Medicine, Health, and Healing in the Ancient Mediterranean

(500 BCE600 CE) A Sourcebook - 1st Edition

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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS

List of Illustrations

1. Approaching the History of Medicine

2. Greek and Roman Medicine: A Chronological Overview

3. Living Conditions in the Ancient Mediterranean

4. The Cosmos and the Body as a (Micro)cosm
TEXT 1. Plato, Timaeus selections (27c–34b, 42d–44c)
TEXT 2. Hippocratic Corpus, Airs, Waters, Places
5. The Art and Science of Medicine
TEXT 3. Hippocratic Corpus, On the Art of Medicine
TEXT 4. Celsus, On Medicine selection (Preface 1–57)

6. Theories of Health and Illness

TEXT 5. Hippocratic Corpus, On the Nature of
Humans selection (1–9)
7. Diagnosis
TEXT 6. Rufus of Ephesus, On the Importance of
Questioning the Sick Person
TEXT 7. Pliny, Natural History selection (28.68–69)

8. Case Histories
TEXT 8. Hippocratic Corpus, On Epidemics selections
(cases from Books 1, 2, 4, and 5)
9. Common Complaints
Women’s Illnesses
TEXT 9. Hippocratic Corpus, Diseases of Women
selections (1.1–2, 4–7)
TEXT 10. Metrodora, On the Conditions of the Womb
selection (1–19)
Digestive and Intestinal Ailments
TEXT 11. Caelius Aurelianus, Chronic Conditions
selections (4.3, 4.8)
Wounds and Fractures
TEXT 12. Celsus, On Medicine selection (5.26)
Bites and Stings
TEXT 13. Nicander, On Dangerous Creatures
selections (1–7, 98–114, 636–655, 921–933)
Eye Conditions
TEXT 14. Galen, On the Affected Parts selection (4.2)
TEXT 15. Paul of Aegina, Medical Compendium
selection (3.22)
Fevers
TEXT 16. Celsus, On Medicine selection (3.3–4)
Mental and Emotional Afflictions
TEXT 17. Hippocratic Corpus, On the Sacred Illness
Epidemics
TEXT 18. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian
 War selection (2.47–54)
TEXT 19. Procopius, History of the Wars selection
(2.22–23)
10. Common Treatments and Therapeutics
Regimen
TEXT 20. Hippocratic Corpus, Regimen in Health
selection (1–9)
TEXT 21. Celsus, On Medicine selection (2.10–11)
TEXT 22. Paul of Aegina, Medical Compendium
selection (1.53–56)
Pharmacology and Drug Therapies
TEXT 23. Theophrastus, Inquiry on Plants selection
(9.8)
TEXT 24. Scribonius Largus, Recipes selection
(Preface 1–14)
TEXT 25. Cato, On Agriculture selection (156–157)
TEXT 26. Dioscorides, Medical Material selection
(4.64)
TEXT 27. Oribasius, Medical Compilations selection
(1.20)
TEXT 28. Pliny, Natural History selections (27.14–20,
28.35–38)
Surgery
TEXT 29. Celsus, On Medicine selections (7.proem,
7.5, 7.7, and 7.16)
Incubation and Dream Therapies
TEXT 30. Inscriptions from Epidaurus, selections
(from Stelai A and B)
TEXT 31. Hippocratic Corpus, On Regimen selections
(4.86, 4.90)
TEXT 32. Artemidorus, Interpretation of Dreams
selections (4.22, 5.9, 5.26, 5.59, 5.61, 5.66, 5.71–72,
5.79, 5.87, 5.89, 5.94)
 Therapies of Touch, Word, and Sound
11. Physicians
TEXT 33. Galen, On Examinations by Which the Best
Physicians Are Recognized selections (1–3, 5, 9)
TEXT 34. Galen, On Anatomical Procedures selections
(1.1–3, 3.1–2)
TEXT 35. Soranus, Women’s Health selection (1.2–3)
TEXT 36. Inscriptions related to physicians

12. Patients
TEXT 37. Fronto, Letters (selections of letters to
Marcus Aurelius and Antoninus Pius)
TEXT 38. Seneca, Letters (Letters 54, 104.1–3, 6)
TEXT 39. Inscriptions related to patients

13. Ethics and Professional Conduct

TEXT 40. Hippocratic Oath
TEXT 41. Oath of Asaph and Yoḥanan
TEXT 42. Hippocratic Corpus, Decorum selections (5,
7–18)
14. Life Stages
TEXT 43. Celsus, On Medicine selection (2.1)
Pregnancy and Obstetric Care
TEXT 44. Soranus, Women’s Health selections (1.10–
13, 1.16, 1.22, 2.1)
TEXT 45. Aëtius of Amida, Four-Volume Compendium
selections (16.10–12, 16.22–25)
Childhood Ailments and Pediatric Care
TEXT 46. Soranus, Women’s Health selection (2.8)
TEXT 47. Galen, On Hygiene selections (1.7, 1.9,
1.12)
Geriatric Ailments and End of Life
 TEXT 48. Galen, On Hygiene selection (5.3–4)
15. Healing Places and Spaces

Acknowledgments

Timeline
Glossary of Subjects
Glossary of People

Further Reading
Index
ILLUSTRATIONS

MAP

1. The ancient Mediterranean

FIGURES

1. Second-century CE Roman mosaic depicting the evil

eye
2. Fourth- to fifth-century CE curative amulet
3. First-century CE marble bust of Hippocrates
4. Fifth-century BCE marble relief of Asclepius and
Hygieia
5. Sixth-century CE manuscript illustration of famous
medical writers in conversation
6. Ninth-century CE manuscript illustration depicting
care provided at Basil’s hospital complex
7. Probability of death in the ancient Mediterranean
across age groups
8. Model of a Roman tenement building
9. Illustrator’s rendering of a Roman home
10. Illustrator’s rendering of communal toilets at a
Roman fort
11. Sixth-century underground cistern
12. First-century CE lead pipe
13. Mantle from the House of Caecilius Iucundus,
Pompeii, depicting earthquake in 62/63 CE
14. First-century BCE terracotta figurine of emaciated
woman
15. Battle scene from Trajan’s column, second century CE

16. Diagram of ancient humoral theory

17. Visualization of geography in Airs, Waters, Places
18. Visualization of critical days
19. Second-century CE marble funerary monument for an
Athenian physician
20. Sixteenth-century CE illustrated manuscript table of
urine colors from Epiphaniae medicorum
21. Collection of terracotta votive uteruses, 200 BCE–200
CE
22. Collection of Roman specula, 50 CE
23. Manuscript illustration depicting the administration
of an enema using a clyster
24. Clyster from the Casa del Medico Nuovo (II), Pompeii
25. Eight-thousand-year-old human coprolite from
Çatalhöyük, Türkiye
26. Roman tile cauteries
27. Bronze thigh tourniquet, Roman, 199 BCE–500 CE
28. Bronze aucissa-type fibula, Roman, late 1st century
BCE–mid-1st century CE
29. Second- to third-century CE bronze votive serpent
30. Roman collyrium stamp, 400 BCE–400 CE
31. Third- to fourth-century CE sarcophagus depicting a
physician conducting an ophthalmological
examination or applying an eye medication
32. Second- to third-century CE marble votive relief with
eyes
33. Illustrator’s rendering of the anatomy of the eye
34. Galen’s classification of septic fevers
35. First-century CE marble relief of Maenads
36. Manuscript illustration depicting Hippocrates treating
a victim of the plague of Athens
37. Scanning electron microphotograph of Yersinia pestis
38. Attic red-figure Greek vase depicting men engaged in
sports
39. Fourth-century CE floor mosaic depicting women
engaged in exercises and sports
40. Illustrator’s rendering of the Stabian bath complex,
Pompeii
41. First-century BCE to first-century CE clay hot-water
bottles
42. Red-figure Greek vase, c. 480–470 BCE, depicting
bloodletting
43. Glass cruets, mortar, and pestle from Pompeii
44. First- to second-century CE bronze medicine box,
Roman
45. Ninth-century CE manuscript entry on the opium
poppy in Dioscorides’s Medical Material
46. Circa seventh-century BCE Etruscan dental
prostheses
47. Illustrator’s rendering of trepanation procedure;
second-century CE trepanned skull
48. Circa first- to second-century CE surgical kit
49. Illustrator’s rendering of the temple complex of
Asclepius in Epidaurus, Greece
50. Relief from a fourth-century BCE dedication to
Amphiaraos
51. Fourth-century BCE marble relief from the temple of
Asclepius in Piraeus, Greece
52. Fourth-century CE fresco depicting a hemorrhaging
woman touching Jesus’s garment
53. Fourth-century CE anatomy lesson fresco
54 and 55. Circa 140 CE terracotta reliefs from the tomb of
a medical couple
56. Fourth-century BCE relief from the grave stele of the
obstetrician-physician Phanostrate
57. Attic red-figure drinking cup, 550 BCE, depicting
Achilles and Patroclus
58. First-century CE fresco depicting Iapyx and Aeneas
59. Third-century CE papyrus fragment of the Hippocratic
Oath
60. First-century BCE to first-century CE marble funerary
or votive relief for a physician
61. First-century CE ivory carving depicting a birthing
scene
62. Illustration from a medieval manuscript of Muscio’s
sixth-century CE treatise on gynecology
63 and 64. Third-century CE funerary monument of a wet
nurse
65. Second- to third-century CE terracotta figurines of
women breastfeeding
66. Second-century CE marble sarcophagus for a child
67. Eleventh-century manuscript illustration depicting the
soul of a dying man leaving his body
68. Silver and gilt bowl depicting the operations at a
natural hot springs, Roman period
69. Illustrator’s rendering of the Valley of the Temples in
Agrigento, Sicily
70. Reconstruction of a patient room in the second-
century CE residential house of a surgeon
71. Mid-third-century BCE house of a surgeon, Pompeii
72. Aerial view of a Roman military infirmary
MAP 1 The ancient Mediterranean
ONE

Approaching the History of

Medicine

W H Y S HOULD WE STUD Y THE HISTORY OF

M E D I C INE?

Students interested in health—especially those seeking

careers in the medical professions—know they need to
study anatomy, chemistry, and the biological systems of the
human body. Many also know that they would benefit from
courses beyond the sciences, including courses on the
material and societal conditions that lead to health
disparities across communities (epidemiology), on the
economics of health-care systems (such as the US
Affordable Care Act, Canada’s Medicare system, and the
UK’s National Health Service), and on medical ethics. Yet,
students may be less convinced that they should study the
history of medicine. Why, they might ask, would it be
important to study medical ideas and practices of the past,