ANCON 197

BY GORDON R . WILLEY

BIBLIOGRAPHY 213

INDEX 217
ARCHEOLOGICAL NOTES ON THE
CENTRAL COAST
By WILLIAM DUNCAN STRONG
and GORDON R. WILLEY

COLUMBIA STUDIES IN ARCHEOLOGY

AND ETHNOLOGY, Vol. I, No. 1
 Contents
Introductory Remarks 5

T h e Northern Survey 6

Excavations in the Vicinity of Puerto de Supe xi

Excavations in the Ancon Shell Mounds 15

T h e Southern Survey 18

PLATES

1 a. View of Pachacamac from the Temple of the Sun, Looking toward the

"House of the Cacique"

b. Great Shell Mounds at the Mouth of the lea River

2 a. White-on-Red Period Grave at Cerro de Trinidad, Site E, Chancay Valley

b. Rectangular Rock Enclosure, East Side of Cerro de Trinidad, Chancay Valley

3 a. Village and Cemetery Excavations at Aspero, Puerto de Supe

b. Rock-walled Structure Enclosing "Altar," Early Ancon-Supe Period, at
Aspero, Puerto de Supe

4 a. "Altar" at Aspero, Looking through Doorway Connecting T w o Rooms

b. Close-up Showing Type of Construction Used in "Altar"

5 a. Cerro Hueco Ruin in the Cañete Valley

b. T h e "House of the Women" at Inca Huasi Ruin, Cañete Valley

c. Compound Structure at Inca Huasi Ruin, Cañete Valley

MAP of Central Coast of Peru, Showing Sites Visited and Discussed 7

 Introductory Remarks

P
RIOR T O presenting the more specific and viously published materials, as well as on our
detailed results attained by Project 3 as recent ceramic collections and observations at
the result of archeological excavations these sites. Both of these surveys were incom-
at Pachacamac, in the Chancay valley, and at plete inasmuch as only a relatively small pro-
Ancon during the year from June, 1941, to portion of the great number of sites on the
June, 1942, it may be worth while at least to central coast were examined in any detail.
outline the nature of the remaining survey and Further, at the time of this writing many of
excavation work not reported in detail at this the collections, notes, photographs, and other
time. This last falls into two parts: first, par- records pertaining to the excavations outlined
tial archeological surveys to the north and to in Part 1 were either in transshipment from
the south of Lima; and, second, limited exca- Peru, in the customs, or otherwise unavailable
vations in the presumably ancient shell heaps to the writers. Nevertheless, it seemed possible
at Supe and Ancon. T h e following account on the basis of our journals and available pho-
further attempts to place a number of the sites tographs to record certain data which should
visited in the generalized central-coast culture have value in amplifying or extending the
sequence suggested in Part 3 (see chart, p. 196), more detailed excavation records presented
which has been set up on the basis of pre- later in Parts 2 to 4.
 The Northern Survey

S
EVERAL brief survey trips were made con Incised pottery was found in a modern
along the central coast between Lima road cut through the shell mounds on the
and Pativilca (see map, p. 7) both be- hill overlooking the Necropolis.
fore and after our work at Pachacamac. T h e North beyond Ancon, on the brow of the
personnel on these trips included the authors high sand hills facing the sea and the Pasa-
(Strong and Willey) in company with Mr. mayo arm of the Chancay valley, is another
Junius Bird and Mr. John Corbett. During large Late Period cemetery called Cerro Pasa-
these trips a number of sites were visited and mayo (map, p. 7, No. 12). Directed here
surface collections of potsherds and other arti- by Dr. J. C. Tello, we made a collection of
facts were made. Plans for future excavations about a hundred sherds all of which were
at Ancon, Chancay, and Puerto de Supe were Late Chancay Black-on-white. Dr. Lothrop
also laid, and arrangements were made with (personal communication) also reports Black,
local authorities and laborers. We will con- white and red geometric ware from Cerro
sider these sites from south to north. Pasamayo, although none was found by us.
T o the north of Lima, in the Chillon valley, T h e present surface of the site is sandy and
is the extensive cemetery of Zapallar (map, windswept, and most of the surface material,
p. 7, No. 14). This site lies just beyond the including sherds, textiles, and human bones,
cultivated land north of the Pan-American has been bleached and eroded from long ex-
Highway. T h e modern, walled cemetery of the posure. In July of 1941 very little recent
little village of Puente Piedra lies over a part huaquero excavation was evident, although at
of the aboriginal burying ground. Considera- some time in the past a great many graves had
ble huaquero or treasure-hunter excavation of been opened. In addition to graves, evidence
graves is going on at Zapallar at the present of adobe structures, perhaps dwellings, was
time, and surface material discarded from noted in the road cut on the inland side of
these graves is easily obtained. A very super- the highway.
ficial examination of surface materials there, Continuing north across the Chancay val-
in July of 1941, suggested late burials marked ley, the highway passes through a small ag-
by Chancay Black-on-white and sub-Chancay gregation of sandy and rocky hills just south
styles. It is quite probable that earlier remains of the Port of Chancay. T h e roadbed has been
are also to be found. Dr. S. K. Lothrop, who cut down for a considerable depth into the
has made large surface collections at Zapallar, seaward flank of one of the largest of these
is at present engaged in a study which will hills, the Cerro de Trinidad (map, p. 7, No.
more exactly determine the nature of this im- 9). This site is discussed in detail in Part 3
portant site in the Chillon valley. of this volume. It is sufficient to note that on
A t Ancon, a few kilometers north and west our preliminary survey Interlocking, White-
along the highway (map, p. 7, No. 13), sherd on-red, and Late Chancay ceramic materials
collections were made in all parts of the were all found in the road cut and on the
Necropolis area and on the shell mounds surface of the site as described by Uhle
overlooking the bay. In the Necropolis the (Kroeber, 1926b). There are no other impor-
materials picked up by us on the surface were tant surface indications except occasional
those correlating with Strong's Middle Ancon alignments suggesting remnants of structures.
II (Epigonal), Late Ancon I (Black, white There has been very little grave excavation at
and red geometric), and Late Ancon II (Black- the site. T h e occupation area cut by the high-
on-white Chancay) (Strong, 1925). Early An- way and covering the lower slopes of this hill
MAP OF CENTRAL COAST OF PERU, SHOWING SITES VISITED
AND DISCUSSED
8 THE NORTHERN SURVEY
on the southern side was named by Uhle three-meter test pits were excavated into these
"Cerro de Trinidad, Site E." (Kroeber, 1926b). terraces. T h e pit on the lower terrace pene-
At Site A, Cerro de Trinidad, Uhle exca- trated through sand and rubbish to strike
vated a number of graves all of which proved pure sand at about 1.5 meters below surface.
to be of the Late Chancay Black-on-white Sherds, which came out by the hundreds, ap-
period. The cemetery is a large one and typi- pear to be all of the Late Chancay style. This
cal of Late Period graveyards of the coast. classification, however, is most cursory and
Present-day looting goes on at Site A, and a preliminary, pending further study. T h e pit
large surface collection was easily obtainable. located on one of the higher terraces showed
Out of approximately two hundred decorated similar rubbish rich in sherds. As would be
sherds gathered at random, only one Epigonal expected, its depth was greater, and sterile
and one Chancay White-on-red fragment were sand was almost three meters deep. All pot-
inconsistent with the Late Chancay assign- tery fragments in this pit were also Late
ment of the site originally set forth by Uhle. Chancay in style. With the fill of the mound
In addition to the cemetery, some adobe identified as Late Chancay on the basis of
structures are exposed by the highway cut, the test pits in two separate sections of the
and these are probably of the same period as structure, and since no earlier materials were
the grave fields. These structures are to be encountered on the old ground surface be-
seen just a few meters north of the main area neath the mound, it seems safe to assume that
of the Site A cemetery toward the Port of the construction here took place in Late
Chancay. It seems likely that the dwellings Chancay or post-Late Chancay times. Another
as well as the cemetery should be included in test pit some distance away in a courtyard
Site A. adjoining a second mound corroborated the
On the east side of Cerro de Trinidad is a results of the first two pits. Rubbish was
large rectangular enclosure, several hundred shallower in this third pit, and the sherds
meters on a side, made up of medium- and were uniformly plain or Black-on-white Chan-
small-sized stones (map, p. 7, No. 10). The cay. Burials do not seem to be common at
walls on all four sides are now jumbled stones, Ollada. From all appearances it is primarily
but one small section on the upper and more a habitation and ceremonial site of the Late
protected end still shows dry cyclopean con- period. It is quite possible that the graveyard
struction suggesting that the entire quad- of Site A, Cerro de Trinidad, which is not far
rangle was once so composed. Few sherds or distant, was the burial place of the inhabit-
other cultural remains are to be found in the ants.
immediate vicinity of the enclosure. Below, Before leaving the southern side of the
at the eastern foot of the hill and stretching Chancay valley, we should mention the sites
for over a kilometer to the east and south, is at and in the vicinity of Banos de Boza (map,
one of the largest dwelling sites of the central p. 7, No. 11). Turning inland at the Guardia
coast. This extensive series of walled com- Civil control station shortly after entering the
pounds, buildings, and pyramids, locally called valley from the south, a side road winds back
Ollada, is little known. Surface indications along the south wall of the valley some six
of structures, although clear, have been eroded kilometers to the Boza Springs. Along this
and sand covered. This is perhaps one of the road a number of habitation and burial sites
reasons why the site has not received more can be observed. Skeletal material has been
attention. Architecture here involves the use thrown out of looted graves, but surface pot-
of both huge, rough, uncut stone for facings tery is very scarce. Partial alignments of stones
on the largest terraced pyramid and brick- imply dwellings or other structures. At the
shaped, mold-made adobes for general pyra- Boza Springs there is a small site located on
mid and wall construction. sand hills rising out of the marsh area back
T h e largest pyramid, which lies closest to of the modern hotel. This site was excavated
the Cerro de Trinidad, has a series of de- in the course of our survey and is described in
scending terraces on one side. T w o three-by- Part 3 of this volume. All evidence from our
 THE NORTHERN SURVEY 9
excavations shows it to have been a habita- off the pavement and driving inland along a
tion as well as a burial site of the White-on- little-used road, one arrives at Teatino, some
red or earliest known period of the Chancay ten kilometers from Doña María (map, p. 7,
valley. No. 6). T h e Teatino cemetery is one of the
On the north side of the Chancay valley are most unusual in appearance along the coast,
two big sites (map, p. 7, Nos. 7, 8) known and the site, in the opinion of Dr. Tello, is
from Uhle's earlier investigations, Lauri of great importance. Its location is in a small
(Lauren) and Jecuan (Kroeber, 1926b). T h e ravine or quebrada of the foothills of the
former site, which is in a quebrada on the higher ranges to the east. T h e elevation at
seaward slope of a range of hills separating Teatino is enough greater than that of the
two sections of the valley, is probably the immediate coast to allow for the growth of
richest of all Late Chancay sites of the coastal low, green vegetation or pasto during the
area. Remnants of large adobe structures are Peruvian winter months. T h e floor of the
situated at the bottom of the quebrada fac- quebrada for several hundred meters in all
ing the cultivated land and farther back on directions is dotted with monolithic, upright
higher ground are numerous graves. Clandes- grave markers. Excavation by unknown per-
tine excavation is proceeding at a rapid rate sons is in an advanced state and continues at
at the present time so that a large collection present. Well over a hundred graves have
of sherds, some of which constitute large por- been opened. These are extremely deep, rec-
tions of vessels, can be made from the surface tangular, and adobe lined. Near the top they
in a few minutes. T h e site was visited three are often partly stone lined, in which cases
separate times by our party between July and the above surface grave-marking stone has
November, 1941. Virtually all of the sherd been mortised into the wall masonry.
material collected on these three trips was T h e bottom of many of these shafts as well
Late Chancay. as the surface of the ground was covered with
Jecuan is reached by following the road large sherds discarded by the grave exca-
around the landward end of the range of vators. Dr. Tello (personal communication)
hills and then turning back toward the sea. mentions Late Chancay or sub-Chancay,
T h e site is in a large quebrada or pocket in Three-color geometric, Epigonal, and an in-
these hills facing inland toward an enclosed cised pottery from Teatino. All of these styles
arm of the Chancay valley. Almost directly were found at the site by us. T h e incised ware
over the range is the Lauri site just discussed. is, in the opinion of the authors, closely re-
At Jecuan Uhle found Epigonal, Black, white lated to the Middle Ancón I Incised pottery
and red geometric, and Late Chancay vessels from the Ancon Necropolis. Vessel form and
in the various graves, the sequence presuma- face-spout modeling also relate a number of
bly being in that order from earliest to latest incised fragments from Teatino to the Tia-
(Kroeber, 1926b). Fragments of vessels of all huanacoid influences of the coast. Besides the
of these styles were found by us in 1941 on above-mentioned styles, the junior author
the surface at this site. In addition, at another, found one typical Early Lima fragment at
smaller quebrada near by, sherds of these Teatino.
three styles and a few Interlocking style sherds On the opposite side of the highway, six
were collected. T h e Jecuan sites seem to be kilometers north along the narrow-gauge rail-
primarily burying grounds, although in the way from the Doña María station, is the
larger quebrada there are two small rectangu- Doña María site (map, p. 7, No. 5). This is
lar platforms which may have been house or a large cemetery and refuse area along the
ceremonial structure foundations. high steep hills or dunes facing the sea. A
North of the Chancay valley at the ninety- surface collection gathered here includes all
kilometer mark on the Pan-American high- of the principal pottery styles recorded at
way is the isolated railroad station of Dona Teatino, with the Middle Ancón I type of
Maria (map, p. 7, No. 5). T w o important incising also present. Refuse beds of midden
sites may be reached from this point. Turning and shell, apparently quite deep in some
io THE NORTHERN SURVEY
places, make Dona Maria a promising site the 164-kilometer marker on the highway,
for stratigraphic excavation in the future. there is an extensive and much dug-over ceme-
In the Huaura valley there are a great many tery extending on both sides of the highway
sites about which little is known or published (map, p. 7, No. 3). Late Chancay sherds are
(map, p. 7, No. 4). T w o of these were briefly absent, and the dominant decorated style is a
visited by the writers in July of 1941 and pressed or relief-decorated red ware. Some of
again in October of the same year. Entering this is undoubtedly "Middle Period," and this
the Huaura valley from the south, at the 130- identification is further substantiated by the
kilometer mark on the highway, one sees a occurrence of Epigonal and Tiahuanaco
great burial site on the slope of the hills fac- sherds at the site. It seems reasonable to ex-
ing the valley close to the right side of the pect, however, that the pressed-ware tradition
road. Most of the material from this cemetery continued in this region and is also contempo-
appears to be a slightly variant form of Late raneous with the Late Chimu-Incaic occupa-
Chancay Black-on-white and White-slipped. tion of the Supe valley (Kroeber, 1925b). On
Farther north, beyond the city of Huacho, the other side of the valley, near Puerto de
there is a large dwelling site and cemetery Supe, are the two "shell-mound" sites exca-
on a promontory just above the Punta Pegota vated first by Uhle and recently by us during
beach. A cursory inspection of pottery at this the present season's work (map, p. 7, Nos. 1,
second location shows it to be much like the 2). These sites and our excavations here are
material at the 1 go-kilometer site. briefly described in the next section of this
On the southern edge of the Supe valley, at paper.
 Excavations in the Vicinity of
Puerto de Supe
A LMOST forty years ago Uhle excavated in test pits at random spots in the approximate
/ \ two shell-mound sites in the vicinity of center of the blackened occupation area. Mr.
JL JL.Puerto de Supe. These were quite un- Corbett, with another group of workmen,
like the other archeological sites of the im- started clearing around a rock-walled struc-
mediate region and showed affinities to the ture which was located a little to the north
shell mounds of Ancon and Bella Vista near of the center of the rubbish area; and Dr.
Callao. T h e first of these sites at Puerto de Newman, with the remainder of the crew, put
Supe lies in a small, deep quebrada just over down a number of exploratory trenches in
the hill from the port in a southerly direction. the sandy burial area. (See Plate 3a.) T h e two
It is marked by an old lighthouse which is rubbish tests can be seen in the right fore-
situated on the seaward promontory of the ground, the clearing of the structure is in
hill or ridge which separates the site from the progress in the center of the picture, and the
port. Uhle referred to the location as the work in the cemetery is going on at the back.
"site below the lighthouse," and the term In the rubbish, both test pits were carried
"Lighthouse site" seems convenient for the down to a depth of approximately 2.50 meters
present discussion (map, p. 7, No. 1). Farther below surface. T h e soil removed was a mix-
down the coast, two to three kilometers south ture of black earth, burned rock, ash, shells,
and east from the port, is the second site, un- decayed wood, and organic matter. With the
named by Uhle but locally called Aspero exception of a small whistle made of a bird
(map, p. 7, No. 2). T h i s midden is also bone which was found with an infant burial
situated in a quebrada facing the open fields near the bottom of one of the pits, not a
of the San Nicolas Hacienda. T h e ocean is single artifact was found in either of the pits.
about a kilometer distant from the site. T h e refuse clearly indicated an occupation
Aspero presents a black, ashy ground sur- of some duration at and adjacent to the spot,
face dotted with many small knolls of shell but, other than the texture and appearance
and other rubbish and outcroppings of rock- of the soil, there were no evidences of human
walled structures which are completely tum- culture to distinguish the site. Furthermore,
bled and covered over. From the mouth of not a single surface sherd was found anywhere
the quebrada upward, the extent of the refuse within the quebrada enclosing the site. Uhle
area is about three hundred meters, and at is not absolutely clear on the point of whether
the widest point across the quebrada the dis- or not he found sherds in the rubbish at his
tance is about two hundred meters. In a small second Puerto de Supe site (Aspero). If he did,
sandy arm of the main area of the site is a we were not so fortunate in our attempts.
cemetery (see Plate 3a). Previous digging in In clearing the rock structure, Corbett
this section disclosed its location, although found a lance or dart point of quartzite, a
from the scant scattered surface debris it was cache of corncobs, a llama bone, and a large
obvious that the graves were not rich in grooved stone. T h e lance point is about five
ceramics. In the excavations at Aspero it was centimeters in length, is rather crudely
decided to direct attention to three types of chipped, and has only one shoulder. T h e
remains: refuse, structures, and burials. Di- grooved stone is approximately twenty centi-
viding the crews, the junior author began two meters in length and fifteen centimeters in
12 EXCAVATIONS AT PUERTO DE SUPE
diameter and is completely encircled by a form a square. Smaller boulders were placed
shallow groove. A second stone of very much on top and in the interstices of the larger
the same appearance was found by us on the rocks. The interior of the square was filled
surface of the site at the opposite side of the with dry clay and small rock rubble in addi-
quebrada. The use of these stones is unknown. tion to a few larger rocks. The whole had been
No pottery fragments were encountered in the covered over with a coating of clay some five
clearing of the structure. to ten centimeters thick and subsequently fire-
The structure itself proved to be the most hardened. A second similar "altar" was found
interesting feature of the site; it is the first a meter or more from the first, within the
construction of this type brought to light in walls of the same room. This one was con-
connection with the Early Ancon-Supe shell- structed in a fashion similar to the first, dif-
mound culture. A detailed report with plans fering only in being slightly smaller and in
and measurements will be published in the being partially destroyed.
future. In describing the mud and rock walls These rock-walled rooms and the two "al-
and the clay "altar" which were uncovered tars" probably indicate a religious edifice. If so,
at Aspero, it is necessary at present to write it is highly important as the only evidence of
from memory and from the few photographs this kind extant on the Early Ancon-Supe cul-
which are at hand, since our notes are in ture of the Peruvian central coast. T h e assign-
transshipment from Peru. The remnants of ment of the buildings and "altars" to the Early
the walls of this structure are less than a meter Ancon-Supe culture is based upon the burials
in height and are composed of uncut stones, in the adjoining cemetery. The possibility that
crudely coursed, and set in mud plaster, these burials belong to a culture different from
(Plates 3b, 4a). They average about forty centi- that responsible for the structure has been con-
meters in width. One large room with a pre- sidered. True enough, there were no typical
pared clay floor forms a central unit for the Early Ancon-Supe sherds, or for that matter
structure. This room is roughly four meters any pottery sherds at all, found in the rub-
square. T w o smaller rooms adjoin this larger bish associated with the structures or "altars."
enclosure. The small room adjacent to the Three small bottle-shaped vessels were found
large room is connected with it by a narrow in the twelve graves excavated. One of these
doorway formed of two stone slabs set verti- was decorated in the Early Ancon-Supe style
cally in the ground with a stone slab placed of incising, and the other two were very simi-
in the floor as a doorstep (Plate 4a). All three lar to this one in form and ware quality. In
rooms show some evidences of prepared clay the immediate vicinity of the cemetery there
floors which had been built on top of a meter are no sites other than those of the Early
or more of black refuse. The walls extend Ancon-Supe Period.
downward only slightly below the floor levels Adjoining the quebrada which contains the
and are also superimposed upon considerable Aspero site are two smaller quebradas, one
rubbish (Plate 3b). on each side of Aspero and both opening
Within the large room, near the doorway onto the San Nicolas fields. They are al-
and not quite in the center of the room, was most identical in surface appearance. Both
a pediment completely covered with hard clay. of these sites have fire-blackened rock and ash
This pediment or "altar" was about 1.50 covering the ground; both are dotted with
meters square and stood .50 meter above the small mounds of rubbish and shell; and both
floor level. The surface and the upper part of show evidence of crude rock structures. They
its four sides were blackened as though by fire differ from Aspero in that surface sherds of
and, probably as a consequence, the clay had the Early Ancon-Supe style are found at both
the consistency of cement. A quadrant of the locations. Most of these sherds are plain, but
"altar" was removed to permit examination about five per cent are decorated with incised
of its construction (Plate 4a, 4b). It had been lines, punctations, rocker-stamping, or com-
made of large uncut boulders of the type used binations of these techniques. At the site on
in the walls of the buildings, set on end to the north of the Aspero quebrada, designated
 EXCAVATIONS A T PUERTO DE SUPE 18
only as L i - 3 1 in our survey, one three-by- that the deeper excavation was approaching
three-meter test pit was put down to test the sterile sand when the work was stopped.
rubbish. Early Ancon-Supe style sherds were Sherds were found at all depths in about the
found from top to bottom for a depth of two same quantity in both pits. Plain ware pre-
meters. dominated, but incised, punctated, and rocker-
T h e identification of the Aspero structures stamped material was plentiful enough to
with this style of pottery, as Uhle has identi- give one an idea of vessel decorative patterns.
fied the Aspero site with this style, seems prob- T h e most common form was a flattened globu-
able even though it is unproved. Possibly lar bowl with a thickened but otherwise un-
Aspero represents a stage in the early develop- modified lip. Uhle has referred to this rim
ment of cultures on the central coast w h e n form, characteristic of the Early Ancon-Supe
pottery was extremely scarce, and the dwelling style, as the "comma-shaped" lip. Judging
sites both north and south of the main que- from the samples obtained, the pottery from
brada are slightly later in time. the Lighthouse site and that from L i - 3 1 , near
T h e grave goods from the Aspero cemetery Aspero, are identical.
check very closely with those Uhle found at It is the impression of the junior author, al-
that site (Kroeber, 1925b), and it seems rea- though the Supe test pit materials have not
sonable to believe that this was the cemetery yet been examined in the laboratory, that no
d u g by that investigator. Furthermore, the changes in type or style will be noted to cor-
textiles and basketry taken from the Aspero relate with depth. A l l pits were excavated in
graves are virtually identical with those found .25- or .50- meter levels to check such a con-
by us in graves at the Lighthouse site at tingency, however. Obviously, our work in the
Puerto de Supe. Small baskets (some contain- village rubbish material in the Puerto de Supe
ing cotton, others shellfish), fish nets, and sites was of a brief and exploratory nature.
gourd containers and bottles were found be- Future excavations at all of these sites and
sides the pottery bottles mentioned above. perhaps at others yet unnoted in the region
In almost every grave the body was covered will be of importance to any thorough study
or underlaid by a simply woven mat of rushes. of the Early Ancon-Supe horizon on the cen-
T h e bodies were textile wrapped, usually one tral coast.
to a grave, and in a flexed or crouched posi- T h e burials at the Lighthouse site were
tion. Interment was direct in sterile sand at similar to those at Aspero in basketry, textiles,
a depth of about one meter. nets, and matting. Pottery was a little more
T h e Lighthouse site (map, p. 7, No. 1) is abundant in the Lighthouse site graves, and
in a quebrada no more than fifty meters wide the flat, open bowl form, either incised or
which opens at one end onto a small rock- plain, was the only shape encountered. In
sheltered beach. Evidence of occupation be- one grave at the Lighthouse site a thin sheet
gins about fifty to seventy-five meters back of beaten gold was found with a burial, as
from the beach and extends for at least a was also a feather headdress. Uhle mentions
hundred meters back u p the ravine. Still far- one of the latter from his Supe excavations
ther u p the ravine, in a clean sandy area, Dr. (Kroeber, 1925b). Perhaps the most important
Newman, through test excavations, located the difference between the Lighthouse and Aspero
cemetery. sites is that some of the burials at the former
In the small knolls of shell and other de- site were cremated or partially cremated, pre-
tritus, two three-by-three-meter test pits were sumably in situ, whereas all the burials at the
made. One of these ran out into sterile sand Aspero site were simple inhumations. T h i s , as
at a depth of only two meters; the other was well as the scarcity of pottery at Aspero, may
continued down to about 4.25 meters below be indicative of a difference in time.
surface, where it was necessary to terminate It should be mentioned that rock align-
the excavation before sterile soil was encoun- ments on the surface, indicating structures,
tered. Judging from the nature of the soil were as common at the Lighthouse site as at
profile in the completed pit, it seems likely Aspero. In a number of instances these seemed
i4 EXCAVATIONS AT PUERTO DE SUPE
to form conjoined rectangles, implying com- period, a portion of any future excavation at
pound dwellings or buildings. As so little is this site should be concentrated upon clear-
known regarding the houses of this early ing some of these structures.
 Excavations in the Ancón
Shell Mounds

C
ONTINUING our investigations of the dis- panied by grave goods. H e recovered a num-
tribution and period of the incised ber of pottery sherds and some bone artifacts
Early Ancon-Supe pottery and the from the midden. According to his data, the
problem of the early shell mounds on the refuse averaged two to three meters in depth.
central Peruvian coast, the last series of ex- T h e excavations made by the Institute of
cavations of our research program was made A n d e a n Research were confined to the short
at A n c o n (map, p. 7, No. 13). A b o v e the period of three weeks, during which time we
modern town of A n c o n and the ancient Ne- employed only four workmen; Dr. M. T . New-
cropolis, which lies just back of the modern man and the junior author supervised the
town, is a high hill forming the southern work. In that time Newman tested the small
boundary of the small, dry valley of Ancon. sandy quebradas which extend southward u p
T h i s hill is covered with finely broken shell, into the hills and ridges as likely locations
giving the appearance, from a distance, of a for a cemetery. It will be remembered that
white capping. T h i s white capping not only the burial grounds at both of the Puerto de
crowns the top of the hill but extends inland Supe sites were located in such side areas out
or eastward over the southern flank of the of the main occupational zone. However, some
series of hills or ridge which is a part of the ten test trenches, all carried down below a
southern wall of the A n c o n valley. From the meter in depth, failed to reveal any burials
crown of the highest, most westerly or sea- or even an occasional fragment of pottery,
ward hill to the limit of the shell to the east textile, or human bone.
is a distance of some three hundred meters. East of the main hill on the southern flank
T h e shell beds slope downward on the hill of the ridge the shell is so deposited as to
and the side of the ridge for about a hundred form a series of irregular terraces, each several
and fifty meters. T h e i r northern, or down- meters in width. A test pit was sunk in each
hill, edge is just a few meters above the rail- of three of these terraces. T h e first pit was
road line which comes into A n c o n from L i m a put down one hundred meters or so from the
and follows the low ground at the foot of the crown of the main hill to the east, the second
hill. T h e lower limit of the shell deposits and was excavated another hundred and fifty
the nature of their cultural materials are at- meters farther east, and the third was made
tested by reports from some of the inhabitants in a lower terrace just a few meters down-
of a few fishermen's shacks, which stand on slope from the second pit. It was necessary to
the south side of the railroad a quarter of carry Pits 1 and 2 down to the unusual depths
the way up the hill, that pottery and skeletal of 8.90 and 5.00 meters respectively. Sterile
materials were encountered in the digging sand was encountered at these depths. Pit 3,
preparatory to the building of their houses. which was of very small surface dimensions,
T h e i r description of these materials fits that was abandoned at a depth of about 3.50 meters
of the Early Ancon-Supe Period. below the surface.
Uhle's excavations in these shell mounds T h e two m a j o r test pits were each three-
were admittedly limited and of short dura- by-three meters in size at the surface and
tion (Uhle, 1912). H e found only two burials, were sloped inward just enough to allow for
both of these in the rubbish and unaccom- safety from cave-ins. A great number of sherds
 i6 EXCAVATIONS IN ANCON SHELL MOUNDS
were taken from each pit. All materials were ing red paint were exceedingly scarce in our
saved by .25- meter levels for future strati- collections as well as in Uhle's. We recall
graphic analysis. The rubbish in the two pits only one or two out of several thousand from
was quite similar. In both, the upper meter, each site.
or less, was the same mixture of pulverized Decorated sherd material from Ancon was
and broken shell and sand that is observable more plentiful than from the Lighthouse site
on the surface of the site. Below this was at Puerto de Supe. The Ancon site is, of course,
tightly packed shell and decayed organic ref- more extensive than the Supe site, but our sam-
use. This varied in depth and was underlaid ple from Ancon was no greater than that from
by a brownish sandy and dusty rubbish which Supe. Uhle stated that the pottery from the
in some places was very loose and soft and in two locations was similar, with only very slight
others quite compact. Thinner bands and differences. Our impression, prior to detailed
lenses of shell were also encountered, occur- analysis, is that Early Ancon ceramics seem
ring alternately with brownish and grayish somewhat more elaborate. In this regard Early
dusty rubbish at greater depths. In Pit 2, Ancon may more closely approach the Cu-
clean yellow sand began to appear at a depth pisnique style of the north coast of Peru.
of 4.50 meters and all trace of refuse and cul- The only burials we encountered at Ancon,
tural materials had disappeared at 5.00 meters. like those earlier encountered by Uhle, were
In Pit 1 this same clean sand was not reached in the rubbish. We located an adult and a
until a depth of over 8.50 meters below sur- child wrapped in simple cotton textiles some
face had been attained. 3.5 meters deep in a subsidiary excavation
In both excavations the Early Ancon-Supe to facilitate the removal of dirt from Pit 1. Both
style of pottery was abundant in all levels. had been buried in a flexed position and
The ware is either black, brownish red, mot- neither had any accompanying grave goods.
tled with black, or reddish. It is medium to In Pit 1 were the only evidences of struc-
thick, grit tempered, and the surfaces are usu- tures or what might possibly have been struc-
ally well smoothed and sometimes polished. tures. These were crude rock walls, of dry con-
T h e common forms, suggested by rim and struction, through which the excavation cut at
basal sherds, are flattened globular bowls with a depth of about 2.50 meters below surface.
thickened or "comma-shaped" lips, bottles It is possible that these were cairns or fire-
with short, wide, everted-lipped spouts, and places. A small amount of ash was found in
shallow bowls with flattened bottoms and di- conjunction with the rocks in one place. How-
rect, outslanting rims. Decorated material is a ever, the alignment of the rocks as they were
small but noticeable percentage of the total exposed in the pit gave strength to the sup-
sherd count. Broad, round-bottomed incised position that they were parts of a wall or
lines are devoted to rectilinear and curvilinear walls. In this connection it should be men-
designs. Large and small dot punctations are tioned that the surface appearance of Ancon
common, and plain and notched rocker-stamp- is quite unlike that of either Aspero or the
ing is used alone or in conjunction with in- Lighthouse site at Puerto Supe. The ground
cised line designs. Some of the designs are at Ancon is smooth and shell covered. Except
simple, but others are very involved and com- for the terracelike ridges, there are virtually
plicated. Zoomorphic representations are pres- no noticeable aboveground features at Ancon.
ent, among which the feline face is to be There are no surface rocks or rock alignments
noted. One excellent fragment from a stirrup- suggesting buildings as at Supe. It may be that
mouthed jar, decorated with incision and because of its topographical position on the
rocker-stamping, was found in one of the test slope all such features have long been covered
pits. over by wind erosion.
At Ancon, as at Puerto de Supe, the pot- Other than pottery, only a few artifacts of
tery recently recovered seems to check very interest were found. Two of these were pyrites
closely with that found by Uhle at the two mirrors. One surface of the artifacts still re-
sites (Uhle, 1912; Strong, 1925). Sherds bear- tained its beautiful luster and high polish;
 EXCAVATIONS IN ANCON SHELL MOUNDS 17
the reverse side of each was unpolished, was came out with the other material. The ware
rounded in contour, and appeared to have of this sherd was thin and hard. The red was
been set at one time in some plastic substance. light in tone and well surfaced. A purplish
T h e mirrors were ovate-rectanguloid and black line and a white line, side by side, paral-
about ten by five centimeters in size. A carved leled each other. The importance of such a
bone spoon was one of the most unusual and small and solitary fragment would not war-
interesting of all the specimens. This artifact, rant mention except that the Early Ancon-
perhaps fifteen centimeters in length, was Supe style has been so uniformly found in
covered on its top surface with deep, round- complete disassociation from any other known
bottomed incised lines which formed a design style that even the occurrence of such frag-
suggesting the pottery decoration of the Early mentary evidence may be worth noting. It
Ancon-Supe style. T w o worked stones were is difficult to place so small a fragment, but its
also recovered from the pits. These were closest affiliations would seem to be with the
roughly circular and had a worn pit in the three-colored pottery of the Interlocking or
center of each surface. The edges showed some pre-Interlocking period of the Chancay valley
marks of abrasion and pecking. (see Willey, Part 3, below).
In the entire Early Ancon site, only one Such, in briefest form, are the outlines of
specimen was found which suggested any other our recent stratigraphic testing in the middens
major style, culture, or period of the central and shell heaps of Supe and Ancon. Further
coast of Peru. In the top meter of Pit 1, a results must await full laboratory analysis of
sherd with black and white on red decoration the materials themselves.
 The Southern Survey

D
URING the period of our intensive work contains much shell, burned broken stone, ash,
I at Pachacamac, eight brief survey burned clay, and broken bone. Both animal
trips to the south were made. These and human bone fragments were noted amidst
ranged from one to six days in duration. The layers of both whole and fragmentary mussel
majority of these trips were made under the shells. A careful examination of this entire
direct guidance of Dr. Julio Tello. Dr. Samuel face and some two hours' digging with two
K. Lothrop, Dr. Luis E. Valcàrcel, and Senor workmen failed to yield a single recognizable
José Respaldiza also guided or accompanied artifact or potsherd, although the deposit is
us to a number of interesting sites. Members obviously of human origin. Near by are some
of these parties included at different times Dr. buried adobe structures, and about ninety
Marshall T . Newman, Dr. Theodore Mc- meters to the northeast is a looted "Middle
Cown, and the authors of this volume. In the Period" cemetery. However, aside from a few
following pages we will discuss briefly a num- obviously superficial sherds we encountered
ber of the sites visited, proceeding in general no artifacts in the refuse itself. This fact is
from Lima to the south. difficult to explain. Either the refuse was laid
As one travels along the highway from down in some strange manner that excluded
Lima to Pachacamac and enters the desert broken pottery and other artifacts, or it may
strip about halfway between these two places, be very ancient and culturally limited. Careful
a more or less discontinuous line of white excavation, accompanied by screening, will be
areas can be seen extending for several kilo- necessary before this problem can be answered.
meters along the sand-covered hills about a All other refuse deposits that we examined at
kilometer or less to the east of the road. Pachacamac are full of broken pottery and
Junius Bird, who examined many of these other cultural materials.
areas, reports them to be shallow shell heaps Between Lurin and Chilca, in a picturesque
ranging from thirty to sixty centimeters in cove of the Pacific, is the little fishing and,
depth. The surface shell gives the white color more recently, resort village of Cruz de Huesos
which can be seen from a considerable dis- (map, p. 7, No. 16). Here, capping the steep
tance. Here Bird found a few crudely chipped dunes, are low shell heaps one to two and a
stone artifacts and a few incised potsherds of half meters in height. Some years ago Señor
the Early Ancon-Supe type. This occurrence José Respaldiza trenched one of these middens,
of early shell-mound ceramics on old camp encountering Early Ancon-Supe ceramics and
sites so close to Pachacamac is interesting. cultural materials. We did a little digging
Larger shell heaps characterized by this type and surface collecting, securing a considerable
of pottery are reported also from near Chor- number of plain sherds but no obviously diag-
rillos, but we did not examine these. nostic material. Near the shell heaps are a
At Pachacamac, Dr. Tello showed us an in- number of recently opened round cists of
teresting portion of the site where pottery does boulders said to be graves. No trace of their
not seem to occur. This is on the northern contents remained. The Cruz de Huesos site
bank of the Lurin river at the extreme eastern is obviously important in relation to the old
end of the ruins about a kilometer and a half shell-heap culture of the coast.
east of the highway. The river banks are Proceeding on toward Chilca, we looked for
steep here and capped by about one and a a Late Period cemetery shown to us earlier by
half to two meters of midden deposit forming Dr. Tello. Searching for this, just south of the
three or four shelves. The midden material 66-kilometer highway marker, we explored a
 THE SOUTHERN SURVEY 19
dry barranca which had a depth of between ridge and consists of an adobe-block temple,
four and five meters. The northern bank of vast partially looted graveyards, and abundant
this barranca is here capped with refuse ma- refuse which appears to be rather deep in
terials ranging from pne to two meters in places. The main site looks relatively late, but
depth. The party, composed of some six per- early deposits may be present. We turned over
sons, searched the face and talus of this ex- to Dr. Lothrop our sherd and other samples,
tensive midden for a considerable distance but since he hoped to make a more thorough study
found no pottery or artifacts. The composi- of the ruin.
tion of the midden is similar to that of the Proceeding south along the highway from
one at the eastern end of Pachacamac, previ- Chilca, and turning off on a small side road
ously described. However, just as we were leav- just before descending into the Mala valley,
ing, Señor Respaldiza discovered three cut and one comes to the grim gorge of Ollería. This
nested calabashes at the base of this refuse at rock-walled little canyon is without vegeta-
a depth of 1.8 meters. These were obviously tion, and its sides are lined with bleached
of human manufacture, but no other artifacts skulls many of which have been rolled down
were noted at this time. On a later visit, New- into the road. The bleak gorge notched by
man and Willey did find a few pottery frag- the gray sky and filled with bleaching skulls
ments at the upper or eastern end of this would furnish morbid inspiration for a Doré.
barranca. These sherds had the swollen or The place has been sadly looted, and no very
"comma-shaped" lip characteristic of the flat- distinctive sherds were encountered during
tened globular bowl form occurring in the our brief examination.
early shell heaps at Ancon and Supe. It is The beautiful Mala valley has as yet re-
obvious that this Chilca site should be helpful ceived almost no scientific attention, though
in tracing the distribution of this early hori- ruins seem to be both numerous and exten-
zon and, when properly investigated, may cast sive. At the northern edge of the valley near
light on still earlier stages. the sea is the site of El Salitre (map, p. 7,
Slightly south of this site, just to the east No. 19) whose most striking feature is an
of the highway at the 68-kilometer marker, adobe-block "sun temple" crowning a ridge
is the Late Period cemetery referred to above. facing the sea. Somewhat farther to the north
This has been badly looted, and many skulls, is another ridge marked by a large number
as well as ceramic and textile fragments, litter of looted graves. There is considerable refuse
the site. Graves are ovoid or rectangular and below the "sun temple" and elsewhere, but
are excavated to a depth of two to three meters no distinctive sherds were collected. The site,
into hardpan. T h e looted graves have pole on superficial examination, appears to be late.
roofs covered with reeds. Dr. Tello says that Across the central valley floor, just back
this is a Late Coastal and Inca site represent- from the sea, is a series of ridges which are
ing a period which has as yet received little said to contain a number of ruins having vast
study. Coastal brachycephals and highland and apparently deep refuse deposits. We did
dolichocephals are said to be found here. A not go to any of these ruins but did visit a
number of skulls showing cradle-board defor- picturesque site at the extreme southern edge
mation were noted. Dr. Hrdlicka made a col- of the valley directly above the rocky coast.
lection here many years ago, and Dr. Newman This, called Culeta de Burema (map, p. 7,
gathered a small series during one of our No. 20), is very close to a small country place
visits. recently built by the late Dr. Moisés Saenz,
We were first taken to the site of Banduria the eminent Mexican statesman and sociolo-
by Dr. S. K. Lothrop. This large site (map, gist, who in June, 1941, kindly invited the
p. 7, No. 17) is on a high ridge facing the authors, in company with Dr. Luis E. Val-
sea. There are some large adobe-block struc- cárcel and Dr. Bernard Mishkin, to visit him
tures at the eastern foot of this ridge, and the here. This most pleasant visit also gave us an
eastern slope is marked by very extensive ref- opportunity briefly to reexamine Culeta de
use. The main ruin is on top of this steep Burema and some adjacent sites. T h e Culeta
20 THE SOUTHERN SURVEY
de Burema site consists of refuse heaps and According to Dr. Tello, it probably served as
some rough stone structures located in a bar- a highway to the interior. In the middle val-
ren hanging valley terminating in cliffs that ley we visited the great fortress-temple of
descend abruptly to the sea. A slope leads Húngara (which has also been called the For-
down one side to a small rock-bound harbor tress of Chuquimancu; see Means, 1931, p.
now used as a guano port. T h e refuse consists 191). This consists of a series of impressive
of consolidated shell and detritus which, adobe-block structures atop a high hill which
looked at from farther along the cliff, appear dominates the central valley. A sort of ob-
to have great depth. However, it is possible servatory crowns the highest point, overlook-
that this appearance of depth is an illusion ing several lower plazas and structure-crowned
due to the overhanging midden masking the ridges and spurs. Several graves had recently
upper extension of the rocks. Only excavation been opened in the largest lower plaza, and
can determine the facts. Some more or less many textiles had been discarded by the hua-
rectilinear rough stone and boulder enclosures queros. Pottery was not abundant, but among
suggest houses, and some smaller, more tightly the more plentiful plain sherds were a few
built structures may well be looted tombs. Pot- decorated pieces. T h e ceramic and other sam-
sherds seem scarce on the surface here, and ple collections from this site have not yet been
no diagnostic sherds were encountered. Just analyzed.
back of, and above, Dr. Moisés Saenz's house Earlier in the season Junius Bird and the
is a burial ground where a few textile-wrapped authors accompanied Dr. Tello on a quick
mummies have been excavated. Miniature trip through the lower portion of the upper
tear-shaped pots and small figurines of appar- valley. We visited Cerro Hueco, an Inca site
ently late types, as well as a few other arti- built of adobe and rough stone perched on the
facts, occur with the bodies. There are also side of a cliff facing a beautiful stretch of the
some partially covered adobe structures the Cañete valley. T h e ruin is divided into three
purpose of which is not clear. Obviously, there units, each with its plaza. T h e walls of the
is much to be done in the Mala valley; but most westerly of these have numerous small
time was lacking for any excavation here. square niches, and their tops are decorated
We visited the Cañete valley twice in com- with tilted adobe blocks forming triangles
pany with Dr. Julio Tello, but did no actual (Plate 5a) as at T a m b o Colorado in the Pisco
digging there. Sites visited in the lower valley valley. Just above Cerro Hueco is the larger
included those at Cerro Azul, the remains of ruin of Inca Huasi (Plate 5b, 5c), which is
La Centinela, and the adjacent great adobe- well preserved and is laid out in the best
block structures which have been briefly de- traditional Inca fashion. T h e ruin consists of
scribed by Kroeber (1937). So far as is known four main parts: a terraced platform-capped
at present, all of these represent a late period hill on the north, which Dr. Tello designated
but the latter structures are enormous and merit as the Cusi Pati (Plate 5b, middle back-
much more extensive study than they have ground); a large terraced structure to the west,
yet received. Recently, stone walls including which he designated as the women's house or
both rough and finely cut stone have been re- Mamacona (Plate 5b, lower foreground); a
ported here. We passed the Cerro del Oro site great court or marketplace foundation meas-
where Kroeber (1937) excavated Late Period uring some two hundred by one hundred
graves overlying those of the Middle Period, meters slightly up the valley to the south
and briefly examined La Muralla, the great (Plate 5c); and, finally, a series of rooms and
wall or roadway which winds its sinuous way courts on the eastern rim of the little side
for a long distance along the valley's edge. valley where the ruin is located. Potsherds
This wall is made of large frame-made adobe were rare, and those that we found seem non-
blocks and averages from one to three meters distinctive. A t the time of our visit, July 16,
in width, with occasional wider buttresses or one portion of the ruin was occupied by a
ramps ascending to the top. Its height varies picturesque band of lomeros or pastoral In-
greatly, following the contour of the country. dians from the highlands. At this time of year
 THE SOUTHERN SURVEY 21

they drive their herds down into the lower still earlier man in this vicinity. T h e Paracas
valleys and lomas to pasture on the pasto or site is guarded by the Peruvian government,
fog plants which for a time make the dry hills for it is obvious that in addition to the im-
verdant. W e saw many of these colorfully portant results already attained here by Dr.
costumed people in the Cañete and adjacent T e l l o much work yet remains to be accom-
valleys, and Dr. T e l l o , w h o had shared this plished in the vicinity.
type of life, gave us a vivid picture of their T h r o u g h the kind invitation of Señor Pablo
wanderings. Before leaving the Cañete valley T r u e l l and his charming wife it was possible
we drove up to Machu R a n g a where some of for the senior author, in company with Dr.
the old andenes or terraces are again being T e l l o and his party, to spend several days at
irrigated and put to modern use. the well-known Hacienda Ocucaje, located in
T h e mouth of the lea river marked the a green valley south of lea (map, p. 7, No.
most southerly point we reached during this 21). Of late years huaqueros in the vicinity of
year's activities. W e were anxious to visit this Ocucaje have been turning u p with pottery,
rather inaccessible location to inspect the great textiles, and other materials in both the Ne-
shell heaps described by Uhle (Kroeber and cropolis and the Cavernas style. Señor T r u e l l
Strong, 1924b, p. 123). Under Dr. Tello's guid- has preserved many of these, and his collec-
ance, two trips, the first from July 15 to July tion is tremendously important since this is
17 and the second from July 29 to August 3, the first time the Cavernas and Necropolis
1941, were made to this place. W e will first styles have been reported outside of the Pa-
mention, in order from north to south, cer- racas site. O n the invitation of Señor T r u e l l ,
tain sites visited en route. Each time we visited Dr. T e l l o has recently made extensive studies
the lea valley we went by way of the very im- of these rich materials which will shed new
portant Paracas site just south of Pisco (map, light on various phases of the cultures.
p. 7). T h i s great Necropolis is famous as a Guided by Señor T r u e l l , we visited a num-
center for the early and rich Necropolis and ber of sites in the Ocucaje valley. Judging
Cavernas cultures (Tello, 1929). T h e former from surface collections, the cultures repre-
culture, represented by crowded burials in old sented at these sites include Inca, Late and
subsurface structures, is characterized by rich Middle lea, Nazca, Necropolis, and Cavernas.
textiles with designs similar to those from One of these sites, L a Capilla, seemed par-
Nazca and a simple polished but unpainted ticularly important. O n this hill huaqueros
ceramic type. T h e Cavernas culture from had opened many graves ranging from small,
closely adjacent deep tombs lacks these elabo- rather nondescript pits to large rock tombs,
rate textiles but has a highly distinctive in- the latter being made of rough stones ce-
cised and painted ceramic style. T h i s last style mented with adobe and surmounted by layers
has close affiliations with that of Chavín de of dried grass and refuse.
Huantar. Sherds of the Necropolis and Cavernas cul-
T h e Paracas site is located on the desolate tures are not abundant, since the value of
sandy Paracas peninsula. T h i s region possesses these newly discovered pottery types has made
a strange, lonely charm due in part to the treasure hunters keep all broken vessels. How-
ever-changing light effects over land and sea. ever, at L a Capilla we picked u p small Ca-
Rosy flamingos and clamoring wild fowl along vernas incised and painted sherds (the paint
the wind-swept beaches add to this effect. T h e having the same lacquerlike appearance as at
bleak terrain of sand dunes and rocky hills, Paracas); dull, crackly white Necropolis-type
however, would seem to offer little to a set- sherds; plain brown ware with cuneiform in-
tled population. cisions on the inside (a common Paracas type);
Surface materials are not abundant at the plain sherds with external incised designs; and
site. O n an old beach line near the Cerro a considerable number of negative-painted
Colorado, Bird found a crudely chipped and sherds with dark background and orange-red
highly patinated stone artifact, suggesting that designs. Over the main hill and adjacent
adequate examination might reveal traces of ridges at L a Capilla are scattered between
22 THE SOUTHERN SURVEY
thirty and fifty opened graves all of which are cur in addition to even more striking and
said to have contained Cavernas-Necropolis basic Chavin designs such as the modeled, in-
materials. On the top of the main hill a solid cised, and painted feline deity. In other words,
adobe wall about one meter high has been these new materials from Ocucaje, which are
partially revealed. Both deformed and unde- predominatingly in the Chavin decorative
formed skulls occur. style, also show Nazcoid trends in the in-
On the flats below La Capilla hill, graves creased use of painting over incision and in
containing materials of either Nazca or lea the occurrence of other motifs formerly re-
type are reported, and some three fourths of garded as being typical of the Early Nazca
a kilometer south, at a place called Cordova, style alone. Since this manifestation occurs
is a small ruin of large adobe blocks which is near the center of Nazca cultural develop-
apparently late, although Nazca-type graves ment, Ocucaje being in a sense geographically
are reported in the vicinity. Other small, intermediate between the upper lea and Nazca
rather badly looted cemeteries on hill slopes valleys (see map, p. 7), a reasonable interpre-
about two kilometers east of the Hacienda tation might be that the Ocucaje Cavernas
Ocucaje yielded similar materials. Opened and Necropolis styles were ancestral to the
graves here were rather shallow, ranging from later Nazca polychrome developments in that
one to two meters in depth. Some were rec- region.
tangular and clean-cut, others irregular. All Wider considerations appear to support this
pottery types mentioned above were found still-unproved hypothesis. On the central coast
here in small quantities, and no Nazca or of Peru, as we have already stressed, occurs
later types were noted at the site. the incised (and rarely one-color painted)
On the basis of this superficial examination Early Ancon-Supe style of ceramics charac-
one might tentatively conclude that the Ca- teristic of the shell mounds. This ceramic style
vernas and Necropolis ceramic styles were con- also occurs at Chavin de Huantar in the
temporary and were probably two types north-central highlands; hence the name
within one major culture, since they occur "Coastal Chavin" has sometimes been applied
together at a number of sites at Ocucaje. Fur- to it. The richer Cavernas style is obviously re-
ther, since no Nazca or later styles occur in lated to this simple Early Ancon-Supe style
this association, it seems probable that the of the central coast and the north-central
Cavernas-Necropolis styles represent a distinct highlands, although the exact linkage between
and early period in the valley. The associa- the two manifestations remains to be estab-
tion of negative painting with this complex lished. On the north Peruvian coast another
has widespread implications. As is pointed out even more closely related style called the
below, a somewhat similar negative painting Cupisnique has also been distinguished. Re-
style occurs early at Pachacamac and in the cently Larco Hoyle (1941) has presented quite
Chancay valley, while a connection with convincing grave stratigraphic evidence that
Recuay to the north and east may also be this Cupisnique incised style precedes the
implied. All these hypotheses await strati- elaborately painted and modeled Mochica or
graphic demonstration, but the stylistic im- Early Chimu style in the northern region. It
plications open wide vistas. is the belief of the authors that similar evi-
Superficial examination of complete pieces dence of the Cavernas incised style preceding
in the Truell collection from Ocucaje indi- the colorful Nazca styles will soon be forth-
cates that many of the incised and painted coming in the south. Uhle's important discov-
Cavernas-style vessels have hump-necked bird, eries demonstrating the relative antiquity of
human face with projecting tongue, and other the Early Nazca and Mochica styles in north
designs strongly suggestive of Early Nazca and and south respectively would seem to have
that the form and surface finish of the Ne- blinded him, as well as many others, to the even
cropolis vessels is likewise similar to the Early greater importance of another one of his own
Nazca ware. In regard to the Cavernas vessels discoveries: the occurrence of the incised (and,
from Ocucaje, these Nazcoid resemblances oc- rarely, painted and modeled) Early Ancon-
 THE SOUTHERN SURVEY 25
Supe style in shell mounds on the central joying the hospitality of the Hacienda Ocu-
coast. T e l l o has long argued the case for the caje, the senior author in company with Dr.
greater antiquity of this relatively primitive T e l l o and several of his assistants visited five
ceramic style, and one of the present authors other sites characterized by the same general
(Strong, 1925, pp. 183, 186), on the basis of type of ceramics. Proceeding from Ocucaje to
Uhle's own materials, many years ago sug- Callango, we first visited what may be termed
gested the probability that this style marked Site A, or the Santos site, if we accept the
the earliest pan-Peruvian horizon yet known. name of a houseowner who lives near here.
In its relative simplicity it held latent the pos- Distances and directions were not observed on
sibility of a transition from incising to model- this hurried inspection trip, and it is essential
ing which was apparently emphasized in the to secure local guides in any case due to the
later northern development, and from incising roughness and inaccessibility of the brush-
to many-colored painting which was appar- covered terrain. Site A is a looted graveyard
ently stressed in the south. In the north this covering several acres. T h e graves, so close to-
hypothesis has already been partially demon- gether in places as to suggest a gridiron pat-
strated by objective methods. In the south the tern, are both rectangular and square, ranging
discovery of the Cavernas-Necropolis styles from one and a half to six meters on a side
isolated in sites in the heart of the Nazca and one to three meters in depth. T h e major-
culture area lends support to the hypothesis ity are square and clean-cut. A few algarroba
for that region. Here, however, stratigraphic roof beams were noted, and a few graves con-
work will be necessary before satisfactory dem- tained wall construction of small adobe blocks.
onstration is possible. Broken pottery and other material were not
En route to the mouth of the lea river we abundant at this site, but the ceramic sample
stopped also at the Hacienda of Callango, gathered seemed intermediate in style between
formerly owned by Dr. Barranca and now the Middle lea and Late Nazca. Dr. T e l l o desig-
center for extensive charcoal-burning opera- nated this style as Chanka, and his assistants
tions in the almost unpopulated lower lea reported finding a few incised and painted
valley. Callango is downstream from Ocucaje sherds of Cavernas type as well. It would be
about an hour's ride over very bad roads or extremely interesting to work such a site as
sand tracks (map, p. 7, No. 22). In this vi- this if it is actually transitional between Late
cinity there have recently been revealed a con- Nazca and Middle lea.
siderable number of sites characterized by From here our guide took us to another
Middle and Late lea ceramic types (Kroeber looted burial ground about two kilometers
and Strong, 1924b) of which we briefly visited away. This may be termed Site B and con-
about seven. T h e first three of these sites, sisted of about one acre of closely crowded
visited on our first trip to the mouth of the looted graves. T h e graves were mainly clean-
lea river, had only recently been cleared of cut and cubical and of the same general size
the low, dense algarroba bush as a result of and depth as those at Site A. Poles and reeds
the extensive charcoal-burning which is fur- had been used for grave roofing. From the
ther stripping an already eroded and desolate abundance of cultural materials at this site,
dry country. T h e sites consist of mounds, as well as from the general appearance of the
probably formed on natural hillsides, which digging, the extensive looting seems to have
are literally covered with broken pottery. On been quite recent. Undeformed skulls, mummy
two of these sites near Callango this pottery bundles, textiles, cordage, wooden imple-
was so thick as to color the hillock red when ments, and broken and some unbroken pottery
seen from a distance. T h e depth of these de- were abundant. There were numerous large
posits was not determined. There were a few brick-red urns ranging up to a meter or more
low adobe structures visible, and the massed in diameter. T h e pottery was mainly of
sherds seemed to be almost entirely Middle Middle lea style with a few fragments suggest-
and Late lea in style. ing Chanka or Late Nazca types. Woodwork
On our second trip to Callango, while en- was abundant, including long-handled spades
24 THE SOUTHERN SURVEY
with carved figures on crutch handles, short such it might be called, took less than a day.
spades, weaving implements, and numerous As the charcoal burning continues, more and
large, knob-headed clod-smashers. A few crude, more sites are being revealed, and it is already
apparently percussion-flaked, stone implements apparent that in earlier times this part of the
were also noted. Good sample collections were lea valley was thickly populated. Today, ow-
secured by Dr. Tello and by the senior author, ing to the almost complete diversion of the
but these have not yet been studied in detail. water of the lea river in the upper part of its
We drove from Site B along deep, sandy drainage area, the middle and lower portions
trails another kilometer or so to the west (that of the valley, below Ocucaje, are desolate and
is, down the dry river course) to a small adobe largely without inhabitants. Even the most
ruin which topped a knoll or dune close to cursory examination indicates that this was
the steep river bank. This ruin consisted of not always the case.
from six to eight rooms composed of both The above notes are the fortunate by-
adobe blocks and other smaller blocks that product of our original desire to inspect the
appeared to have been cut from earth, all be- shell heaps at the mouth of the lea river. We
ing plastered over with mud. Natural boulders did reach this remote place twice (map, p. 7,
which had been used as grinding basins, small No. 23; Plate ib). We hoped actually to ac-
stone mortars and pestles, and several large complish some work, but our time in Peru
polished and perforated stone maceheads or proved too short to permit excavations here,
clod-smashers were noted. The abundant although we regard this as one of the most
sherds seemed to be mainly Middle and Late promising places on the south-central coast
lea in style. for stratigraphic excavation. Because of the re-
Not far down the dry lea river course, on moteness of the site, its inaccessibility by any
knolls just back from the steep river bank, fairly good automobile road, and its vast size,
are two more sites of very similar type. Small this task should not be too lightly undertaken.
adobe and mud structures crown the two hill- The road from Ocucaje to Callango is rather
ocks, which are only a few hundred meters poor and very hard to follow, but the sandy
apart. Natural flat boulders, cupped for grind- trails from the latter place to the mouth of the
ing purposes, occur at both sites, and between lea river are incredibly bad and necessitate a
the two sites the steep river bank shows a de- good local guide. The country of the lower
posit of densely packed sherds that is at least lea valley is very rough, with alternate desert,
a meter thick. These, like the abundant sherds steep ridges, mountains, and dense algarroba
on the sites themselves, are mainly of Middle thickets. The trails or roads, if one can so dig-
and Late lea types. None of these collections nify them, have recurrent areas of deep sand,
has as yet been carefully analyzed, so the exact and there is no water between Callango and
range of types is yet to be determined. In a the river mouth and no certainty of getting
modern shack close at hand Dr. Tello secured good water even there, although brackish wells
a very large collection of whole pottery vessels exist. With proper guidance, enough water for
of Middle and Late lea type which had ap- both the engine and the passengers, and a
parently been looted from these and adjacent skillful driver to manipulate the steep grades
burial sites. This excellent collection from the and sloping dune faces which must be crossed,
local sites should go far to illustrate the varied the site can be reached by car in about three
vessel forms, sizes, and designs which are char- hours. A fisherman's shack at the river's
acteristic of these distinctive but as yet little- mouth was the only habitation we found be-
known Middle and Late lea periods. tween Callango and the sea.
It is obvious that even small excavations at Because of the delays caused by being stuck
sites such as those briefly mentioned above in the sand and running out of water, our two
could easily yield important structural, burial visits at the site were very brief. The two main
and other data on these periods, while the shell mounds to the south of the river mouth
river-bank and mound sites are crying for care- are very impressive. They can be seen from a
ful stratigraphic testing. Our entire survey, if considerable distance because of their size and
 THE SOUTHERN SURVEY 25
their shell covering, which gleams a pure as described by Uhle (Kroeber and Strong,
white (Plate lb). T h e height of the highest 1924b, p. 123). T h e lower portions of the posts
mound, according to an aneroid reading made and the vertical tortora or reed walls are still
by Junius Bird, is ninety feet. It is impossible visible for a few inches above the refuse.
to tell how much of this is artificial deposit and Scattered around these houses are numerous
how much the nuclear sand dune on which llama bones, whale vertebrae, and what ap-
the refuse was deposited. Dr. T e l l o was in- pear to be the bones of sheep as well. H u m a n
clined to agree with Uhle's estimate of great bones are also present. T h e surface pottery
depth for the refuse in these two mounds. we picked u p consisted mainly of Late and
Bird and the authors originally guessed at Middle lea types as well as possible earlier
there being only four or five meters of arti- styles, but this material has not yet been care-
ficial deposit. O n the basis of our later experi- fully studied. T h e Uhle pottery collections
ences at Pachacamac, at Ancon, and in the from this site at the University of California
Chancay valley, however, we would now be contain a few Nazca-influenced and incised
inclined to raise our estimates to depths possi- sherds and there seems a high probability
bly as great as those suggested by the more that deep stratigraphic excavations here might
experienced Uhle and Tello. However, this is well yield a long and important series of su-
a very important question that only excava- perimposed styles. Such excavation is vitally
tion can answer. needed in the lea and Nazca regions, and the
O n the top of the highest mound are the great shell heaps at the mouth of the lea river
remains of some seven late aboriginal houses should be borne in mind in this regard.
 PLATE I a. V I E W O F P A C H A C A M A C FROM THE TEMPLE OF T H E SUN.
LOOKING T O W A R D THE "HOUSE OF T H E CACIQUE"

PLATE I b. GREAT SHELL MOUNDS A T THE MOUTH OF THE ICA RIVER

PLATE 2 a. W H I T E - O N - R E D P E R I O D G R A V E A T C E R R O D E T R I N I D A D , S I T E E ,
CHANCAY VALLEY

PLATE a b. R E C T A N G U L A R ROCK ENCLOSURE, EAST SIDE OF CERRO DE

TRINIDAD, CHANCAY VALLEY
 PLATE 3A. VILLAGE AND CEMETERY EXCAVATIONS AT ASPERO,
P U E R T O DE SUPE

PLATE 3 b. R O C K - W A L L E D S T R U C T U R E E N C L O S I N G " A L T A R , " E A R L Y ANCON-

SUPE PERIOD, A T ASPERO, P U E R T O DE SUPE
 PLATE 4A. "ALTAR" A T ASPERO, LOOKING THROUGH DOORWAY
CONNECTING TWO ROOMS

PLATE4b. CLOSE-UP S H O W I N G TYPE OF C O N S T R U C T I O N USED IN "ALTAR'

 PLATE5A. CERRO HUECO RUIN IN T H E CAÑETE VALLEY

PLATE 5 b. T H E "HOUSE OF T H E WOMEN" A T INCA HU ASI RUIN,

CAÑETE VALLEY

PLATE 5 c . COMPOUND STRUCTURE AT INCA HUASI RUIN,

CAÑETE VALLEY
A CERAMIC SEQUENCE AT PACHACAMAC
By WILLIAM DUNCAN STRONG
and JOHN M. CORBETT

COLUMBIA STUDIES IN ARCHEOLOGY

AND ETHNOLOGY, Vol. I, No. 2
 Contents
Introduction 31

T h e Main R u i n 32

Uhle's Excavations below the T e m p l e of Pachacamac 34

T h e T e m p l e of the Sun 37

O u r Excavations below the T e m p l e of the Sun 40

Ceramic Styles and T y p e s 49

Stratigraphie Distribution of Ceramic Styles (Cut 2) 79

Stratigraphie Distribution of Ceramic Types (Cut 2) 83

Discussion of Ceramic Styles and Periods at Pachacamac 86

Conclusion 91

PLATES

1. T h e T e m p l e of the Sun at Pachacamac

2. Excavations below the T e m p l e of the Sun

3. Cross Sections of Cut 2 Showing Inca Chala and Lowest Adobita Wall

4. Pachacamac Interlocking Style Vessels, Pit 1; Hand-molded Adobe, C u t 1

5. Pachacamac Interlocking Style Sherds, Modeled T y p e , C u t 2

6. Pachacamac Negative Style Bowl Fragment, Inner T r i a n g l e and D o t T y p e ,

Pit 1

FIGURES

1. Simplified Plan of Main Ruins at Pachacamac (after Uhle, 1903) 32

2. Simplified Cross Section of Uhle's Excavations below the T e m p l e of

Pachacamac (after Uhle, 1903) 35

3. Simplified G r o u n d Plan, T e m p l e of the Sun (after Uhle, 1903) 38

4. G r o u n d Plan of Present Excavations below the T e m p l e of the Sun,

Cuts 1 and 2 41
go CONTENTS
5. North Face of Cut 2 below the Temple of the Sun 43

6. Cross Section of Soil and Cultural Strata, West End of Cuts 1 and 2 46

7. Inca Polychrome Style Sherds: Fern, Serrated, Hatched Zone, Serried

Diamond, Maltese Cross, and Checker Types 51

8. Inca Polychrome Style Sherds: Naturalistic, Seminegative, Bold Geo-

metric Types 53

9. Inca Polychrome and Polished Black Style Sherds: Aryballoid Neck and
Nub, Effigy Handles, Hatched Handles, Hatched Lip, Banded Border 55

10. Inca Polychrome and Inca-associated Style Sherds: Effigy Handle; Ary-
balloid Nub; Modeled Brown Style, Relief and Pressed Relief Types;
White-on-Red Style, Unpolished Type 57

11. Inca-associated Style Sherds: Polished Black Style, Plain, Modeled, and
Incised Types; Plain Red Painting Style 59

12. Inca-associated Style Sherds: White-on-Red Style, Polished Type; Black

and White on Red Style 61

13. Pachacamac Interlocking Style Sherds: Dot, Circle and Dot, Cross-
hatched, Geometric, and Inner Geometric Types 64

14. Pachacamac Interlocking Style Sherds: Fret, Inner Fret, Linear, and
Inner Linear Types 66

15. Pachacamac Interlocking Style Sherds: Triangle and Dot, Inner Tri-
angle and Dot Types 68

16. Pachacamac Interlocking Style Sherds: Black-on-Red, White-on-Red,

and Figured Types 69

17. Pachacamac Interlocking Style Sherds: Flaring Necks, Handles and

Spouts; Dot, Triangle and Dot, Geometric, and Linear Types 72

18. Pachacamac Negative Style Sherds: Inner Line and Dot, Inner Dot,
Inner Triangle and Dot, Inner Scroll Types 74

19. Punctate (and Incised) Type Sherds 77

20. Diagram of Percentage Distribution of Ceramic Styles, Cut 2 81

TABLES

x. Suggested Sequence of Ceramic Styles and Periods at Pachacamac 90

2. Occurrence of Ceramic Styles and Types with Style Percentages in

Blocks and Strata, Cut 2 92

3. Provenience of Pottery Illustrated 120

PLATE I . T H E TEMPLE OF T F
OF THE SUN AT PACHACAMAC
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 Nachwort
Als ich »Die dreizehn Bücher der deutschen Seele« zu
Weihnachten 1921 nach fünfjähriger Arbeit heraus brachte, wußte
ich, daß sie namentlich im neueren Teil noch Mängel aufwiesen.
Meine Kraft reichte damals nicht aus, ihnen die Vollendung zu
geben, die ich mir geträumt hatte. Sollte das Buch meinem Volk in
seiner bitteren Geschlagenheit Trost bringen, durfte ich nicht länger
mit der Drucklegung zögern.
Diese Volksausgabe endlich bot mir nach zwölf Jahren
Gelegenheit, noch einmal Hand an das Werk zu legen. Es wäre
undankbar, wollte ich nicht die beiden Männer nennen, die mich
durch eine kritische Durcharbeitung meiner Kapitel unterstützten:
Graf Adolf Dubsky und Graf zu Eulenburg-Wicken. Beide, der
österreichische Katholik und der preußische Protestant, werden auch
heute noch nicht mit jeder Einzelheit zufrieden sein können; aber ich
hoffe, sie billigen mir zu, daß ich jeden Einwand bedachte und der
Zwiespälte Herr zu werden suchte, die eine gerechte Darstellung der
deutschen Geschichte so schwierig machen, weil sie weder den
Katholiken noch Protestanten, weder den Preußen noch Österreicher,
sondern den Deutschen schlechthin fordert.
Daß ich mit meinem Buch vielen Tausenden Trost brachte, als die
Tröstungen in Deutschland noch selten waren, ist mir genügend
bezeugt; daß seine Mission noch nicht erfüllt sei, ist der Glaube
dieser Volksausgabe.
 Inhalt
Eingang 5
Das Schuldbuch der Götter 7
Er 7 / Die Götter 7 / Der Kampf mit den Vanen 8 /
Wodan 9 / Frigga 10 / Freya und Fro 11 / Donar 11 /
Loki 12 / Baldur 13 / Baldurs Beweinung 14 / Die
Rache 15 / Götterdämmerung 15 / Wiederkunft 17
Das Buch der Könige 18
Die blonden Räuber der Frühe 18 / Die olympischen
Götter 19 / Die Griechen 19 / Die Römer 21 / Das Land
der neblichten Wälder 22 / Der kimbrische
Schrecken 23 / Die Stachelschnur der Kastelle 24 /
Arminius 25 / Der Pfahlgraben 27 / Tacitus 28 / Die
Springflut 29 / Ermanerich 29 / Alarich 30 / Die Hochzeit
von Narbonne 32 / Geiserich 33 / Die
Hunnenschlacht 34 / Burgund 35 / Dietrich, Theodemirs
Sohn 36 / Dietrich, der Gotenkönig 37 / Dietrich von
Bern 38 / Der Kampf um Rom 40 / Die Alemannen 41 /
Die Gepiden 42 / Die Langobarden 43 / Hengist und
Horsa 44 / Chlodevech 45 / Brunhilde 46 / Gudrun 48 /
Karl Martell 49 / Pipin der Kleine 49 / Karl der Große 50 /
Die Nibelungen 52
Das Buch der Kirche 54
Jesus von Nazareth 54 / Paulus 55 / Das Kreuz über den
Gräbern 56 / Das Schaumgold der Kirche 57 / Simeon
aus Sesam 58 / Augustinus 59 / Nicäa 60 / Wulfila 61 /
Der Pontifex maximus 61 / Winfried 62 / Widukind 63 /
Carolus Augustus 65 / Der gläserne Grund 66 / Die
schwarzen Mönche 67 / Die Legende 67 / Der
Heliand 68 / Die Heliandsburgen 69 / Cluny 70 /
Canossa 71 / Die Kreuzzüge 72 / Die Hunde des
 Herrn 73 / Die Stedinger 74 / Der Kinderkreuzzug 75 /
Die Scholastik 76 / Die gotischen Dome 77 / Der
schwarze Tod 78
Das Buch der Kaiser 80
Kaiser und Kirche 80 / Das Lügenfeld 81 / Stellinga 82 /
Die fränkische Ohnmacht 83 / Heinrich der Finkler 84 /
Mathilde 85 / Otto, Sohn der Mathilde 86 / Otto der
König 87 / Otto der Kaiser 88 / Die Ottonen 89 / Der
Weltuntergangskaiser 91 / Heinrich der Heilige 92 / Der
siebente Heerschild 93 / Heinrich der Dritte 94 /
Kaiserswerth 95 / Der Aufruhr der Sachsen 96 / Der
Streit um die Stärke 98 / Der Gottesfrieden 100 / Der
Kaiser des Volkes 101 / Der Sieg der Fürsten 103 / Die
goldenen Tage der Kirche 105 / Der heilige
Bernhard 106 / Heinrich der Löwe 107 / Friedrich von
Schwaben 108 / Barbarossa 109 / Das Maifeld in
Mainz 111 / Der Sohn der Macht 111 / Der
Sizilianer 112 / Konradin 113 / Der Kyffhäuser 114
Das Buch der Bürger 116
Der Sachsenspiegel 116 / Huld und Treue 117 / Der
Ritter 118 / Minnegesang 119 / Walter von der
Vogelweide 120 / Die Bürgerschaft 122 / Die Zunft 123 /
Die Gilde 123 / Walpod 124 / Die Hansa 125 / Rudolf von
Habsburg 126 / Die Eidgenossen 127 / Die deutschen
Ordensritter 129 / Die Feme 130 / Der gemeine
Mann 131 / Die braunen Brüder 132 / Albertus
Magnus 132 / Die fahrenden Schüler 133 / Das
Volkslied 134 / Die Meistersinger 135 / Der
Schwank 136 / Die Bauhütte 137 / Die
Schilderzunft 138 / Der Genter Altar 139 / Der Spiegel
der Wirklichkeit 140 / Der Altar von Isenheim 141
Das Buch der Freiheit 143
Meister Eckhart 143 / Suso 144 / Der Gottesfreund 145 /
Die gemeinsamen Brüder 146 / Konzil in Konstanz 147 /
Die schwarze Kunst 149 / Die Humanisten 150 / Johann
 Reuchlin 152 / Maximilian 153 / Die Fugger 154 /
Albrecht Dürer 155 / Hans Holbein 157 / Erasmus 158 /
Ulrich von Hutten 159 / Der Mönch von Wittenberg 161 /
Der Reichstag zu Worms 163 / Die deutsche Bibel 165 /
Philipp Melanchthon 166 / Ulrich Zwingli 167 / Der
Bauernkrieg 169 / Marburg 171 / Die Wiedertäufer 172 /
Die Landeskirche 174 / Kopernikus 175
Das Buch der Zwietracht 177
Loyola 177 / Calvin 178 / Die spanische Hand 179 / Die
Geusen 180 / Donauwörth 182 / Der Schwur von
Loreto 183 / Der Winterkönig 184 / Die Pfalz 185 /
Wallenstein 186 / Stralsund 187 / Magdeburg 188 /
Gustav Adolf 190 / Lützen 191 / Der Herzog von
Friedland 193 / Bernhard von Weimar 194 / Das
Ende 195 / Der Frieden zu Münster 196
Das Buch der Fürsten 198
Versailles 198 / Alliance du Rhin 199 / Straßburg 200 /
Die Erbschaft der Liselotte 201 / Die Türken vor
Wien 203 / Holland 204 / Rembrandt 205 / Der große
Kurfürst 207 / August der Starke 209 / Der König in
Preußen 210 / Prinz Eugen 211 / Die fürstlichen
Schlösser 212 / Der Soldatenkönig 213 / Der Gutsherr zu
Rheinsberg 214 / Der König 216 / Der Spötter von
Sanssouci 217 / Der Kriegsherr 219 / Der alte Fritz 220 /
Maria Theresia 222 / Joseph der Zweite 223 / Die
Pompadour 225 / Maria Antoinette 226 / Mozart 227
Das Buch der Propheten 230
Hans Sachs 230 / Das Kirchenlied 231 / Bach 232 / Die
Pietisten 234 / Die Aufklärung 235 / Christian Fürchtegott
Gellert 236 / Klopstock 237 / Der Hainbund 238 /
Lenore 239 / Lessing 240 / Herder 242 / Götz 243 /
Werthers Leiden 244 / Weimar 245 / Winckelmann 246 /
Goethe in Rom 248 / Die Räuber 249 / Jena 250 /
Hölderlin 252 / Die Romantik 253 / Des Knaben
Wunderhorn 255 / Das Märchen 256 / Novalis 257 /
 Eichendorff 257 / Johann Peter Hebel 258 / Jean
Paul 260 / Faust 261
Das Buch der Erhebung 264
Beethoven 264 / Die Blutrache der Freiheit 266 /
Bonaparte 267 / Napoleon 267 / Der Rheinbund 268 /
Jena und Auerstädt 269 / Der Tyrann 270 / Andreas
Hofer 271 / Luise 273 / Kant 274 / Fichte 276 /
Pestalozzi 277 / Der Freiherr vom Stein 278 / Kleist 279 /
1812 281 / Tauroggen 284 / Die Landwehr 284 / Die
Erhebung 285 / Leyer und Schwert 286 / Blücher 287 /
Die Völkerschlacht 288 / Caub 289
Das Buch der Minister 291
Das Reich 291 / Der Wiener Kongreß 292 / Die hundert
Tage 293 / Die heilige Allianz 294 / Der
Siebenschläfer 294 / Der Geheimrat 295 / Die deutsche
Burschenschaft 296 / Das Fest auf der Wartburg 297 /
Sand 298 / Metternich 299 / Ernst Moritz Arndt 300 / Der
Turnvater Jahn 301 / Der Kirchhof 301 / Der
Biedermaier 302 / Goethe stirbt 304 / Das Volk der
Denker und Dichter 305 / Die schwäbischen Dichter 305 /
Mörike 306 / Stifter 307 / Hebbel 308 / Grillparzer 310 /
Schopenhauer 310 / Die Nazarener 312 / Der
Baukönig 313 / Der Redekönig 314 / Die
Auswanderer 315 / Die schlesischen Weber 316 / Die
Fabrik 317 / Wilhelm Weitling 318 / Das junge
Deutschland 320 / Drei Dichter 320 / Metternichs
Ende 322 / Der achtzehnte März 323 / Hecker 324 / In
der Paulskirche 325 / Malmö 326 / Die Kaiserwahl 327 /
Der König von Preußen 327 / Olmütz 328
Das Buch der Preußen 330
Der Ordensstaat 330 / Brandenburg 331 / Der preußische
Staat 331 / Der Keil 333 / Unter den Linden 333 /
Berlin 335 / Der Schillertag 336 / Friedrich List 337 / Die
Eisenbahn 339 / Der Zollverein 340 / Der preußische
Bundesgesandte 341 / Der Regent 342 / Der
 Konflikt 343 / Der dänische Krieg 344 / Gastein 345 / Die
Zange 346 / Das Zündnadelgewehr 346 / Der
norddeutsche Bund 348 / Der neue Napoleon 348 / Die
Emser Depesche 349 / Die Männer 351 / Nach Frankreich
hinein 352 / Metz 352 / Sedan 353 / Der Ringkampf der
Völker 354 / Versailles 355
Das Schuldbuch der Menschen 357
Der Reichstag 357 / Die alte Zwietracht 358 / Die neue
Zwietracht 359 / Die goldene Spinne 360 / Darwin 361 /
Der Trompeter von Säckingen 363 / Unserer Väter
Werke 363 / Bayreuth 364 / Bruckner 366 /
Nietzsche 367 / Die dritte Zwietracht 369 / Gottfried
Keller 370 / Wilhelm Raabe 372 / Die Neuzeit 373 / Die
Vorstadt 374 / Das Sozialistengesetz 375 / Der Deutsche
Soldat 376 / Kaiser und Kanzler 377 / Der Alte im
Sachsenwald 378 / Der deutsche Welthandel 380 / Die
deutsche Flotte 381 / Der Dreibund 382 / Feinde
ringsum 383 / Habsburg 384 / Serajewo 385 / Der
Weltkrieg 385 / Die Schuld 386 / Die Marneschlacht 387 /
Hindenburg 388 / Die Blockade 389 / Der
Schützengraben 390 / Die belagerte Festung 392 / Das
Unterseeboot 393 / Ludendorff 395 / Die vierzehn
Punkte 396 / Der letzte Ausfall 397 / Der
Zusammenbruch 398 / Der Aufruhr 399 / Versailles 400 /
Moskau 401 / Menschendämmerung 402 /
Wiederkunft 404
Ausgang 407
Nachwort 408
 Die Werke
von
Wilhelm Schäfer

WILHELM SCHÄFER
Wendekreis neuer Anekdoten
15. Tausend · In Leinen 4.50 Mk.

»Wie in einer scheinbar belanglosen Angelegenheit plötzlich das

unendliche Wesen sichtbar wird und wie dann doch diese einzelne
Geschichte rein um ihrer selbst willen geschrieben scheint und doch
die Erinnerung des Größeren zurückläßt, darin ist die starke
dichterische Wirkung dieser kurzen Erzählungen begründet.«
(Kölnische Zeitung) / »Sie sind seit langem zu dem Ruhm eines
klassischen Erzählgutes unseres Volkes gelangt. Von der neuen
Reihe ist zu sagen, daß sie alle Vorzüge der früheren erhalten, aber
noch eine eigentümliche Vertiefung gewonnen hat.« (Die Neue
Literatur)

Die Anekdoten
Gesamtauflage 45000 · In Leinen 4.80 Mk.

»Schäfers Anekdoten sind jenes epische Werk, das fernen

Geschlechtern den Ruhm unserer Dichtung überbringen wird.«
(Völkischer Beobachter) / »Selten schließt ein Buch so viel Humor, so
viel tiefe Weisheit, so viel Kenntnisse, so viel Schönheit in sich, wie
diese Geschichten.« (Völkischer Beobachter)

Meine Eltern
In Leinen 3.20 Mk.
Ein Buch von besonderer Art: Es ist des fast 70jährigen Dichters
Bekenntnis zu Vater und Mutter, ein Dank an seine Eltern, eine
Lebensbeschreibung, wie wir sie kaum schöner besitzen. Denn mit
all seiner großen Kunst, mit ergreifender Wärme und mit der ganzen
verehrenden Liebe des Sohnes zu seinen Eltern erzählt er uns ihr
arbeitreiches, wechselvolles und gesegnetes Leben und darin
zugleich seine eigene Kindheit. Die dem bedeutsamen Buche
beigegebenen Bilder der Eltern sind von der Hand Wilhelm Schäfers
gemalt.

Drei Erzählungen um ein Thema:

Das Haus mit den drei Türen

Ein kleiner Roman. 10. Tausend. Kartoniert 2.50 Mk., Leinen 3.50 Mk.

Ein Mann namens Schmitz

Novelle. (Die Kleine Bücherei Band 28). 30. Tausend. Gebunden –.80 Mk.

Der Fabrikant Anton Beilharz und das Theresle

Roman. 10. Tausend. Kartoniert 2.50 Mk., Leinen 3.80 Mk.

Lebenstag eines Menschenfreundes

Ein Pestalozziroman. 40. Tausend. Leinen 5.80 Mk.

Karl Stauffers Lebensgang

Eine Chronik der Leidenschaft
13. Tausend. Geheftet 4.– Mk., Halbleinen 5.– Mk.

Huldreich Zwingli
Ein deutsches Volksbuch
10. Tausend. Halbleinen 4.50 Mk., Leinen 4.80 Mk.

Der Hauptmann von Köpenick

 Roman. 30. Tausend. Leinen 3.50 Mk., Geschenkausgabe 6.– Mk.

Novellen
5. Tausend. Leinen 8.50 Mk.

Winckelmanns Ende
Novelle. Halbpergament 18.– Mk.

Anckemanns Tristan
Novelle. 20. Tausend. Biegsam gebunden mit Goldaufdruck 2.50 Mk.

Hölderlins Einkehr
Novelle. Halbpergament 3.50 Mk.

Die unterbrochene Rheinfahrt

Erzählung. 20. Tausend. Biegsam gebunden 2.50 Mk., Ganzleder 4.80 Mk.

Die Mißgeschickten
Novelle. (Die Kleine Bücherei Band 6). 25. Tausend. Gebunden –.80 Mk.

Die Fahrt in den heiligen Abend

Eine Weihnachtsgeschichte. Mit 20 Zeichnungen von Hermann Schäfer
30. Tausend. (Die Kleine Bücherei Band 56). Gebunden –.80 Mk.

Rheinsagen
16. Tausend. Kartoniert 1.– Mk., Sonderausgabe mit Holzschnitten, Halbpergament 12.– Mk.

Das Lied von Kriemhilds Not

Mit einer Einführung von Uhl. Halbleinen 5.50 Mk.
Ausgabe ohne Einführung mit Holzschnitten 5.50 Mk.
Halbpergament 9.– Mk.

Briefe aus der Schweiz und Erlebnis in Tirol

Gebunden 2.80 Mk.
 Deutsche Reden
Geheftet 4.40 Mk., Leinen 5.80 Mk.

Johann Sebastian Bach

Eine Rede. Kartoniert –.80 Mk.

Der deutsche Rückfall ins Mittelalter

Eine Rede. Kartoniert –.80 Mk.

Christophorusrede
Kartoniert 1.– Mk.

Der Dichter des Michael Kohlhaas

Eine Kleist-Rede. Kartoniert –.80 Mk.

Deutschland
Eine Rede. Kartoniert 1.50 Mk.

Lebensabriß
3. Tausend. Kartoniert 1.– Mk.

Bekenntnis zu Wilhelm Schäfer

Herausgegeben von Otto Doderer. Geheftet 1.50 Mk.

Wilhelm Schäfer. Ein Volksdichter unserer Zeit

Von Franz Stuckert. Kartoniert 1.80 Mk.
Ausführlicher Prospekt der Werke Wilhelm Schäfers kostenlos

VERLAG ALBERT LANGEN – GEORG MÜLLER MÜNCHEN

Satz und Druck der Offizin Haag-Drugulin in Leipzig

 Anmerkungen zur Transkription
Das Original ist in Fraktur gesetzt. Offensichtliche Fehler wurden stillschweigend
korrigiert. Unterschiedliche Schreibweisen wurden beibehalten.
Korrekturen:
S. 272: Herr → Heer
wurde sein Heer von den herzhaften Bauern geschlagen
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