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Power Engineering & Refrigeration

PER ( 22562 )
Notes By :- Vishal Meghani Sir.

Chapter Chapter Name Marks

No.
1. Internal Combustion Engine 16
2. Testing of IC Engine & Emission 16
Control
3. Air Compressor 14
4. Gas Turbines & Jet Propulsion 08
5. Refrigeration & air conditioning 16
 UNIT 1

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

1) INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE: When combustion takes place inside

the engine cylinder called as internal combustion engine eg. Petrol engine, diesel
engine.
2) EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE: When combustion takes place
outside the engine cylinder called as external combustion engine eg. Steam turbine
power plant, Gas turbine power plant, Nuclear turbine power plant.

HEAT ENGINE:

Heat Engine is a device which will convert chemical energy of the fuel into heat energy later
that heat energy is converted into mechanical work with the help of the engine.
AIR STANDARD CYCLES:

CARNOT CYCLE:
Carnot cycle is designed by Sadi carnot in 1824 it consist of 4 process out of which 2 are
isothermal and 2 are isentropic ( Adiabatic) in which heat addition and heat rejection takes
place during Isothermal process
It consists of 4 reversible processes. They are

 Process 1-2: Reversible Isothermal Expansion.

 Process 2-3: Reversible Adiabatic Expansion
 Process 3-4: Reversible Isothermal Compression.
 Process 4-1: Reversible Adiabatic Compression.

OTTO CYCLE:
It is also called as constant volume heat addition cycle it is used in spark ignition (petrol)
engines
CONCLUSION:
 Thermal efficiency of otto cycle depends upon compression ratio (r) with increasing
value of r thermal efficiency of otto cycle will also increase
 The value of compression ratio for otto cycle is 6-10
 The value of compression ratio is limited up to 10 due danger of self-ignition and
knocking
DIEDEL CYCLE :
Diesel cycle also called as constant pressure heat addition cycle it is used in diesel engine
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
CONCLUSION:

 Thermal efficiency of Diesel cycle depends upon compression ratio (r) and cut off (rc)
 With increasing value of compression ratio r thermal efficiency increases
 Value of compression ratio for Diesel cycle is 16-20
 With increasing value of cut off ratio amount of fuel consumption will also increase
hence thermal efficiency decreases
 Thermal efficiency of Diesel cycle is greater than Otto cycle, but for same
compression ratio thermal efficiency of Otto cycle is greater than Diesel cycle.
CONCLUSION:

 Dual cycle is used in high speed engines

 Thermal efficiency of Dual cycle is always in between Otto cycle and Diesel cycle
 With CP = 1 Dual cycle becomes Diesel cycle
 With CV = 1 Dual cycle becomes Otto cycle

CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF FOUR STROKE PETROL ENGINE

Four stroke petrol engine cycles consist of four strokes

a) Suction b) Compression

c) Expansion or power stroke d) Exhaust

These four strokes completes in two revolution of crank shaft that is in 720o during each
stroke crank shaft turn by 180o
(a) Suction Stroke (First Stroke of the Engine)
• Piston moves down from TDC to BDC

• Inlet valve is opened and the exhaust valve is closed.

• Pressure inside the cylinder is reduced below the atmospheric pressure.

• The mixture of air fuel is sucked into the cylinder through the inlet valve.

(b) Compression Stroke: (Second Stroke of the piston)

• Piston moves up from BDC to TDC

• Both inlet and exhaust valves are closed.

• The air fuel mixture in the cylinder is compressed.

(c) Working or Power or Expansion Stroke: (Third Stroke of the Engine)

• The burning gases expand rapidly. They exert an impulse (thrust or force) on the piston. The
piston is pushed from TDC to BDC

• This movement of the piston is converted into rotary motion of the crankshaft through
connecting rod.
• Both inlet and exhaust valves are closed.

(d) Exhaust Stroke (Fourth stroke of the piston)

• Piston moves upward from BDC

• Exhaust valve is opened and the inlet valve is closed.

• The burnt gases are forced out to the atmosphere through the exhaust valve (Some of the
burnt gases stay in the clearance volume of the cylinder)
• The exhaust valve closes shortly after TDC

• The inlet valve opens slightly before TDC and the cylinder is ready to receive fresh charge
to start a new cycle.
ACTUAL AND THEORETICAL VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM OF 4-STROKE
PETROL ENGINE:

FIG.1 THEORETICAL FIG.2 ACTUAL

Above figures shows the theoretical and actual valve timing diagram of 4-stroke petrol engine.

As we all know in 4-stroke engine the cycle completes in 4-strokes that are suction, compression,
expansion and exhaust, the relation between the valves (inlet and outlet) and piston movement
from TDC to BDC is represented by the graph known as valve timing diagram.

In theoretical valve timing diagram valve open and close exactly at TDC and BDC. But in actual
practise it is difficult to open and close the valve instantaneously; hence to get better performance
of engine valve timings are modified.
ACTUAL AND THEORETICAL INDICATOR DIAGRAM OF 4-STROKE
PETROL ENGINE:

CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE:

ACTUAL AND THEORETICAL VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM OF 4-STROKE
DIESEL ENGINE:
ACTUAL AND THEORETICAL INDICATOR DIAGRAM OF 4-STROKE
DIESEL ENGINE:
COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO STROKE AND FOUR STROKE ENGINES

Four stroke engine Two stroke engine

1. Cycle is completed in two revolution of Cycle is completed in one revolution of crank shaft
crank shaft
2. One power stroke for every two One power stroke for each revolution of
Revolutions of the crankshaft. the crankshaft

3. There are inlet and exhaust valves in the There are inlet and exhaust ports instead of valves.
engine.

4. Top of the piston compresses the charge. Both sides of the piston compress the charge.

5. Size of the flywheel is comparatively Size of the flywheel is comparatively smaller.

larger.

6. Fuel is fully consumed. Fuel is not fully consumed

7. Weight of engine per horse power is high. Weight of engine per horse power is comparatively
low.
8. Thermal efficiency is high. Thermal efficiency is comparatively low.

9. Removal or exhaust gases easy. Removal of exhaust gases comparatively

difficult.
10. Torque produced is even. Torque produced is less even.