Research Anthology on Recent Advancements in

Ethnopharmacology and Nutraceuticals

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Subjects: MESH: Ethnopharmacology | Dietary Supplements | Phytotherapy

Functional Food | Risk Assessment

Classification: LCC RM301 (print) | LCC RM301 (ebook) | NLM QV 752 |

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British Cataloguing in Publication Data

A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the

British Library.

All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material.

The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not

necessarily of the publisher.

Editor-in-Chief

Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, DBA

Information Resources Management Association, USA

Associate Editors

Steve Clarke, University of Hull, UK

Murray E. Jennex, San Diego State University, USA

Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko, University of Tampere, Finland

Editorial Advisory Board

Sherif Kamel, American University in Cairo, Egypt

In Lee, Western Illinois University, USA

Jerzy Kisielnicki, Warsaw University, Poland

Amar Gupta, Arizona University, USA

Craig van Slyke, University of Central Florida, USA

John Wang, Montclair State University, USA

Vishanth Weerakkody, Brunel University, UK

 Preface
For hundreds of years, indigenous populations have developed drugs based

on medicinal plants. Many practitioners, especially advocates of traditional

medicine, continue to support the use of plants and functional foods as

methods by which many ailments can be treated, often in conjunction with

formal medical care. With relevance around the world as a complementary

and alternative medicine, advancements for the use of both

ethnopharmacology and nutraceuticals in disease must continually be

explored, especially as society works to combat chronic illnesses,

increasingly resilient infectious diseases, and pain management

controversies.

Staying informed of the most up-to-date research trends and findings is of

the utmost importance. That is why IGI Global is pleased to offer this three-

volume reference collection of reprinted IGI Global book chapters and

journal articles that have been handpicked by senior editorial staff. This

collection will shed light on critical issues related to the trends, techniques,

and uses of various applications by providing both broad and detailed

perspectives on cutting-edge theories and developments. This collection is

designed to act as a single reference source on conceptual, methodological,

technical, and managerial issues, as well as to provide insight into emerging

trends and future opportunities within the field.

The Research Anthology on Recent Advancements in Ethnopharmacology

and Nutraceuticals is organized into six distinct sections that provide

comprehensive coverage of important topics. The sections are:

 1. Fundamental Concepts and Theories;

2. Development and Design Methodologies;

3. Tools and Technologies;

4. Utilization and Applications;

5. Organizational and Social Implications; and

6. Critical Issues and Challenges.

The following paragraphs provide a summary of what to expect from this

invaluable reference tool.

Section 1, “Fundamental Concepts and Theories,” serves as a foundation for

this extensive reference tool by addressing crucial theories essential to

understanding the concepts and uses of ethnopharmacology in various

beneficial uses. Opening this reference book is the chapter “An Overview of

Publications of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research” by

Prof. Mayuree Tangkiatkumjai of Srinakharinwirot University, Thailand,

which presents an overview of the quantity and quality of clinical research

in CAM and publication bias. This first section ends with the chapter

“Therapeutic Properties of Syzygium cumini (Jamun) and Tinospora

cordifolia (Giloy) Against Various Lethal Diseases” by Prof. Ankita

Gautam of Gautam Buddha University, India, which describes the ways in

which Jamun seed and fruit extracts have been used to treat blood glucose

regulation and insulin parameters.

Section 2, “Development and Design Methodologies,” presents in-depth

coverage of drug development using plants and herbal properties, as well as

the design of treatment using these medicines. This section starts with

“Herbal Drug Interactions” by Prof. Mymoona Akhter of Jamia Hamdard,

India, which presents interactions of herbal medicines with other medicines

(herbal or non-herbal). This section ends with the chapter “Antidiabetic

Activity (Anti-Hyperglycemic Activity, Anti-Hyperlipidemic

Activity)/Agents From Medicinal Plants” by Profs. Manish Singh Sansi,

Daraksha Iram, Kapil Singh Narayan, Sandeep Kumar, Om Prakash, and

Dipanjan Misra of National Dairy Research Institute, India, which describes

research into treating diabetes mellitus through ethnopharmacology.

Section 3, “Tools and Technologies,” explores the various tools and

technologies used in the implementation of ethnopharmacology and

nutraceuticals for various uses. This section begins with “Ethnobotany: The

Traditional Medical Science for Alleviating Human Ailments and

Suffering” by Profs. Navneet and Akash of Gurukul Kangri University,

India; Profs. Bhupendra Singh Bhandari and Surendra Singh Bisht of HNB

Garhwal University, India; and Prof. Dalip Kumar Mansotra of Gurukul

Kangri University, India, which reviews the relationship of plants and

humans, along with their cultural relationship and role of the traditional

medicines, by exploring the methodologies and various concepts for the

discovery of various drugs. This section ends with the chapter

“Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Aspects of

Hemidesmus indicus: A Herbal Bliss for Mankind” by Profs. Akash,

Navneet, and Minakshi Rajput of Gurukula Kangri University, India, which

gathers and compiles the traditional ethnobotanical and ayurvedic aspects of

H. indicus and recently updated knowledge regarding the pharmacology,

phytochemistry, adulteration, and current trends of this medicinally

important herb in the field of modern phytomedicine.

Section 4, “Utilization and Applications,” describes how

ethnopharmacology and functional foods are used and applied in diverse

ways to aid in medical treatment. The opening chapter in this section,

“Plant-Derived Compounds and Their Potential Role in Drug

Development,” by Profs. Dimitrios Kaloudas and Robert Penchovsky of

Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, describes how

with the development of biotechnology, plants have gained again a

prominent place as a relatively inexpensive source for the creation of

recombinant pharmaceuticals. This section ends with the chapter “Analysis

of Serbian Production and Export of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants” by

Prof. Svetlana Ignjatijević of University of Business Academy in Novi Sad,

Serbia and Prof. Drago Cvijanović of University of Kragujevac, Serbia,

which analyzes the production and export/import of MAP (medical and

aromatic plants) from Serbia.

Section 5, “Organizational and Social Implications,” includes chapters

discussing the impact of herbal medicines and functional foods on drug

development and the treatment of diseases in society. The chapter

“Biochemic System of Medicine: Oldest Form of Nutraceutical Therapy”

by Profs. Srijan Goswami and Sagarika Mitra of Indian School of

Complementary Therapy and Allied Sciences, India; Prof. Piyasee Paul of

Institute of Genetic Engineering, India; Prof. Dipjyoti Dey of Indian School

of Complementary Therapy and Allied Sciences, India; and Prof. Sankalan

Dasof of Institute of Genetic Engineering, India presents the fundamental

ideology and concepts that underlies the promising system of biochemic

medicine as concisely, simply, and to-the-point as possible. This section

ends with the chapter “Nutraceutical and Functional Foods in Cancer

Management and Therapy” by Profs. Sakshi Bajaj and Satish Manchanda of

Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, India, which

brings new hope of future therapies to fight cancer.

Section 6, “Critical Issues and Challenges,” presents coverage of academic

and research perspectives on challenges to using herbal and dietary

complementary medicines in different methods, technologies, and

techniques in varied applications. Starting this section is “Nutraceuticals for

Human Health and Hypersensitivity Reaction” by Prof. Anamika Basu of

Gurudas College, India and Profs. Piyali Basak and Anasua Sarkar of

Jadavpur University, India, which discusses the ways in which medicinal

plants may be used to the adverse effects of allopathic drugs. This section

ends with the chapter “Nutraceutical Properties of Important Weeds in

India” by Profs. Aakash Mishra, D. D. Chaudhari, H. K. Patel, and B. D.

Patel of Anand Agricultural University, India, which highlights nutritive

nutraceutical and edible weeds prevailing in Indian ecosystems.

Although the primary organization of the contents in this multi-volume

work is based on its six sections, offering a progression of coverage of the

important concepts, methodologies, technologies, applications, social

issues, and emerging trends, the reader can also identify specific contents by

utilizing the extensive indexing system listed at the end of each volume. As

a comprehensive collection of research on the latest findings related to

ethnopharmacology and functional foods, the Research Anthology on

Recent Advancements in Ethnopharmacology and Nutraceuticals provides

dieticians, pharmacists, doctors, nurses, medical professionals, medical

students, hospital administrators, researchers, and academicians with a

complete understanding of the applications and impacts of these alternative

medical treatment options. Given the vast number of issues concerning

usage, failure, success, strategies, and applications of these practices in

modern technologies and processes, the Research Anthology on Recent

Advancements in Ethnopharmacology and Nutraceuticals encompasses the

most pertinent research on new drug development and treatment strategies.

 Section 1

Fundamental Concepts and Theories

 Chapter 1

An Overview of Publications of
Complementary and Alternative
Medicine Research
Mayuree Tangkiatkumjai

Srinakharinwirot University, Thailand

ABSTRACT

This chapter presents an overview of the quantity and quality of clinical

research in CAM and publication bias. Descriptive studies and their

systematic reviews on CAM, e.g., prevalence and reasons for CAM use,

have been widely conducted worldwide. The findings of the efficacy of

herbal medicine, traditional Chinese medicine and acupuncture for treating

various illnesses, have been highly published. Publications of CAM safety

are limited. A number of clinical studies of CAM in treating kidney diseases

were lower than other illnesses. Studies of Ayurveda and other CAMs are

still lacking. The quality of CAM publications is described based on

systematic reviews of assessing CAM publications. Publication bias is

explained in terms of selective publications and location bias, language bias

and conflict of interest. The mainstream journals are more likely to publish

positive findings. Predatory open access and recommendations for assessing

predatory journals are addressed in this chapter.

INTRODUCTION

The amount of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) research

has been rapidly increasing over recent years (Figure 1). CAM publications

slowly increased in number prior to 2000, dramatically rising in number

after 2000. Several aspects of CAM research have been explored, e.g.

prevalence of use, attitudes of CAM users and practitioners, the efficacy,

safety, and cost-effectiveness of CAM, methodologies used in CAM

research, and CAM regulation. In addition, the number of systematic

reviews and meta-analyses of CAM research has been growing since 2010.

High quality CAM research has been accepted for publishing in mainstream

biomedical journals, e.g. Annals of Internal Medicine, British Medical

Journal, The Lancet, The Journal of the American Medical Association, and

The New England Journal of Medicine (Fontanarosa, 2001). This chapter

gives an overview of CAM publications worldwide, any publication bias,

their quality, and presents the common types and research topics of CAM

published. This chapter will also identify any gaps in CAM research.

Figure 1. Trends in publications on CAM in the medical literature

(Treister-Goltzman et al., 2015)

OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL PUBLICATIONS IN

CAM

Five major publishers based in Europe and the US, i.e. Elsevier, Springer,

Wiley, Tayor & Francis, and Sage, dominate CAM publishing. The

prominent journals based on their impact factors in this area are the Journal

of Ethnopharmacology, Phytomedicine, The American Journal of Chinese

Medicine, Chinese Medicine, and Complementary Therapies in Medicine

(Fan, 2015). Other reliable journals in this field are The Journal of

Alternative and Complementary Medicine, Evidence Based Complementary

and Alternative Medicine, BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine,

Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, Alternative

Medicine Review, Integrative Cancer Therapies, Alternative Therapies in

Health and Medicine, Forsch Komplementmed, Homeopathy, and Chinese

Journal of Integrative Medicine (Fu et al., 2011).

The Cochrane CAM group have been collecting details of published

randomised controlled trials in CAM since 1996 in order to support the

development of systematic reviews of CAM. The Cochrane Central Register

of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) indicates that the most frequent studies of

CAM were non-vitamin, non-mineral dietary supplements, such as

glucosamine or fish oil; Chinese herbal medicine, diet-based therapies;

vitamin and mineral interventions; and acupuncture. This may be due to the

Cochrane CAM group being based at the University of Maryland, and

collaborates with the National Center for Complementary and Integrative

Health in the US where researchers are more likely to focus on dietary

supplements. Frequently reported medical purposes for using CAM by the

Cochrane CAM group were heart and circulation, pain, mental health, and

endocrine and metabolic conditions. In addition, the group published

several systematic reviews regarding treating kidney diseases (see Chapter

7). Regarding the quality of CENTRAL, this database covers controlled

trials in CAM from the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System

Online (MEDLINE), Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE) and non-

MEDLINE resources; 28% of CAM RCTs in CENTRAL were not included

in either MEDLINE or EMBASE (Wieland et al., 2013). Therefore,

CENTRAL is more likely to cover a higher number of controlled trials in

CAM than MEDLINE or EMBASE.

Research on herbal medicine has the highest number of studies worldwide,

compared to other CAMs. Popović et al. (2016) reviewed publications in

herbal medicine between 2001 and 2013 over which they found a 6.3x

increase in the number of articles. The top three regions producing

publications in herbal medicine are Africa (34%), Asia (31%), and Europe

(17%). Although the top three regions producing CAM publications in

general are the US, East Asia, and Europe (Fu, et al., 2011). In vitro (4,589

articles), and animal studies (3,275 articles) were the most prevalent study

types, whilst in humans there were 1,285 articles (Popović et al., 2016).

This small number of publications in humans may be due to the fact that

this review focused on pharmacological effects of herbal medicine in

conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, cancer,

neurological disorders, respiratory diseases, infectious diseases and urinary

disorders.

Regarding traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Chan et al. (2015)

reviewed articles about from 20 selected journals. They found the main
themes of TCM research were quality of ingredients, toxicity/safety

(including regulation), and efficacy. The methods used were in vitro, in vivo,

clinical trials, and in silico, i.e. results generated using a computer (Ekins et

al., 2007). The clinical trials were mainly regarding the efficacy and safety

of acupuncture (Chan et al., 2015). Acupuncture is quite well researched via

various methods, such as RCTs. The research has mainly tested the efficacy

of acupuncture on pain, cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, and the

neuropsychological system (Chan et al., 2015). However approximately

30% of systematic reviews and 21% of RCTs regarding TCM are published

in China (Cai et al., 2012). Therefore, a high percentage of acupuncture

research is published in the Chinese language that is difficult for many

people to access.

The publications of other CAMs, such as Ayurveda are fewer, compared to

publications on herbal medicine, acupuncture or TCM. The most common

use of Ayurveda was for treating diabetes, asthma and hypertension

(Sridharan, et al., 2016). Yoga has been increasing in publications since

2011 and frequent uses of yoga were cited for treating pain, stress, anxiety,

depression, and cancer (Field, 2016). It should be noted that India and the

US most often publish RCTs on yoga. Publications of manipulative therapy

are numerous, and a systematic review found 72 systematic reviews, 96

RCTs, and 10 non-RCTs (Clar, et al., 2014). This review reports both

efficacy and adverse effects for manipulative therapy for both

musculoskeletal and non-musculoskeletal conditions, e.g. asthma, cancer,

gastrointestinal illnesses, etc.

SCOPE AND QUALITY OF EXISTING CAM

RESEARCH