Metal Ions in Biological Systems, Volume 43 Biogeochemical

Cycles of Elements, 1st Edition

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Biogeochemical cycles of elements / editors, Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel, Roland K.O. Sigel.
p. cm. -- (Metal ions in biological systems ; v. 43)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-8493-3807-7 (alk. paper)
1. Biogeochemical cycles. 2. Nonmetals. I. Sigel, Astrid. II. Sigel, Helmut. III. Sigel
Roland K. O. IV. Series.

QP532.M47 vol. 43
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 Preface to the Series

Recently, the importance of metal ions to the vital functions of living organisms,
hence their health and well-being, has become increasingly apparent. As a result,
the long-neglected field of “bioinorganic chemistry” is now developing at a rapid
pace. The research centers on the synthesis, stability, formation, structure, and
reactivity of biological metal ion-containing compounds of low and high molecu-
lar weight. The metabolism and transport of metal ions and their complexes are
being studied, and new models for complicated natural structures and processes
are being devised and tested. The focal point of our attention is the connection
between the chemistry of metal ions and their role for life.
No doubt, we are only at the brink of this process. Thus, it is with the
intention of linking coordination chemistry and biochemistry in their widest
sense that the Metal Ions in Biological Systems series reflects the growing field
of “bioinorganic chemistry”. We hope, also, that this series will help to break
down the barriers between the historically separate spheres of chemistry,
biochemistry, biology, medicine, and physics, with the expectation that a good
deal of future outstanding discoveries will be made in the interdisciplinary
areas of science.
Should this series prove a stimulus for new activities in this fascinating
“field”, it would serve its purpose and would be a satisfactory result for the
efforts spent by the authors.

Fall 1973 Helmut Sigel

iii

Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group

 Preface to Volume 43

This volume, devoted to Biogeochemical Cycles of Elements, opens with an

introductory chapter indicating the role of transition elements for the biogeo-
chemical cycles of the bulk or main group non-metal elements, the interactions
between the cycles of different elements, and the change that the cycles
experienced as a result of the evolution of life. All these subjects are further
substantiated in the following five chapters in which the biogeochemistry of
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are individually dealt with.
For example, it is revealing to learn about the important role that hydrogen has
played in Earth’s geochemistry and biology since the earliest stages of this
planet’s history. In fact, this role still persists today because the reversible oxi-
dation of molecular hydrogen, H2 O 2Hþ þ 2e , is among the most widely uti-
lized reactions in the microbial world. Interestingly, hydrogenases, the enzymes
which catalyze this transformation, are present in all three phylogenetic domains
of life.
Iron, phytoplankton growth, and the carbon cycle are in the focus of
Chapter 7. Iron is the most abundant transition metal ion in most terrestrial organ-
isms being involved via iron-bearing molecules in photosynthesis, respiratory
electron transport, nitrate and nitrite reduction, N2 fixation, sulfate reduction,
and so forth. However, iron is vanishingly scarce in seawater and therefore, it
is a limiting nutrient for marine organisms, which need this metal ion to
support their growth. Low iron concentrations thus limit primary oceanic pro-
duction, that is, the transfer of carbon dioxide into organic carbon by photosyn-
thetic plankton (phytoplankton), and this leaves its mark on the global carbon
cycle, reflecting a very complex relationship.
Cadmium (Chapter 8) is one of the all-star pollutants, along with a few
other elements such as mercury (Chapter 9), lead (Chapter 10), and arsenic
(see Volume 44, below), and is of great toxicity to most living systems, including
man. However, recently it has become apparent that cadmium is also a nutrient

Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group

 vi Preface to Volume 43

for marine phytoplankton, playing a role similar to other micronutrients such

as zinc and cobalt, and this has dramatically spurred the interest inherent in the
biogeochemistry of this element.
Mercury and lead serve no known biological function, but both are useful
metals and employed by mankind since ancient times. Both are also toxic
environmental contaminants and thus of prime concern for several governmental
agencies. All this has led to intense research on the biogeochemistry of mercury
and lead, including their speciation in the environment, their atmospheric trans-
port, and the processes affecting their fate; these topics and more are summarized
in Chapters 9 and 10.
Closely related to the present book is the forthcoming Volume 44, Biogeo-
chemistry, Availability, and Transport of Metals in the Environment.

Astrid Sigel
Helmut Sigel
Roland K. O. Sigel

Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group

 Contents of Volume 43

Preface to the Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

Preface to Volume 43 ..................................... v
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... xi
Contents of Previous Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... xiii
Handbook on Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds . . . . . . . ......... xlv
Handbook on Metals in Clinical and Analytical Chemistry ........ xlv
Handbook on Metalloproteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... xlv

Chapter 1
The Biogeochemical Cycles of the Elements and the
Evolution of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. 1
Peter M. H. Kroneck
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ......... 1
2. Modern Earth: Cycling of the Biological Elements . . .. . ......... 2
3. Evolution of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ......... 3
4. Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ......... 6
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ......... 6

Chapter 2
Biogeochemistry of Dihydrogen (H2) . . . ...................... 9
Tori M. Hoehler
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . 10
2. H2 from the Planetary Matrix . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . 13
3. H2 Cycling in Anaerobic Ecosystems . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . 17
4. H2 Cycling in Phototrophic Ecosystems . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . 32
5. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . 39

vii

Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group

 viii Contents of Volume 43

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Chapter 3
Dioxygen over Geological Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Norman H. Sleep
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2. Long-Term Crustal Reservoirs and Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3. Modern and Ancient Biological Redox Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4. Mantle Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5. Carbon Burial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6. Conclusion: Oxygen Build-Up Over Geological Time . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Chapter 4
The Nitrogen Cycle: Its Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. 75
Marc Rudolf and Peter M. H. Kroneck
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. 76
2. Nitrogen Fixation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. 78
3. Respiratory Processes: Energy Conservation with
Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. 85
4. Assimilatory Processes: Building the Essential
Molecules of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 95
5. Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 96
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 97
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 97
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 98

Chapter 5
The Biological Cycle of Sulfur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Oliver Klimmek
1. Sulfur in Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
2. Chemistry of Elemental Sulfur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3. Polysulfide Sulfur as an Intermediate in
Sulfur Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ................ 108
4. Polysulfide Sulfur Respiration of Bacteria . .. . ................ 108
5. Sulfur Respiration of Archaea . . . . . . . . .. .. . ................ 123
6. Polysulfide Sulfur Transferases . . . . . . . .. .. . ................ 124
7. Conclusions and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ................ 127
Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ................ 127
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ................ 127
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ................ 128

Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group

 Contents of Volume 43 ix

Chapter 6
Biological Cycling of Phosphorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Bernhard Schink
1. Introduction: Chemistry of Phosphorus Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
2. Phosphates in Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
3. Metabolism of Phosphorus Compounds with
C – P Linkages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
4. Metabolism of Reduced Inorganic
Phosphorus Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . 143
5. Formation of Phosphine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . 145
6. General Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . 147
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . 148
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . 148
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . 148

Chapter 7
Iron, Phytoplankton Growth, and the Carbon Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Joseph H. Street and Adina Paytan
1. Iron, an Essential Nutrient for Marine Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
2. Iron Chemistry in Seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
3. Iron Distribution and Cycling in the Ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
4. Iron Limitation of Marine Primary Productivity and Control
on Ecosystem Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 170
5. The Role of Iron in Regulating Atmospheric CO2 . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 180
6. Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 183
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 184
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 184
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 185

Chapter 8
The Biogeochemistry of Cadmium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
François M. M. Morel and Elizabeth G. Malcolm
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . 196
2. Concentrations: Sources and Sinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . 197
3. Chemical Speciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . 201
4. Biological Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . 204
5. The Biogeochemistry of Cadmium as an Algal Nutrient
in the Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . 209
6. Cadmium as a Paleotracer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . 215
7. Envoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . 216
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . 217
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . 217
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . 217

Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group

 x Contents of Volume 43

Chapter 9
The Biogeochemistry and Fate of Mercury
in the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Nelson J. O’Driscoll, Andrew Rencz, and David R. S. Lean
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
2. Mercury Speciation in the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
3. Processes Affecting Atmospheric Transport and Fate . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
4. Processes Affecting Aquatic Transport and Fate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
5. Effects of a Changing Landscape on Mercury Fate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
6. Big Dam West Lake Mercury Mass Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
7. General Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

Chapter 10
Biogeochemistry and Cycling of Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
William Shotyk and Gaël Le Roux
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
2. Chemistry of Lead and Behavior in the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
3. Lead Isotopes and Their Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
4. Ancient and Modern Uses of Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
5. Emissions of Lead to the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
6. Inputs and Fate of Anthropogenic Lead in the Biosphere . . . . . . . . . 252
7. Temporal Trends in Atmospheric Lead Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
8. Environmental Lead Exposure and Human Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
9. Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group

 Contributors

Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors’ contributions

begin.

Tori M. Hoehler Exobiology Branch, NASA Ames Research Center,

Mail Stop 239-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA (Fax: þ1-650-604-1088,
[email protected]) (9)

Oliver Klimmek Institut für Mikrobiologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-

Universität, Marie-Curie-Strasse 9, D-60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
(Fax: þ49-69-79829527, [email protected]) (105)

Peter M. H. Kroneck Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Sektion,

Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Postfach M665, D-78457 Konstanz,
Germany ([email protected]) (1, 75)

David R. S. Lean Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of

Ottawa, P. O. Box 450, Stn. A., Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada (221)

Gaël Le Roux Institute of Environmental Geochemistry, University of

Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 236, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
([email protected]) (239)

Elizabeth G. Malcolm Department of Geosciences, Princeton University,

153 Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA ([email protected]) (195)

François M. M. Morel Department of Geosciences, Princeton University,

153 Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA ([email protected]) (195)

Nelson J. O’Driscoll Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of

Ottawa, P. O. Box 450, Stn. A., Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
([email protected]) (221)

xi

Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group

 xii Contributors

Adina Paytan Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences,

Braun Hall (Bldg 320), Room 207, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
94305-2115, USA (Fax: þ1-650-725-0979, [email protected]) (153)
Andrew Rencz Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa,
Ontario, K1A 0E8, Canada ([email protected]) (221)
Marc Rudolf Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Postfach M665,
D-78457 Konstanz, Germany (75)
Bernhard Schink Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Postfach 5560
<M654>, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany (Fax: þ49-7531-
884047, [email protected]) (131)
William Shotyk Institute of Environmental Geochemistry, University of
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 236, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
(Fax: þ49-6221-545228, [email protected]) (239)
Norman H. Sleep Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford,
CA 94305, USA (Fax: þ1-650-7257344, [email protected]) (49)
Joseph H. Street Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences,
Braun Hall (Bldg 320), Room 207, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
94305-2115, USA (Fax: þ1-650-725-0979, [email protected]) (153)

Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group

 Contents of Previous Volumes

Volume 1. Simple Complexes

Volume 2. Mixed-Ligand Complexes
Volume 3. High Molecular Complexes
Volume 4. Metal Ions as Probes
Volume 5. Reactivity of Coordination Compounds
Volume 6. Biological Action of Metal Ions
Volume 7. Iron in Model and Natural Compounds
Volume 8. Nucleotides and Derivatives: Their Ligating
Ambivalency

Volume 9. Amino Acids and Derivatives as Ambivalent

Ligands
1. Complexes of a-Amino Acids with Chelatable Side Chain
Donor Atoms
R. Bruce Martin
2. Metal Complexes of Aspartic Acid and Glutamic Acid
Christopher A. Evans, Roger Guevremont, and
Dallas L. Rabenstein
3. The Coordination Chemistry of L-Cysteine and D-Penicillamine
Arthur Gergely and Imre Sóvágó
4. Glutathione and Its Metal Complexes
Dallas L. Rabenstein, Roger Guevremont, and
Christopher A. Evans


Out of print

xiii

Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group

 xiv Contents of Previous Volumes

5. Coordination Chemistry of L-Dopa and Related Ligands

Arthur Gergely and Tamás Kiss
6. Stereoselectivity in the Metal Complexes of Amino Acids
and Dipeptides
Leslie D. Pettit and Robert J. W. Hefford
7. Protonation and Complexation of Macromolecular Polypeptides:
Corticotropin Fragments and Basic Trypsin Inhibitor (Kunitz Base)
Kálmán Burger
Author Index – Subject Index

Volume 10. Carcinogenicity and Metal Ions

1. The Function of Metal Ions in Genetic Regulation
Gunther L. Eichhorn
2. A Comparison of Carcinogenic Metals
C. Peter Flessel, Arthur Furst, and Shirley B. Radding
3. The Role of Metals in Tumor Development and Inhibition
Haleem J. Issaq
4. Paramagnetic Metal Ions in Tissue During Malignant Development
Nicholas J. F. Dodd
5. Ceruloplasmin and Iron Transferrin in Human Malignant Disease
Margaret A. Foster, Trevor Pocklington, and Audrey A. Dawson
6. Human Leukemia and Trace Elements
E. L. Andronikashvili and L. M. Mosulishvili
7. Zinc and Tumor Growth
Andre M. van Rij and Walter J. Pories
8. Cyanocobalamin and Tumor Growth
Sofija Kanopkaitė and Gediminas Bražėnas
9. The Role of Selenium as a Cancer-Protecting
Trace Element
Birger Jansson
10. Tumor Diagnosis Using Radioactive Metal Ions and
Their Complexes
Akira Yokoyama and Hideo Saji
Author Index – Subject Index

Volume 11. Metal Complexes as Anticancer Agents

Volume 12. Properties of Copper
Volume 13. Copper Proteins


Out of print

Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group

 Contents of Previous Volumes xv

Volume 14. Inorganic Drugs in Deficiency and Disease

1. Drug-Metal Ion Interaction in the Gut
P. F. D’Arcy and J. C. McElnay
2. Zinc Deficiency and Its Therapy
Ananda S. Prasad
3. The Pharmacological Use of Zinc
George J. Brewer
4. The Anti-inflammatory Activities of Copper Complexes
John R. J. Sorenson
5. Iron-Containing Drugs
David A. Brown and M. V. Chidambaram
6. Gold Complexes as Metallo-Drugs
Kailash C. Dash and Hubert Schmidbaur
7. Metal Ions and Chelating Agents in Antiviral Chemotherapy
D. D. Perrin and Hans Stünzi
8. Complexes of Hallucinogenic Drugs
Wolfram Hänsel
9. Lithium in Psychiatry
Nicholas J. Birch
Author Index –Subject Index

Volume 15. Zinc and Its Role in Biology and Nutrition

1. Categories of Zinc Metalloenzymes
Alphonse Galdes and Bert L. Vallee
2. Models for Zn(II) Binding Sites in Enzymes
Robert S. Brown, Joan Huguet, and Neville J. Curtis
3. An Insight on the Active Site of Zinc Enzymes Through
Metal Substitution
Ivano Bertini and Claudio Luchinat
4. The Role of Zinc in DNA and RNA Polymerases
Felicia Ying-Hsiueh Wu and Cheng-Wen Wu
5. The Role of Zinc in Snake Toxins
Anthony T. Tu
6. Spectroscopic Properties of Metallothionein
Milan Vašák and Jeremias H. R. Kägi
7. Interaction of Zinc with Erythrocytes
Joseph M. Rifkind
8. Zinc Absorption and Excretion in Relation to Nutrition
Manfred Kirchgessner and Edgar Weigand

Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group

 xvi Contents of Previous Volumes

9. Nutritional Influence of Zinc on the Activity of Enzymes

and Hormones
Manfred Kirchgessner and Hans-Peter Roth
10. Zinc Deficiency Syndrome During Parenteral Nutrition
Karin Ladefoged and Stig Jarnum
Author Index – Subject Index

Volume 16. Methods Involving Metal Ions and Complexes

in Clinical Chemistry
1. Some Aspects of Nutritional Trace Element Research
Clare E. Casey and Marion F. Robinson
2. Metals and Immunity
Lucy Treagan
3. Therapeutic Chelating Agents
Mark M. Jones
4. Computer-Directed Chelate Therapy of Renal Stone Disease
Martin Rubin and Arthur E. Martell
5. Determination of Trace Metals in Biological Materials by Stable
Isotope Dilution
Claude Veillon and Robert Alvarez
6. Trace Elements in Clinical Chemistry Determined by Neutron
Activation Analysis
Kaj Heydorn
7. Determination of Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium in
Clinical Chemistry
Adam Uldall and Arne Jensen
8. Determination of Magnesium and Calcium in Serum
Arne Jensen and Erik Riber
9. Determination of Manganese, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Copper, and
Zinc in Clinical Chemistry
Arne Jensen, Erik Riber, Poul Persson, and Kaj Heydorn
10. Determination of Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury in
Clinical Chemistry
Arne Jensen, Jytte Molin Christensen, and Poul Persson
11. Determination of Chromium in Urine and Blood
Ole Jøns, Arne Jensen, and Poul Persson
12. Determination of Aluminum in Clinical Chemistry
Arne Jensen, Erik Riber, and Poul Persson
13. Determination of Gold in Clinical Chemistry
Arne Jensen, Erik Riber, Poul Persson, and Kaj Heydorn

Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group

 Contents of Previous Volumes xvii

14. Determination of Phosphates in Clinical Chemistry

Arne Jensen and Adam Uldall
15. Identification and Quantification of Some Drugs in Body
Fluids by Metal Chelate Formation
R. Bourdon, M. Galliot, and J. Hoffelt
16. Metal Complexes of Sulfanilamides in Pharmaceutical Analysis
and Therapy
Auke Bult
17. Basis for the Clinical Use of Gallium and
Indium Radionuclides
Raymond L. Hayes and Karl F. Hübner
18. Aspects of Technetium Chemistry as Related to
Nuclear Medicine
Hans G. Seiler
Author Index –Subject Index

Volume 17. Calcium and Its Role in Biology

1. Bioinorganic Chemistry of Calcium
R. Bruce Martin
2. Crystal Structure Studies of Calcium Complexes and Implications
for Biological Systems
H. Einspahr and C. E. Bugg
3. Intestinal and Renal Absorption of Calcium
Piotr Gmaj and Heini Murer
4. Calcium Transport Across Biological Membranes
Ernesto Carafoli, Giuseppe Inesi, and Barry Rosen
5. Physiological Aspects of Mitochondrial Calcium Transport
Gary Fiskum
6. Mode of Action of the Regulatory Protein Calmodulin
Jos A. Cox, Michelle Comte, Armand Malnoë, Danielle Burger,
and Eric A. Stein
7. Calcium and Brain Proteins
S. Alamà
8. The Role of Ca2þ in the Regulation and Mechanism of Exocytosis
Carl E. Creutz
9. Calcium Function in Blood Coagulation
Gary L. Nelsestuen
10. The Role of Calcium in the Regulation of the Skeletal Muscle
Contraction-Relaxation Cycle
Henry G. Zot and James D. Potter

Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group

 xviii Contents of Previous Volumes

11. Calcification of Vertebrate Hard Tissues

Roy E. Wuthier
Author Index – Subject Index

Volume 18. Circulation of Metals in the Environment

1. Introduction to “Circulation of Metals in the Environment”
Peter Baccini
2. Analytical Chemistry Applied to Metal Ions in the Environment
Arne Jensen and Sven Erik Jørgensen
3. Processes of Metal Ions in the Environment
Sven Erik Jørgensen and Arne Jensen
4. Surface Complexation
Paul W. Schindler
5. Relationships Between Biological Availability and
Chemical Measurements
David R. Turner
6. Natural Organic Matter and Metal-Organic Interactions in
Aquatic Systems
Jacques Buffle
7. Evolutionary Aspects of Metal Ion Transport Through
Cell Membranes
John M. Wood
8. Regulation of Trace Metal Concentrations in Fresh Water Systems
Peter Baccini
9. Cycling of Metal Ions in the Soil Environment
Garrison Sposito and Albert L. Page
10. Microbiological Strategies in Resistance to Metal Ion Toxicity
John M. Wood
11. Conclusions and Outlook
Peter Baccini
Author Index – Subject Index

Volume 19. Antibiotics and Their Complexes

1. The Discovery of Ionophores: An Historical Account
Berton C. Pressman
2. Tetracyclines and Daunorubicin
R. Bruce Martin
3. Interaction of Metal Ions with Streptonigrin and Biological
Properties of the Complexes
Joseph Hajdu

Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group