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imposture, till the Earth did blush with the blood of Honesty, that the Sun
for shame did hide himself, from so monstrous sight of a cowardly
Calamity. It was a most brave sight to see the Banners and Ensigns
streaming in the Air, the glittering of Armour, the variety of Colours, the
motion of Plumes, the forests of Lances, and the thickness of shorter
Weapons, till the silent Expedition of the bloody blast from the murdering
Ordnance, whose roaring Voice is not so soon heard, as felt by the aimed at
Object, which made among them a most lamentable slaughter.

CHAP. XI.

The names of the English that were slain in the Battel of Rottenton; and how
Captain Smith was taken Prisoner, and sold for a Slave.

In the valley of Veristhorne, betwixt the River of Altus, and the

Mountain of Rottenton, was this bloody Encounter, where the most of the
dearest Friends of the noble Prince Sigismundus perished. Meldritch having
ordered his Eleven thousand in the best manner he could, at the Foot of the
Mountain upon his Flanks, and before his front, he had pitched sharp
Stakes, their Heads hardned in the fire, and bent against the Enemy, as three
Battalion of Pikes, amongst the which also, there was digged many small
holes. {MN-1} Amongst those Stakes was ranged his foot-men, that upon
the charge was to retire, as there was occasion. The Tartar having ordered
his 40000 for his best advantage, appointed Mustapha Bashaw to begin the
Battel, with a general Shout, all their Ensigns displaying, Drums beating,
Trumpets and Haut-boys sounding. Nederspolt and Mavazo with their
Regiments of Horse most valiantly encountred, and forced them to retire;
the Tartar Begoli with his Squadrons, darkning the Skies with their flights
of numberless Arrows, who was as bravely encountred by Veltus and
Oberwin, which bloody slaughter continued more than an hour, till the
matchless multitude of the Tartars so increased, that they retired within
their Squadrons of Stakes, as was directed. The bloody Tartar, as scorning
he should stay so long for the Victory, with his massie Troops prosecuted
the Charge: But it was a wonder to see how Horse and Man came to the
Ground among the Stakes, whose disordered Troops were there so mangled,
that the Christians with a loud Shout cried Victoria; and with five or six
field Pieces, planted upon the rising of the Mountain, did much hurt to the
Enemy that still continued the Battel with that fury, that Meldritch seeing
there was no possibility long to prevail, joyned his small Troops in one
body, resolved directly to make his passage, or die in the conclusion; and
thus in gross gave a general charge, and for more than half an hour, made
his way plain before him, till the main Battle of the Crim-Tartar, with two
Regiments of Turks and Jaizaries so overmatched them, that they were
overthrown. The night approaching, the Earl with some thirteen or fourteen
hundred Horse, swam the River, some were drowned, all the rest slain or
taken Prisoners: And thus in this bloody Field, near 30000 lay, some
Headless, Armless and Legless, all cut and mangled; where breathing their
last, they gave this knowledge to the World, that for the lives of so few, the
Crim-Tartar never paid dearer. {MN-2} But now the Countries of
Transilvania and Wallachia (subjected to the Emperor) and Sigismundus,
that brave Prince, his Subject and Pensioner, the most of his Nobility, brave
Captains and Soldiers, became a prey to the cruel devouring Turk: where,
had the Emperour been as ready to have assisted him, and those three
Armies led by three such worthy Captains, as Michael, Busca, and Himself,
and had those three Armies joyned together against the Turk, let all Men
judge, how happy it might have been for all Christendom: and have either
regained Bulgaria, or at least have beat him out of Hungaria, where he hath
taken much more from the Emperour, than hath the Emperour from
Transilvania.

{MN-1} the Battle of Rottenton.

{MN-2} Extracted out of a book, instituted, the Wars of Hungaria, Wallachia, and
Moldavia, written by Francisco Ferneza, a learned Italian, the Princes Secretary, and
translated by Mr. Purchas.
 In this dismal Battel, where Nederspolt, Veltus, Zarvana, Mavazo,
Bavel, and many other Earls, Barons, Colonels, Captains, brave Gentlemen,
and Soldiers were slain, give me leave to remember the names of our own
Country-men, {MN} with him in those Exploits, that as resolutely as the
best in the defence of Christ and his Gospel, ended their days, as
Bakersfield, Hardwick, Thomas Milemer, Robert Mollineux, Thomas
Bishop, Francis Compton, George Davison, Nicholas Williams and one
John a Scot, did what Men could do, and when they could do no more, left
there their Bodies in Testimony of their minds; only Ensign Charleton, and
Sergeant Robinson escaped: But Smith, among the slaughtered dead Bodies,
and many a gasping Soul, with toil and Wounds lay groaning among the
rest, till being found by the Pillagers, he was able to live, and perceiving by
his Armour and Habit, his ransom might be better to them than his Death,
they led him Prisoner with many others; well they used him till his Wounds
were cured, and at Axopolis they were all sold for Slaves, like Beasts in a
Market-place, where every Merchant, viewing their Limbs and Wounds,
caused other Slaves to struggle with them, to try their strength, he fell to the
share of Bashaw Bogal, who sent him forthwith to Adrianopolis, so for
Constantinople to his fair Mistriss for a Slave. By twenty and twenty
chained by the Necks, they marched in file to this great City, where they
were delivered to their several Masters, and he to the young Charaza
Tragabigzanda.

{MN} The English Men in this Battel.

CHAP. XII.

How Captain Smith was sent Prisoner thorow the Black and Dissabacca Sea in
Tartaria; the Description of those seas, and his usage.
 This Noble Gentlewoman took sometime occasion to shew him to
some Friends, or rather to speak with him, because she could speak Italian,
would feign her self sick when she should go to the Bannians, or weep over
the Graves, to know how Bogal took him Prisoner; and if he were as the
Bashaw writ to her, a Bohemian Lord conquered by his Hand, as he had
many others, which ere long he would present her, whose Ransomes should
adorn her with the glory of his Conquests.

But when she heard him protest he knew no such matter, nor ever saw
Bogal, till he bought him at Axopolis, and that he was an English-man, only
by his Adventures made a Captain in those Countries. To try the truth, she
found means to find out many who could speak English, French, Dutch,
and Italian, to whom relating most part of these former Passages she
thought necessary, which they so honestly reported to her, she took (as it
seemed) much compassion on him; but having no use for him, lest her
Mother should sell him, she sent him to her Brother, the Timor Bashaw of
Nalbrits, In the Country of Cambia, a Province in Tartaria.

{MN-1} Here now let us remember his passing, in this speculative

course from Constantinople by Sander, Screw, Panassa, Musa, Lastilla, to
Varna, an ancient City upon the Black Sea. In all which Journey, having
little more liberty, than his eyes judgment, since his Captivity, he might see
the Towns with their short Towers, and a most plain, fertile, and delicate
Country, especially that most admired place of Greece, now called
Romania, but from Varna, nothing but the Black Sea Water, till he came to
the two Capes of Taur and Pergilos, where he passed the Streight of Niger,
which (as he conjectured) is some ten Leagues long, and three broad,
betwixt two Low-lands, the Channel is deep, {MN-2} but at the entrance of
the Sea Dissabacca, there are many great Osie-shaulds, and many great
black Rocks, which the Turks said were Trees, Weeds, and Mud, thrown
from the In-land Countries, by the Inundations and violence of the Current,
and cast there by the Eddy. They Sailed by many low Isles, and saw many
more of those muddy Rocks, and nothing else, but salt Water, till they came
betwixt Sufax and Curuske, only two white Towns at the entrance of the
River Bruapo appeared: In six or seven days Sail, he saw four or five
seeming strong Castles of Stone, with flat tops and Battlements about them,
but arriving at Cambia, he was (according to their custom) well used. The
River was there more than half a Mile broad. The Castle was of a large
Circumference, fourteen or fifteen foot thick, in the Foundation some six
foot from the Wall, is a Pallizado, and then a Ditch of about forty foot broad
full of Water. On the West side of it, is a Town, all of low flat Houses,
which as he conceived, could be of no great strength, yet it keeps all them
barbarous Countreys about it in admiration and subjection. After he had
stayed there three days; it was two days more before his Guides brought
him to Nalbrits, where the Tymor was then resident, in a great vast Stone
Castle, with many great Courts about it, invironed with high Stone Walls,
where was quartered their Arms, when they first subjected those Countries,
which only live to labour for those Tyrannical Turks.

{MN-1} How he was sent into Tartaria.

{MN-2} The Description of the Dissabacca Sea.

{MN} To her unkind Brother, this kind Lady writ so much for his good
usage, that he half expected, as much as she intended; for she told him, he
should there but sojourn to learn the Language, and what it was to be a
Turk, till time made her Master of her self. But the Tymor, her Brother,
diverted all this to the worst of Cruelty; for within an hour after his arrival,
he caused his Drubman to strip him naked, and shave his Head and Beard
so bare as his Hand, a great Ring of Iron, with a long stalk bowed like a
Sickle, revitted about his Neck, and a Coat made of Ulgries Hair, guarded
about with a piece of an undrest Skin. There were many more Christian
Slaves, and near an hundred Forsados of Turks and Moors, and he being the
last, was slave of Slaves to them all. Among these slavish Fortunes, there
was no great choice; for the best was so bad, a Dog could hardly have lived
to endure, and yet for all their pains and labours, no more regarded than a
Beast.

{MN} Smith's usage in Tartaria.

 CHAP. XIII.

The Turks diet; the Slaves diet; the attire of the Tartars; and manner of
Wars and Religions, &c.

{MN-1} The Tymor and his Friends fed upon Pillaw, which is, boiled
Rice and Garnances with little bits of Mutton or Buckones, which is
Roasted pieces of Horse, Bull, Ulgrie, or any Beasts. Samboyses and
Muselbit are great Dainties, and yet but round Pies, full of all sorts of Flesh,
they can get chopped with variety of Herbs. Their best Drink is Coffee, of a
grain they call Coava, boiled with Water; and Sherbeck, which is only
Honey and Water; Mares Milk, or the Milk of any Beast, they hold
restorative: but all the Commonalty drink pure Water. {MN-2} Their Bread
is made of this Coava, which is a kind of black Wheat, and Cuskus a small
white Seed, like Millia in Biskay: But our common Victuals, the entrails of
Horse and Ulgries; of this cut in small pieces, they will fill a great
Cauldron, and being boiled with Cuskus, and put in great Bowls in the form
of Chaffing-dishes, they sit round about it on the Ground, after they have
raked it thorow, so oft as they please with their foul Fists, the remainder
was for the Christian Slaves. Some of this Broth, they would temper with
Cuskus pounded, and putting the Fire off from the Hearth, pour there a
Bowl full, then cover it with Coals till it be baked, which stewed with the
remainder of the Broth, and some small pieces of Flesh, was an
extraordinary Dainty.

{MN-1} The Tymor's Diet of Cambia, is as the Turks.

{MN-2} The Slaves Diet.

{MN} The better sort are attired like Turks, but the plain Tartar hath a
black Sheeps-skin over his back, and two of the Legs tied about his Neck;
the other two about his middle, with another over his Belly, and the Legs
tied in like manner behind him: Then two more, made like a pair of Bases,
serveth him for Breeches; with a little close Cap to his Skull of black Felt,
and they use exceeding much of this Felt for Carpets, for Bedding, for
Coats, and Idols. Their Houses are much worse than your Irish, but the In-
land Countries have none but Carts and Tents, which they ever remove from
Countrey to Countrey, as they see occasion, driving with them infinite
Troops of black Sheep, Cattel and Ulgries, eating all up before them as they
go.

{MN} The attire of those Tartars.

{MN} For the Tartars of Nagi, they have neither Town, nor House,
Corn, nor Drink, but Flesh and Milk. The Milk they keep in great Skins like
Burracho's, which though it be never so sower, it agreeth well with their
strong Stomachs. They live all in Hordias, as doth the Crim-Tartars, three
or four hundred in a Company, in great Carts fifteen or sixteen foot broad,
which are covered with small Rods, wattled together in the form of a Bird's
Nest, turned upwards, and with the Ashes of Bones, temper'd with Oil,
Camels Hair, and a Clay they have, they loam them so well, that no Weather
can pierce them, and yet very light. Each Hordia hath a Murse, which they
obey as their King. Their Gods are infinite. One or two thousand of those
glittering white Carts drawn with Camels, Deer, Bulls, and Ulgries, they
bring round in a Ring, where they pitch their Camp; and the Murse, with his
chief Alliances, are placed in the midst. They do much hurt, when they can
get any Stroggs, which are great Boats used up on the River Volga, (which
they call Edle) to them that dwell in the Countrey of Perolog, and would do
much more, were it not for the Muscovites Garrisons that there Inhabit.

{MN} The Tartars of Nagi and their manners.

 CHAP. XIIII.

The Description of the Crim-Tartars; their Houses and Carts, their Idolatry
in their Lodgings

{MN-1} Now you are to understand, Tartary and Scythia are all one,
but so large and spacious, few, or none, could ever perfectly describe it, nor
all the several kinds of those most barbarous People that inhabit it. Those
we call the Crim-Tartars, border upon Moldavia, Podolia, Lithuania, and
Russia, are much more regular than the interior parts of Scythia. This Great
Tartarian Prince, that hath so troubled all his Neighbours, they always call
Chan, which signifieth Emperour; but we, the Crim-Tartar. He liveth for the
most part in the best Champion Plains of many Provinces; and his removing
Court is like a great City of Houses and Tents, drawn on Carts, all so
orderly placed East and West, on the right and left hand of the Prince's
House, which is always in the midst towards the South, before which, none
may pitch their Houses, every one knowing their Order and Quarter, as in
an Army. {MN-2} The Princes Houses are very artificially wrought, both
the Foundation, Sides, and Roof of Wickers, ascending round to the top like
a Dove coat; this they cover with white Salt, or white Earth, temper'd with
the Powder of Bones, that it may shine the whiter; sometimes with black
Felt, curiously painted with Vines, Trees, Birds, and Beasts; the breadth of
the Carts are eighteen or twenty Foot, but the house stretcheth four or five
Foot over each side, and is drawn with ten or twelve, or for more state,
twenty Camels and Oxen. {MN-3} They have also great Baskets, made of
smaller Wickers, like great Chests, with a covering of the same, all covered
over with black Felt, rubbed over with Tallow and Sheep's Milk, to keep out
the Rain; prettily bedecked with Painting or Feathers; in those they put their
Houshold Stuff and Treasure, drawn upon other Carts for that purpose.
When they take down their Houses, they set the door always towards the
South, and their Carts thirty or forty Foot distant on each side, East and
West, as if they were two Walls: The Women also have most curious Carts;
every one of his Wives hath a great one for her self, and so many other for
her Attendants, that they seem as many Courts as he hath Wives. One great
Tartar or Nobleman, will have for his particular, more than an hundred of
those Houses and Carts, for his several Offices and Uses, but set so far from
each other, they will seem like a great Village. {MN-4} Having taken their
Houses from the Carts, they place the Master always towards the North;
over whose head is always an Image like a Puppet, made of Felt, which
they call his Brother; the Women on his left hand, and over the chief
Mistriss her Head, such another Brother, and between them a little one,
which is the keeper of the House; at the good Wives Beds-feet is a Kids
Skin, stuffed with Wooll, and near it a Puppet looking towards the Maids;
next the door another, with a dried Cows Udder, for the Women that Milk
the Kine, because only the Men Milk Mares; {MN-5} every Morning those
Images in their orders, they besprinkle with that they drink, be it Cossmos,
or whatsoever, but all the white Mares Milk is reserved for the Prince. Then
without the door, thrice to the South, every one bowing his knee in honour
of the Fire; then the like to the East, in honour of the Air; then to the West,
in honour of the Water; and lastly to the North, in behalf of the dead. After
the Servant hath done this duty to the four quarters of the World, he returns
into the House, where his Fellows stand waiting, ready with two Cups, and
two Basons, to give their Master, and his Wife that lay with him that Night,
to wash and drink, who must keep him company all the day following, and
all his other Wives come thither to drink, where he keeps his House that
day; and all the Gifts presented him till night, are laid up in her Chests; and
at the door a Bench full of Cups, and drink for any of them to make merry.

{MN-1} The description of the Crim-Tartar's Court.

{MN-2} His Houses and Carts.

{MN-3} Baskets.

{MN-4} Their Idolatry in their Lodgings.

{MN-5} Cosmos is Mares Milk.

 CHAP. XV.

Their Feasts, common Diet, Princes Estate, Buildings, Tributes, Laws, Slaves,
Entertainment of Ambassadors.

{MN} For their Feasts, they have all sorts of Beasts, Birds, Fish,
Fruits, and Herbs they can get, but the more variety of wild ones is the best;
to which they have excellent Drink made of Rice, Millet, and Honey, like
Wine; they have also Wine, but in Summer they drink most Cossmos, that
standeth ready always at the entrance of the door, and by it a Fidler; when
the Master of the House beginneth to drink, they all cry, ha, ha, and the
Fidler plays, then they all clap their Hands and dance, the Men before their
Masters, the Women before their Mistresses; and ever when he drinks, they
cry as before; then the Fidler stayeth till they drink all round; sometimes
they will drink for the Victory; and to provoke one to drink, they will pull
him by the Ears, and lug and draw him, to stretch and beat him, clapping
their Hands, stamping with their Feet, and dancing before the Champions,
offering them Cups, then draw them back again to increase their Appetite;
and thus continue till they be drunk, or their drink done, which they hold an
honour, and no Infirmity.

{MN} Their Feasts.

{MN} Though the Ground be fertile, they sow little Corn, yet the
Gentlemen have Bread and Honey-wine; Grapes they have plenty, and Wine
privately, and good Flesh and Fish; but the common sort stamped Millet,
mingled with Milk and Water. They call Cassa for Meat, and drink any
thing; also any Beast unprofitable for service they kill, when they are like to
die, or however they die, they will eat them, Guts, Liver and all; but the
most fleshy parts they cut in thin slices, and hang it up in the Sun and Wind
without salting, where it will dry so hard, it will not putrifie in a long time.
A Ramm they esteem a great Feast among forty or fifty, which they cut in
pieces boiled or roasted, puts it in a great Bowl, with Salt and Water, for
other Sawce they have none; the Master of the Feast giveth every one a
piece, which he eateth by himself, or carrieth away with him. {MN-2} Thus
their hard fare makes them so infinite in Cattel, and their great number of
Captive Women to breed upon, makes them so populous. But near the
Christian Frontiers, the baser sort make little Cottages of Wood, called
Vlusi, daubed over with dirt, and Beasts dung covered with sedge; yet in
Summer they leave them, beginning their Progress in April, with their
Wives, Children, and Slaves, in their Carted Houses, scarce convenient for
four or five Persons; driving their Flocks towards Precopia, and sometimes
into Taurica, or Osow, a Town upon the River Tanais, which is great and
swift, where the Turk hath a Garrison; and in October return again to their
Cottages. Their Clothes are the Skins of Dogs, Goats, and Sheep, lined with
Cotton Cloath, made of their finest Wooll, for of their worst they make their
Felt, which they use in abundance, as well for Shooes and Caps, as Houses,
Beds, and Idols; also of the coarse Wooll mingled with Horse hair, they
make all their Cordage. {MN-3} Notwithstanding this wandring life, their
Princes sit in great State upon Beds, or Carpets, and with great reverence
are attended both by Men and Women, and richly served in Plates and great
Silver Cups, delivered upon the Knee, attired in rich Furrs, lined with Plush,
or Taffity, or Robes of Tissue. These Tartars possess many large and goodly
Plains, wherein feed innumerable Herds of Horse and Cattel, as well wild as
tame; which are Elkes, Bisons, Horses, Deer, Sheep, Goats, Swine, Bears,
and divers others.

{MN-1} Their common diet.

{MN-2} How they become populous.

{MN-3} Their Princes State.

{MN-1} In those Countries are the Ruins of many fair Monasteries,

Castles, and Cities, as Bacasaray, Salutium, Almassary, Precopia, Cremum,
Sedacom, Capha, and divers others by the Sea, but all kept with strong
Garrisons for the Great Turk, {MN-2} who yearly by Trade or Traffick,
receiveth the chief Commodities those fertile Countries afford, as Bezoar,
Rice, Furs, Hides, Butter, Salt, Cattel, and Slaves, yet by the spoils they get
from the secure and idle Christians, they maintain themselves in this Pomp.
Also their Wives, of whom they have as many as they will, very costly, yet
in a constant custom with decency.
 {MN-1} Ancient Buildings.

{MN-2} Commodities for tribute to the Turk.

{MN} They are Mahometans, as are the Turks, from whom they also
have their Laws, but no Lawyers, nor Attornies, only Judges, and Justices in
every Village, or Hordia; but Capital Criminals, or matters of moment,
before the Chan himself, or Privy Councils, of whom they are always heard,
and speedily discharged; for any may have access at any time to them,
before whom they appear with great Reverence, adoring their Princes as
Gods, and their Spiritual Judges as Saints; for Justice is with such integrity
and Expedition Executed, without Covetousness, Bribery, Partiality, and
Brawling, that in six Months they have sometimes scarce six Causes to
hear. About the Princes Court, none but his Guard wear any Weapon, but
abroad they go very strong, because there are many Bandittos, and Thieves.

{MN} Good Laws, yet no Lawyers.

{MN} They use the Hungarians, Russians, Wallachians, and

Moldavian Slaves (whereof they have plenty) as Beasts to every work; and
those Tartars that serve the Chan, or Noblemen, have only Victuals and
Apparel, the rest are generally nastly, and idle, naturally miserable, and in
their Wars better Thieves than Soldiers.

{MN} Their Slaves.

{MN} This Chan hath yearly a Donative from the King of Poland, the
Dukes of Lithuania, Moldavia, and Nagayon Tartars; their Messengers
commonly he useth bountifully, and very nobly, but sometimes most
cruelly; when any of them do bring their Presents, by his Houshold
Officers, they are entertained in a plain Field, with a moderate proportion of
Flesh, Bread and Wine, for once; but when they come before him, the
Sultans, Tuians, Vlans, Marhies, his chief Officers and Councellors attend,
one Man only bringeth the Ambassadour to the Court Gate, but to the Chan
he is led between two Councellors; where saluting him upon their bended
knees, declaring their message, are admitted to eat with him, and presented
with a great Silver Cup full of Mead from his own hand, but they drink it
upon their Knees: when they are dispatched, he invites them again, the
Feast ended, they go back a little from the Palace door, and rewarded with
Silk Vestures, wrought with Gold down to their Anckles, with an Horse or
two, and sometimes a Slave of their own Nation; in them Robes presently
they come to him again, to give him thanks, take their leave, and so depart.

{MN} His Entertainment of Ambassadours.

CHAP. XVI.

How he levieth an Army; their Arms and Provision; how he divideth the
Spoil, and his Service to the Great Turk.

{MN} When he intends any Wars, he must first have leave of the
Great Turk, whom he is bound to assist when he commandeth, receiving
daily for himself and chief of his Nobility, Pensions from the Turk, that
holds all Kings but Slaves, that pay Tribute, or are subject to any: signifying
his intent to all his Subjects, within a Month commonly he raiseth his Army,
and every Man is to furnish himself for three Months Victuals, which is
parched Millet, or ground to Meal, which they ordinarily mingle with Water
(as is said) hard Cheese or Curds dried, and beaten to powder, a little will
make much Water like Milk, and dried Flesh, this they put also up in Sacks;
The Chan and his Nobles have some Bread and Aquavitæ, and quick Cattel
to kill when they please, wherewith very sparingly they are contented.
Being provided with expert Guides, and got into the Country he intends to
Invade, he sends forth his Scouts to bring in what Prisoners they can, from
whom he will wrest the utmost of their Knowledge fit for his purpose;
having advised with his Council, what is most fit to be done, the Nobility,
according to their Antiquity, doth march; then moves he with his whole
Army: if he find there is no Enemy to oppose him, he adviseth how far they
shall Invade, commanding every Man (upon pain of his Life) to kill all the
obvious Rusticks; but not to hurt any Women, or Children.

{MN} How he levieth an Army.

{MN} Ten, or fifteen thousand, he commonly placeth, where he

findeth most convenient for his standing Camp; the rest of his Army he
divides in several Troops, bearing ten or twelve Miles square before them,
and ever within three or four days return to their Camp, putting all to Fire
and Sword, but that they carry with them back to their Camp; and in this
scattering manner he will invade a Country, and be gone with his Prey, with
an incredible Expedition. But if he understand of an Enemy, he will either
fight in Ambuscado, or flie; for he will never fight any Battel if he can
chuse, but upon treble advantage; yet by his innumerable flights of Arrows,
I have seen flie from his flying Troops, we could not well judge, whether
his fighting or flying was most dangerous, so good is his Horse, and so
expert his Bow-men; but if they be so intangled they must fight, there is
none can be more hardy, or resolute in their defences.

{MN} The manner of his Wars.

{MN} Regaining his own Borders, he takes the tenth of the principal
Captives, Man, Woman, Child, or Beast (but his Captains that take them,
will accept of some particular Person they best like for themselves) the rest
are divided amongst the whole Army, according to every Mans Desert and
Quality; that they keep them, or sell them to who will give most; but they
will not forget to use all the means they can, to know their Estates, Friends,
and Quality, and the better they find you, the worse they will use you, till
you do agree to pay such a Ransom, as they will impose upon you;
therefore many great Persons have endured much misery to conceal
themselves, because their Ransoms are so intolerable: their best hope is of
some Christian Agent, that many times cometh to redeem Slaves, either
with Money, or Man for Man; those Agents knowing so well the extream
covetousness of the Tartars, do use to bribe some Jew or Merchant, that
feigning they will sell them again to some other Nation, are oft redeemed
for a very small Ransom.

{MN} How he divideth the spoil.

{MN} But to this Tartarian Army, when the Turk, commands, he goeth
with some small Artillery; and the Nagayans, Precopens, Crims, Osovens,
and Circassians, are his Tributaries; but the Perigorves, Oczaconians,
Bialogordens, and Dobrucen Tartars, the Turk by Covenant commands to
follow him, so that from all those Tartars he hath had an Army of an
hundred and twenty thousand excellent, swift, stomackfull Tartarian Horse
for foot they have none. Now the Chan, his Sultans and Nobility, use
Turkiso, Caramanian, Arabian, Parthian, and other strange Tartarian
Horses; the swiftest they esteem the best; seldom they feed any more at
home, than they have present use for; but upon their Plains is a short Wood-
like Heath, in some Countries like Gail, full of Berries, much better than
any Grass.

{MN} How the Chan doth serve the Great Turk.

{MN} Their Arms are such, as they have surprised or got from the
Christians or Persians, both Brest-plates, Swords, Scimitars, and Helmets;
Bows and Arrows they make most themselves, also their Bridles and
Saddles are indifferent, but the Nobility are very handsome, and well armed
like the Turks, in whom consisteth their greatest Glory; the ordinary sort
have little Armour, some a plain young Pole unshaven, headed with a piece
of Iron for a Lance; some an old Christian Pike, or a Turks Cavarine, yet
those Tattertimallions will have two or three Horses, some four or five, as
well for service, as for to eat; which makes their Armies seem thrice so
many as there are Soldiers. The Chan himself hath about his Person, Ten
thousand chosen Tartars and Janizaries, some small Ordnance, and a white
Mares Tail, with a piece of green Taffity on a great Pike, is carried before
him for a Standard; because they hold no Beast so precious as a white Mare,
whose Milk is only for the King and Nobility, and to Sacrifice to their Idols;
but the rest have Ensigns of divers Colours.
 {MN} Their Arms.

For all this miserable Knowledge, Furniture, and Equipage, the

mischief they do in Christendom is wonderful, by reason of their hardness
of Life and Constitution, Obedience, Agility, and their Emperours Bounty,
Honours, Grace, and Dignities he ever bestoweth upon those, that have
done him any memorable Service in the face of his Enemies.

{MN} The Caspian Sea, most Men agree that have passed it, to be in
length about 200 Leagues, and in breadth an hundred and fifty, environed to
the East, with the great Desarts of the Tartars of Turkomania; to the West,
by the Circasses, and the Mountain Caucasus; to the North, by the River
Volga, and the Land of Nagay; and to the South, by Media, and Persia: This
Sea is fresh Water in many places, in others as salt as the great Ocean; it
hath many great Rivers which fall into it, as the mighty River of Volga,
which is like a Sea, running near Two thousand Miles, through many great
and large Countries, that send into it many other great Rivers; also out of
Saberia, Yaick, and Yem, out of the great Mountain Caucasus, the River
Sirus, Arash, and divers others, yet no Sea nearer it than the black Sea,
which is at least an hundred Leagues distant: In which Country live the
Georgians, now part Armenians, part Nestorians; it is neither found to
increase or diminish, or empty it self any way, except it be under Ground,
and in some places they can find no Ground at Two hundred fathom.

{MN} A Description of the Caspian Sea.

Many other most strange and wonderful things are in the Land of
Cathay, towards the North-east, and China towards the South-east, where
are many of the most famous Kingdoms in the World, where most Arts,
Plenty, and Curiosities are in such abundance, as might seem incredible,
which hereafter I will relate, as I have briefly gathered from such Authors
as have lived there.
 CHAP. XVII.

How Captain Smith escaped his Captivity; slew the Bashaw of Nalbrits in Cambia; his
Passage to Russia, Transilvania, and the middest of Europe to Africa.

{MN-1} All the hope he had ever to be delivered from this

Thraldom, was Only the love of Tragabigzanda, who surely was ignorant of
his bad usage; for although he had often debated the matter with some
Christians, that had been there a long time Slaves, they could not find how
to make an escape, by any reason or possibility; but God beyond Man's
Expectation or Imagination helpeth his Servants, when they least think of
help, as it hapned to him. So long he lived in this miserable Estate, as he
became a Thresher at a grange in a great Field, more than a League from the
Timor's House; the Bashaw, as he oft used to visit his Granges, visited him,
and took occasion so to beat, spurn, and revile him, that forgetting all
reason, he beat out the Timor's Brains with his Threshing Bat, for they have
no Flails; and seeing his Estate could be no worse than it was, clothed
himself in his Clothes, hid his Body under the Straw, filled his Knapsack
with Corn, shut the doors, mounted his Horse, and ran into the Desart at all
adventure; two or three days, thus fearfully wandring he knew not whither,
and well it was, he met not any to ask the way; being even as taking leave
of this miserable World, {MN-2} God did direct him to the great way or
Castragan, as they call it, which doth cross these large Territories, and
generally known among them by these marks.

{MN-1} How Smith escaped his Captivity.

{MN-2} Their Guides in those Countries.

In every crossing of this great way is planted a Post, and in it so many

bobs with broad ends, as there be ways, and every bob the Figure painted
on it, that demonstrateth to what part that way leadeth; as that which
pointeth towards the Crim's Country, is marked with a half Moon, if
towards the Georgians and Persia, a black Man, full of white spots, if
towards China, the Picture of the Sun, if towards Muscovia, the Sign of a
Cross, if towards the Habitation of any other Prince, the Figure whereby his
Standard is known. To his dying Spirits thus God added some comfort in
this melancholy Journey, wherein if he had met any of that vile Generation,
they had made him their Slave, or knowing the Figure Engraven in the Iron
about his Neck, (as all Slaves have) he had been sent back again to his
Master; sixteen days he travelled in this fear and torment, after the Cross,
till he arrived at Æcopolis, upon the River Don, a Garrison of the
Muscovites. The Governour after due Examination of those his hard events,
took off his Irons, and so kindly used him, he thought himself new risen
from the Dead, and the good Lady Calamata, largely Supplied all his wants.

{MN-1} This is as much as he could learn of those wild Countries, that

the Country of Cambia is two days Journey from the Head of the great
River Bruapo, which springeth from many places of the Mountains of
Innagachi, that joyn themselves together in the Pool Kerkas which they
account for the Head, and falleth into the Sea Dissabacca, called by some
the Lake Maeotas, which receiveth also the River Tanais, and all the Rivers
that fall from the great Countries of the Circassi, the Cartaches, and many
from the Tauricaes, Precopes, Cummani, Cossunka, and the Crim; through
which Sea he Sailed, and up the River Bruapo to Nalbrits, and thence
through the Desarts of Circassi to Æcopolis, as is related; where he stayed
with the Governour, till the Convoy went to Caragnaw; then with his
Certificate how he found him, and had examined with his friendly Letters,
sent him by Zumalack to Caragnaw, whose Governour in like manner so
kindly used him, that by this means he went with a safe conduct to Lesch,
and Donko, in Cologoske, and thence to Berniske, and Newgrod in Siberia,
by Rezechica, upon the River Nieper, in the confines of Lithuania; from
whence with as much kindness, he was convoyed in like manner by
Coroski, Duberesko, Duzihell, Drohobus, and Ostroge in Volonia; Saslaw,
and Lasco in Podolia; Halico and Collonia in Polonia; and so to
Hermonstat in Transilvania. In all this his life, he seldom met with more
Respect, Mirth, Content and Entertainment; and not any Governour where
he came, but gave him somewhat as a Present, besides his Charges; seeing
themselves as subject to the like Calamity. {MN-2} Through those poor
continually Foraged Countries, there is no passage, but with the Caravans or
Convoys; for they are Countries rather to be pitied than envied; and it is a
wonder any should make Wars for them. The Villages are only here and
there, a few Houses of streight Firr Trees, laid heads and points above one
another, made fast by notches at the ends, more than a Man's heighth, and
with broad split Boards, pinned together with woodden Pins, as thatched for
coverture. In ten Villages you shall scarce find ten Iron Nails, except it be in
some extraordinary Man's House. For their Towns, Æcopolis, Letch, and
Donko, have Rampires made of that woodden Walled fashion, double, and
betwixt them Earth and Stones, but so latched with cross Timber, they are
very strong against any thing but Fire; and about them a deep Ditch, and a
Palizado of young Firr Trees; but most of the rest have only a great Ditch
cast about them, and the Ditches Earth, is all their Rampire; but round, well
environed with Palizadoes. Some have some few small pieces of small
Ordnance, and Slings, Calievers, and Muskets, but their generallest
Weapons are the Russe Bows and Arrows; you shall find Pavements over
Bogs, only of young Firr-Trees, laid cross one over another, for two or three
hours Journey, or as the Passage requires, and yet in two days Travel, you
shall scarce see six Habitations. Notwithstanding to see how their Lords,
Governours, and Captains are civilized, well attired and accoutred with
Jewels, Sables, and Horses, and after their manner with curious Furniture, it
is wonderful; but they are all Lords or Slaves, which makes them so subject
to every Invasion.

{MN-1} The description of Cambia, and his passage to Russia.

{MN-2} His Observations in his Journey to Transilvania, through the midst of

Europe.

In Transilvania, he found so many good Friends, that but to see, and

rejoyce himself (after all those Encounters) in his Native Country, he would
ever hardly have left them, though the mirrour of vertue their Prince was
absent. Being thus glutted with content, and near drowned with Joy, he
parted high Hungaria by Fileck, Tocka, Cassovia, and Underorowoay, by
Ulmicht in Moravia, to Prague in Bohemia; at last he found the most
gracious Prince Sigismundus, with his Colonel at Lipswick in Misenland,
who gave him his Pass, intimating the service he had done, and the Honours
he had received, with fifteen hundred Ducats of Gold to repair his Losses:
With this he spent some time to visit the fair Cities and Countries of
Dresden in Saxony, Magdeburgh and Brunswick; Cassel in Hessen;
Wittenberg, Vilum, and Minekin in Bavaria; Augsburg, and her Universities;
Hama, Frankford, Mentz, the Palatinate; Worms, Spires, and Straburg;
passing Nancie in Lorain, and France by Paris to Orleans, he went down
the River of Loyer, to Angiers, and imbarked himself at Nantz in Britain, for
Bilbao in Biskay to see Burgos-Valladolid, the admired Monastery of the
Escurial, Madrid, Toledo, Corduba, Cuedyrial, Sivil, Cheries, Cales, and
St. Lucas in Spain.

CHAP. XVIII.

The Observations of Captain Smith; Mr. Henry Archer, and others in

Barbary.

Being thus satisfied with Europe and Asia, understanding of the Wars
in Barbary, he went from Gibralter to Ceuta and Tangier, thence to Saffee,
where growing into Acquaintance with a French Man of War, the Captain
and some twelve more went to Morocco, to see the ancient Monuments of
that large renowned City: It was once the principal City in Barbary, situated
in a goodly plain Country, 14 Miles from the great Mount Atlas, and sixty
Miles from the Atlantick Sea; but now little remaining, but the King's
Palace, which is like a City of it self; and the Christian Church, on whose
flat, {MN-1} square Steeple is a great broach of Iron, whereon is placed the
three Golden Balls of Africa: The first is near three Ells in Circumference,
the next above it somewhat less, the uppermost the least over them, as it
were an half Ball, and over all a pretty gilded Pyramid. Against those
Golden Balls hath been shot many a shot, their Weight is recorded 700
weight of pure Gold, hollow within, yet no shot did ever hit them, nor could
ever any Conspirator attain that Honour as to get them down. They report,
the Prince of Morocco betrothed himself to the King's Daughter of
Æthiopia, he dying before their Marriage, she caused those three Golden
Balls to be set up for his Monument, and vowed Virginity all her Life.
{MN-2} The Alfantica is also a place of note, because it is invironed with a
great Wall, wherein lie the Goods of all the Merchants securely guarded.
The Inderea is also (as it were) a City of it self, where dwell the Jews: The
rest for the most part is defaced; but by the many Pinnacles and Towers,
with Balls on their tops, hath much appearance of much sumptuousness and
curiosity. There have been many famous Universities, which are now but
Stables for Fowls, and Beasts, and the Houses in most parts lie tumbled one
above another; the Walls of Earth are with the great fresh Floods washed to
the ground; nor is there any Village in it, but Tents for Strangers, Larbes
and Moors. Strange Tales they will tell of a great Garden, wherein were all
sorts of Birds, Fishes, Beasts, Fruits, and Fountains, which for Beauty, Art
and Pleasure, exceeded any place known in the World, though now nothing
but Dung-hills, Pigeon-Houses, Shrubs and Bushes. There are yet many
excellent Fountains, adorned with Marble, and many Arches, Pillars,
Towers, Ports, and Temples; but most only reliques of lamentable Ruins and
sad Desolation.

{MN-1} The three Golden Balls of Africa.

{MN-2} The description of Morocco.

{MN} When Muly Hamet Reigned in Barbary, he had three Sons,

Muly Sheck, Muly Sidan, and Muly Bufferres, he a most good and noble
King, that governed well with Peace and Plenty, till his Empress, more cruel
than any Beast in Africa, poisoned him, her own Daughter, Muly Sheck, his
eldest Son, born of a Portugal Lady, and his Daughter, to bring Muly Sidan,
to the Crown now reigning, which was the cause of all those brawls, and
Wars that followed betwixt those Brothers, their Children, and a Saint that
started up, but he played the Devil.

{MN} A bloody Empress.

{MN-1} King Muly Hamet was not black, as many suppose, but
Molara, or tawny, as are the most of his Subjects; every way noble, kind
and friendly, very rich and pompous in State and Majesty, though he sitteth
not upon a Throne nor Chair of state, but cross Leg'd upon a rich Carpet, as
doth the Turk, whose Religion of Mahomet, with an incredible miserable
Curiosity they observe. His ordinary Guard is at least 5000, but in Progress,
he goeth not with less than 20000 Horse-men, himself as rich in all his
Equipage, as any Prince in Christendom, and yet a Contributor to the Turk.
{MN-2} In all his Kingdom were so few good Artificers, that he entertained
from England, Gold-smiths, Plummers, Carvers, and Polishers of Stone,
and Watch-makers, so much he delighted in the Reformation of
Workmanship, he allowed each of them ten Shillings a day standing Fee,
Linen, Woollen, Silks, and what they would for Diet and Apparel, and
Custom-free to transport, or import what they would; for there were scarce
any of those qualities in his Kingdom, but those, of which there are divers
of them, living at this present in London. Amongst the rest, one Mr. Henry
Archer, a Watch-maker, walking in Morocco, from the Alfantica to the
Juderea, the way being very foul, met a great Priest, or a Sante (as they call
all great Clergy-men) who would have thrust him into the dirt for the way;
but Archer not knowing what he was, gave him a box on the Ear, presently
he was apprehended, and condemned to have his Tongue cut out, and his
Hand cut off: But no sooner it was known at the King's Court, but 300 of
his Guard came, and broke open the Prison, and delivered him although the
Fact was next degree to Treason.

{MN-1} King Muly Hamet or the Great Zeriff of Barbary.

{MN-2} His great love to English Men.

{MN} Concerning this Archer, there is one thing more worth noting:
Not far from Mount Atlas, a great Lioness in the heat of the day, did use to
bathe her self, and teach her young Puppies to swim in the River Cauzef, of
a good breadth; yet she would carry, which some Moors perceiving,
watched there them one after another over the River; opportunity, and when
the River was between her and them, stole four of her Whelps, which she
perceiving, with all the speed she could passed the River, and coming near
them, they let fall a Whelp (and fled with the rest) which she took in her
mouth, and so returned to the rest: A Male and a Female of those they gave
Mr. Archer, who kept them in the King's Garden, till the Male killed the
Female, then he brought it up as a Puppy-dog lying upon his Bed, till it
grew so great as a Mastiff, and no dog more tame or gentle to them he
knew: But being to return for England, at Saffee he gave him to a Merchant
of Marseillses, that presented him to the French King, who sent him to King
James, where it was kept in the Tower seven Years: After one Mr. John Bull,
then Servant to Mr. Archer, with divers of his Friends, went to see the
Lions, not knowing any thing at all of him; yet this rare Beast smelled him
before he saw him, whining, groaning, and tumbling, with such an
expression of acquaintance, that being informed by the Keepers how he
came thither; Mr. Bull so prevailed, the Keeper opened the Grate, and Bull
went in: But no Dog could fawn more on his Master, than the Lion on him,
licking his Feet, Hands, and Face, skipping and tumbling to and fro, to the
wonder of all the beholders; being satisfied with his acquaintance, he made
shift to get out of the Grate: But when the Lion saw his Friend gone, no
Beast by bellowing, roaring, scratching, and howling, could express more
rage and sorrow, nor in four days after would he either eat or drink.

{MN} The strange love of a Lion.

{MN} In Morocco, the King's Lions are altogether in a Court,

invironed with a great high Wall; to those they put a young Puppy-dog: The
greatest Lion had a sore upon his neck, which this Dog so licked, that he
was healed: The Lion defended him from the fury of all the rest, nor durst
they eat till the Dog and he had fed; this Dog grew great, and lived amongst
them many years after.

{MN} Another kind Lion in Morocco.

{MN-1} Fez also is a most large and plentiful Country, the chief City
is called Fez, divided into two parts; old Fez, containing about 80 thousand
Households, the other 4000 pleasantly situated upon a River in the heart of
Barbary, part upon Hills, part upon Plains, full of people, and all sorts of
Merchandize. The great Temple is called Carucen, in breadth seventeen
Arches, in length 120, born up with 2500 white Marble Pillars: under the
chief Arch, where the Tribunal is kept, hangeth a most huge Lamp,
compassed with 110 lesser, under the other also hang great Lamps, and
about some, are burning fifteen hundred lights, They say, they were all
made of the Bells the Arabians brought from Spain. It hath three Gates of
notable heighth, Priests and Officers so many, that the Circuit of the
Church, the Yard, and other Houses, is little less than a Mile and half in
compass, there are in this City 200 Schools, 200 Inns, 400 Water-Mills, 600
Water-Conduits, 700 Temples and Oratories; but 50 of them most stately
and richly furnished. Their Alcazer or Burse is Walled about, it hath twelve
Gates, and fifteen Walks covered with Tents, to keep the Sun from the
Merchants, and them that come there. The King's Palace, both for strength
and beauty is excellent, and the Citizens have many great Privileges. Those
two Countries of Fez and Morocco, are the best part of all Barbary,
abounding with People, Cattel, and all good Necessaries for Man's use. For
the rest, as the Larbs, or Mountainers, the Kingdoms of Cocow, Algier,
Tripoli, Tunis, and Ægypt; there are many large Histories of them in divers
Languages, especially that writ by that most excellent Statesman, John de
Leo, who afterwards turned Christian. {MN-2} The unknown Countries of
Guine and Binn, this six and twenty years have been frequented with a few
English Ships only to Trade, especially the River of Senega, by Captain
Brimstead, Captain Brockit, Mr. Crump, and divers others. Also the great
River of Gambia, by Captain Johnson, who is returned in thither again, in
the Year 1626, with Mr. William Grent, and thirteen or fourteen others, to
stay in the Country, to discover some way to those rich Mines of Gago or
Tumbatu, from whence is supposed the Moors of Barbary have their Gold,
and the certainty of those supposed Descriptions and Relations of those
interiour parts, which daily the more they are sought into, the more they are
corrected: For surely, those interiour Parts of Africa, are little known to
either English, French, or Dutch, though they use much the Coast; therefore
we will make a little bold with the Observations of the Portugals.

{MN-1} The description of Fez.

{MN-2} A brief description of the most unknown parts of Africa.

 CHAP. XIX.

The strange Discoveries and Observations of the Portugals in Africa.

{MN} The Portugals on those Parts have the glory, who first
coasting along this Western Shoar of Africa, to find passage to the East-
Indies, within this hundred and fifty years, even from the Streights of
Gibraltar, about the Cape of Bone Esperance to the Persian Gulf, and
thence all along the African Coast to the Moluccas, have subjected many
great Kingdoms, erected many Common-wealths, built many great and
strong Cities; and where is it they have not been by Trade or Force? No not
so much as Cape de Verd, and Sermleone; but most Bays or Rivers, where
there is any Trade to be had, especially Gold, or conveniency for
Refreshment, but they are scattered; living so amongst those Blacks, by
time and cunning, they seem to be naturalized amongst them. As for the
Isles of the Canaries, they have fair Towns, many Villages, and many
thousands of People rich in Commodities.

{MN}How the Portugals coasted to the East Indies.

{MN} Ordoardo Lopez, a noble Portuguse, Anno Dom. 1578,

imbarking himself for Congo to Trade, where he found such Entertainment,
finding the King much oppressed with Enemies, he found means to bring in
the Portugals to assist him, whereby he planted there Christian Religion,
and spent most of his life to bring those Countries to the Crown of
Portugal, which he describeth in this manner.

{MN} Or Edward.

{MN} The Kingdom of Congo is about 600 Miles Diameter any way,
the chief City called St. Savadore, seated upon an exceeding high
Mountain, 150 Miles from the Sea, very fertile, and Inhabited with more
than 100000 Persons, where is an excellent Prospect over all the plain
Countries about it, well watered, lying (as it were) in the Center of this
Kingdom, over all which the Portugals now command, though but an
handful in comparison of Negroes. They have Flesh and Fruits very
plentiful of divers sorts.

{MN} The Kingdom of Congo.

{MN} This Kingdom is divided into five Provinces, viz. Bamba,

Sundi, Pango, Batta and Pembo; but Bamba is the Principal, and can afford
400000 Men of War. Elephants are bred over all those Provinces, and of
wonderful greatness; though some report, they cannot kneel, nor lie down,
they can do both, and have their Joynts as other Creatures for use: With
their Fore-feet they will leap upon Trees to pull down the Boughs, and are
of that strength, they will shake a great Cocao Tree for the Nuts, and pull
down a good Tree with their Tusks, to get the Leaves to eat, as well as
Sedge and long Grass, Cocao Nuts and Berries, &c. which with their Trunk
they put in their Mouth, and chew it with their smaller Teeth; in most of
those Provinces, are many rich Mines, but the Negroes opposed the
Portugueses for working in them.

{MN} Wild Elephants.

{MN} The Kingdom of Angola is wonderful populous, and rich in

Mines of Silver, Copper, and most other Metals; fruitfull in all manner of
Food, and sundry sorts of Cattel, but Dogs Flesh they love better than any
other Meat; they use few Clothes, and no Armour; Bows, Arrows, and
Clubs are their Weapons. But the Portugueses are well armed against those
Engines, and do buy yearly of those Blacks more than five thousand Slaves,
and many are People exceeding well proportioned.

{MN} The Kingdom of Angola.

{MN-1} The Anchios are a most valiant Nation, but most strange to all
about them. Their Arms are Bows; short and small, wrapped about with
Serpents Skins, of divers Colours, but so smooth, you would think them all
one with the Wood, and it makes them very strong; their Strings little twigs,
but exceeding tough and flexible; their Arrows short, which they shoot with
an incredible quickness. They have short Axes of Brass and Copper for
Swords; wonderful, loyal and faithful, and exceeding simple, yet so active,
they skip amongst the Rocks like Goats. {MN-2} They trade with them of
Nubea, and Congo, for Lamach, which is a small kind of Shell-fish, of an
excellent azure, colour, Male and Female, but the Female they hold most
pure; they value them at divers prices, because they are of divers sorts, and
those they use for Coin, to buy and sell, as we do Gold and Silver; nor will
they have any other Money in all those Countries, for which they give
Elephants Teeth; and Slaves for Salt, Silk, Linen Cloth, Glass-beads, and
such like Portugal Commodities.

{MN-1} The Kingdom of Anchios.

{MN-2} A strange Memr'y.

{MN} They circumcise themselves, and mark their Faces with sundry
slashes from their Infancy. They keep a shambles of Man's Flesh, as if it
were Beef, or other Victuals; for when they cannot have a good Market for
their Slaves; or their Enemies they take, they kill, and sell them in this
manner; some are so resolute, in shewing how much they scorn death, they
will offer themselves and Slaves, to this Butchery to their Prince and
Friends; and though there be many Nations will eat their Enemies, in
America and Asia, yet none but those are known to be so mad, as to eat
their Slaves and Friends also.

{MN} A shambles of Men's Flesh.

Religions and Idols they have as many, as Nations and Humours; but
the Devil hath the greatest part of their Devotions, whom all those Blacks
do say, is white; for there are no Saints but Blacks.

{MN} But besides those great Kingdoms of Congo, Angola, and

Azichi, in those unfrequented Parts are the Kingdoms of Lango, Matania,
Battua, Sofola, Mozambeche, Quivola, the Isle of St. Lawrence, Mombaza,
Melinda, the Empires of Monomotapa, Monemugi, and Presbyter John,
with whom they have a kind of Trade, and their Rites, Customs, Climates,
Temperatures, and Commodities by Relation. Also of great Lakes, that
deserve the Names of Seas, and huge Mountains of divers sorts, as some
scorched with heat, some covered with Snow; the Mountains of the Sun,
also of the Moon, some of Chrystal, some of Iron, some of Silver, and
Mountains of Gold, with the Original of Nilus; likewise sundry sorts of
Cattel, Fishes, Fowls, strange Beasts, and monstrous Serpents; for Africa
was always noted to be a fruitful Mother of such terrible Creatures; who
meeting at their watering places, which are but Ponds in desart places, in
regard of the heat of the Country, and their extremities of Nature, make
strange Copulations, and so ingender those extraordinary Monsters. Of all
these you may read in the History, of this Edward Lopez, translated into
English by Abraham Hartwel, and dedicated to John Lord Arch-bishop of
Canterbury, 1597. But because the Particulars are most concerning the
conversion of those Pagans, by a good poor Priest, that first converted a
Noble Man, to convert the King, and the rest of the Nobility; sent for so
many Priests and Ornaments into Portugal, to Solemnize their Baptisms
with such Magnificence, which was performed with such strange
Curiosities, that those poor Negro's adored them as gods, till the Priests
grew to that Wealth, a Bishop was sent to rule over them, which they would
not endure, which endangered to spoil all before they could be reconciled.
But not to trouble you too long with those Rarities of uncertainties; let us
return again to Barbary, where the Wars being ended, and Befferres
possessed of Morocco, and his Fathers Treasure, a new bruit arose amongst
them, that Muly Sidan was raising an Army against him, who after took his
Brother Befferres Prisoner; but by reason of the uncertainty, and the
perfidious, treacherous, bloody murthers rather than War, amongst those
perfidious, barbarous Moors, Smith returned with Merham, and the rest to
Saffe, and so aboard his Ship, to try some other conclusions at Sea.

{MN} Divers Nations yet unknown, and the wonders of Africa.

 CHAP. XX.

A brave Sea Fight betwixt to Spanish Men of War, and Captain Merham,
with Smith.

Merham, a Captain of a Man of War then in the Road, invited Captain

Smith, and two or three more of them aboard with him, where he spared not
any thing he had to express his kindness, to bid them welcome, till it was
too late to go on Shoar, so that necessity constrained them to stay aboard; a
fairer Evening could not be, yet ere Midnight, such a Storm did arise, they
were forced to let slip Cable, and Anchor, and put to Sea; spooning before
the Wind, till they were driven to the Canaries; in the Calms they
accommodated themselves, hoping this strange accident might yet produce
some good event; not long it was before they took a small Bark coming
from Tenerif, loaded with Wine; three or four more they chased, two they
took, but found little in them, save a few Passengers, that told them of five
Dutch Men of War, about the Isles, so that they stood for Boiadora, upon
the African Shoar, betwixt which and Cape Noa, they descryed two Sail.
Merham intending to know what they were, hailed them; very civilly they
danced their Top-sails, and desired the Man of War to come aboard them,
and take what he would, for they were but two poor distressed Biskainers.
But Merham the old Fox, seeing himself in the Lions paws, sprung his louf,
the other tacked after him, and came close up to his nether Quarter, gave his
Broad-side, and so loufed up to Windward; the Vice-Admiral did the like,
and at the next bout, the Admiral with a noise of Trumpets, and all his
Ordnance, Murtherers, and Muskets, boarded him on his Broad-side, the
other in like manner on his ley Quarter, that it was so dark, there was little
light, but fire and smoak; long he stayed not, before he, fell off, leaving 4 or
5 of his Men sprawling over the Grating; after they had battered Merham
about an hour, they boarded him again as before, and threw four Kedgars or
Grapnels in Iron Chains, then shearing off, they thought so to have torn
down the Grating; but the Admiral's Yard was so intangled in their Shrouds,
Merham had time to discharge two cross barr shot amongst them, and
divers Bolts of Iron made for that purpose, against his Bow, that made such
a Breach, he feared they both mould have sunk for Company; so that the
Spaniard was as yare in slipping his chained Grapnels, as Merham was in
cutting the Tackling, kept fast their Yards in his Shrouds; the Vice-Admiral
presently cleared himself, but spared neither his Ordnance nor Muskets to
keep Merham from getting away, till the Admiral had repaired his Leak;
from twelve at noon, till six at night, they thus interchanged one volly for
another; then the Vice-Admiral fell on Stern, staying for the Admiral that
came up again to him, and all that night stood after Merham, that shaped his
course for Mamora, but such small way they made, the next Morning they
were not three Leagues off from Cape Noa. The two Spanish Men of War,
for so they were, and well appointed, taking it in scorn as it seemed, with
their Chase, Broad-side, and Stern, the one after the other, within Musket
shot, plying their Ordnance; and after an hours Work, commanded Merham
amain for the King of Spain upon fair Quarter; Merham drank to them, and
so discharged his Quarter Pieces. Which Pride the Spaniard to revenge,
boarded him again, and many of them were got to the top to unsling the
Main-Sail, which the Master and some others from the Round-House,
caused to their cost to come tumbling down; about the Round-House the
Spaniards so pestred, that they were forced to the great Cablen and blew it
up; the smoak and fire was so vehement, as they thought the Ship on fire;
they in the Fore-Castle were no less assaulted, that they blew up a piece of
the Grating, with a great many of Spaniards more; then they cleared
themselves with all speed, and Merham with as much Expedition to quench
the Fire with wet Cloaths and Water, which began to grow too fast. The
Spaniard still playing upon him with all the shot they could; the open
Places presently they covered with old Sails, and prepared themselves to
fight to the last Man. The Angry Spaniard seeing the fire quenched, hung
out a Flag of truce to have but a Parley; but that desperate Merham knew
there was but one way with him, and would have none, but the report of his
Ordnance, which he did know well how to use for his best Advantage. Thus
they spent the next Afternoon, and half the Night, when the Spaniards either
lost them or left them. Seven and twenty Men Merham had slain and sixteen
wounded, and could find they had received 140 great shot. A wounded
Spaniard they kept alive confessed, they had lost 100 Men in the Admiral,
which they did fear would sink ere she could recover a Port. Thus Re-
accommodating their Sails, they failed for Sancta Cruse, Cape Goa, and
Magadore, till they came again to Safee, and then he returned into England.

CHAP. XXI.

The continuation of the General History of Virginia; the Summer Isles, and New
England; with their present Estate from 1624. to this present 1629.

Concerning these Countries, I would be sorry to trouble you with

repeating one thing twice, as with their Mapps, Commodities, People,
Government and Religion yet known; the beginning of these Plantations,
their Numbers and Names, with the Names of the Adventures, the Yearly
proceedings of every Governour both here and there. As for the
Misprisions, Neglect, Grievances, and the causes of all these Rumours,
losses and crosses that have happened; I refer you to the General History,
where you shall find all this at large; especially to those Pages where you
may read my Letter of Advice to the Councel and Company, what of
necessity must be done, or lose all and leave the Country, Pag. 70. what
Commodities I sent home, Pag. 163. my Opinion and offer to the Company,
to feed and defend the Colonies, Pag. 150. my Account to them here of my
Actions there, Pag. 163. and seven Answers to his Majesty's
Commissioners: Seven Questions what hath hindered Virginia, and the
remedy, Pag. 165. How those Noble Gentlemen spent near two Years in
perusing all Letters came from thence; and the differences betwixt many
Factions, both here and there, with their Complaints; especially about the
Sallery which should have been a new Office in London, for the well
ordering the sale of Tobacco, that 2500 Pounds should Yearly have been
raised out of it, to pay four or five Hundred Pounds Yearly to the Governour
of that Company, two or three Hundred to his Deputy; the rest into Stipends
of forty or fifty Pounds Yearly for their Clerks and other Officers which
were never there, Pag. 153. but not one Hundred Pounds for all them in
Virginia, nor any thing for the most part of the Adventures in England,
except the undertakers for the Lotteries, Setters out of Ships, Adventures of
Commodities, also their Factors and many other Officers, there imployed
only by friendship to raise their Fortunes out of the Labours of the true
Industrious Planters by the Title of their Office, who under the colour of
sincerity, did pillage and deceive all the rest most cunningly: For more than
150000 Pounds have been spent out of the Common Stock, besides many
thousands have been there Consumed, and near 7000 People that there died,
only for want of good Order and Government, otherwise long ere this there
would have been more than 20000 People, where after twenty Years spent
only in Complement and trying new Conclusions, was remaining scarce
1500, with some few Cattel.

Then the Company dissolved, but no Account of any thing; so that his
Majesty appointed Commissioners to oversee, and give Order for their
Proceedings. Being thus in a manner left to themselves, since then within
these four Years, you shall see how wonderfully they have increased beyond
expectation; but so exactly as I desired, I cannot relate unto you: For altho' I
have tired my self in seeking and discoursing with those returned thence,
more than would a Voyage to Virginia; few can tell me any thing, but of that
Place or Places they have Inhabited, and he is a great Traveller that hath
gone up and down the River of James Town, been at Pamaunk, Smith's
Isles, or Accomack; wherein for the most part, they keep one tune of their
now particular abundance, and their former wants having been there, some
sixteen Years, some twelve, some six, some near twenty, &c. But of their
general Estate, or any thing of worth, the most of them doth know very little
to any purpose.

{MN} Now the most I could understand in general, was from the
Relation of Mr. Nathaniel Cawsey, that lived there with me, and returned
Anno Dom. 1627. and some others affirm; Sir George Yerely was
Governour, Captain Francis West, Doctor John Pott, Captain Roger Smith,
Captain Matthews, Captain Tucker, Mr. Clabourn, and Mr. Farrer, of the
Council: their Habitations many. The Governour, with two or three of the
Council, are for most part at James Town, the rest repair thither as there is
occasion; but every three Months they have a general Meeting, to consider
of their Publick Affairs.

{MN} Their estate 1627.

{MN} Their Numbers then were about 1500, some say rather 2000,
divided into seventeen or eighteen several Plantations; the greatest part
thereof towards the falls, are so inclosed with Pallisadoes they regard not
the Salvages. and amongst those Plantations above James Town, they have
now found means to take plenty of Fish, as well with Lines as Nets, and
where the Waters are the largest, having Means they need not want.

{MN} Their numbers.

{MN} Upon this River they seldom see any Salvages, but in the
Woods, many times their Fires: yet some few there are, that upon their
opportunity, have slain some few straglers, which have been revenged with
the Death of so many of themselves; but no other Attempt hath been made
upon them this two or three Years.

{MN} Their condition with the Salvages.

{MN} Their Cattel, Namely, Oxen, Kine, Bulls, they imagine to be

about 2000; Goats great store and great increase; the wild Hoggs, which
were infinite, are destroyed and eaten by the Salvages: but no Family is so
poor that hath not tame Swine sufficient; and for Poultry, he is a very bad
Husband, breedeth not an Hundred in a Year, and the Richer sort doth daily
feed on them.

{MN} Their increase of Cattel and Poultry.

{MN} For Bread they have plenty, and so good, that those that make it
well, better cannot be: Divers have much English Corn, especially Mr.
Abraham Perce, which prepared this Year to sow two Hundred Acres of
English Wheat, and as much with Barly, feeding daily about the number of
sixty Persons at his own Charges.

{MN} Plenty of Corn.

{MN} For Drink, Some Malt the Indian Corn, others Barly, of which
they make good Ale, both strong and small, and such plenty thereof, few of
the Upper Planters drink any Water: but the better sort are well furnished
with Sack, Aquavitæ, and good English Beer.

{MN} Their Drink.

{MN} The Servants commonly feed upon Milk Homili, which is

bruised Indian Corn pounded, and boiled thick, and Milk for the sawce; but
boiled with Milk, the best of all will feed oft on it, and leave their Flesh;
with Milk, Butter and Cheese; with Fish, Bulls-flesh, for they seldom kill
any other, &c. And every one is so applied to his labour about Tobacco and
Corn, which doth yield them such Profit, they never regard any food from
the Salvages, nor have they any Trade or Conference with them, but upon
meer Accidents and Defiances: And now the Merchants have left it, there
having gone so many voluntary Ships within these two Years, as have
furnished them with Apparel, Sack, Aquavitæ, and all necessaries, much
better than any before.

{MN} Their Servants diet.

{MN} For Arms, There is scarce any Man but he is furnished with a
Piece, a Jack, a Coat of Male, a Sword or Rapier; and every Holy-day, every
Plantation doth Exercise their Men in Arms, by which means Hunting and
Fowling, the most part of them are most Excellent Marks-men.

{MN} Their Arms and Exercise.

{MN} For Discoveries they have made none, nor any other
Commodity than Tobacco do they apply themselves unto, tho' never any
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