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The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Afghan
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Title: The Afghan War of 1879-80

Author: Howard Hensman

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Transcriber’s Note:
There were a number of fold-out maps and sketches
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will enable a closer inspection of the details. The
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 THE AFGHAN WAR
OF
1879-80,

BEING A COMPLETE NARRATIVE OF THE CAPTURE OF CABUL,

THE SIEGE OF SHERPUR, THE BATTLE OF AHMED KHEL, THE
BRILLIANT MARCH TO CANDAHAR, AND THE DEFEAT OF AYUB
KHAN, WITH THE OPERATIONS ON THE HELMUND, AND THE
SETTLEMENT WITH ABDUR RAHMAN KHAN.

By HOWARD HENSMAN,
SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT OF THE PIONEER (ALLAHABAD), AND
THE DAILY
NEWS (LONDON).

WITH MAPS.

SECOND EDITION.

London:
W. H. ALLEN & CO., 13, WATERLOO PLACE, S.W.
PUBLISHERS TO THE INDIA OFFICE.
1882.
[All rights reserved.]
 LONDON:
PRINTED BY WOODFALL AND KINDER
MILFORD LANE, STRAND, W.C.
 Dedicated
TO

THE 72nd (DUKE OF ALBANY’S OWN)

AND

THE 92nd (GORDON) HIGHLANDERS,

IN ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE GENEROUS
HOSPITALITY
RECEIVED AT THEIR HANDS
IN

AFGHANISTAN.

ADVERTISEMENT.
General Sir F. Roberts writes in regard to the letters now republished
—
“Allow me to congratulate you most cordially on the admirable
manner in which you have placed before the public the account of
our march from Cabul, and the operations of 31st August and 1st
September around Candahar. Nothing could be more accurate or
graphic. I thought your description of the fight at Charasia was one
that any soldier might have been proud of writing; but your recent
letters are, if possible, even better.”
 PREFACE.

The interest aroused by the massacre of our ill-fated Embassy to

the Amir Yakub Khan, the subsequent capture of Cabul, and the
hard-won successes of our armies during the occupation of the city,
can scarcely yet have passed away; and I have, therefore, ventured
to republish the series of letters which, as a special correspondent, I
wrote in the field. They are a simple diary of the war; and though in
this form they may lack conciseness, they have at least the merit of
such accuracy as an eye-witness can alone hope to attain. It was my
good-fortune to be the only special correspondent with the gallant
little army which moved out of Ali Kheyl in September, 1879. The
Government of India had notified that “non-combatant
correspondents” would not be allowed to join the force, the history
of whose achievements was to be left to regimental officers, who
might in their spare hours supply information carefully visé, to such
newspapers as chose to accept it. So carelessly was this strange
order issued, that Sir Frederick Roberts never received official
intimation of its existence, and he welcomed me at Ali Kheyl on the
eve of his departure for Kushi as, I am sure, he would have
welcomed any other correspondent who had chosen to cross the
frontier, and push on without escort and with their own baggage
animals. I make this explanation in justice to General Roberts, upon
whom the responsibility of excluding correspondents has been
falsely thrown. Regarding the letters now republished, Mr. Frederick
Harrison in the Fortnightly Review has been good enough to
describe them as “admirably written, with very great precision and
knowledge.” While not sympathizing in the least with Mr. Harrison’s
criticism of Sir Frederick Roberts’s punishment of Cabul, in support of
which criticism he mainly relied upon my letters, I am grateful for his
estimate of my work. I can scarcely hope that all my critics will be
equally generous.
I have carefully gone into details where military movements of
importance had to be described, and the sketch maps can be relied
upon as showing exact distances and positions.
Howard Hensman,
Special Correspondent of the Pioneer, Allahabad.
Cabul, August, 1880.
* * * * * * *
The above was written when all was peaceful in Afghanistan, but
the disaster at Maiwand once more threw the Cabul army into
excitement, and General Roberts had to march to the relief of
Candahar. This now historical march and the victory at Candahar on
September 1st, are described in detail in Part II. of this volume.
H. H.
Allahabad, November 1st, 1880.
 CONTENTS.

PART I.

CHAPTER I.

PAGE

Massacre of Cavagnari—The Kurram Field Force moves upon 1

Cabul

CHAPTER II.
Yakub Khan in the British Camp 6

CHAPTER III.
The Advance to Charasia and the Battle of that Name, etc. 20

CHAPTER IV.
Capture of Sherpur Cantonments—The Affair of the Asmai 38
Heights
 CHAPTER V.
Cabul Occupied by General Roberts 51

CHAPTER VI.
The Stores in Bala Hissar Arsenal—Disastrous Explosions, 64
etc.

CHAPTER VII.
Execution of Prominent Afghans: the Case of the Kotwal of 82
Cabul, etc.

CHAPTER VIII.
Fighting in the Shutargardan Pass, etc. 93

CHAPTER IX.
Abdication of Yakub Khan; his Arrest, etc. 99

CHAPTER X.
The British Army moves into Sherpur; opening Communication 114
with the Khyber Force, etc.

CHAPTER XI.
The Bala Hissar Dismantled—Raiding for the Murderers of 127
Cavagnari—Execution of numerous Sepoys
 CHAPTER XII.
Approach of Winter—Operations against the Safis, etc. 142

CHAPTER XIII.
Difficulties as to Supplies—Bahadur Khan’s Contumacy; his 153
Villages Destroyed, etc.

CHAPTER XIV.
Yakub Khan Deported to India—Affairs in Afghan Turkistan— 170
Tribal Uneasiness about Cabul, etc.

CHAPTER XV.

The December Troubles—Formidable Strength of Mahomed 184

Jan—Repulse of General Dunham Massy—The Afghan Army
before Cabul

CHAPTER XVI.
The Fighting around Cabul—General Roberts withdraws 198
within Sherpur, etc.

CHAPTER XVII.
The Siege of Sherpur—Musa Jan proclaimed Amir by the 218
Afghan Leader, etc.
 CHAPTER XVIII.
The Siege of Sherpur (continued)—Mahomed Jan delivers his 239
Attack—Its Failure—Reinforcements from the Khyber Line,
etc.

CHAPTER XIX.
Dispersion of Afghan Army—General Roberts Re-occupies 259
Cabul—Universality of the late Jehad—A Looted City

CHAPTER XX.
Punishment of Mir Butcha and his Kohistanis—Asmatullah 273
Khan’s Operations about Jugdulluck—Deportation of Daoud
Shah

CHAPTER XXI.
General Roberts proclaims an Amnesty—Afghan Chiefs at 283
Cabul—Message from Mahomed Jan—News of Abdur
Rahman Khan, etc.

CHAPTER XXII.

The British Hospital in Cabul—“How we Live in 297

Sherpur”—“How they Live in Cabul”

CHAPTER XXIII.
Shere Ali’s Efforts to raise an Army—Gun-making, etc. in 320
Cabul—The Ghazi and his Mode of Warfare

CHAPTER XXIV.
The Early Life of Abdur Rahman Khan—Prominent Afghan 339
Characters, etc.

CHAPTER XXV.
Mr. Lepel Griffin arrives at Sherpur to investigate the 355
Political Situation—The Malcontent Chiefs in Durbar—
Explanation of British Policy

CHAPTER XXVI.

General Ross goes out to meet General Stewart—A Second 373

Successful Battle at Charasia

CHAPTER XXVII.
General Stewart at Cabul—His March from Candahar—The 388
Battle of Ahmed Khel—Capture of Ghazni, Action at
Urzoo, etc.

CHAPTER XXVIII.
“The Divine Figure from the North”—A Period of Calm—The 403
Kizilbashes, etc.
 CHAPTER XXIX.

The Amirship offered to Abdur Rahman—Cavalry Action at 415

Padkhao Shana

CHAPTER XXX.
Formal Recognition of Abdur Rahman by the British—His 431
Interviews with Mr. Griffin—A Settlement arrived at

CHAPTER XXXI.
News of Maiwand—General Roberts marches to relieve 450
Candahar—Cabul evacuated by General Stewart—The
Settlement with Abdur Rahman

PART II.

CHAPTER I.
The March to Candahar—Arrival at Shashgao 464

CHAPTER II.
The March (continued)—Relief of Khelat-i-Ghilzai—Arrival 477
at Robat—End of the March, etc.

CHAPTER III.
General Roberts in Candahar—Reconnaissance on the Herat 503
Road—Battle of Candahar and Defeat of Ayub Khan, etc.
 CHAPTER IV.
The Siege of Candahar—Sortie by the Garrison, etc. 530

CHAPTER V.
The Operations on the Helmund—The Disaster at Maiwand 545

Conclusion 558

Appendix 565
 LIST OF MAPS ILLUSTRATING ENGAGEMENTS.

TO
FACE
PAGE
1. Engagement on Heights near Cabul, October 6, 1879 30
2. Actions around Cabul, December 11 to 14, 1879 188
3. Operations near Cabul, December 13 and 14, 1879 200
4. The Siege of Sherpur—Plan of the Defences 232
5. The Battle of Ahmed Khel, April 19, 1880 394
6. The Action at Urzoo, April 23, 1880 402
7. The Battle of Candahar, September 1, 1880 512
8. The Siege of Candahar—Plan of the Defences 532
9. The Operations on the Helmund, July, 1880 546
10. The Battle of Maiwand, July 27, 1880 552

THE AFGHAN WAR

OF
1879-80.
 PART I.

THE OCCUPATION OF CABUL—THE BRITISH BESIEGED

AT SHERPUR—DISPERSAL OF THE TRIBES.

CHAPTER I.
Introduction—The Cavagnari Mission—Yakub Khan’s Evasion of the Gundamak
Treaty—Turbulence of the Herat Regiments—Nakshband Khan’s Warning—The
Outbreak—Yakub Khan’s Behaviour—Reception of the News in India—The
Seizure of the Shutargardan, and Preparations for the Advance upon Cabul.

The Treaty of Gundamak had for its chief object the direct
representation of the British Government at the Court of the Amir
Yakub Khan, and, in pursuance of the terms of the Treaty, Sir Louis
Cavagnari, K.C.B., C.S.I., was received at Cabul, as Resident, on July
24th, 1879. Mr. William Jenkyns, of the Indian Civil Service,
accompanied him as secretary to the Mission. An escort of twenty-
five sowars and fifty sepoys of the Guides’ Corps was the only means
of protection at the Embassy’s command, implicit faith being placed
in the Amir’s promise to guard the lives of his guests. Lieutenant
Hamilton was in command of the escort, and Dr. Kelly, surgeon of
the Guides, was the medical officer attached to the Mission.
Including servants and followers, there were in all some 200 souls
gathered in the Residency in the Bala Hissar from July 24th until the
outbreak of the Herat regiments on the morning of September 3rd.
It would be out of place to describe at length the course of events
which culminated in the Massacre, but from the tone of Sir Louis
Cavagnari’s letters there can be no doubt the Amir was never
anxious to carry out to the strict letter the terms of the Gundamak
Treaty. Taking the official diary sent weekly from Cabul to the Indian
Government, it appears that every outward honour was paid to the
Embassy upon its arrival, but that Yakub Khan was so suspicious of
his Ministers and Nobles, that he told off men to watch the
Residency. These spies furnished the names of all who visited
Cavagnari without the Amir’s knowledge. Then came rumours of
petty chiefs having been punished for their friendship to the British
during the late campaign, although one of the main points of the
Treaty was directed against this very contingency.[1] The Amir always
avoided reference to this subject, and as Sir Louis Cavagnari could
not obtain direct evidence of the amnesty clauses being departed
from, no redress could be obtained. Apart from palace intrigues,
which are always rife in Cabul, there seemed no direct element of
discord at work in the capital until the troops from Herat reached
Sherpur Cantonment on August 5th. These regiments had not
shared in the humiliation of the defeats suffered by the Cabul
soldiery at Ali Musjid and the Peiwar Kotal; they taunted their
comrades in arms with cowardice, and boasted of their own
prowess; and their turbulence soon assumed a dangerous form. A
ressaldar-major of one of our cavalry regiments, Nakshband Khan,
an old and tried soldier, was spending his furlough at his village of
Aoshahr, two miles from Cabul, and he seems first to have caught
the alarm. When the Herat regiments marched, or rather swaggered,
through the streets of Cabul, with bands playing, many of the
soldiers abused the Kafir elchi (ambassador) by name, calling out to
the populace, “Why has he come here?” and showing too clearly
that their passions were dangerously excited. Nakshband Khan
learned from a fellow-countryman in the ranks that the soldiers had
been ordered so to shout in the streets. Full of this news, he went to
our Envoy and warned him of the coming storm. Sir Louis Cavagnari
was a man notorious for his disregard of personal danger: he was
brave to a fault, and this turbulence among the Afghan soldiery
scarcely shook his composure. “Never fear,” was the answer to the
Ressaldar; “keep up your heart, dogs that bark don’t bite!” “But
these dogs do bite; there is real danger,” urged Nakshband Khan.
The reply was characteristic of the man: he had taken up his post
and nothing could break down his determination to remain at all
hazards; he quietly said, “They can only kill the three or four of us
here, and our death will be avenged.”
This is the story as told by the Ressaldar, who can scarcely be
romancing; but no word of the warning is given by Cavagnari in his
letters to the Viceroy, all of which are full of sanguine hope even as
late as August 30th. His last message was sent on September 2nd,
and concluded with the words “All well,”—and this within twelve
hours of the attack upon the Residency. He trusted altogether to
Yakub Khan—for what could an escort of seventy-five men avail
against an army?—and almost his last written words were:
“Notwithstanding all people say against him, I personally believe
Yakub Khan will turn out to be a very good ally, and that we shall be
able to keep him to his engagements.” This blind trust in the Amir
was soon to be rudely broken down, for Yakub was found wanting
even in willingness to save the lives entrusted to his care.
The story of the outbreak in the Bala Hissar, and the massacre of
the Envoy and his followers, is written at length in the Bluebooks.
The tale is too well known to bear reproduction: the heroic struggle
against overwhelming odds has, perhaps, rarely been equalled, for
there were only four British officers and a handful of native soldiers
to meet an army. Yakub Khan sat in his palace, vacillating and sullen,
with the noise of the fight ringing in his ears, and the roar of the
soldiery and the fanatical populace surging into his council-chamber:
but he made no sign. There were councillors who urged prompt
chastisement of the mutinous sepoys: there were regiments at Bala
Hissar which might have loyally obeyed orders; but the man who
had pledged himself to preserve our Envoy only took the cunning
precaution of sending out Daoud Shah, his commander-in-chief, to
“remonstrate” with the armed rabble. It was like remonstrating with
a tiger when the hunter lies at his mercy: like giving the word “halt”
to the incoming tide: Daoud Shah was thrust back by the first men
he met, but they used their bayonets tenderly, and his wounds were
slight. And when it was all over, when the excited crowd roared
through the Bazaar, with Cavagnari’s head held on high, there seems
to have come upon Yakub that fear of vengeance which he had
hitherto thrust aside. Forty years before the body of another Envoy
had been hung on the butcher’s hooks in that same Bazaar;
treachery had scored a success which promised to be lasting; but
Pollock had come with a victorious army from Peshawur, while Nott
fought his way from the south, and the Char Chowk was soon a
heap of ruins. How soon would the vengeance of an outraged nation
again fall upon Cabul?
Shortly after midnight of September 4th Sir Frederick Roberts,
who was in Simla, engaged on the work of the Army Commission,
was called up to receive a telegram. It was from the Kurram Valley,
and conveyed the first news of the Massacre, which he then and
there hastened to carry to the Commander-in-Chief. The shock was
so terrible that men were paralyzed for the moment, but the next
day the machinery of Government was put in motion, a council of
war was called, and on the afternoon of September 5th the following
instructions were sent to Brigadier-General Dunham Massy, then
commanding the Kurram Field Force at the Peiwar Kotal[2]:—
“From the Quarter Master General in India to Brigadier-General D.
Massy, commanding Kurram Field Force; dated Simla, 5th
September, 1879.
“Move 23rd Pioneers, 5th Ghoorkas, and Mountain Train to
Shutargardan, crest of pass; to entrench themselves there and await
orders. Ten days’ supplies.”
In accordance with these instructions, Swinley’s Mountain Battery
of six 7-pounder guns, escorted by the Pioneers and Ghoorkas,
moved upon the Shutargardan, which was occupied without
opposition on the 11th of September. Colonel Currie, of the 23rd
Pioneers, commanded this small force. The 72nd Highlanders and
the 5th Punjab Infantry followed in a few days to secure the road
between Ali Kheyl and the Pass, while the 7th Company of Bengal
Sappers and Miners was ordered up from Shulozan (near Kurram) to
improve the road beyond the Shutargardan. In the meantime, the
following appointments had been made:—Colonel Macgregor to be
Chief of the Staff to Major-General Sir Frederick Roberts,
Commanding the Force; Brigadier-General Macpherson, C.B., V.C., to
command the 1st Infantry Brigade; Brigadier-General T. D. Baker,
C.B., to command the 2nd Infantry Brigade; Brigadier-General
Dunham Massy, to command the Cavalry Brigade; and Brigadier-
General Hugh Gough, C.B., V.C., to be Road Commandant. On
September 12th General Roberts arrived at Ali Kheyl. On the 13th
General Baker took command of the troops in the Shutargardan;
which Pass, by the 18th of the month, was held by the troops which
had moved up originally, together with the whole of the 72nd
Highlanders and the 7th Company of Sappers and Miners. The
position was strongly entrenched and every precaution taken against
a surprise by the neighbouring tribes.
Having secured the Shutargardan, Sir Frederick Roberts cast about
for means to complete his transport, it being intended to move
6,000 men upon Cabul with as little delay as possible. With the usual
carelessness which marks the operations of Indian armies, and
perhaps with a desire to curtail expenditure, the transport of the
Kurram Valley Field Force had, upon Cavagnari’s departure for Cabul,
been allowed to dwindle down to insignificant proportions. There
were in the Valley, when the news of the Massacre was received,
only 1,500 mules, 500 sickly camels, and 800 pack-bullocks. These
were just sufficient to enable the Commissariat Department to
furnish supplies to the winter garrison of the Valley. Without loss of
time all the available animals in Peshawur and near the frontier were
ordered to be sent to Ali Kheyl, and eventually the army was
provided with almost 2,000 mules, between 700 and 800 camels,
and upwards of 600 bullocks.[3] The Gajis, Turis, and local Ghilzais
were induced to send in animals with drivers, and this “local
carriage” was of great service. Padshah Khan, the most influential of
the Ghilzai chiefs, declared himself willing to aid us in the collection
of supplies, and his friendship at this critical moment was all-
important. On the 14th of September the Nawab Sir Gholam Hassan
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