WHAT’S THE
MATTER
WITH
MATTER?
(AND WHY DOES IT EVEN MATTER?!)
What do you have in common with a cactus, a manatee, a pair of
running shoes, Mt. Everest, and the Queen of England?
You and they are all made up of matter!
SO, WHAT IS “MATTER”?
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
• Matter is made up of tiny, tiny particles called atoms
• Atoms of a substance are always moving, even if only slightly
• Everything that you interact with every day is made up of atoms….so
that’s why it matters!!!
Light!
Can you think of anything that is not matter?
(This is a hint!)
ACTIVITY! PART 1
• First you will be assigned one of the four “atoms” below
• You are now this atom.
• Once everyone knows their atom, get up and organize in groups,
based on what kind of atom you are.
• Everyone in the same group is an atom of the same element.
• Now, with your group, come up with a name for your element.
1 2 3 4
> Important to remember: Everyone is an atom. However, you are not all the
same. In the same way, all matter is made up of atoms. However, atoms of the
same element are alike, but are different from the atoms of other elements.
MATTER MEETS
HEAT
When you add or subtract heat from a substance, you
can change its state of matter. The there are five
states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and the
Bose-Einstein condensate. The state of matter of a
substance is determined by how much energy its
particles have.
Let’s take a look at how this works. Here is a particle of an unknown substance:
We’ll start out with a solid pyramid of this
substance, and then add heat to it…
MATTER MEETS
HEAT
MATTER MEETS
HEAT
State Description
Solid particles vibrate in a fixed position, so the solid has a definite
shape and volume.
Liquid particles are moving fast enough to have enough energy to
slide past one another, so the liquid takes the shape of it’s
container.
Gas the particles are moving so quickly that they have enough
energy to move freely away from other particles. This causes
the particles to take up as much space as possible, spreading
out to fill any container.
*Plasma occurs at very high temperatures and is found it fluorescent
light bulbs, the atmosphere, and lightning strikes.
*Bose-Einstein Concentrate the most recently discovered state of matter, and it occurs at a
very, very low temperature, where the particles almost stop
moving and begin to “clump” together.
* Scientists have always known about solids, liquids, and gases, but there are two other states of matter that are
more unfamiliar to us. These are plasma and the Bose-Einstein Condensate. We won’t worry about these as much
as the first three.
ACTIVITY! PART 2
• You are going to demonstrate the relationship between heat
and the motion of atoms. Remember, you are the atoms now.
• We are going to pretend that the classroom is a container, and
all of you are a mixture of some sort.
• There are 3 categories of temperatures we will have: “hottest,”
“middle”, and “coldest”
• When the temperature appears, space yourselves around the
classroom as a substance would at each temperature.
• Important: Be respectful of the students around you as you
enact the states of matter.
• Ready??
ACTIVITY! PART 2
Hottest
(GAS)
Coldest
(Solid
)
Middle
(Middle)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
MATTER
Physical Property – Any characteristic of a material that can be
observed or measured without changing the identity of the
material. These are properties that can be observed with our
senses.
Examples of Physical Properties:
Independent of amount:
Dependent on amount:
• Melting point
• Shape • Boiling point
• Length • Color
• Mass • Density
• Volume • Solubility
• Weight • Odor
• Texture
ACTIVITY!
• Fill out the Physical Properties worksheet for your object.
ACTIVITY! PART 3
Complete your Properties of Matter worksheet by listing the physical
properties of the liquid in the beaker that are listed below under the
appropriate category of “dependent or independent on amount.”
Dependent on Amount Independent of Amount
50mL
1. Color: Blue 2. Melting Point: 0° C 3. Volume: 50 mL 4. Density: 1 g/mL
5. Shape: Beaker 6. Odor: none 7. Mass: 50 g
ACTIVITY! PART 3
Click to reveal correct answers!
Dependent on Amount Independent of Amount
50mL
1. Color: Blue 2. Melting Point: 0° C 3. Volume: 50 mL 4. Density: 1 g/mL
5. Shape: Beaker 6. Odor: none 7. Mass: 50 g
ACTIVITY! PART 3
• It’s time for you to get creative.
• On your worksheet, you are going to create and draw
something made out of your element (which you got at the
beginning of this lesson).
• Then describe its physical properties. Write these down in the
appropriate column.
• Some students will be chosen to present their element object,
so be ready to come up with something really cool!
• Ready, go!
CHEMISTRY –
THE STUDY OF
MATTER
MATTER
Matter – Anything that has mass and takes up space
Matter is described by its characteristics or properties
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MATTER
Physical Property - A characteristic of matter than
can be observed or measured without changing
the identity of matter. Determined by the use of
senses
Color – what color it is
Odor - smell
Luster - how shiny an object is
Malleability - the ability of an object to be beaten
into thin sheets (aluminum)
Ductility - the ability of an object to be made into
thin wires (copper)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CONTINUED…..
Conductivity - the ability of a substance to conduct
electricity or heat
Hardness – how easily a substance can be scratched
Boiling Point – when a substance changes from a liquid to a
gas
Density
Solubility – the ability of a substance to be dissolved in
another
DESCRIBE THE PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES OF THE FOLLOWING
USING THE NEW VOCABULARY
WORDS
A. Your table
B. A banana
C. A piece of aluminum foil
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OF MATTER
Chemical Property of matter – a characteristic of matter that
you have to test to be able to see.
Flammability – the ability to burn
Reactivity with oxygen – reacts with oxygen ex: iron reacts
with oxygen and produces rust
Reactivity with water – reacts with water ex: sodium
CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF THE
FOLLOWING?
1. a piece of paper burning
2. heating gold
3. car rusting
ELEMENTS,
COMPOUNDS AND
MIXTURES
Atoms – smallest whole unit of matter. Basic
particle from which elements are made.
Elements – pure substances that cannot be broken
down further. Made of only 1 type of atom
Compounds – 2 + elements that are chemically
combined in a set ratio. They have different
properties than the original elements. Not easily
separated.
Mixtures – 2+ elements or compounds physically
combined. The constituents keep their original
properties. Easily separated
TYPES OF SOLIDS
The structure of a solid can be either:
Crystalline – made of crystals that are arranged in a regular
repeating pattern
Ex: salt, diamond, quartz
or
Amorphous – made up of particles that are not in a regular
repeating pattern.
Ex: glass, plastics, wax
STATES OF MATTER
Solids – Definite shape and Plasmas – ionized gas
definite volume, particles held (containing free ions and
tightly together & vibrate electrons)
Liquids – No definite shape but
definite volume, takes shape of
container, and particles move
and slide past one another
Gases – No definite shape and
no definite volume, particles
excited and move about, will
expand to fit container
PROPERTIES OF A
LIQUID
Surface Tension – The result of the inward pull of molecules
that brings the molecules on the surface together
Viscosity – a liquid’s resistance to flowing
WATER IS POLAR!
PHASE CHANGE
DIAGRAM
Heat of fusion – the
amount of heat needed
to cause a change in
state from a solid to a
liquid 334 kJ/kg for
water
Heat of vaporization –
the amount of heat
needed to cause a
change in state from a
liquid to a gas
2260 kJ/kg for water
PHASE CHANGES
Endothermic Processes (heat taken in)
Solid Liquid : Melting
Liquid Gas : Vaporization
Solid Gas : Sublimation
Exothermic Processes (heat going out)
Gas Liquid : Condensation
Liquid Solid : Freezing
Gas Solid : Deposition
PHASE CHANGES
Phase changes are about changing the energy of matter,
either adding it or taking it away.
Temperature is really a measurement of the kinetic energy of
molecules
SPECIFIC HEAT
The amount of heat (energy) required to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.
Energy = Q = (m)(Tf-Ti)(cp)
where Q is the energy in joules
m is the mass in grams
T is the change in the temperature
GAS LAWS - QUESTIONS
What happens to a gas when it is cooled down? Warmed up?
Examples?
What happens to a gas when pressure is exerted on it?
Examples?
GAS LAWS
Gases exert pressure
When a gas molecule collides with the wall of a container, it
exerts a force on the container. It is the force of collision and
the number of collisions with the walls of a container that
cause gas pressure
Ex: Think deflated and inflated basketball
BOYLES LAW
Increasing the pressure on a gas will decrease it’s volume
Boyle’s Law P1V1 = P2V2 (at a constant mass and
temperature)
GAS PRESSURE IN
FORCE PER UNIT AREA
Pressure is measured in
mm of mercury (Hg),
standard atmospheric
pressure (atm) or
pounds per square inch
(psi)
At sea level we have
760mm Hg of pressure,
or 1 atm, or 14.7 psi
BOYLE’S LAW
PRACTICE
A gas has a volume of 5L at a 760 mm Hg pressure. What is
the new volume of gas if the pressure was increased to
800mm Hg?
P1V1 = P2V2
Solve for V2 = P1V1
P2
= 5L x 760mm Hg = 4.75L
800mm Hg
CHARLES LAW
A gas will increase in Temperature is in
volume with an increase Kelvin.
in temperature, because -273Co = 0K
of an increase in kinetic
energy of molecules
Ex: Hot air balloon
V1 = V 2
T1 T2
CHARLES LAW
PRACTICE
A gas is at a temperature of 273 K and has a
volume of 3L. The gas is being cooled down to
a temperature of 173K. What is the new volume
of the gas?
V1 = V2
T1 T2
V2 = V1 x T2
T1
= 3L x 173K = 1.90L
273 K
