NAME- Akshara

kumari
CLASS- M.A. SEM- III
ROLL NO. – 18(P.C old)
 CONTENT
• MEANING OF GIS
• NETWORK
• HARDWARE
• SOFTWARE
• DATA INPUT
• DATA PRE-PROCESSING
• DATA STORAGE AND DATABASE MANAGEMENT
• DATA ANALYSIS AND MODELING
• DATA OUTPUT
• DATA
• PEOPLE OR EXPERT
• PROCEDURES OR METHOD
• CONCLUSION
 MEANING OF GIS

GIS GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

GIS IS THE

COLLECTION OF GEOSPATIAL DATA

FOR THE BETTERMENT OF MANKIND

 CONTINUED….
• GIS can be viewed as a software package with various tools to enter,
manipulate, analyze and output of geography data (Heywood).
• At the other extreme, GIS components include the computer
hardware, software, spatial data, data management and analysis
procedures and the peoples to operate it.
• If the computer is located on a network, it can also be considered as
the component of GIS since, it enables data sharing among users.
• Hence, GIS is the combination of all these six components organised
to automate, manage, and deliver information through geographic
presentation (ESRI).
CONTINUED…
 NETWORK
NETWORK IS THE FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENT RESPONSIBLE FO THE TRANSFER
OR SHARING OF THE DIGITAL INFORMATION.

THE RAPIDLY GROWING APPLICATION OF WEB GIS HAS THE FOLLOWING

CAPABILITIES-

▪ DISPLAY STATIC MAPS WHICH USERS CAN PAN OR ZOOM WHILST ONLINE.
▪ CREATING USERS DEFINED MAPS ONLINE WHICH ARE INTURN USED TO GENERAGTES REPORTS
AND NEW MAPS FROM DATA ON A SERVER.
▪ INTEGRATING USERS LOCAL DATA WITH DATA FROM THE INTERNATE .
 HARDWARE

HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF A GIS CONSIST OF A

COMPUTER, MEMORY (CPU OR WORKSTATION),
DATA STORAGE DEVICE, TAPE DRIVERS OR OTHERS,
SCANNERS, DIGITIZER, PLOTTER, PRINTERS,
GLOBAL POSOTIONING SYSTEM (GPS) UNITS, AND
OTHER PHYSICAL COMPINENTS
 SOFTWARE
▪ GIS SOFTWARE COMPONENTS AND SUB-COMPONENTS HAVE SEVERAL
FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS TO PERFORM DIFFERENT OPERATIONS. ALL GIS
SOFTWARE FIT THIS REQUIREMENT; EXCEPT IN THEIR USER INTERFACE
DIFFERENCE. ITS COMPONENTS AND SUB-COMPINENTS ARE -
COMPOMENTS SUB-COMPONENTS
DATA ACQUITION / INPUT DIGITIZING, EDITING
DATA PROCESSING AND PRE-PROCESSING TOPOLOGY BUILDING, PROJECTION TRANSFORMATION,
FORMAT CONVERSION, ATTRIBUTE ASSIGNMENT, ETC.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT (STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL) DATA ARCHIVAL, HIERARCHICAL MODELING, RELATIONAL
MODELING, ATTRIBUTE QUERY AND OBJECT ORIENTED
DATABASE

SPATIAL MANIPULATION AND ANALYSIS MEASUREMENT OPERATION, BUFFERING, OVERLAY

OPERATIONS AND CONNECTIVITY OPERATIONS
PRODUCT GENERATION: GRAPHICAL OUTPUT AND SCALE TRANSFORMATION, GENERATION, TOPOGRAPHIC
VISUALIZATION MAPS AND STATISTICAL MAPS
 DATA INPUT

▪ DATA INPUT IS THE OPERATION OF ENCODING DATA

AND WRITING THEM ONTO THE DATABASE FOR THE
GIS USE .
▪ DATA INPIT INVOLVES DATA ACQUISITION – i.e.,
IDENTIFICATION AND COLLECTION OF THE REQUIRED
DATA.
▪ IT COVERS ALL ASPECTS OF TRANSFORMING DATA
CAPTURED FROM EXISTING MAPS, FIELD
OBSERVATIONS, AND SENSORS INTO A COMPATIBLE
DIGITAL FORMAT.
 DATA PRE-PROCESSING
➢THIS PROCEDURE IS USED TO CONVERT A DATABASE INTO A FORMAT
COMPATIBLE FOR PERMANENT STORAGE WITHIN THE GIS DATABASE
AND ESTABLISHES A CONSISTENT SYSTEM FOR DATA RECORDING.

➢THIS STAGE INCLUDES-

▪ FORMAT CONVERSION SUCH AS GEO-REFERENCING WITH
GEOMETRIC CORRECTION AND RESAMPLING, DATA GENERALIZATION,
AND REDUCTION.
▪ ERROR DETECTION.
▪ MERGING OF POINTS INTO LINES, AND LINES INTO POLYGONS.
▪ MERGING DATA STORAGE AND DATABASE MANAGEMENT.
 DATA STORAGE AND DATABASE
MANAGEMENT
• THE KEY IDEA TO GRASP ABOUT GIS SOFTWARE COMPONENT IS THE
GEOGRAPHIC DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM .
INPUT

GEOGRAPHIC DATABASE
QUERY
THE DATA MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS POSITION
INPUT
NECESSARY IN ANT GIS FACILITATES THE TOPOLOGY ATTRIBUTE
STORAGE, ORGANIZATION AND
RETRIEVAL OF DATA USING A DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS).
RETRIEVAL TRANSFORMATION
 DATA ANALYSIS AND MODELING
• IT INVOLVES WORKING WITHIN DATABASES TO DERIVE NEW
INFORMATION USING SEVERAL BASIC AND ADVANCED TOOLS.
• THIS SUB-SYSTEM TRANSFORMS SPATIAL DATA, FOR EXAMPLE FROM
ONE ENTITY TYPE (POINTS, LINES AND AREAS) TO ANOTHER, AND
PERFORMS SPATIAL ANALYSIS.
 DATA OUTPUT
DISPLAY &
REPORTING

VISUAL DISPLAY MAGNETIC

▪ THIS FUNCTIONAL ELEMET CONCERNS WITH THE MEDIA
WAYS IN WHICH DATA ARE DISPLAYED AND THE TERMINAL PRINTER
RESULT OF ANALYSIS ARE REPORTED TO THE USERS . PLOTTER
▪ THESE OUTPUT PRODUCTS CAN BE AVAILABLE IN A
VARIETY OF WAYS THAT INCLUDES STATISTICAL
REPORTS, MAPS, TABLES, FIGURES, AND GRAPHICS OF MAPS TABLES FIGURES
VARIOUS KINDS.
PRESENTATION
 DATA
➢GIS CAN INTEGRATE SPATIAL DATA WITH OTHER EXISTING DATA
RESOURCES STORED IN A (DBMS).
➢GIS TECHNOLOGY UTILIZES TWO BASIC DATA TYPES :
• ATTRIBUTE DATA : DESCRIBES THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SPATIAL
FEATURES OFTEN REFERRED TO AS TABULAR DATA SUCH AS A NAME,
NUMBER OF STORIES, DEPTH OR POPULATION.
• SPATIAL DATA : REFER TO THE REAL -WORLD GEOGRAPHIC OBJECTS
SUCH AS STREETS, BUILDINGS, AND COUNTRIES, AND THEIR
RESPECTIVE LOCATIONS. THEY ARE REPRESENTED IN THE FORM OF
VECTOR DATA OR IN THE FORM OF RASTER OR IMAGE DATA.
 PEOPLE OR EXPERT
• IN GIS THERE MUST ALWAYS BE PEOPLE TO PLAN, DESIGN, PROGRAM,
MAITAIN IT, SUPPLY IT WITH DATA, INTERPRET ITS RESULTS,
IMPLEMENT AND OPERATE THE SYSTEM AS WEL AS MAKE DECISIONS
BASED ON THE REQUIRED OUTPUT.
• INDIVIDUALS, MAY FUNCTION AS A GIS MANAGER, ANALYSTS,
TECHNICIANS, OR AS A USER .
• ALMOST, ALL SHOULD HAVE THE BASIC KNOWLEDGE NEEDED TO
WORK WITH GEOGRAPHIC DATA – KNOWLEDGE OF DATA SOURCES,
SCALE AND ACCURACY, AND SOFTWARE PRODUCTS.
 PROCEDURES OR METHOD
➢A SUCCESSFUL GIS OPERATES ACCORDING TO A WELL -DESIGNED PLAN,
BUSINESS RULES, PROCEDURES AND METHODS UNIQUE TO EACH
ORGANIZATION.

➢THIS COMPONENT INCORPORATES THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS-

▪ METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF DATA COLLECTION, ENCODING AND

STORAGE IN THE GIS DATABASE,
▪ METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF DATA QUALITY ASSURANCE /
VERIFICATION TO MAKE SURE THAT ALL DATA ARE CORRECT, CONSISTENT,
CORRECT AND UP-TO- DATE FOR ANALYSIS.
▪ METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF DATA MANIPULATION AND QUERY .
 CONCLUSION
• A geographic information system (GIS) is a conceptualized
framework that provides the ability to capture and analyze spatial
and geographic data. GIS applications (or GIS apps) are computer-
based tools that allow the user to create interactive queries (user-
created searches), store and edit spatial and non-spatial data,
analyze spatial information output, and visually share the results of
these operations by presenting them as maps.