a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
qhfvjrjso
sh
wkhix oqvj
d`tiqjmu

a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
qhfvjrjso
sh
wkhix oqvj
d`tiqjmu

 ƲƣƩ
  
ƠƠƩ
Ǟ

Ʃ

ƲǖDŽǀnjLJlj
ǃǍǎǒǘDŽnj
lj
LJǐǎǍNJǛdžǍǁƿnjLJǝ
ǎǏLJ
ǏDŽƿNJLJdžƿǕLJLJ
LJNjDŽǝǘLJǔ
ǂǍǐǒǃƿǏǐǑǁDŽnj

njǒǝ
ƿljljǏDŽǃLJǑƿǕLJǝ
ǍǀǏƿdžǍǁƿǑDŽNJǛnjǚǔ
ǎǏǍǂǏƿNjNj
njƿǖƿNJǛnjǍǂǍ
ǍǀǘDŽǂǍ
ǍǐnjǍǁnjǍǂǍ

ǍǀǘDŽǂǍ
ǐǏDŽǃnjDŽǂǍ
ǍǀǘDŽǂǍ
ǍǀǏƿdžǍǁƿnjLJǞ
ǍǏǂƿnjLJdžƿǕLJǞNjLJ
ǍǐǒǘDŽǐǑǁNJǞǝǘLJNjLJ

ǍǀǏƿdžǍǁƿǑDŽNJǛnjǒǝ
ǃDŽǞǑDŽNJǛnjǍǐǑǛ
ǁ
ǐǍǍǑǁDŽǑǐǑǁLJLJ
ǐ
ƮǏLJljƿdžǍNj
ƫLJnjLJǐǑDŽǏǐǑǁƿ

ǎǏǍǐǁDŽǘDŽnjLJǞ
ƯǍǐǐLJLjǐljǍLj
ƳDŽǃDŽǏƿǕLJLJ
ɖ

ǍǑ

ǂ

ưǑLJNJLJǐǑLJǖDŽǐljƿǞ
ǏDŽǃƿljǕLJǞ

ǂǍǐǎǍDžLJ
Ɵnjnjǚ
ƫƿǏLJLJ
ƢǍnjǐƿNJDŽǐ
ưƿNJǛǂƿǃǍ

ƧdžǃƿnjLJDŽ
ǁǚǔǍǃLJǑ
ǁ
QEGǓǍǏNjƿǑDŽ

ƩǍnjǃǏƿǗǍǁƿ
ƬƿǃDŽDžǃƿ
ƟdžƿǏLJDŽǁnjƿ

Ʃ

ƧǐǎƿnjǐljLJLj
Ǟdžǚlj

Lj
ljNJƿǐǐ

ǒǂNJǒǀNJǟnjnjǚLj
ǒǏǍǁDŽnjǛ

ǒǖDŽǀ
ник 

ǁ

ǖƿǐǑǞǔ

LJdžǃƿnjLJDŽ
ǁ
QEGǓǍǏNjƿǑDŽ

Н. А. Кондрашова. Ȯ

DŽ
LJdžǃ
ǎDŽǏDŽǏƿǀ
Ȯ
ƫǍǐljǁƿ

ƮǏǍǐǁDŽǘDŽnjLJDŽ



*4#/

ǜNJDŽljǑǏ
LJdžǃ 
Ȯ
ƱDŽljǐǑ

ǜNJDŽljǑǏǍnjnjǚLj


*4#/

ǎDŽǖ
LJdžǃ


ƶ

Ȯ

ǐ

LJNJ


*4#/

ǜNJDŽljǑǏ
LJdžǃ 


*4#/

ǎDŽǖ
LJdžǃ
ƲǖDŽǀnjLJlj
kƧǐǎƿnjǐljLJLj
Ǟdžǚlj

ljNJƿǐǐ
ơ

ǖƿǐǑǞǔ{
ǎǏDŽǃnjƿdžnjƿǖDŽnj
ǃNJǞ

ǒǖƿǘLJǔǐǞ
ǍǀǘDŽǍǀǏƿdžǍǁƿǑDŽNJǛnjǚǔ
ǍǏǂƿnjLJdžƿǕLJLj
LJ
ǏƿdžǏƿǀǍǑƿnj
ǁ
ǐǍǍǑǁDŽǑǐǑǁLJLJ

ǐ
ǑǏDŽǀǍǁƿnjLJǞNjLJ
ƳƢƭư
ƭƭƭ
ǒǑǁDŽǏDžǃǟnjnjǍǂǍ
ƮǏLJljƿdžǍNj
ƫLJnjLJǐǑDŽǏǐǑǁƿ

ǎǏǍǐǁDŽǘDŽnjLJǞ
ɖ

ǍǑ

ǂ

ƩǍNjNjǒnjLJljƿǑLJǁnjǚLj
ǎǍǃǔǍǃ
lj
ǍǀǒǖDŽnjLJǝ
ƿ
ǑƿljDžDŽ
ǎǏLJnjǕLJǎǚ
ǐǍǕLJǍljǒNJǛǑǒǏnjǍǂǍ

ǏƿdžǁLJǑLJǞ
LJ
NJLJǖnjǍǐǑnjǍ
ǍǏLJDŽnjǑLJǏǍǁƿnjnjǍǂǍ
ǍǀǒǖDŽnjLJǞ
džƿNJǍDžDŽnjnjǚDŽ
ǁ
ǍǐnjǍǁǒ
ǒǖDŽǀ
njLJljƿ
ǎǍNjǍǂƿǝǑ
ǏƿdžǁLJǁƿǑǛ
ǁǐDŽ
ǍǐnjǍǁnjǚDŽ
ǐǍǐǑƿǁNJǞǝǘLJDŽ
ǏDŽǖDŽǁǍLj
ljǍNjǎDŽǑDŽnjǕLJLJ

ǖǑǍ
ǐǍǍǑǁDŽǑǐǑǁǒDŽǑ
ǐǍǁǏDŽNjDŽnjnjǚNj
ǑǏDŽǀǍǁƿnjLJǞNj
ǎǏDŽǃǙǞǁNJǞDŽNjǚNj
lj
ǒǖDŽǀnjLJljǒ
LJnjǍ
ǐǑǏƿnjnjǍǂǍ
Ǟdžǚljƿ
ƧNJNJǝǐǑǏƿǑLJǁnjǚLj
NjƿǑDŽǏLJƿNJ
ǃDŽNJƿDŽǑ
ǍǀǒǖDŽnjLJDŽ
ǀǍNJDŽDŽ
njƿǂNJǞǃnjǚNj

LJ
džƿnjLJNjƿǑDŽNJǛnjǚNj
ƟǒǃLJǍǎǏLJNJǍDžDŽnjLJDŽ
IUUQTQSPTWSVBVEJPFTQBOPM
ƢǏƿnjLJǕǚ
ƯƳ
ǃƿnjǚ
njƿ
ǍljǑǞǀǏǛ

ǂǍǃƿ

ƲƣƩ
  

ƠƠƩ
Ǟ

*4#/

ǖ

ǜNJDŽljǑǏ
LJdžǃ i
Ɵƭ
kƧdžǃƿǑDŽNJǛǐǑǁǍ
kƮǏǍǐǁDŽǘDŽnjLJDŽ{



*4#/

ǜNJDŽljǑǏ
LJdžǃ i
ƴǒǃǍDžDŽǐǑǁDŽnjnjǍDŽ
ǍǓǍǏNjNJDŽnjLJDŽ

*4#/

ǖ

ǎDŽǖ
LJdžǃ
Ɵƭ
kƧdžǃƿǑDŽNJǛǐǑǁǍ
kƮǏǍǐǁDŽǘDŽnjLJDŽ{



ơǐDŽ
ǎǏƿǁƿ
džƿǘLJǘDŽnjǚ
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ǎDŽǖ
LJdžǃ

a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
qhfvjrjso
sh
wkhix oqvj
d`tiqjmu

a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
qhfvjrjso
sh
wkhix oqvj
d`tiqjmu
 Cuando Irene estaba en la Oficina de Correos, ella pudo leer allí varios anun-
cios, instrucciones, y eslóganes (el eslogan – рекламная фраза, лозунг).

# 

6'.')4#O
7PQ
RQT
GLGORNQ
FGE­C 64 ') #
4 2+&#
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U7

'0
b#;7&'
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.#

7P
CPWPEKQ
EGTEC
FG
NC
XGPVCPKNNC
FG
VGNGITCOCU
KPHQTOCDC

61%12+# U
*#%'O1U
(1

7PC
KPUVTWEEK³P
SWG
GUVCDC
GP
GN
OQUVTC

FQT
C[WFCDC
C
TGNNGPCT
GN
KORTGUQ
FGN

VGNGITCOC 7'
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'.
6' .' ) 4#O#
..') % 1 0

37'
+“0

U+
37+'4'

.#
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0
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%.#4

'P
GUVCU
VTGU
HTCUGU
SWG
JCU
NG­FQ
LWPVQ
EQP
+TGPG
UG
GORNGCP
VTGU
OQFQU

FKUVKPVQU
OQFQ
+ORGTCVKXQ
OQFQ
+PFKECVKXQ
[
OQFQ
UWDLWPVKXQ

'N
OQFQ
GZRTGUC
PWGUVTC
CEVKVWF
(отношение)
TGURGEVQ
FG
NQ
SWG
FGEKOQU

WVKNK\COQU
FM
.PEP
*OEJDBUJWP
RCTC
GZRTGUCT
MB
SFBMJEBE
Q
UGC
RCTC
GZRTG
UCT
WPC
CEEK³P
EQOQ
WP
JGEJQ
TGCN

WVKNK\COQU
FM
.PEP
*NQFSBUJWP
RCTC
GZRTGUCT
MB
BQFMBDJÐO
(обращение
к кому-либо)
Q
UGC
RCTC
GZRTGUCT
³TFGPGU
OCPFCVQU
TWGIQU
Q
FGUGQU

WVKNK\COQU
FM
.PEP
4VCKVOUJWP
RCTC
GZRTGUCT
MB
OP
SFBMJEBE
Q
UGC
RCTC

GZRTGUCT
WPC
CEEK³P
FWFQUC
RQUKDNG
FGUGCFC
GVE
&M
.PEP
4VCKVOUJWP
VKGPG
ECT¡EVGT
EFQFOEJFOUF
GU
FGEKT
RWGFG
GORNGCTUG

GP
NC
QTCEK³P
UQNQ
EWCPFQ
WP
EQORQPGPVG
FG
NC
QTCEK³P
NQ
GZKIG
&KFNQMPT

b3WG
UGCU
HGNK\
MB
DPOKVODJÐO
RVF
IBDF
MB
BDDJÐO
EFTFB‚
EB
Z
FYJHF
FM
FNQMFP
EFM
NPEP
TVCKVOUJWP 

3WKGTQ
SWG
NC
ECTVC
NNGIWG
RTQPVQ
&M
WFSCP
EF
MB
PSBDJÐO

QSJODJQBM
RVFSFS
FYJHF
FM
FNQMFP
EFM
NPEP
TVCKVOUJWP
FO

MB
PSBDJÐO
TVCPSEJOBEB 

'U
KORQTVCPVG
SWG
GUETKDCU
O¡U
ENCTQ
-B
FYQSFTJÐO

JNQFSTPOBM
FT
JNQPSUBOUF
FYJHF
FM
FNQMFP
EFM
N PEP
T VC‚
KVOUJWP
FO
MB
PSBDJÐO
TVCPSEJOBEB 

a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
qhfvjrjso
sh
wkhix oqvj
d`tiqjmu







B
3FDVFSEB
DVÁOEP
TF
FNQMFB
FM
QSFTFOUF
EF
4VCKVOUJWP
RVÇ

WFSCPT
Z
FYQSFTJPOFT
JNQFSTPOBMFT
FYJHFO
FM
FNQMFP
EFM
4VC‚
KVOUJWP
JOWFOUB
WBSJPT
FKFNQMPT
C
&YQSFTB
DPNP
EVEPTBT
EFTFBEBT
P
QPTJCMFT
MBT
BDDJPOFT
RVF

SFBMJ[B
OVFTUSP
BNJHP
3BGB
4JHVF
FM
NPEFMP

.PEFMP

6GPGT
NC
NGVTC
KNGIKDNG

Ó
&WFQ
SWG
4CHC
VGPIC
NC
NGVTC
KNGIKDNG
UGT
JKPEJC
FGN
Ø8CUEQ
FC
)COCÙ
ECTVGCTUG
EQP
WP
COKIQ
TWUQ
CFOKTCT
C

4KXCNFQ
PQ
UQRQTVCT
C
NQU
ICVQU
RTCEVKECT
GN
CVNGVKUOQ
FKUHTWVCT
VTCDCLCPFQ
GP

GN
LCTF­P
UGT
CHKEKQPCFQ
CN
HºVDQN
UCDGT
PCXGICT
RQT
+PVGTPGV
UKGORTG
GUVCT
FG

DWGP
JWOQT

 B
%J
FO
RVÇ
NPEPT
FTUÁO
MPT
WFSCPT
FO
MBT
GSBTFT


'UETKDG
WPC
ECTVC
C
WP
COKIQ
[
PQ
QNXKFGU
PKPIWPC
FG
NCU
RCTVGU
SWG

FGDG
VGPGT
WPC
ECTVC
COKUVQUC

'N
XKCLG
JC
UKFQ
CITCFCDNG

6G
RKFQ
SWG

OG
VTCKICU
CN
%CORCOGPVQ
OK
TCSWGVC
FG
VGPKU

'U
RQUKDNG
SWG
OKU
RTK
OQU
OG
TGEQLCP
GP
NC
'UVCEK³P
FG
#WVQDWUGU

UQ[
4CHC
GN
COKIQ
FG

'FWCTFQ

&GEKFNG
C
OCTVC
SWG
OG
CEWGTFQ
OWEJQ
FG
GNNC

b3WG
UGC
CU­


'U
PGEGUCTKQ
SWG
UGRCOQU
TGUWOKT
DKGP
PWGUVTQU
OGPUCLGU
GPVQPEGU

RCICTGOQU
OGPQU
FKPGTQ
RQT
PWGUVTQU
VGNGITCOCU

4GNNGPG
GN
KORTGUQ
FGN

VGNGITCOC
RGTQ
PQ
TGNNGPGU
NC
RCTVG
GP
TQLQ

C
"OBMJ[B
MBT
GSBTFT
EPOEF
MPT
WFSCPT
FTUÁO
FO

FM
.PEP
4VCKVOUJWP
EJ
RVÇ
DPNQPOFOUF
EF
MB

PSBDJÐO
FYJHF
FM
FNQMFP
EFM
.PEP
4VCKVOUJWP

#N
RCR¡
FG
2KNK
4CHC
[
OCTVC
EQOQ
C
VQFQU
NQU
RCR¡U
FGN

OWPFQ
NG
GPECPVC
NGGT
NQU
RGTK³FKEQU
*Q[
JC
NG­FQ
RQT
GLGO
RNQ
SWG

'N
VGN©HQPQ
UKIWG
RQPK©PFQUG
O¡U
ECTQ


'N
XGTCPQ
PQ
UGT¡
H¡EKN


'N
%QTVG
+PIN©U
CDTG
WP
PWGXQ
EGPVTQ
EQOGTEKCN


'P
.C
OCPEJC
#PFCNWE­C
[
%CVCNW±C
RTGFQOKPCT¡
GN
EKGNQ

PWDQUQ


.C
VGPKUVC
TWUC
OCT­C
UJCT¡RQXC
VQOCT¡
RCTVG
GP
GN
VQT
PGQ
4QNCPF
)CTTQU
&WTCPVG
NC
EGPC
GN
RCFTG
TGNCVC
C
VQFC
NC
HCOKNKC
NCU
ºNVKOCU

PQVKEKCU
'N
FKEG
'U
RQUKDNG
SWG

 3FQSPEVDF
UPEBT
TVT
GSBTFT
SFBMJ[BOEP
MBT
USBOTGPSNBDJPOFT

OFDFTBSJBT
”2VÇ
NPEP
WBT
B
FNQMFBS

 5BSFB


a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
qhfvjrjso
sh
wkhix oqvj
d`tiqjmu

 Antes Pili, Rafa y Marta pensaban que era muy aburrido leer los periódi-
cos. Parece que hoy a ellos les gustaría compartir la afición de su papá.
Pronto tú también sabrás que es muy interesante leer los periódicos.



QFSP
QSJNFSP

OPUJDJB
G
Ó
сообщение, известие UJUVMBS
N
Ó
газетный заголо-

UBNB°P
N
Ó
размер, величина вок
SFQPSUBKF
N
HS GJDP
Ó
фоторепортаж DBSUFMFSB
G
Ó
афиша
TFDDJ²O
G
Ó
рубрика (газетная), раздел BSU¬DVMP
N
Ó
статья
QJF
N
EFï GPUP
Ó
подпись под фотографией


a'¬KBUF ï TPOï TJO²OJNPT

NCU
PQVKEKCU

NCU
PQXGFCFGU

GN
RGTK³FKEQ

GN
FKCTKQ

NC
RTKOGTC
R¡IKPC
FGN
RGTK³FKEQ

NC
RQTVCFC

UWEGFGT

QEWTTKT
CEQPVGEKOKGPVQU

JGEJQU

 -FF
MBT
GSBTFT
Z
USBEÕDFMBT
BM
SVTP
GJKÁO‚

EPUF
FO

FM
FNQMFP
EF
MBT
QBMBCSBT
FO

OFHSJMMB

.GG
MPTï UJUVMBSFT
SWG
CRCTGEGP
GP
NC
RTKOGTC
R¡IK
PC
FG
GUVG
RGTK³FKEQ

1DUGTXCï MBï OPUJDJB
SWG
JC

RWDNKECFQ
JQ[
GN
RGTK³FKEQ
Ø#$%Ù

'P
MBï TFDDJ²O

EFï EFQPSUF
JCP
RWDNKECFQ
WP
TGRQTVCLG
OW[
KPVGTG
UCPVG
UQDTG
GN
GPEWGPVTQ
GPVTG
GN
ØURCTVCMÙ
[
GN


Ø&KPCOQÙ

UK
SWKGTGU
UCDGT
SW©
RGN­EWNCU
UG

RTQ[GEVCP
GP
NQU
EKPGU
FG
OQUEº
EQPUWNVC
MBï DBSUF
MFSB

1DUGTXC
Ø'N
2C­UÙ
[
Ø#$%Ù
FQU
RGTK³FKEQU

GURC±QNGU
FMï UBNB°P
FG
UWU
RQTVCFCU
PQ
GU
OKUOQ


3WGTGOQU
EQNQECT
GUVCU
HQVQU
GP
GN
RGTK³FKEQ

OWTCN
2KGPUC
VOï QJFï EFï GPUP
RCTC
ECFC
WPC

a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
qhfvjrjso
sh
wkhix oqvj
d`tiqjmu


 3FDVFSEB
FO
RVÇ
FYQSFTJPOFT
TF
FNQMFB
MB
QBMBCSB
mQJFn
QJFOTB

Z
FTDSJCF
VO
FKFNQMP
QBSB
DBEB
FYQSFTJÐO

 $MBTJGJDB
QPS
GBNJMJBT
EF
QBMBCSBT
Z
EJ
RVÇ
FRVJWBMFOUFT
SVTPT

UJFOFO
GPVTGXKUVCT
NC
KPHQTOCEK³P
EQOWPKECTUG
EWTKQUQ
NC
GPVTGXKUVC
NC
EQOWPKECEK³P

GN
KPHQTOG
NC
EWTKQUKFCF
KPHQTOCVKXQ
GN
GPVTGXKUVCFQT
EQOWPKECVKXQ
KPHQTOCTUG

GN
GPVTGXKUVCFQ
EWTKQUGCT




a$PNQBSB

5JUVMBS
GN
VGZVQ
QFSP
&Mï UJUVMBS
FG
WPC
PQVKEKC
RGTKQF­UVKEC



5SBOTGPSNB
MBT
GSBTFT
VUJMJ[BOEP
MPT
TJOÐOJNPT

Ø'N
2C­UÙ
GU
VOï QFSJ²EJDP
GURC±QN

'N
RTGEKQ
FGN
RGTK³FKEQ
GUV¡
GUETKVQ

GP
UW
QSJNFSBï Q HJOB

3W©
OPWFEBEFT
PQU
VTCG
GUVG
F­C!

3WKGTQ


GPVGTCTOG
FG
MPTï BDPOUFDJNJFOUPTï OVFWPTï Zï N Tï JOUFSFTBOUFT

2QT
NC
TCFKQ

RQT
NC
VGNGXKUK³P
[
RQT
NQU
RGTK³FKEQU
RWGFGU
GPVGTCTVG
FG
VQFQ
NQ
SWG
CECDC

FG
PDVSSJS
GP
GN
OWPFQ

 5BSFB


 $POPDF
MPT
QFSJÐEJDPT
KVOUP
DPO
.BSUB
QJMJ
Z
3BGB

Z
EJ
RVÇ
JOGPSNBDJÐO
QPEFNPT
FODPOUSBS
BMMË

$POPDFNPT
FM
QFSJÐEJDP

.BSUB
2CR¡
RWGFQ
JCEGTVG
WPC
RTGIWPVC!
1BQÁ
%NCTQ
SWG
U­
RTGIºPVCOG
.BSUB
UCDGU
PQ
RWGFQ
GPVGPFGT
RQT
SW©
VG
IWUVC
VCPVQ
NGGT

NQU
RGTK³FKEQU!
%CFC
F­C
RCUCU
WP
TCVQ
NG[©PFQNQU
;
C
O­
OG

RCTGEGP
CDWTTKF­UKOQU
1BQÁ
'U
SWG
VGPIQ
GUC
EQUVWODTG
[
CFGO¡U
OKTC
UKGORTG
JG

UGPVKFQ
NC
EWTKQUKFCF
FG
EQPQEGT
NQ
SWG
RKGPUCP
UCDGP
Q
NGU
QEWTTG

C
NQU
FGO¡U
UGPVKT
EWTKQUKFCF
GU
CNIQ
PCVWTCN
XGTFCF!
3BGB
2QT
UWRWGUVQ
6QFQ
GN
OWPFQ
NC
UKGPVG
2GTQ
JG
PQVCFQ
SWG

NCU
EJKECU
UG
OWGUVTCP
OWEJQ
O¡U
EWTKQUCU
SWG
NQU
EJKEQU
1JMJ
b2QTSWG
SWKGTGP
UCDGT
O¡U
[
RQT
GUQ
GUVWFKCP
OGLQT
1BQÁ
.QU
EJKEQU
[
NCU
EJKECU
NQU
JQODTGU
[
NCU
OWLGTGU
VQFCU
NCU
RGTUQPCU

VKGPGP
NC
PGEGUKFCF
FG
KPHQTOCTUG
[
FG
EQOWPKECTUG
'ZKUVGP
XCTKCU
HQTOCU
FG

GPVGTCTPQU
[
FG
EQPQEGT
NQ
SWG
UWEGFG
RQT
NC
TCFKQ
RQT
NC
VGNGXKUK³P
[
RQT

NQU
RGTK³FKEQU
[
TGXKUVCU
3WGT©KU
EQPQEGT
NQU
RGTK³FKEQU!
-PT
USFT
IFSNBOPT
U­
OWEJQ
'ZRN­ECPQU
E³OQ
UQP
1BQÁ
$WGPQ
GN
RGTK³FKEQ
Q
NQ
SWG
GU
NQ
OKUOQ
GN
FKCTKQ
GU
WP
OGFKQ
FG

EQOWPKECEK³P
SWG
UG
RWDNKEC
ECFC
F­C
UW
VCTGC
GU
EQOWPKECTPQU
NCU
PQXGFCFGU

SWG
CECDCP
FG
QEWTTKT
'UVQU
JGEJQU
SWG
CECDCP
FG
QEWTTKT
[
SWG
UQP
PWGXQU

TGEKGPVGU
G
KPVGTGUCPVGU
UG
NNCOCP
PQVKEKCU
.CU
PQVKEKCU
O¡U
KORQTVCPVGU
UG

EQNQECP
GP
NC
RTKOGTC
R¡IKPC



FGN
RGTK³FKEQ
OKTCF
NC
RTKOGTC
R¡IKPC
Q
NC

RQT

a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
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sh
wkhix oqvj
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 VCFC
EQOQ
VCODK©P
NC
FGPQOKPCP
FGN
RGTK³FKEQ
SWG
GUVQ[
NG[GPFQ
8GKU
NCU

HTCUGU
SWG
CRCTGEGP
CPVGU
FG
NCU
PQVKEKCU
[
UG
GUETKDGP
EQP
NGVTCU
O¡U
ITCPFGU

SWG
QVTQU
VGZVQU!
UQP
NQU
VKVWNCTGU
UW
VCTGC
GU
NNCOCT
NC
CVGPEK³P
FGN
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[
PQ
UQNQ
RQT
UW
VCOC±Q
NQU
VKVWNCTGU
FKEGP
NQ
O¡U
KORQTVCPVG
FG
NC
PQVKEKC

GP
RQECU
RCNCDTCU
OKGPVTCU
NQU
VKVWNCTGU
TGUWOGP
NQ
O¡U
KORQTVCPVG
NC
PQVK
EKC
PQU
QHTGEG
O¡U
FGVCNNGU
8COQU
C
NGGT
WPC
PQVKEKC
RGSWG±KVC

53*6/'0ï %&ï &41"" C

UQDTG
*QNCPFC

ITCP
XKEVQTKC
RQT


FG
XQNGKDQN
GORG\³ ECORGQPC
QN­ORKEC

GP
#VNCPVC
'N
GSWKRQ
GURC±QN
KCN
EQ P
WP C

C
OW PF
NQU
LWGIQU
FG
NC
.KI

&GEKFOG
SW©
KFGC
GZRTGUC
GN
VKVWNCT
[
E³OQ
NC
FGUCTTQNNC
GN
VGZVQ
FG
NC
PQVKEKC
'N
VGOC
FG
GUVC
PQVKEKC
GU
GN
FGRQTVG
6QFCU
NCU
PQVKEKCU
RGTKQF­UVKECU
UG

FKXKFGP
GP
KPVGTPCEKQPCNGU
PCEKQPCNGU
EWNVWTCNGU
FGRQTVKXCU
[
QVTCU
[
UG
RW
DNKECP
RQT
UGEEKQPGU
GU
FGEKT
UG
QTICPK\CP
UGIºP
NQU
VGOCU
'N
PQODTG
FG

NC
UGEEK³P
UG
GUETKDG
GP
NC
RCTVG
FG
CTTKDC
FG
ECFC
R¡IKPC
.CU
UGEEKQPGU

GP
GN
RGTK³FKEQ
UKIWGP
WP
QTFGP
FGVGTOKPCFQ
8COQU
C
XGT
GUVG
PºOGTQ
FG
Ø'N

2C­UÙ
NCU
UGEEKQPGU
GP
GUVG
RGTK³FKEQ
UKIWGP
GN
QTFGP
UKIWKGPVG
KPVGTPCEKQPCN

QRKPK³P
PCEKQPCN
UQEKGFCF
NC
EWNVWTC
GURGEV¡EWNQU
CIGPFC
FGRQTVGU
GEQPQO­C

RTQITCOCEK³P
#FGO¡U
RQFGOQU
GPEQPVTCT
GP
GN
RGTK³FKEQ
NC
ECTVGNGTC
[
NQU

CPWPEKQU
.C
ECTVGNGTC
PQU
KPHQTOC
UQDTG
NCU
RGN­EWNCU
SWG
UG
RTQ[GEVCP
GP

NQU
EKPGU
[
NQU
CPWPEKQU
C[WFCP
CN
NGEVQT
C
EQORTCT
Q
XGPFGT
CNIQ
.CU
PQVKEKCU
GP
NQU
RGTK³FKEQU
RWGFGP
CRCTGEGT
CEQORC±CFCU
FG
HQVQITCH­CU

.C
HQVQITCH­C
KNWUVTC
NC
PQVKEKC
C[WFC
C
EQORTGPFGTNC
OGLQT
[
VCODK©P
NNCOC
NC

CVGPEK³P
FGN
NGEVQT
&GDCLQ
FG
NCU
HQVQITCH­CU
UKGORTG
CRCTGEG
WPC
HTCUG
'U

GN
RKG
FG
HQVQ
OKTCF
RQT
GLGORNQ
GUVC
HQVQ
SWG
CRCTGEG
GP
NC
UGEEK³P
FG

FGRQTVGU
GPEKOC
FGN
TGRQTVCLG
FGFKECFQ
CN
VTKWPHQ
FGN
#VN©VKEQ
SWG
XGPEK³
CN

4GCN
OCFTKF
RQT

C

'N
VKVWNCT
FG
NC
PQVKEKC
FKEG
Ø.C
PQEJG
HGNK\
FGN
#VN©VKEQÙ

&GDCLQ
FG
NC
HQVQ
SWG
KNWUVTC
GN
TGRQTVCLG
RQFGOQU
NGGT
WPC
HTCUG
Ø,QU©
OCTK

HGUVGLC
UW
IQN
GN
RTKOGTQ
FGN
#VN©VKEQÙ
'U
GN
RKG
FG
HQVQ

a
bc
defghijklmino
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 .QU
CTV­EWNQU
SWG
UG
RWDNKECP
GP
NQU
RGTK³FKEQU
RWGFGP
VGPGT
HQTOCU
FKHGTGPVGU

RWGFG
UGT
WP
TGRQTVCLG
UK
GN
TGRQTVCLG
CRCTGEG
CEQORC±CFQ
FG
HQVQU
UG
NNCOC

TGRQTVCLG
IT¡HKEQ
RWGFG
UGT
WPC
GPVTGXKUVC
GPVQPEGU
GN
CTV­EWNQ
VKGPG
NC
HQTOC

FG
FK¡NQIQ
GPVTG
GN
GPVTGXKUVCFQT
[
GN
GPVTGXKUVCFQ
[
UW
VGOC
FGDG
UGT
FG
ITCP

KPVGT©U
RCTC
NQU
NGEVQTGU
$WGPQ
QU
JG
EQPVCFQ
OWEJCU
EQUCU
UQDTG
GN
RGTK³FKEQ
#JQTC
VGP©KU
SWG

OQUVTCTOG
XWGUVTQU
EQPQEKOKGPVQU
VQFQ
NQ
SWG
JCD©KU
EQORTGPFKFQ
;
CFGO¡U

RQFGOQU
JCEGT
PWGUVTQ
RTQRKQ
RGTK³FKEQ
UQDTG
NCU
PQVKEKCU
FG
PWGUVTC
HCOKNKC

XCNG!

VOï SBUP
Ó
некоторое время


 %J

SW©
RCRGN
LWGICP
NQU
RGTK³FKEQU
GP
PWGUVTC
XKFC

SW©
GU
GN
VKVWNCT
RCTC
SW©
UKTXG

SW©
UGEEKQPGU
RWGFGP
VGPGT
NQU
RGTK³FKEQU

RCTC
SW©
UKTXGP
NCU
HQVQITCH­CU

SW©
GU
GN
RKG
FG
HQVQ

 3FMBUB
FM
DPOUFOJEP
EFM
UFYUP
m$POPDFNPT
FM
QFSJÐEJDPn
FO

GPSNB
SFTVNJEB
VUJMJ[BOEP
FM
QMBOP
QBTBEP
4JHVF
FM
FTRVFNB

TJHVJFOUF
7PC
XG\
OCTVC
NG
RTGIWPV³
C
UW
RCR¡


'N
RCFTG
NG
EQPVGUV³
SWG

[
GZRNKE³
C
UWU
JKLQU
SWG


 $POTJHVF
QFSJÐEJDPT
EJGFSFOUFT
Z
DPNQÁSBMPT

Ó
UQP
FGN
OKUOQ
VCOC±Q
NCU
RQTVCFCU!
Ó
3W©
UGEEKQPGU
VKGPGP!

Ó
UKIWGP
GN
OKUOQ
QTFGP!

 5BSFB

B
C

 -FF
FTUB
OPUJDJB
RVF
GVF
QVCMJDBEB
FO
VO
QFSJÐEJDP
FTQBÎPM
FO

MB
TFDDJÐO
EF
4PDJFEBE
B
%J
TJ
FM
UJUVMBS
SFTVNF
MP
NÁT
JNQPSUBOUF
EF
MB
OPUJDJB
4J

FT
OFDFTBSJP
DPOTVMUB
FM
EJDDJPOBSJP

-PT
WÁOEBMPT
EFTUSP[BO

B
EJBSJP

TFÎBMFT
EF
USÁGJDP
'U
WPC
EQPFWEVC
CPVKUQEKCN
SWG
EWGUVC
C
NC
EKWFCF
FG
)TCPCFC
EGTEC
FG
WP

OKNN³P
FG
GWTQU
CN
C±Q
Ø%GTEC
FG
QPEG
OKN
UG±CNGU
FG
VT¡HKEQ
SWG
ECFC
C±Q

FGUVTQ\CP
NQU
X¡PFCNQU
UWGNGP
VGTOKPCT
GP
NQU
FQTOKVQTKQU
FG
NQU
L³XGPGU
Q
GP

NQU
EQPVGPGFQTGU
FG
NCU
ECNNGUÙ
CHKTOCP
NQU
TGURQPUCDNGU
FGN
6T¡HKEQ
'PVTG
GN

[

FG
LWPKQ
FG
GUVG
C±Q
NC
2QNKE­C
.QECN
FGVGEV³
SWG
JCD­CP
FGUC
RCTGEKFQ
FG
NCU
ECNNGU

UG±CNGU
%CFC
UG±CN
FG
VT¡HKEQ
EWGUVC

GWTQU

[
UW
OQPVCLG


a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
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sh
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 .QU
X¡PFCNQU
PQ
FGUECPUCP
OKGPVTCU
WPQU
FGEKFGP
JCEGTUG
EQP
NCU
UG±CNGU

FG
VT¡HKEQ
QVTQU
FGUVTQ\CP
NCU
RCRGNGTCU
RQT
XCNQT
FG

GWTQU
ECFC
WPC
UK

C
VQFQ
GUVQ
UG
UWOCP
NQU
FGUVTQ\QU
GP
OQDKNKCTKQ
DCPEQU
DQODKNNCU

OCEGVGTQU
[
NC
NKORKG\C
FG
NCU
RKPVCFCU
FG
NCU
RCTGFGU
GN
#[WPVCOKGPVQ
ICUVC


O¡U
FG
FQU
OKNNQPGU
FG
GWTQU
CPWCNGU
GP
TGRQPGT
OQDKNKCTKQ
FG
NC
EKWFCF

C
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B
MBT
QSFHVOUBT
3W©
JC
UWEGFKFQ!
3WK©PGU
UQP
NQU
RTQVCIQPKUVCU!
&³PFG
JC
QEWTTKFQ!

%³OQ!
2QT
SW©!
D
%J

UK
VQFQU
NQU
FCVQU
KORQTVCPVGU
GUV¡P
GP
GN
VKVWNCT
Q
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CNIWPQ


SW©
FGVCNNGU
QHTGEG
NC
PQVKEKC
FGUCTTQNNCPFQ
NC
KPHQTOCEK³P
RTKPEKRCN
HQTOW

NCFC
GP
GN
VKVWNCT

UK
GUVC
PQVKEKC
RWGFG
UGT
KPVGTGUCPVG
RCTC
NQU
NGEVQTGU




B
-FF
FTUF
BOVODJP
QVCMJDBEP
FO
VO
QFSJÐEJDP
Z
EJ
TJ
FM
UJUV‚
MBS
MMBNB
MB
BUFODJÐO
EF
MPT
MFDUPSFT
Z
B
RVÇ
HSVQPT
EF
MFDUPSFT

FTUÁ
EJSJHJEP

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CN







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GU
FGN
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WTTKFQU
VTCL T¡U
GP
NC

2CTC
QNXKFCT

NQU
CD QTC
GPEQPVTC

NC U
XC ECEKQPGU
CJ NGEEK³P
FG

OQFC

O¡ZKOQ
FG

'N
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NC
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2NCPVC
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FG
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FGN
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#
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RQT
GN
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HTGUEC
U
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KP ET G­DNGU
VTGU

U
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C±QU
FKXGTVKFCU
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PK±QU
FG



FQ U
RC
RTGEKQ
FG

C
3FEBDUB
FM
BOVODJP
QBSB
VOB
CJDJDMFUB
FTUÁUJDB
(ве-

лотренажёр) RVF
TF
WFOEF
FO
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QJFOTB

VO
UJUVMBS
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QBSB
MMBNBS
MB
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EF
MPT
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SWG
GN
CPWPEKQ
PQ
KPHQTOC
UQDTG
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FGN
RTQ
FWEVQ
UKPQ
QHTGEG
CNIQ
SWG
NC
IGPVG
FGUGC
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Q
VGPGT
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GLGORNQ
UKGORTG
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GP
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GN
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[
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GVE




5BSFB






&Oï HSVQPT

%JWJEËPT
FO
HSVQPT
EF
USFT
P
DVBUSP
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QSPGFTPS
FOUSFHB
B
DBEB
HSVQP
VOB
GPUP

SFDPSUBEB
EF
VO
QFSJÐEJDP
P
SFWJTUB
B
&TDSJCJE
FO
DPNÕO
VOB
OPUJDJB
QBSB
MB
GPUPHSBGËB

TJHVJFOEP
FTUF
FTRVFNB

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IB
TVDFEJEP


a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
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sh
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d`tiqjmu


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TPO
MPT
QSPUBHPOJTUBT

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PDVSSJEP

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C
QPOFE
QJF
B
MB
GPUP
Z
SFTVNJFOEP
MP
NÁT
JNQPSUBOUF
EF
MB

OPUJDJB
JOWFOUBE
VO
UJUVMBS
D
QSFTFOUBE
MB
OPUJDJB
FTDSJUB
QPS
WVFTUSP
HSVQP
BM
SFTUP
EF

MB
DMBTF
Z
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FO
RVÇ
TFDDJÐO
TFSËB
NFKPS
DPMPDBSMB
Z
QPS

RVÇ

E
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VO
QFSJÐEJDP
NVSBM
DPO
MBT
OPUJDJBT
FTDSJUBT
QPS
DBEB

HSVQP
DPMPDÁOEPMBT
FO
MBT
TFDDJPOFT
DPSSFTQPOEJFOUFT




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VOB
GPUP
EF
BMHVOP
EF
UVT
ËEPMPT
&TDSJCF
VOB
FOUSFWJTUB

DPO
FTUF
QFSTPOBKF
TJHVJFOEP
FTUBT
JOTUSVDDJPOFT
C
'N
VGOC
FG
NC
GPVTGXKUVC
FGDG
UGT
FG
ITCP
KPVGT©U
RCTC
NQU
NGEVQTGU
FGN
RG
TK³FKEQ
,WUVKHKEC
NC
GNGEEK³P
FGN
VGOC
D
(QTOWNC
VWU
RTGIWPVCU
CN
RGTUQPCLG
GNGIKFQ
E
'UETKDG
NCU
RQUKDNGU
TGURWGUVCU
F
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WP
VKVWNCT
CVTCEVKXQ




5BSFB


&NQMFPï EFMï .PEPï 4VCKVOUJWPï

FOï MBTï PSBDJPOFTï TVCPSEJOBEBT

.C
PGEGUKFCF
FG
GORNGCT
GN
OQFQ
UWDLWPVKXQ
GP
WPC
QTCEK³P
UWDQTFKPCFC

FGRGPFG
CPVG
VQFQ
FGN
VKRQ
FG
NC
QTCEK³P
UWDQTFKPCFC

'N
VKRQ
FG
NC
QTCEK³P
UWDQTFKPCFC
FGRGPFG
FG
UW
RCRGN
UKPV¡EVKEQ
RWGFG

FGUGORG±CT
GN
RCRGN
FG
EQORNGOGPVQ
FKTGEVQ
Q
KPFKTGEVQ
FG
UWLGVQ
(под-
лежащее)
FG
EQORNGOGPVQ
OQFKHKECFQT
(определение)
FG
EQORNGOGPVQ


EKTEWPUVCPEKCN
(обстоятельство) FG
VKGORQ
FG
HKP (обстоятельство цели)
FG

NWICT
(обстоятельство места)
GVE
-Bï PSBDJ²Oï TVCPSEJOBEBï EFï DPNQMFNFOUP
FGUGORG±C
GN
RCRGN
FG
EQORNG
OGPVQ
FKTGEVQ
G
KPFKTGEVQ
TGURGEVQ
CN
XGTDQ
FG
NC
QTCEK³P
RTKPEKRCN
[
UG
WPG

C
NC
QTCEK³P
RTKPEKRCN
OGFKCPVG
NC
EQPLWPEK³P
RVF



a
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 -Bï PSBDJ²Oï TVCPSEJOBEBï EFï TVKFUP
FGUGORG±C
GN
RCRGN
FG
UWLGVQ
TGURGEVQ

C
NC
QTCEK³P
RTKPEKRCN
[
UG
WPG
OGFKCPVG
NC
EQPLWPEK³P
RVF
&KFNQMPT
0SBDJÐO
QSJODJQBM








0SBDJÐO
TVCPSEJOBEB

,WCP
RKFG
SWG




NQU
EJKEQU
NG
GURGTGP
EF
DPNQMFNFOUP

'U
RQUKDNG
SWG




NQU
EJKEQU
NG
GURGTGP
C
,WCP
EF
TVKFUP


'N
GORNGQ
FGN
OQFQ
U WDLWPVKXQ
GP
NCU
QTCEKQPGU
UWDQTFKPCFCU
FG
EQORNG
OGPVQ
[
FG
UWLGVQ
FGRGPFG
FGN
XGTDQ
FG
NC
QTCEK³P
RTKPEKRCN

'N
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UG
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GP
NC
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FG
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VQ
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GN
XGTDQ
FG
NC
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RTKPEKRCN
RGTVGPGEG
C
WPQ
FG
NQU
ITWRQU

UKIWKGPVGU
C
MPT
WFSCPT
EF
WPMVOUBE
GZRTGUCP
FGUGQ
RGVKEK³P
OCPFCVQ
GZKIGPEKC
RTQ
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RGTOKUQ
EQPUGLQ
GVE
#
GUVG
ITWRQ
RGTVGPGEGP
NQU
XGTDQU
Ó
RVFSFS ï EFTFBS ï QFEJS ï FYJHJS ï NBOEBS ï PSEFOBS ï BDPOTFKBS ï SFDPNFOEBS ï
QFSNJUJS ï QSPIJCJS

Ó
EFDJS ï FTDSJCJS
GP
NCU
UKVWCEKQPGU
EWCPFQ
GZRTGUCP
OCPFCVQ
RGVKEK³P
GVE
D
MPT
WFSCPT
EF
FNPDJÐO
P
TFOUJNJFOUP
Ó
UFNFS ï UFOFSï NJFEP ï BTVTUBSTFï EF ï BMFHSBSTFï EF ï FTUBSï DPOUFOUPï EF ï
BENJSBSTFï EF ï TPSQSFOEFSTFï EF ï BQFOBSTFï EF ï TFOUJS
EWCPFQ
GU
UKP³PKOQ

FG
MBNFOUBS
(сожалеть);
E
MPT
WFSCPT
RVF
FYQSFTBO
JOTFHVSJEBE
Ó
GP
HQTOC
PGICVKXC
OPï QFOTBS ï OPï DSFFS ï OPï FTUBSï TFHVSP ï OPï JNBHJOBS
Ó
GP
HQTOC
CHKTOCVKXC
GN
XGTDQ
EVEBS
&KFNQMPT
6G
BDPOTFKP
SWG
IBHBT
NQU
GLGTEKEKQU
OCVWVKPQU









2CR¡
OGï FTDSJCF
SWG
FTUVEJF
OGLQT









5FNP
SWG
PQ
QPEBNPT
XGPEGT
CN
TKXCN









4JFOUP
SWG
PQ
OG
FOUJFOEBT









%VEP
SWG
%JWSWK
VG
PCFEF[DB









/Pï DSFP
SWG
,WCP
WFOHB

'N
OQFQ
UWDLWPVKXQ
UG
GORNGC
GP
NC
QTCEK³P
UWDQTFKPCFC
FG
UWLGVQ
EWCP
FQ
GN
XGTDQ
FG
NC
QTCEK³P
RTKPEKRCN

C
VKGPG
NC
HQTOC
FG
WPC
GZRTGUK³P
KORGTUQPCN
FTï OFDFTBSJP ï IBDFï GBMUB ï FTï TPSQSFOEFOUF ï FTï QPTJCMF ï FTï JNQPTJCMF ï FTï
G DJM ï FTï EJG¬DJM ï FTï NFKPS ï FTï VOBï M TUJNB ï FTï FYUSB°P ï FTï JNQPSUBOUF
D
GU
WP
XGTDQ
GP
HQTOC
KORGTUQPCN
SWG
GZRTGUC
GOQEK³P
PGEGUKFCF
RQUK
DKNKFCF
GVE
BMFHSBï RVF ï TPSQSFOEFï RVF ï BTPNCSBï RVF ï NPMFTUBï RVF ï QSFPDVQBï RVF ï
HVTUBï RVF

&KFNQMPT

&Tï NFKPS
SWG
SFTVNBT
GN
VGZVQ
FGN
VGNGITCOC

.Fï BMFHSB
SWG
VG
QPOHBO
DWGPCU
PQVCU



a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
qhfvjrjso
sh
wkhix oqvj
d`tiqjmu





-FF
FTUBT
GSBTFT
Z
EJ

B
DVÁMFT
EF
FMMBT
UJFOFO
VOB
PSBDJÐO
TVCPSEJOBEB
EF
DPNQMF‚

NFOUP
P
EF
TVKFUP


*G
NG­FQ
GP
GN
RGTK³FKEQ
SWG
GN
RQGVC
GURC±QN
%NCWFKQ
4QFT­IWG\
TGEKDK³
GN

RTGOKQ
2T­PEKRG
FG
#UVWTKCU
FG
NCU
.GVTCU

6G
CEQPUGLQ
SWG
NGCU
NQU
XGTUQU

FG
UW
ºNVKOQ
NKDTQ

%WCPFQ
SWKGTQ
KT
CN
EKPG
RTKOGTQ
EQPUWNVQ
NC
ECTVGNGTC


'U
WPC
N¡UVKOC
SWG
PQ
VGPICU
GN
ºNVKOQ
FKUEQ
FG
,WNKQ
+INGUKCU

OG

CNGITC
SWG
RQFCOQU
XGT
RQT
NC
VGNGXKUK³P
NCU
EQORGVKEKQPGU
FG
CVNGVKUOQ
SWG

RTQPVQ
UG
EGNGDTCT¡P
GP
UGXKNNC

OG
CNGITQ
FG
SWG
PWGUVTQ
GSWKRQ
VQOG

RCTVG
GP
GN
VQTPGQ
KPVGTPCEKQPCN

'FWCTFQ
FKLQ
SWG
UW
RCR¡
JCT­C
WPC
RQPGP
EKC
GP
GN
EQPITGUQ
FG
CTCDKUVCU
GURC±QNGU

6G
NQ
FKIQ
RCTC
SWG
NQ
UGRCU

C
"OBMJ[B
FM
FNQMFP
EF
MPT
NPEPT
FO
MBT
PSBDJPOFT
EF
DPN‚
QMFNFOUP
Z
EF
TVKFUP




B
$PNQMFUB
MBT
GSBTFT
Z
EJ
EF
RVÇ
UJQP
TPO
MBT
PSBDJPOFT
TVCPS‚
EJOBEBT


'U
KORQTVCPVG
SWG
NGGT
RGTK³FKEQU 

UKGPVQ
SWG
PQ
VGPGT
OWEJCU
ICPCU

FG
GUVWFKCT 

6G
RTQJ­DQ
SWG
JCDNCT
GP
XQ\
CNVC 

OG
OQNGUVC
SWG
JCDNCT

GP
XQ\
CNVC 

0Q
OG
KOCIKPQ
SWG
VQOCT
RCTVG
GP
WPC
EQORGVKEK³P
FGRQTVK
XC 

OG
IWUVC
SWG
VQOCT
RCTVG
GP
GUVC
EQORGVKEK³P 

&WFQ
SWG
OGVGT

WP
IQN 

0Q
GUVQ[
UGIWTQ
SWG
RQFGT
XGPEGT
CN
TKXCN 

6G
RGTOKVQ
SWG

KT
CN
EQPEKGTVQ
FG
VW
ITWRQ
HCXQTKVQ 

C
%J
RVÇ
WFSCPT
EF
MBT
PSBDJPOFT
TVCPSEJOBEBT
UJFOFO
JSSFHV‚

MBSJEBEFT
DPOKVHÁOEPTF
FO
FM
QSFTFOUF
EF
4VCKVOUJWP

D
&OVNFSB
Z
DPOKVHB
WBSJPT
WFSCPT
NÁT
RVF
UJFOFO
JSSFHVMBSJ‚

EBEFT
FO
FM
QSFTFOUF
EF
4VCKVOUJWP
QJFOTB
Z
FTDSJCF
TFJT
GSBTFT

DPO
FTUPT
WFSCPT
FO
FM
QSFTFOUF
EF
4VCKVOUJWP




$PNQMFUB
MBT
GSBTFT
VUJMJ[BOEP
MPT
NPEPT
NÁT
BEFDVBEPT


.C
LQXGP
CEVTK\
FKEG
CN
GPVTGXKUVCFQT
SWG
GP
UW
VKGORQ
NKDTG
RTGHGTKT
RTCE
VKECT
UWU
CHKEKQPGU
HCXQTKVCU 

'N
GPVTGXKUVCFQT
FKEG
C
NC
LQXGP
CEVTK\
SWG
HKT
OCTNG
WPC
HQVQ 

7P
NGEVQT
GUETKDG
CN
FKTGEVQT
FGN
RGTK³FKEQ
SWG
RWDNKECT

UW
ECTVC 

%QPVGUVCPFQ
C
NC
RTGIWPVC
FG
WPC
LQXGP
NGEVQTC
GN
RUKE³NQIQ

GUETKDG
SWG
EQORTCTUG
WPQU
DQPKVQU
\CRCVQU
EQP
VCEQPGU
RCTC
RCTGEGT
O¡U

CNVC 

7PC
NGEVQTC
GUETKDG
SWG
NQU
RCFTGU
PQ
FGLCTNG
KT
CN
EQPEKGTVQ
FG
UW

ITWRQ
HCXQTKVQ 

UKGPVQ
SWG
PQ
RQFGT
KT
CN
EQPEKGTVQ
FG
PWGUVTQ
ITWRQ

HCXQTKVQ 

0Q
RWGFQ
EQTTGT
O¡U
UKGPVQ
SWG
GN
EQTC\³P
UCN­TUGOG
RQT
NC
DQEC

(сердце готово выскочить из груди).




5BSFB




a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
qhfvjrjso
sh
wkhix oqvj
d`tiqjmu

 Es importante que leas periódicos, revistas, libros. La lec tura nos ayuda
a conocer la realidad y a nosotros mismos. Pero si quieres comprender el
texto, debes saber qué significado tienen las palabras que lo componen.




"TË
RVF

TVTDSJCJSTF
W
C
Ó
подписаться (на что-либо)

GJDIB
G
Ó
карточка (в каталоге, регистрационная и т. д.)
GJDIFSP
N
Ó
каталог FEJUPSJBM
G
Ó издательство
IPKFBS
W
Ó листать EFï JOUSJHB
Ó остросюжетный




a&Tï JOUFSFTBOUF

B
$PNQBSB
IPLGCT
Ó
листать, просматривать.



NC
JQLC
QFSP
PLGCT
Ó
взглянуть, посмотреть. GN
QLQ
C
5SBEVDF


'P
NC
DKDNKQVGEC
RQFGOQU
IPKFBS
[
PKFBS
NKDTQU

%WCPFQ
CDTQ
GN
RGTK³FKEQ
PKFP
RTKOGTQ
NC
R¡IKPC
FG
NQU
FGRQTVGU
D
*OWFOUB
EPT
GSBTFT
DPO
FTUPT
WFSCPT




"EJWJOB
FM
TJHOJGJDBEP
EF
MBT
QBMBCSBT
FO
OFHSJUB
NC
GFKVQTKCN
Óï MBï FEJDJ²O

GN
RQNKE­C
Ó
MBï OPWFMBï QPMJD¬BDB




-FF
MBT
GSBTFT
Z
USBEÕDFMBT
BM
SVTP
'ËKBUF
FO
FM
FNQMFP
EF
MBT

QBMBCSBT
FO
OFHSJUB


4VTDS¬CBTF
C
NC
TGXKUVC
Ø3W©
NGGTÙ
%QP
MBï TVTDSJQDJ²O
C
NC
TGXKUVC
GUVG

OGU
TGICNCOQU
WP
NKDTQ
FG
NC
RQRWNCT
GUETKVQTC
[
RGTKQFKUVC
OCTWLC
6QTTGU

 ï -Bï FEJUPSJBMï .J¯±O
JC
ETGCFQ
NC
EQNGEEK³P
.#U
%#O2#0#U
EQP
GN
FGUGQ

FG
CHKEKQPCT
C
NC
NGEVWTC
C
NQU
O¡U
L³XGPGU

&Mï GJDIFSP
GU
GN
NWICT
FQPFG

UG
IWCTFCP
QTFGPCFCOGPVG
MBTï GJDIBT

.QU
CWVQTGU
FG
MBTï OPWFMBTï EFï
JOUSJHBï QHTGEGP
C
UWU
NGEVQTGU
WPCU
JKUVQTKCU
CRCUKQPCPVGU
(увлекательные)



a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
qhfvjrjso
sh
wkhix oqvj
d`tiqjmu





%J

UK
UWGNGU
UWUETKDKTVG
C
CNIWPCU
TGXKUVCU
LWXGPKNGU

UK
VG
GPECPVC
NGGT
NCU
PQXGNCU
FG
KPVTKIC
Q
RTGHKGTGU
QVTQU
I©PGTQU

UK
VG
IWUVCT­C
JCEGT
GN
HKEJGTQ
FG
VW
DKDNKQVGEC
RGTUQPCN

Cuando te hace falta encontrar información sobre algún tema es mejor

que la busques en la biblioteca, porque allí se guardan tantos libros,
revistas, periódicos y enciclopedias, que encontrarás la respuesta a cual-
quier pregunta.




-FF
FM
UFYUP
Z
EJ
RVÇ
IBDF
QJMJ
FO
MB
CJCMJPUFDB

7BNPT
B
MB
CJCMJPUFDB

2KNK
QVTC
XG\
PGEGUKVC
NC
C[WFC
FG
UW
RCR¡
NG
RKFG
SWG
NG
EQPUKIC
WPC
TGXKUVC

FGN
OGU
RCUCFQ
RQTSWG
CNN­
RWDNKECTQP
WP
CTV­EWNQ
KPVGTGUCPV­UKOQ
UQDTG
NC

JKUVQTKC
FG
NC
HKGUVC
FGN
NKDTQ
GP
'URC±C
2GTQ
RCR¡
PQ
RWGFG
C[WFCTNC
PQ

RWGFG
EQORTCTNC
RQTSWG
GU
XKGLC
PQ
RWGFG
GPEQPVTCT
GUVG
PºOGTQ
GP
ECUC

GPVTG
NQU
RGTK³FKEQU
XKGLQU
RQTSWG
PQ
UG
UWUETKDK³
C
GUVC
TGXKUVC
GP
NC
1HKEKPC

FG
%QTTGQU
EQOQ
NQ
JCE­C
CPVGU
ECFC
C±Q
2GTQ
SW©
JCEGT!
3WGFC
UQNQ
WPC

TGURWGUVC
C
GUVC
RTGIWPVC
KT
C
NC
DKDNKQVGEC
.C
DKDNKQVGEC
GU
GN
NWICT
FQPFG

UG
IWCTFCP
NQU
NKDTQU
TGXKUVCU
[
RGTK³FKEQU
CNN­
NQU
NGGOQU
NQU
EQPUWNVCOQU

Q
NQU
RGFKOQU
RCTC
WVKNK\CTNQU
GP
ECUC
Q
GP
ENCUG
2QFGOQU
DWUECT
GN
NKDTQ

SWG
PQU
KPVGTGUC
GP
NC
DKDNKQVGEC
FG
PWGUVTC
GUEWGNC
Q
GP
NC
DKDNKQVGEC
FG

PWGUVTQ
DCTTKQ
%WCPFQ
PQU
RTGUGPVCP
WP
NKDTQ
GP
NC
DKDNKQVGEC
FG
NC
GUEWGNC

IGPGTCNOGPVG
VGPGOQU
SWG
TGNNGPCT
WPC
HKEJC
RCTGEKFC
C
GUVC

(KEJC
FG
DKDNKQVGEC
Pz


#NWOPQ
0z
FG
NGEVQT
%NCUG
%WTUQ
6­VWNQ
FGN
NKDTQ
#WVQTC
'FKVQTKCN
#±Q
FG
GFKEK³P

2KNK
UG
FKTKIG
C
NC
DKDNKQVGEC
FG
UW
DCTTKQ
PQ
UQNQ
RCTC
EQPUGIWKT
NC
TGXKUVC

SWG
GUV¡
DWUECPFQ
UKPQ
VCODK©P
RCTC
EQIGT
WPQU
NKDTQU
RCTC
NGGTNQU
GP
ECUC 

a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
qhfvjrjso
sh
wkhix oqvj
d`tiqjmu

 2TGHKGTG
NGGT
NKDTQU
FG
CPKOCNGU
[
FG
HCPVCU­C
KOCIKP¡PFQUG
RQT
GLGORNQ
SWG

XKCLC
RQT
GN
RC­U
FG
NCU
OCTCXKNNCU
FG
#NKEKC
Q
SWG
XG
FG
EGTEC
NQU
NQDQU
FG

,CEM
.QPFQP
UW
JGTOCPQ
4CHC
PQ
EQORCTVG
UWU
IWUVQU
NG
GPECPVCP
NCU
PC
TTCEKQPGU
FG
RKTCVCU
FG
KPFKQU
[
FG
KPVTKIC
GU
OWEJQ
O¡U
GOQEKQPCPVG
UGIWKT

RQT
GN
OCT
NQU
RCUQU
FG
OQD[
&KEM
DWUECT
GN
VGUQTQ
FG
NC
KUNC
SWG
KOCIKP³

UVGXGPUQP
KPXGUVKICT
GN
OWPFQ
RGTFKFQ
FG
%QPCP
&Q[NG
Q
CEQORC±CT
C
NQU

VTGU
OQUSWGVGTQU
6CORQEQ
NG
IWUVCP
NQU
NKDTQU
HCXQTKVQU
FG
OCTVC
NC
JGTOCPC

OC[QT
bVQFQU
UQP
FG
COQT
[
VQFQU
UQP
CDWTTKF­UKOQU
OGPQU
OCN
SWG
C
XGEGU

NG
IWUVC
RGTFGTUG
GP
NQU
NCDGTKPVQU
FG
WPC
PQXGNC
RQNKE­CEC
RGTQ
FKEG
SWG

ECFC
XG\
FGUEWDTG
NC
XGTFCF
OWEJQ
CPVGU
SWG
NQU
RGTUQPCLGU
RTKPEKRCNGU

KPURGEVQTGU
[
FGVGEVKXGU
HCOQUQU
.C
DKDNKQVGECTKC
UKGORTG
C[WFC
C
2KNK
C
GPEQPVTCT
GN
NKDTQ
PGEGUCTKQ
#
FGEKT

XGTFCF
PQ
GU
WPC
VCTGC
VCP
FKH­EKN
RQTSWG
NQU
NKDTQU
GP
NC
DKDNKQVGEC
GUV¡P

QTFGPCFQU
RQT
HKEJGTQU
[
RQT
UGEEKQPGU
UK
VG
KPVGTGUCP
NQU
NKDTQU
FG
CNIºP

CWVQT
GU
OGLQT
DWUECT
NCU
HKEJCU
FG
GUVQU
NKDTQU
GP
GN
HKEJGTQ
FG
CWVQTGU
.CU

HKEJCU
GP
GN
HKEJGTQ
GUV¡P
QTFGPCFCU
CNHCD©VKECOGPVG
UK
SWKGTGU
GPEQPVTCT
NKDTQU

FGFKECFQU
CN
VGOC
SWG
O¡U
VG
KPVGTGUC
RQT
GLGORNQ
CN
VGOC
FG
OºUKEC
Q
FG

CPKOCNGU
GU
OGLQT
DWUECTNQU
GP
NC
UGEEK³P
EQTTGURQPFKGPVG
FG
OºUKEC
Q
FG

CPKOCNGU
GVE 
#
2KNK
NG
GPECPVCP
NQU
NKDTQU
FG
)NQTKC
(WGTVGU
NC
HCOQUC

GUETKVQTC
GURC±QNC
CWVQTC
FG
OWEJ­UKOQU
EWGPVQU
[
XGTUQU
RCTC
PK±QU
2KNK
UG

FKTKIG
CN
HKEJGTQ
FG
CWVQTGU
[
GPEWGPVTC
CNN­
NC
HKEJC
UKIWKGPVG

"VUPS
(MPSJB
'VFSUFT

5¬UVMP
&M
QFSSP
RVF
OP
TBCËB
MBESBS
&EJUPSJBM
&TDVFMB
&TQBÎPMB
$POUFOJEP
$VFOUPT
WFSTPT
Z
BDFSUJKPT

2KNK
UG
CNGITC
FG
SWG
EQPQ\EC
WPC
QDTC
O¡U
FG
UW
CWVQTC
HCXQTKVC
RQTSWG
[C

NCU
JC
NG­FQ
ECUK
VQFCU
2KNK
TGNNGPC
NC
HKEJC
EQIG
GN
NKDTQ
[
RCUC
CN
4KPE³P
FG

.GEVWTC
RCTC
JQLGCT
NCU
TGXKUVCU
XKGLCU
C
XGT
UK
GPEWGPVTC
GN
CTV­EWNQ
SWG
FGUGC

NGGT

Ó
UK©PVCVG
GP
CSWGNNC
OGUC
Ó
NG
FKEG
NC
DKDNKQVGECTKC
Ó
OKTC
GP
WPC
FG
GUVCU

TGXKUVCU
GPEQPVTCT¡U
NQ
SWG
DWUECU
#PVGU
FG
JQLGCT
NCU
TGXKUVCU
2KNK
QDUGTXC
WPQU
ECTVGNGU
OW[
DQPKVQU
SWG
UG

FGUVCECP
GP
NCU
RCTGFGU
FG
NC
DKDNKQVGEC
UQP
OW[
CVTCEVKXQU
[
NNCOCP
NC
CVGP
EK³P
.QU
GUN³ICPGU
SWG
CRCTGEGP
GP
GUVQU
ECTVGNGU
CPKOCP
C
NQU
EJKEQU
C

NGGT
O¡U
ØUK
SWKGTGU
CXGPVWTC
N¡P\CVG
C
NC
NGEVWTCÙ
Ø'N
SWG
NNQTC
GU
WP
NNQT³P

GN
SWG
NGG
GU
WP
NG³PÙ
2KNK
RTGHKGTG
UGT
NGQPC
[
UG
NCP\C
C
NC
NGEVWTC
FG
NCU

TGXKUVCU
b3W©
UWGTVG
#SW­
GUV¡
GN
CTV­EWNQ
Ø&G
HKGUVC
FGN
NKDTQ
CN
&­C
OWP

FKCN
FGN
NKDTQÙ
'U
GN
VGOC
FGN
KPHQTOG
SWG
2KNK
RTGUGPVCT¡
OC±CPC
GP
ENCUG



&Mï 3JOD²Oï EFï -FDUVSB
Ó
небольшой читальный зал


a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
qhfvjrjso
sh
wkhix oqvj
d`tiqjmu





%J

RQT
SW©
2KNK
RWGFG
TGUQNXGT
UW
RTQDNGOC
UQNQ
GP
NC
DKDNKQVGEC


RCTC
SW©
GZKUVGP
NCU
DKDNKQVGECU
RQT
SW©
GU
KORQTVCPVG
SWG
JC[C
DKDNKQVGECU
GP

ECFC
GUEWGNC
[
GP
ECFC
DCTTKQ

NQU
NKDTQU
FG
SW©
I©PGTQU
RTGHKGTGP
NGGT
2KNK
4CHC
[
OCTVC

EW¡PFQ
EQIGOQU
WP
NKDTQ
GP
RT©UVCOQ
RCTC
NGGT
GP
ECUC
(берём книги на
дом)
SW©
FGDGOQU
TGNNGPCT
GP
NC
DKDNKQVGEC
[
SW©
FCVQU
FGDGOQU
RQPGT

SW©
FCVQU
TGEQIG
NC
HKEJC
FG
WP
NKDTQ
SW©
GU
GN
HKEJGTQ
UCDGU
WVKNK\CTNQ!


SW©
GU
NC
UGEEK³P
SW©
NKDTQU
RQFGOQU
GPEQPVTCT
CNN­


SW©
ECTVGNGU
EQP
GUN³ICPGU
JC
XKUVQ
2KNK
GP
NC
DKDNKQVGEC
SW©
FKEGP!




3FMBUB
FM
UFYUP
FO
GPSNB
SFTVNJEB
&NQJF[B
FM
SFMBUP
BTË
Ø7P
F­C
2KNK
UG
FKTKIK³
C
NC
DKDNKQVGEC
RQTSWGÙ




6OB
GJDIB
EF
MJCSPT
TF
DPNQPOF
EF
MBT
QBSUFT
TJHVJFOUFT

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OPNCSF
Z
MPT
BQFMMJEPT
EFM
BVUPS

&M
UËUVMP
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MJCSP

&M
OPNCSF
EF
MB
FEJUPSJBM
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QVCMJDBEP
Z
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EF
FEJDJÐO

1PS
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MB
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FTDSJCFO
VO
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MFUSBT
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QPOEJFOUF

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p
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FO
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PSEFOBEBT
BMGBCÇUJDBNFOUF
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FM
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TFHVJ‚
EP
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OPNCSF
EF
MPT
BVUPSFT
p
'JDIFSP
EF
UËUVMPT
FO
FM
RVF
MBT
GJDIBT
FTUÁO

PSEFOBEBT
BMGBCÇUJDBNFOUF
QPS
MPT
UËUVMPT
EF
MBT

PCSBT
&O
FTUB
PSEFOBDJÐO
TF
UJFOF
FO
DVFOUB

MB
QSJNFSB
QBMBCSB
EF
DBEB
UËUVMP
QFSP
TJ
FT

VO
BSUËDVMP
TF
UFOESÁ
FO
DVFOUB
MB
TJHVJFOUF
p
'JDIFSP
EF
NBUFSJBT
FO
FM
RVF
TF
PSEFOBO

MBT
GJDIBT
TFHÕO
MB
NBUFSJB
RVF
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MPT
MJCSPT

HFPHSBGËB
NBUFNÁUJDBT
FUD 
¼MUJNBNFOUF
FO
NVDIBT
CJCMJPUFDBT
TF
IBO
TVTUJ‚
UVJEP
MPT
GJDIFSPT
QPS
PSEFOBEPSFT




5BSFB




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B
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QJMJ
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TF
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DPNQSBEP
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VC
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EGPVTQ
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KPKPVGTTWORKFCOGPVG



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&TDSJCF
EF
NBOFSB
QBSFDJEB
MPT
EBUPT
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VOP
EF
UVT
MJCSPT

GBWPSJUPT
TV
UËUVMP
FM
OPNCSF
EFM
BVUPS
Z
FM
DPOUFOJEP
FO
CSFWF




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RVÇ
JOGPSNBDJÐO
QPEFNPT
FODPOUSBS
FO
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GJDIB
EF
VO

MJCSP
B
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MB
JOGPSNBDJÐO
TPCSF
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EF
MPT
MJCSPT
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MB
MJUFSBUVSB

DMÁTJDB
Z
SFDÐHFMB
FO
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GJDIB
TJHVJFOUF

EF
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WJBKFT

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VCMJDBDJÐO
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NC
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PWGXG
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VOB
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QBSFDJEB
SFDPHJFOEP
FO
FMMB
MB
JOGPSNBDJÐO

TPCSF
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EF
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MJCSPT
QSFGFSJEPT
6UJMJ[B
MB
GJDIB
DPNP
QMBO

QBSB
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EF
UV
MJCSP
QSFGFSJEP
NÁT
EFUBMMBEBNFOUF
&NQJF[B

UV
SFMBUP
BTË


GU
WPC
PQXGNC
EWGPVQNKDTQ

GUETKVC
RQT

[
RWDNKECFC
GP


UW
RGTUQPCLG
RTKPEKRCN
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'N
NKDTQ
EWGPVC

NQU
XKCLGUNCU
CXGPVWTCUNC
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5BSFB








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%JWJEËPT
FO
HSVQPT
EF
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P
DVBUSP
QSFQBSBE

FO
DPNÕO
VO
DBSUFM
DPO
VO
FTMPHBO
QBSB
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USB
CJCMJPUFDB
FTDPMBS
QPEÇJT
FMFHJS
FOUSF

B
VO
DBSUFM
RVF
WB
B
SFDPSEBS
B
MPT
DIJDPT
RVF
FO
MBT
CJCMJPUFDBT

OP
TF
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OJ
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B
MPT
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C
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B
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EF
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B
MFFS
NÁT

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TF

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Z
GPUPHSBGËBT

2TGUGPVCF
XWGUVTQU
ECTVGNGU
CN
TGUVQ
FG
NC
ENCUG
[
GNGIKF
GN
OGLQT
ECTVGN




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S
W©
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RTGHKGTGU
NGGT
FG
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FG
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RQT
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UK
XCU
C
NC
DKDNKQVGEC
EQP
HTGEWGPEKC


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C
NC
DKDNKQVGEC

UK
DWUECU
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KPHQTOCEK³P
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CNIWPQU
VGOCU
FG
VWU
GUVWFKQU

E³OQ
HWPEKQPC
NC
DKDNKQVGEC
FG
VW
EQNGIKQ
Q
FG
VW
DCTTKQ
SW©
JQTCTKQ
VKGPG


UK
RWGFGU
EQIGT
NKDTQU
GP
RT©UVCOQ
RCTC
NGGTNQU
GP
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Q
RCUCU
WP
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GP
GN
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FG
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JQLGCPFQ
WP
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Q
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E³OQ
EQPUKIWGU
GN
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SWG
VG
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HCNVC




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VOB
EF
UVT
ÕMUJNBT
WJTJUBT
B
MB
CJCMJPUFDB



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5BSFB


 $PNFOUB
MBT
OPSNBT
EF
DPOEVDUB
FO
MB
CJCMJPUFDB



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IWCTFCT
UKGORTG
UKNGPEKQ
RCTC
PQ
OQNGUVCT
C
NQU
FGO¡U
NGEVQTGU

6GPGOQU
SWG
VTCVCT
DKGP
NQU
NKDTQU
PQ
FGDGOQU
GUVTQRGCTNQU
PK
UWDTC[CTNQU

&GDGOQU
FGXQNXGT
NQU
NKDTQU
GP
NC
HGEJC
UG±CNCFC







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0T
IBCÇJT
FODPOUSBEP
FO
MB
CJCMJPUFDB
EF
WVFTUSP

CBSSJP
"
DBEB
VOP
EF
WPTPUSPT
MF
JOUFSFTB
RVÇ

MJCSPT
RVJFSF
DPOTFHVJS
TV
BNJHP
RVÇ
HVTUPT

UJFOF
TJ
TBCF
VUJMJ[BS
FM
GJDIFSP
FUD




5BSFB







DBEB
MJCSP
UJFOF
VOB
DVCJFSUB
$BEB


DVCJFSUB
UJFOF
USFT
QBSUFT
QPSUBEB
MPNP

Z
DPOUSBQPSUBEB
&O
MB
QPSUBEB
QPOFO
MPT
EBUPT
TJHVJFOUFT
FM

BVUPS
FM
UËUVMP
Z
MB
FEJUPSJBM
&O
FM
MPNP
TF
FTDSJCF
FM
BVUPS
Z
FM
UËUVMP
&O
MB
DPOUSBQPSUBEB
TVFMFO
FTDSJCJSTF
VOBT

MËOFBT
EF
QSFTFOUBDJÐO
QBSB
EFTQFSUBS
FM

JOUFSÇT
IBDJB
MB
PCSB

NC
RQTVCFC

GN
NQOQ
NC
EQPVTCRQTVCFC

Hojeando los periódicos en la biblioteca Pili encontró un artículo interesan-

tísimo dedicado a la historia del Día Internacional del Libro.




"OUFT
EF
MFFS
MB
JOGPSNBDJÐO
TPCSF
FTUB
DFMFCSBDJÐOd

SFDJUBM
N
Ó
авторский вечер (поэта) IPNFOBKF
N
Ó
чествование

FTUVEJPï N
Ó
исследование FODVFTUB
G
Ó
опрос
MBï 'FSJBï EFMï -JCSP
Ó
книжная ярмарка
SFOEJSï FMï IPNFOBKFï B
Ó
чествовать (кого-либо, что-либо)


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$MBTJGJDB
EFTUBDBOEP
MBT
GBNJMJBT
EF
QBMBCSBT
%J
RVÇ
FRVJWB‚
MFOUF
SVTP
UJFOF
DBEB
QBMBCSB
NC
GFKVQTKCN
GPECDG\CT
GUVWFKCT
TGEKVCT
GN
GFKVQT
NC
ECDG\C
GN
GUVWFKQ
GFKVCT

GN
TGEKVCN




$PNQMFUB
MBT
GSBTFT
FNQMFBOEP
MBT
QBMBCSBT
Z
FYQSFTJPOFT
EFM

SFDVBESP

UGIºP
Þ
Ø.QU
GURC±QNGU
[
NQU
NKDTQUÙ
RTGUGPVCFQ
GP
NC
(GTKC
RQT
GN
UQEK³
NQIQ
#OCPFQ
FG
OKIWGN
GP
'URC±C
UG
XGPFGP

OKNNQPGU
FG
NKDTQU
CN
C±Q


&G
QVTQ
NCFQ
NQU
TGUWNVCFQU
FG
GUVC
Þ
OWGUVTCP
CNIWPQU
CURGEVQU
PGIC
VKXQU

'N
#[WPVCOKGPVQ
FG
OCFTKF
VCODK©P

RTGUVC
CRQ[Q
C

Þ
Þ


.C

GFKVQTKCN
)TWRQ
%GTQ
QTICPK\³

FG
RQGU­C

&WTCPVG
NC
(GTKC
UG
TGCNK\³


C
4CHCGN
#NDGTVK
ITCP
RQGVC
GURC±QN

'UVC
HGEJC
HWG
GUEQIKFC
RQT
NC
70'U%1

RCTC
Þ
Þ
CN
NKDTQ
[
C
UWU
CWVQTGU




5BSFBT





'P
NC
(GTKC
FGN
.KDTQ
NQU
GFKVQTGU
RTGUGPVCP
NQU
PWGXQU
NKDTQU
RCTC
FCTNQU

C
EQPQEGT
CN
RºDNKEQ

'P
NC
(GTKC
FGN
.KDTQ
NQU
GFKVQTGU
RTGUGPVCP
NQU
PWGXQU
NKDTQU
RCTC
SWG
GN

RºDNKEQ
NQU
EQPQ\EC
.C
RTKOGTC
QTCEK³P
GU
KPFGRGPFKGPVG
NCU
CEEKQPGU
QSFTFOUBO
[
EBSMPTï Bï DPOP
DFSï EQTTGURQPFGP
CN
OKUOQ
UWUVCPVKXQ
MPTï FEJUPSFT
'N
KPHKPKVKXQ
EBSMPT
Bï DPOP
DFS
VKGPG
NC
RTGRQUKEK³Pï QBSB
'P
NC
UGIWPFC
QTCEK³P
NCU
CEEKQPGU
QSFTFOUBO
[
DPOP[DB
EQTTGURQPFGP
C
FQU

UWUVCPVKXQU
FKHGTGPVGU
MPTï FEJUPSFT
UWLGVQ
FG
NC
QTCEK³P
RTKPEKRCN
[
FMï Q¹CMJ
DP
UWLGVQ
FG
NC
QTCEK³P
UWDQTFKPCFC
.C
QTCEK³P
UWDQTFKPCFC
UG
WPG
C
NC

QTCEK³P
RTKPEKRCN
OGFKCPVG
NC
EQPLWPEK³P
QBSBï RVF
'U
NC
QTCEK³P
UWDQTFKPC

FC
FG
HKP
-Bï PSBDJ²Oï TVCPSEJOBEBï EFï GJO
GZRTGUC
GN
HKP
EQP
SWG
UG
TGCNK\C
NC
CEEK³P

FG
NC
QTCEK³P
RTKPEKRCN
[
RQT
NQ
VCPVQ
FGUGORG±C
GN
RCRGN
FG
EQORNGOGPVQ

EKTEWPUVCPEKCN
FG
HKP
TGURGEVQ
CN
XGTDQ
FG
NC
QTCEK³P
RTKPEKRCN
UG
WPG
C
NC

QTCEK³P
RTKPEKRCN
OGFKCPVG
NC
EQPLWPEK³P
QBSBï RVF
'P
NC
QTCEK³P
UWDQTFKPCFC
FG
HKP
UKGORTG
UG
GORNGC
GN
OQFQ
UWDLWPVKXQ

%WCPFQ
GP
NC
QTCEK³P
RTKPEKRCN
UG
GORNGC
WPQ
FG
NQU
VKGORQU
FGN
RNCPQ
RTG
UGPVG
GP
NC
QTCEK³P
UWDQTFKPCFC
FG
HKP
UG
GORNGC
FMï 1SFTFOUFï EFï 4VCKVOUJWP
&KFNQMP
'P
NC
(GTKC
FGN
.KDTQ
WPC
UG±QTC
JC
RWGUVQ
UQDTG
NC
OGUC
FGN

GUETKVQT
'FWCTFQ
OGPFQ\C
WPC
FQEGPC
FG
NKDTQU
FG
GUVG
CWVQT

RCTC
SWG
NQU
HKTOG



a
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QPO
FM
WFSCP
FO
MB
GPSNB
NÁT
BEFDVBEB

'U
KORQTVCPVG
SWG
UGIWKT
Vº
GUVCU
KPUVTWEEKQPGU
RCTC
SWG
NC
HKEJC
TGEQIGT

VQFC
NC
KPHQTOCEK³P
PGEGUCTKC
UQDTG
GN
NKDTQ

3WGTGOQU
SWG
PWGUVTC
ECTVC

NNGICT
C
NQU
CWVQTGU
FG
NQU
NKDTQU
KPHCPVKNGU
[
LWXGPKNGU
RCTC
SWG
UGIWKT
GNNQU

GUETKDKGPFQ
HCPV¡UVKECU
[
CRCUKQPCPVGU
JKUVQTKCU

'ZRNKEC
C
NC
DKDNKQVGECTKC

SW©
NKDTQ
SWKGTGU
EQPUGIWKT
RCTC
SWG
VG
C[WFCT
GNNC
C
GPEQPVTCTNQ

.C
DK
DNKQVGECTKC
OG
JC
KPXKVCFQ
C
RCUCT
CN
4KPE³P
FGN
.GEVQT
RCTC
SWG
RQFGT
[Q

JQLGCT
CNN­
WPCU
TGXKUVCU
LWXGPKNGU

OC±CPC
UCECT©
WPCU
HQVQU
RCTC
SWG
KNWU
VTCT
GNNCU
GN
VGZVQ
FG
OK
TGRQTVCLG

2QP
GUVG
ECTVGN
GP
VW
DKDNKQVGEC
GUEQNCT

RCTC
SWG
NQU
EJKEQU
NQ
XGT
[
UCDGT
SWG
NQU
NKDTQU
UG
FGDGP
EWKFCT





5SBOTGPSNB
MBT
GSBTFT
DPNP
FO
FM
FKFNQMP
GPSNBOEP
PSBDJPOFT

TVCPSEJOBEBT
EF
GJO

&KFNQMP
.C
(GTKC
FGN
.KDTQ
UG
EGNGDTC
RCTC
TGWPKT
C
WP
ITCP

PºOGTQ
FG
GFKVQTGU

Ó
.C
(GTKC
FGN
.KDTQ
UG
EGNGDTC
RCTC
SWG
UG
TGºPC

WP
ITCP
PºOGTQ
FG
GFKVQTGU

.QU
RGTK³FKEQU
UG
RWDNKECP
RCTC
KPHQTOCTPQU
FG
NCU
ºNVKOCU
PQVKEKCU

*G

UCECFQ
XCTKCU
HQVQU
RCTC
KNWUVTCT
EQP
GNNCU
GN
TGRQTVCLG

'P
NC
DKDNKQVGEC
GUEQ
NCT
PQU
RGTOKVGP
EQIGT
NKDTQU
GP
RT©UVCOQ
RCTC
NGGTNQU
GP
ECUC

'N
GUNQICP

SWG
CRCTGEG
GP
GN
ECTVGN
RWGFG
KPXKVCT
Q
CPKOCT
C
NC
IGPVG
RCTC
XKUKVCT
WP

NWICT
Q
EQORTCT
CNIQ

.QU
RTQHGUQTGU
RTGRCTCP
C
NQU
CNWOPQU
RCTC
NGGT

CEVKXCOGPVG
NQU
VGZVQU
[
EQOGPVCTNQU





5BSFBT






-FF
FM
UFYUP
Z
EJ
RVÇ
USBEJDJPOFT
SFMBDJPOBEBT
DPO
FM
MJCSP
FYJT‚
UFO
FO
&TQBÎB
Z
3VTJB

3PTBT
Z
MJCSPT
'P

GN
IQDKGTPQ
GURC±QN
CRTQD³
NC
ETGCEK³P
FG
WPC

(KGUVC
FGN
.KDTQ
'URC±QN
SWG
GP
WP
RTKPEKRKQ
UG
EGNGDTCDC

GN

FG
QEVWDTG
&GUFG

NC
(KGUVC
GORG\³
C
EGNGDTCTUG

GN

FG
CDTKN
NC
HGEJC
GP
SWG
UG
EQPOGOQTC
NC
OWGTVG

FGN
ITCP
GUETKVQT
GURC±QN
&QP
OKIWGN
FG
%GTXCPVGU
UCCXGFTC

CWVQT
FG
NC
QDTC
KPOQTVCN
Ø'N
+PIGPKQUQ
*KFCNIQ
&QP
3WKLQVG

FG
NC
OCPEJCÙ
'P
PQXKGODTG
FG

NC
70'U%1
GNKIK³

GUVC
HGEJC
UKOD³NKEC
RCTC
NC
NKVGTCVWTC
OWPFKCN
GN

FG
CDTKN

FGN
OKUOQ
C±Q

HCNNGEKGTQP
VCODK©P
UJCMGURGCTG
[
GN

RQGVC
JKURCPQCOGTKECPQ
+PEC
)TCEKNCUQ
FG
NC
8GIC
RCTC

FGENCTCT
GN

FG
CDTKN
EQOQ
GN
&­C
OWPFKCN
FGN
.KDTQ
&GUFG

GPVQPEGU
OWEJQU
RC­UGU
QTICPK\CP
GUVG
F­C
FKHGTGPVGU
CEVKXK
FCFGU
UKGORTG
TGNCEKQPCFCU
EQP
GN
NKDTQ
RCTC
CNGPVCT
C
VQFQ

GN
OWPFQ
[
GP
RCTVKEWNCT
C
NQU
O¡U
L³XGPGU
C
FGUEWDTKT
GN

RNCEGT
FG
NC
NGEVWTC
'P
OCFTKF
GP
GUCU
HGEJCU
UG
EGNGDTC



a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
qhfvjrjso
sh
wkhix oqvj
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 NC
UGOCPC
FGN
.KDTQ
[
VKGPG
NWICT
NC
GPVTGIC
FGN
2TGOKQ
%GTXCPVGU
CN
OGLQT

CWVQT
GURC±QN
Q
NCVKPQCOGTKECPQ
'P
%CVCNW±C
FQPFG
GUVG
F­C
EQKPEKFG
EQP
NC

HKGUVC
FG
UCPV
,QTFK
RCVT³P
FG
%CVCNW±C
GU
VTCFKEKQPCN
TGICNCT
TQUCU
[
NKDTQU

'P
OWEJCU
EKWFCFGU
[
RWGDNQU
FG
'URC±C
UG

EGNGDTC
ECFC
C±Q
NC
(GTKC
FGN
.KDTQ
.QU
GFK
VQTGU
[
NCU
NKDTGT­CU
RTGUGPVCP
NQU
PWGXQU
NKDTQU

RCTC
FCTNQU
C
EQPQEGT
CN
RºDNKEQ
#
HKPCNGU
FG

OC[Q
NC
VTCFKEKQPCN
(GTKC
FGN
.KDTQ
UG
EGNGDTC

GP
OCFTKF
GP
GN
RCTSWG
FGN
4GVKTQ
GN
EWCN
GP

GUCU
HGEJCU
UG
EQPXKGTVG
GP
NC
ECRKVCN
FGN

OWPFQ
GP
NQ
SWG
C
NC
NGEVWTC
UG
TGHKGTG
.C

(GTKC
FWTC
O¡U
FG
FQU
UGOCPCU
FWTCPVG
NCU

EWCNGU
OWEJQU
FG
NQU
RTKPEKRCNGU
CWVQTGU


GURC±QNGU
UGPVCFQU
GP
UWU
ECUGVCU
HKTOCP

GLGORNCTGU
FG
UWU
NKDTQU
[
RCTVKEKRCP
GP


FKHGTGPVGU
CEVKXKFCFGU
OGUCU
TGFQPFCU

TGEKVCNGU
FG
RQGU­C
JQOGPCLGU
C
NQU
CWVQTGU

O¡U
E©NGDTGU
[
C
NQU
SWG
JCP
GPECDG\CFQ
NC

NKUVC
FG
NQU
NKDTQU
O¡U
XGPFKFQU
.C
(GTKC
FGN

.KDTQ
GU
WP
NWICT
FG
GPEWGPVTQ
GPVTG
NQU

CWVQTGU
GN
RºDNKEQ
[
NQU
RTQHGUKQPCNGU
FGN
NKDTQ

.CU
(GTKCU
FGN
.KDTQ
UG
EGNGDTCP
VCODK©P
GP
OWEJQU

QVTQU
RC­UGU
FGN
OWPFQ
2QT
GLGORNQ
NC
(GTKC

+PVGTPCEKQPCN
FGN
.KDTQ
FG
$WGPQU
#KTGU
GU
NC
O¡U

KORQTVCPVG
GP
#O©TKEC
.CVKPC
'P
UGRVKGODTG
GP
4WUKC

UG
EGNGDTC
NC
(GTKC
+PVGTPCEKQPCN
FGN
.KDTQ
FG
OQUEº

GN

FG
OC[Q
GU
GN
&­C
0CEKQPCN
FG
NCU
$KDNKQVGECU

'P

RQT
NC
RTQRWGUVC
FGN
GUETKVQT
.GX
-CUUKN
UG

EGNGDTCTQP
RQT
RTKOGTC
XG\
GP
4WUKC
NCU
,QTPCFCU
FGN

.KDTQ
+PHCPVKN
[
,WXGPKN
NC
HKGUVC
TGEKDK³
GN
PQODTG
FG



a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
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 Ø%WORNGC±QU
FGN
NKDTQÙ
&GUFG
GPVQPEGU
NCU
,QTPCFCU
UG
EGNGDTCP

VTCFKEKQPCNOGPVG
GP
NCU
XCECEKQPGU
FG
RTKOCXGTC
'P
GUVQU
F­CU

VQFQ
GUV¡
RTGRCTCFQ
RCTC
SWG
NQU
EJKEQU
VQOGP
EQPVCEVQ
EQP
NQU

OKNGU
FG
NKDTQU
FG
FKXGTUQU
I©PGTQU
RCTC
SWG
EQPQ\ECP
RGT
UQPCNOGPVG
C
UWU
GUETKVQTGU
[
FKDWLCPVGU
HCXQTKVQU
RCTVKEKRGP
GP

NQU
VCNNGTGU
NGCP
GP
NC
DKDNKQVGEC
Q
FKUHTWVGP
FG
NQU
GURGEV¡EWNQU



%J

R

QT
SW©
NC
EGNGDTCEK³P
FGN
&­C
FGN
.KDTQ
GP
'URC±C
UG
VTCUNCF³
RTGEKUC

OGPVG
CN

FG
CDTKN

RQT
SW©
NC
70'U%1
FGENCT³
GN

FG
CDTKN
EQOQ
&­C
OWPFKCN
FGN
.KDTQ

E³OQ
UG
EGNGDTC
GN
&­C
OWPFKCN
FGN
.KDTQ
GP
OCFTKF
[
GP
$CTEGNQPC

SW©
KORQTVCPEKC
VKGPG
NC
(GTKC
FGN
.KDTQ
FG
OCFTKF

SW©
CEVKXKFCFGU
UG
EGNGDTCP
GP
NC
(GTKC
FGN
.KDTQ
FG
OCFTKF

EW¡PFQ
UG
EGNGDTC
NC
(GTKC
+PVGTPCEKQPCN
FGN
.KDTQ
FG
OQUEº

SW©
EGNGDTCEK³P
VKGPG
NWICT
GP
4WUKC
GN

FG
OC[Q

EW¡PFQ
PCEK³
GP
4WUKC
NC
VTCFKEK³P
FG
EGNGDTCT
NCU
,QTPCFCU
FGN
.KDTQ
+PHCPVKN




:
UÕ
”IBT
BTJTUJEP
BMHVOB
WF[
B
MBT
BDUJWJEBEFT
EF
MBT
+PSOBEBT

EFM
-JCSP
*OGBOUJM
B
$VFOUB
UV
FYQFSJFODJB
QFSTPOBM
SFMBDJPOBEB
DPO
MBT
DFMFCSB‚
DJPOFT
SVTBT
SFMBDJPOBEBT
DPO
FM
MJCSP
C
#VTDB
FO
*OUFSOFU
JOGPSNBDJÐO
TPCSF
MBT
USBEJDJPOFT
SVTBT

SFMBDJPOBEBT
DPO
FM
MJCSP
QPS
FKFNQMP
TPCSF
MBT
+PSOBEBT
EFM

-JCSP
*OGBOUJM
Z
QSFQBSB
VO
JOGPSNF
Según los estudios y encuestas realizados en los últimos años los jóvenes leen
menos.




B
&MJHF
MBT
FYQMJDBDJPOFT
NÁT
BEFDVBEBT
EF
FTUF
GFOÐNFOP
OF‚
HBUJWP

.C
VGNG
[
GN
XKFGQ
GP
+PVGTPGV
QHTGEGP
CEVWCNOGPVG
RTQITCOCU
OW[
XCTKCFQU

RCTC
VQFQU
NQU
IWUVQU
[
WP
FGUECPUQ
H¡EKN

'N
TKVOQ
FG
XKFC
CEVWCN
GU
OW[

KPVGPUQ
NC
IGPVG
RCUC
OWEJQ
VKGORQ
GP
GN
VTCDCLQ
[
ECUK
PQ
VKGPG
VKGORQ

NKDTG

.C
IGPVG
RKGTFG
GN
KPVGT©U
RQT
NC
NGEVWTC

.QU
CWVQTGU
CEVWCNGU
PQ

RWGFGP
CNECP\CT
GN
PKXGN
FG
NQU
GUETKVQTGU
EN¡UKEQU
RGTQ
NCU
QDTCU
EN¡UKECU
[C

RCTGEGP
CPVKEWCFCU

"ÎBEF

P

GSBTFT
B
DBEB
FYQMJDBDJÐO
FMFHJEB
EFTBSSPMMBOEP

FM
UFNB
C
'PSNVMB
UBNCJÇO
UV
PQJOJÐO
QFSTPOBM




5BSFBT





a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
qhfvjrjso
sh
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 ï ï ï
ï ï ï ï ï ï ï &Oï QBSFKBTï 3FQSFTFOUBE
MB
FOUSFWJTUB
DPO
VO
FTDSJUPS
FTQBÎPM

RVF
FTDSJCF
P
FTDSJCËB
QBSB
OJÎPT
Z
KÐWFOFT
+VBO

'BSJBT
(MPSJB
'VFSUFT
$BSNFO
$VSU[
"OUPOJP

3PCMFT
Z
PUSPT
DVZBT
PCSBT
BQBSFDFO
FO
GSBH‚
NFOUPT
FO
FM
NBOVBM
Z
FO
FM
MJCSP
EF
MFDUVSB 




%J
RVÇ
TBCFT
TPCSF
FM
EFTBSSPMMP
EF
MB
MJUFSBUVSB
JOGBOUJM
Z
KVWF‚
OJM
FO
3VTJB

SW©
GFKVQTKCNGU
TWUCU
RWDNKECP
NKDTQU
RCTC
PK±QU
[
L³XGPGU

SW©
GUETKVQTGU
TWUQU
GUETKDGP
Q
GUETKD­CP
RCTC
PK±QU
[
L³XGPGU


UK
UG
VTCFWEGP
CN
TWUQ
NCU
QDTCU
FG
NQU
CWVQTGU
GZVTCPLGTQU
SWG
GUETKDGP

RCTC
PK±QU
[
L³XGPGU


SW©
NKDTQU
RCTC
PK±QU
[
L³XGPGU
TWUQU
Q
VTCFWEKFQU
CN
TWUQ
JCU
NG­FQ
ºNVK
OCOGPVG


EW¡NGU
UQP
GP
VW
QRKPK³P
NCU
CEVKVWFGU
JCEKC
GN
NKDTQ
[
NC
NGEVWTC
GP
4WUKC

ETGEG
NC
CHKEK³P
C
NC
NGEVWTC
GPVTG
NQU
EJKEQU
FG
VW
GFCF
Q
CN
TGX©U
RKGTFGP

GN
KPVGT©U
RQT
NC
NGEVWTC!




)BCMB
TPCSF
UV
BDUJUVE
BOUF
MJCSP
Z
MB
MFDUVSB



VKGPGU
WPC
DKDNKQVGEC
FQO©UVKEC!


SW©
NKDTQU
VKGPGU
FG
SW©
I©PGTQU
UQP
F³PFG
NQU
IWCTFCU
NQU
EWKFCU
Q
PQ!

JCU
NG­FQ
VQFQU
Q
OWEJQU
NKDTQU
FG
VW
DKDNKQVGEC!

VKGPGU
NC
EQUVWODTG
FG
NGGT
VQFQU
NQU
F­CU
WP
TCVQ!




5BSFB



Los escritores en la Feria firman ejemplares de sus libros, también pueden

escribir en el libro una dedicatoria (посвящение).




$VBOEP
RVJFSFT
EFEJDBS
VO
MJCSP
B
PUSB
QFSTPOB
QBSB
RVF
HVBSEF

VO
SFDVFSEP
EF
UJ
QVFEFT
FTDSJCJS
FO
VOB
EF
MBT
QSJNFSBT
QÁHJ‚
OBT
EFM
MJCSP
VOB
EFEJDBUPSJB

1PS
FKFNQMP




B
QJFOTB
RVÇ
MJCSP
UF
HVTUBSËB
SFHBMBS
B
UV
BNJHP
&TDSJCF
VOB

EFEJDBUPSJB



a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
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sh
wkhix oqvj
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 C
5BOJB
RVJFSF
SFHBMBS
MJCSPT
B
QJMJ
.BSUB
Z
3BGB
:B
TBCFT

RVÇ
HVTUPT
UJFOFO
MPT
IFSNBOPT
"ZÕEBMB
B
5BOJB
B
FMFHJS


SFHBMPT
Z
FTDSJCJS
MBT
EFEJDBUPSJBT




5BSFB










&Oï QBSFKBTï "M
FTUVEJBS
FM
NBUFSJBM
EF
FTUB
6OJEBE
ZB
PT

IBCÇJT
FOUFSBEP
EF
WBSJBT
OPUJDJBT
QFSP
QBSB

TBCFS
MBT
ÕMUJNBT
OPUJDJBT
IBZ
RVF
MFFS
VO
QF‚
SJÐEJDP
*OGPSNBE
VOP
B
PUSP
EF
MBT
ÕMUJNBT

OPUJDJBT
FNQMFBOEP
MBT
FYQSFTJPOFT
6G
JCU
GPVGTCFQ
FG
SWG!
[
UCDGU
SW©!

&NQMFBE
UBNCJÇO
FO
MBT
SFTQVFTUBT
MBT
FYQSFTJPOFT
U­
[C
NQ
U©UCD­C
0Q
PQ
NQ
UCD­C




"QSFOEF
FTUB
QPFTËB
EFEJDBEB
BM
MJCSP
B
-ÇFMB
DPO
CVFOB
FOUPOBDJÐO
QSFTUBOEP
BUFODJÐO
B
MB
QSP‚
OVODJBDJÐO
DPSSFDUB
EF
MPT
TPOJEPT

Z



QPFNB
BM
MJCSP

'N
NKDTQ
GU
WPC
XGPVCPC
CN
ECORQ
KPOGPUQ
NC
OCT
+IWCN
C
WP
EKGNQ
GN
OC±CPC
SWG
PQU
KORWNUC
C
UQ±CT
UQ±COQU
EWCPFQ
NGGOQU
CRTGPFKGPFQ
C
XKXKT
%QP
©N
NC
EKGPEKC
VGPGOQU
FGN
COQT
[
FGN
UGPVKT
$BSNFO
$POEF

C
%J
DVÁM
FT
MB
JEFB
EF
MB
QPFTËB
$PNFOUB
TVT
EPT
ÕMUJNBT

MËOFBT



a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
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sh
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3FBMJ[BE
VOB
FODVFTUB
FO
WVFTUSB
DMBTF
EFEJDBEB
BM
UFNB

m"DUJUVEFT
EF
MPT
BMVNOPT
EF
OVFTUSB
DMBTF
BM
MJCSP
Z
B
MB
MFD‚
UVSBn
QFOTBE
MBT
QSFHVOUBT
QBSB
FM
DVFTUJPOBSJP
QPS
FKFNQMP

JODMVJE
FO
ÇM
MBT
QSFHVOUBT
EFM
FKFSDJDJP


$BMDVMBE
FM
QPSDFOUBKF
EF
MBT
SFTQVFTUBT
QBSB
DBEB
QVOUP
EF


WVFTUSP
FTUVEJP
Z
GPSNVMB
MBT
DPODMVTJPOFT

)BDFE
VOB
SFWJTUB
P
VO
QFSJÐEJDP
FTDPMBS

2GPUCF
GN
PQODTG
FGN
RGTK³FKEQ
[
SW©
UGEEKQPGU
XC
C
VGPGT


'NGIKF
CN
FKTGEVQT
[
C
NQU
UWDFKTGEVQTGU
TGURQPUCDNGU
FG
FKHGTGPVGU
UGEEKQPGU

FG
NC
HQVQITCH­C
[
FGN
FKUG±Q (оформление).


4GFCEVCF
NCU
PQVKEKCU
RCTC
ECFC
UGEEK³P
TGCNK\CF
TGRQTVCLGU
IT¡HKEQU
[
GPVTG
XKUVCU


+PXGPVCF
VCODK©P
WP
RTQITCOC
FG
68
TGFCEVCF
XCTKQU
CPWPEKQU
GP
DTQOC

[
GP
UGTKQ
KPXGPVCF
XCTKQU
EJKUVGU
[
HQTOCF
WP
E³OKE
8WGUVTQ
RGTK³FKEQ
RWGFG
TGHNGLCT
NQU
CEQPVGEKOKGPVQU
SWG
UWEGFGP
GP
GN
EQNGIKQ

GP
NC
XKFC
FG
XWGUVTC
ENCUG
CU­
EQOQ
XWGUVTCU
CHKEKQPGU
[
IWUVQU



a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
qhfvjrjso
sh
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a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
qhfvjrjso
sh
wkhix oqvj
d`tiqjmu
 Pronto es el cumpleaños de Antón, por eso Irene quiere prepararle un buen
regalo. Parece que un libro de la serie ”Historia Ilustrada del Mundo“ que
ha visto en la librería le va a gustar muchísimo a su hermano porque le
encanta estudiar la historia de los pueblos antiguos.

 -FF
MB
QSFTFOUBDJÐO
EFM
MJCSP
RVF
BQBSFDF
FO
TV
DPOUSBQPSUBEB

Z
FYQMJDB
RVÇ
TJHOJGJDB
MB
GSBTF
mMBT
DJWJMJ[BDJPOFT
QSFDPMPNCJOBTn

Ø%WCPFQ
%QN³P
VTCVCPFQ
FG
GPEQPVTCT
WPC
TWVC
O¡U

EQTVC
RCTC
XKCLCT
CN
1TKGPVG
NNGI³
C
WP
EQPVKPGPVG


PWGXQ
#O©TKEC
GP
GUVC
RCTVG
FGN
OWPFQ
[C
XKX­CP
UWU

XGTFCFGTQU
FGUEWDTKFQTGU
NQU
KPFKQU
#NIWPQU
FG
NQU

RWGDNQU
KPFKQU
[C
JCD­CP
CNECP\CFQ
WP
PKXGN
FG
FGUC
TTQNNQ
CNV­UKOQ
2GTQ
U³NQ
JQ[
F­C
NC
IGPVG
GUV¡
EQPQ
EKGPFQ
NC
XGTFCFGTC
TKSWG\C
FG
UW
EWNVWTC
2QT
GNNQ
VG
QHTGEGOQU
COKIQ
NGEVQT
Ø.CU
EKXKNK\CEKQPGU

RTGEQNQODKPCUÙ
FGN
RTQHGUQT
WPKXGTUKVCTKQ
#NDGTVQ
2TKGVQ

4Q\QU
SWG
VG
OQUVTCT¡
GN
OWPFQ
TGCN
[
OCTCXKNNQUQ
FG

NC
#O©TKEC
RTGEQNQODKPCÙ

 3FDVFSEB
UPEP
MP
RVF
TBCFT
TPCSF
FM
EFTDVCSJNJFOUP
EF
"NÇSJDB

QPS
$SJTUÐCBM
$PMÐO
&YQMJDB
QPS
RVÇ
MPT
FTQBÎPMFT
FNQF[BSPO

B
MMBNBS
mJOEJPTn
B
MPT
IBCJUBOUFT
EFM
/VFWP
.VOEP

 B
-FF
FM
EJÁMPHP
Z
EJ
RVÇ
UBMFOUP
UJFOF
"OUÐO

&O
MB
MJCSFSËB

5BOJB
1[G
+TGPG
VG
CRCUKQPC
NC
JKUVQTKC
FG
NQU
RWG
DNQU
COGTKECPQU!
0Q
NQ
UCD­C
*SFOF
%TGQ
SWG
NC
JKUVQTKC
FG
NCU
EWNVWTCU
KPFKCU
GU
VCP

KORTGUKQPCPVG
SWG
CRCUKQPC
C
VQFQ
GN
OWPFQ
RGTQ
GUVG

NKDTQ
NQ
JG
EQORTCFQ
RCTC
OK
JGTOCPQ
PQ
GU
RCTC
O­

2VJ[ ï (возможно) MFï HVTUF
NGGT
WP
NKDTQ
O¡U
UQDTG
GUVG

VGOC
RQTSWG
GU
WP
XGTFCFGTQ
EQPQEGFQT
FG
NC
JKUVQTKC

FG
NQU
RWGDNQU
CPVKIWQU
5BOJB
UGIWTQ
SWG
NG
XC
C
IWUVCT
GUV¡
DKGP
KNWUVTCFQ

[
GN
VGZVQ
GU
KPVGTGUCPVG
5BMï WF[ï (может быть) UVï IFS
NBOPï EFTDVCSB
CNIQ
PWGXQ
*SFOF
+OCI­PCVG
#PV³P
[C
JC
NG­FQ
ECUK
VQFQ
NQ
SWG
GUV¡
GUETKVQ
UQDTG
NQU

KPFKQU
4GEWGTFC
VQFCU
NCU
HGEJCU
KORQTVCPVGU
JC
CRTGPFKFQ
FG
OGOQTKC
NQU

PQODTGU
FG
VQFQU
NQU
FKQUGU
C\VGECU
5BOJB
b#PFC
b0Q
OG
FKICU
2CTC
O­
CRTGPFGT
NCU
HGEJCU
GU
WP
TQNNQï a0KBM ï
(хоть бы) UFOHB
NC
OGOQTKC
FG
#PV³P
RCTC
VQFCU
GUVCU
EQUCU
*SFOF
2CTC
O­
VCODK©P
OGOQTK\CT
CNIQ
GU
WP
RTQDNGOC
UCDGU!
"DBTPï
(наверное) OPï UFOHB
VCNGPVQ
RCTC
GUQ
C
FKHGTGPEKC
FG
OK
JGTOCPQ



a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
qhfvjrjso
sh
wkhix oqvj
d`tiqjmu

 5BOJB
2GTQ
+TGPG
FKOG
GUVG
NKDTQ
SWG
JCU
EQORTCFQ

GU
WP
TGICNQ
RCTC
GN
EWORNGC±QU
FG
#PV³P!
2TQPVQ
GU
UW

EWORNGC±QU
XGTFCF!
bUG
OG
QNXKF³
RQT
EQORNGVQ
&KNG
SWG

NG
HGNKEKVQ
.G
FGUGQ
OWEJQU
©ZKVQU
b2VFï TFB
OW[
HGNK\
C
%J




E³OQ
JCU
GPVGPFKFQ
GN
UKIPKHKECFQ
FG
NC
RCNCDTC


ØEQPQEGFQTÙ

UK
GTGU
EQPQEGFQT C
FG
CNIºP
VGOC
FG
CNIWPC
OCVGTKC
D
%J
RVÇ
UBMFOUPT
IBT
NPTUSBEP
FO
FM
FTUV‚
EJP
EF
UV
BTJHOBUVSB
QSFGFSJEB
$POUFTUB
3W©
VG
GU
H¡EKN
CRTGPFGTOGOQTK\CT!
3W©
PQVCU
UCECU
GP
GUVC
CUKIPCVWTC!
UQDTG
SW©
VGOCU
NGGU
OWEJQU
NKDTQU
TGXKUVCU
GURGEKCNGU
VGZVQU
FG
+PVGTPGV!
3W©
RTQDNGOCU
O¡U
EQORNKECFQU
TGUWGNXGU
EQP
HCEKNKFCF!
2WGFGU
EQPVGUVCT
C
EWCNSWKGT
RTGIWPVC
UQDTG
NQU
VGOCU
SWG
VG
KPVGTGUCP!

;C
UCDGU
SWG
GN
OQFQ
UWDLWPVKXQ
RWGFG
GORNGCTUG
VCODK©P
GP
NC
QTCEK³P

KPFGRGPFKGPVG
'N
FK¡NQIQ
SWG
JCU
NG­FQ
VG
QHTGEG
NQU
GLGORNQU
FG
VQFQU
NQU

ECUQU
FG
GUVG
GORNGQ
'P
NC
QTCEK³P
KPFGRGPFKGPVG
GORNGCOQU
GN
OQFQ

UWDLWPVKXQ


FGURW©U
FG
NQU
CFXGTDKQU
SWG
GZRTGUCP
FWFC
RTQDCDKNKFCF
RVJ[ T ï BDBTP ï
UBMï WF[

'UVQU
CFXGTDKQU
UQP
UKP³PKOQU
[
UWU
GSWKXCNGPVGU
TWUQU
UQP
наверное,
возможно, может быть.
&KFNQMPT
2VJ[
©N
OG
GUETKDC




"DBTP
NQ
UGRCU




5BMï WF[
©N
GUV©
GP
ECUC
CJQTC

FGURW©U
FG
NCU
RCNCDTCU
SWG
GZRTGUCP
FGUGQ
a0KBM 
ï (хоть бы) ï RVFï
(пусть)
&KFNQMPT
a0KBM
PQ
NNWGXC
JQ[




a2VF
GUVWFKG
OGLQT

 "OBMJ[B
FM
FNQMFP
EFM
QSFTFOUF
EF
4VCKVOUJWP
FO
MBT
GSBTFT
FO

OFHSJUB
EFM
EJÁMPHP



a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
qhfvjrjso
sh
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 5SBOTGPSNB
MBT
PSBDJPOFT
FYQSFTBOEP
JOTFHVSJEBE
4JHVF
FM
NP‚
EFMP

.PEFMP
1NIC
VKGPG
SWG
GUETKDKTOG
FGN
%CORCOGPVQ

6CN
XG\
SWK\¡CECUQ
1NIC
OG
GUETKDC
FGN
%CORCOGPVQ

%GNKC
CRTGPFGT¡
RTQPVQ
C
PCXGICT
RQT
+PVGTPGV

2WGFGU
GPEQPVTCT
GUVG

CTV­EWNQ
GP
NC
RQTVCFC
FGN
RGTK³FKEQ

6WU
TQUCNGU
ETGEGT¡P
OGLQT
UK
TCUVTK

NNCU
GN
UWGNQ
[
C±CFGU
CDQPQ

2WGFGU
EQORTCT
GUVG
NKDTQ
GP
WPC
FG
NCU

ECUGVCU
GP
NC
ECNNG
FG
#NECN¡

'UVQU
GLGTEKEKQU
VG
C[WFCT¡P
C
GUVCT
GP
HQTOC


6G
IWUVCT¡
GUVG
RNCVQ
GZ³VKEQ

 &YQSFTB
EFTFP
4JHVF
FM
NPEFMP

.PEFMP

%TGQ
SWG
ICPCT¡
GN
Ø&KPCOQÙ

b1LCN¡
ICPG
GN
Ø&KPCOQÙb3WG
ICPG
GN
Ø&KPCOQÙ

%TGQ
SWG
GN
HKPCN
FG
GUVC
JKUVQTKC
UGT¡
HGNK\

%TGQ
SWG
UW
ºNVKOC
PQXGNC

VGPFT¡
WP
ITCP
©ZKVQ

%TGQ
SWG
VGTOKPCT¡
GN
EWTUQ
U³NQ
EQP
DWGPCU
PQVCU


%TGQ
SWG
HQTVCNGEGT¡
NC
UCNWF
JCEKGPFQ
FGRQTVG

%TGQ
SWG
OG
EQORTCT¡P

GUVG
XGUVKFQ

%TGQ
SWG
VQFQ
VG
UCNFT¡
DKGP

%TGQ
SWG
VG
C[WFCT¡P
VWU

COKIQU

 5BSFBT





 QPO
FM
WFSCP
FO
MB
GPSNB
BEFDVBEB


OG
CNGITQ
FG
SWG
VQOCT
RCTVG
PQUQVTQU
GP
NQU
,WGIQU
1N­ORKEQU
GUEQ
NCTGU

'U
KORQTVCPVG
SWG
PWGUVTQU
JKPEJCU
PQU
CPKOCT
FWTCPVG
NC
EQO
RGVKEK³P

b1LCN¡
PQ
NNQXGT
OC±CPC
RQTSWG
KTGOQU
FG
GZEWTUK³P

6G
RKFQ

SWG
EQORTCT
NQU
DKNNGVGU
GP
NC
VCSWKNNC
FG
NC
GUVCEK³P

6CN
XG\
#TVWTQ
GUVCT

GP
GN
GUVCFKQ

&WFQ
SWG
GPEQPVTCT
XQUQVTQU
C
4CHC
GP
GN
RCVKQ
FGN
EQNGIKQ


#ECUQ
OG
SWGTGT
©N
EQPVCT
CNIQ

0Q
ETGQ
SWG
2KNK
UGT
OW[
QDGFKGPVG


b3WG
ICPCT
GNNQU
NQU
OGLQTGU

3WK\¡
#PV³P
UCDGT
E³OQ
UG
NNCOCDC
GN

ºNVKOQ
TG[
C\VGEC

OK
COKIQ
OG
JC
KPXKVCFQ
C
KPUETKDKTOG
GP
GN
%NWD
&GRQTVKXQ

FG
PWGUVTQ
EQNGIKQ
RCTC
SWG
[Q
VCODK©P
RTCEVKECT
GN
DCNQPEGUVQ

OG
CNGITC

SWG
OG
TGICNCT
GNNQU
GN
NKDTQ
EQP
GN
EWCN
GUVQ[
UQ±CPFQ

.C
RTQHGUQTC
OG

FKEG
SWG
[Q
NGGT
GN
VGZVQ
GP
XQ\
CNVC

1U
EWGPVQ
QVTC
XG\
GUVC
JKUVQTKC

RCTC
SWG
PQ
QNXKFCT
XQUQVTQU
PK
WP
U³NQ
FGVCNNG

 5BSFBT





 QPO
FO
FM
FTUJMP
JOEJSFDUP
MBT
GSBTFT
QSPOVODJBEBT
QPS
MPT
DIJDPT


6CPKC
RTGIWPV³
C
+TGPG
Ø3W©
SWKGTGU
TGICNCT
C
VW
JGTOCPQ!Ù

+TGPG

EQPVGUV³
Ø*G
EQORTCFQ
GUVG
NKDTQ
RCTC
TGICNCTNQ
C
#PV³PÙ

#PV³P
GZENCO³

Øb3W©
DKGP
KNWUVTCFQ
GUV¡
GN
NKDTQÙ

‰N
C±CFK³
Ø'UVG
NKDTQ
UGT¡
OW[
ºVKN
RCTC

JCEGT
WP
RTQ[GEVQÙ

.CU
EJKECU
NG
RTGIWPVCTQP
Ø.QU
OC[CU
[C
PQ
XKXGP



a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
qhfvjrjso
sh
wkhix oqvj
d`tiqjmu

 GP
GUVCU
VKGTTCU!Ù

#PV³P
RTGIWPV³
C
NCU
EJKECU
ØUCD©KU
SW©
UKIPKHKEC
GUVG

UKIPQ!Ù

 5BSFBT



 "OUFT
EF
FTUVEJBS
FM
UFNB
GBWPSJUP
EF
"OUÐO

DBQ¬UVMP
N
Ó
глава FTUFMB
G
Ó обелиск

NJMFOJP
N
Ó
тысячелетие
TBDSJGJDJP
N
Ó
жертвоприношение
JODMVJS
W
Ó
включать TBDFSEPUF
N
Ó
жрец, священник
BOUFQBTBEPT
N
QM
Ó предки FTQMFOEPS
N
Ó расцвет
UFNQMP
N
Ó
храм

 a'¬KBUF ï TPOï TJO²OJNPT

JCDKVCT

XKXKT
GN
GURNGPFQT

GN
CWIG

GN
HNQTGEKOKGPVQ
ECN\CFC

ECOKPQ

ECTTGVGTC

 "EJWJOB
FM
TJHOJGJDBEP
EF
FTUBT
QBMBCSBT

Z
FYQSFTJPOFT
NC
RKT¡OKFG
GN
LGTQIN­HKEQ
NC
EGT¡OKEC
GN
CTVG
VGZVKN

NC
FGITCFCEK³P

 "EJWJOB
FM
TJHOJGJDBEP
EF
MBT
QBMBCSBT
FO
OFHSJUB

GUETKDKT
Ó
MBï FTDSJUVSB
GN
PºOGTQ
Ó
FMï TJTUFNBï OVN¨SJDP

GN
ECNGPFCTKQ
Ó
FMï TJTUFNBï DBMFOE SJDP
ECTICT
Ó
FMï BOJNBMï EFï DBSHB

GN
GURNGPFQT
Ó
FTQM¨OEJEP

 3FMBDJPOB
MBT
GSBTFT
DPO
TVT
FRVJWBMFOUFT
SVTPT

XKUVQUQ
RNWOCLG
в такт музыке расшифровать текст

фреска UGTRKGPVG
GPRNWOCFC змея в птичьем оперении

NC
RKPVWTC
OWTCN обсидиановый нож C
EQOR¡U
FG
OºUKEC

FGUEKHTCT
GN
VGZVQ

яркое оперение GN
EWEJKNNQ
FG
QDUKFKCPC 

a
bc
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sh
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 -FF
MBT
GSBTFT
Z
GËKBUF
FO
FM
FNQMFP
EF
MBT
QBMBCSBT
Z
FYQSF‚
TJPOFT
FO
OFHSJUB
5SBEVDF
MBT
GSBTFT
BM
SVTP

'N
ºNVKOQ
DBQ¬UVMP
FGN
NKDTQ
GUV¡
FGFKECFQ
C
NC
TGNKIK³P
OC[C

%CFC

RGSWG±Q
RWGDNQ
OC[C
JODMV¬B

WPC
RKT¡OKFG
PQ
OW[
ITCPFG
[
WP
GFKHKEKQ
DKGP

EQPUVTWKFQ
FQPFG
XKX­C
GN
LGHG

.CU
EGTGOQPKCU
TGNKIKQUCU
KPENW­CP
FMï TBDSJ
GJDJPï IVNBOP
RTQEGUKQPGU
OºUKEC
FCP\C
[
ECPEKQPGU
GURGEKCNGU

.QU
OC[CU

VGP­CP
GN
EWNVQ
Cï MPTï BOUFQBTBEPT

#NTGFGFQT
FGN
C±Q

GORKG\C
WPC

GVCRC
FG
FTQMFOEPS
GP
NC
EQUVC
QTKGPVCN
FG
;WECV¡P

&Mï TBDFSEPUF
OC[C

VGP­C
SWG
RTGRCTCTUG
FG
OCPGTC
GURGEKCN
RCTC
NC
EQOWPKECEK³P
EQP
NQU


FKQUGU

&Mï UFNQMP
GP
CNIWPQU
ECUQU
GTC
WP
GPQTOG
OQPWOGPVQ
FGFKECFQ

C
WP
RGTUQPCLG
KORQTVCPVG

 5SBOTGPSNB
MBT
GSBTFT
TVTUJUVZFOEP
QPS
MPT
TJOÐOJNPT
MBT
QB‚

MBCSBT
Z
GSBTFT
FO
OFHSJUB

'N
FGUCTTQNNQ
FG
EQOGTEKQ
FKQ
NWICT
C
WP
ITCP

BVHFï DVMUVSBM

7PQ
FG
NQU
ITWRQU
O¡U
FGUC
TTQNNCFQU
FG
NQU
KPFKQU
PQTVGCOGTKECPQU
HWGTQP
NQU

SWG
WJW¬BO
GP
GN
XCNNG
FG
OKUUKUUKRRK

'P
NCU

EKWFCFGU
OC[CU
UG
EQPUVTW­CP
VCODK©Pï DBNJOPT

SWG
WP­CP
NQU
VGORNQU
RTKPEKRCNGU

.QU
OC[CU

EQPUVTW­CP
NPOVNFOUPTï NVZï BMUPT
EWDKGTVQU
FG

LGTQIN­HKEQU
SWG
FGUETKD­CP
NQU
CEQPVGEKOKGPVQU
RTKP
EKRCNGU

.QU
OC[CU
EQPUVTW­CP
VCODK©P
FEJGJDJPTï
FOï GPSNBï EFï QJS NJEF
FQPFG
UG
TGCNK\CDCP
NCU

EGTGOQPKCU
TGNKIKQUCU

2CTC
GUETKDKT
EQTTGEVCOGPVG
NC
FKTGEEK³P
GP
GN
UQDTG
WVKNK\COQU
CDTGXKCVWTCU

2CTC
GUETKDKT
NC
ØFKTGEEK³PÙ
FG
WPC
HGEJC
KORQTVCPVG
Q
UGC
UW
NWICT
GP
GN

VKGORQ
NQU
JKUVQTKCFQTGU
VCODK©P
WVKNK\CP
WPCU
CDTGXKCVWTCU

.C
CDTGXKCVWTC
ØC
%
C
FG
%C
FG
,% Ù
UKIPKHKEC
ØCPVGU
FG
%TKUVQ
CPVGU

FG
,GUWETKUVQ Ù
Ó
до Рождества Христова (до нашей эры/до н.э.)
.C
CDTGXKCVWTC
ØF
%
F
FG
%F
FG
,% Ù
UKIPKHKEC
ØFGURW©U
FG
%TKUVQ

FGURW©U
FG
,GUWETKUVQ Ù
Ó от Рождества Христова (нашей эры, н.э.)
&KFNQMPT

'P
NCU
VKGTTCU
FG
%JKCRCU
NQU
RTKOGTQU
GFKHKEKQU
RKTCOKFCNGU

CRCTGEGP
FGUFG
GN

C
FG
%
2QEQ
FGURW©U
FGN
C±Q

F
%
GP
NCU
VKGTTCU
FG
#TCDKC

CRCTGEK³
WP
JQODTG
NNCOCFQ
OCJQOC
SWG
ETG­C
GP
#N¡

ؚPKEQ
&KQUÙ



a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
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 B
5SBEVDF
FTUBT
GSBTFT
BM
FTQBÎPM
VUJMJ[BOEP
DPSSFDUB‚
NFOUF
MBT
BCSFWJBUVSBT
1) В 36 году до н.э. на территории Чиапаса были построены пер-
вые обелиски. 2) Город Копан, один из центров цивилизации майя,
был основан в 460 году н.э. 3) История культуры майя начинается
в 700 году до н.э. 4) В 862 году нашей эры викинги прибыли в Киев
и Новгород.
C
&TDSJCF
WBSJBT
GFDIBT
JNQPSUBOUFT
SFMBDJPOBEBT
DPO
MB

IJTUPSJB
EF
BMHVOBT
DJWJMJ[BDJPOFT
BOUJHVBT
6UJMJ[B
DPSSFD‚
UBNFOUF
MBT
BCSFWJBUVSBT
.PEFMP

'P
GN

F
%
F
FG
%
NQU
OWUWNOCPGU
EQPSWKU
VCTQP
VQFQ
GN
0QTVG
FG
HTKEC
D
-FF
QSPOVODJBOEP
DPSSFDUBNFOUF
MBT
GFDIBT
'N
C±Q

F
%
GN
C±Q

GP

F
%
GP

GP
GN

C
FG

%
JCEKC
GN

C
FG
%
GPVTG
GN

[

FGUFG
GN

C
FG
%

 0CTFSWB
MBT
GFDIBT
FOVNFSBEBT
FO
FM
FKFSDJDJP

D
BMHVOPT

OVNFSBMFT
BQBSFDFO
QSFDFEJEPT
EFM
BSUËDVMP
EFUFSNJOBEP
Z
PUSPT

TJO
ÇM

&NQMFPï EFMï BSU¬DVMPï DPOï MPTï OVNFSBMFTï

DBSEJOBMFTï RVFï JOEJDBOï MBTï GFDIBT

%WCPFQ
NQU
PWOGTCNGU
ECTFKPCNGU
GUV¡P
CPVG
GN
UWUVCPVKXQ
GN
CTV­EWNQ
PQ

UG
GORNGC
&KFNQMP
6GPIQ

NKDTQU
FGFKECFQU
C
FKHGTGPVGU
EKXKNK\CEKQPGU
CPVKIWCU

%WCPFQ
NQU
PWOGTCNGU
ECTFKPCNGU
UG
WVKNK\CP
RCTC
KPFKECT
NCU
HGEJCU
[
NQU

C±QU
CPVG
NQU
UWUVCPVKXQU
E¬B
[
B°P
UG
GORNGC
GN
CTV­EWNQ
FGVGTOKPCFQ
%WCPFQ

GUVQU
UWUVCPVKXQU
UG
QOKVGP
(опускаются)
GN
CTV­EWNQ
UWGNG
EQPUGTXCTUG

&KFNQMPT

.C
HWPFCEK³P
FG
NC
EKWFCF
FG
%W\EQ
UG
RWGFG
HKLCT
CNTG
FGFQT
EFMï B°Pï 



























'P
FMï 
HWPFCTQP
OCEJW
2KEEJW

%KGNQ
6QTOGPVQUQ
TGKP³
GP
NC
EKWFCF
FG
6KECN
GPVTG
FM


[
FM


2GTQ
FGURW©U
FG
NC
RTGRQUKEK³P
FO
NQU
PWOGTCNGU
ECTFKPCNGU
SWG
KPFKECP

OKNNCTGU
VCODK©P
RWGFGP
GORNGCTUG
UKP
CTV­EWNQ
&KFNQMPT

.C
ECRKVCN
C\VGEC
HWG
HWPFCFC
FOï ï Eï EFï $

&Oï 
VGTOKP³
GN
+ORGTKQ
+PEC



a
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defghijklmino
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&GURW©U
FG
NC
RTGRQUKEK³P
EF
NQU
PWOGTCNGU
ECTFKPCNGU
SWG
KPFKECP
C±QU

UG
GORNGCP
UKP
CTV­EWNQ
&KFNQMP
.C
ECTVC
HWG
GUETKVC
GN

FG
LWPKQ
EFï 



 &TDSJCF
MBT
GFDIBT
EFM
FKFSDJDJP

B
PNJUJFOEP
MB
QBMBCSB
mBÎPn

P
BM
SFWÇT
VTÁOEPMB


 a3FDVFSEB

2CTC
KPFKECT
GN
NWICT
SWG
QEWRC
WP
CEQPVGEKOKGPVQ
GP
GN
VKGORQ
VCODK©P
RQFG
OQU
GORNGCT
NCU
GZRTGUKQPGU
#
RTKPEKRKQU



в начале

#
OGFKCFQU



в середине


FGN
UKINQ

::
#
HKPCNGU






в конце


 $POUFTUB
B
RVÇ
BDPOUFDJNJFOUPT
NÁT
JNQPSUBOUFT
IJTUÐSJDPT
EFQPSUJWPT

DVMUVSBMFT
UVWJFSPO
MVHBS
FO
3VTJB
&TQBÎB
FO
FM
NVOEP




C
RTKPEKRKQU
FGN
UKINQ
:+:
::
::+




C
OGFKCFQU
FGN
UKINQ
::





C
HKPCNGU
FGN
UKINQ
::

C
DVÁOEP
GVFSPO
JOWFOUBEPT





GN
CWVQO³XKN




GN
CXK³P




NC
VGNGXKUK³P




GN
QTFGPCFQT




GN
EKPGOCV³ITCHQ


 -FF
FM
UFYUP
Z
EJ
RVÇ
BTQFDUPT
EF
MB
WJEB
EF
MPT
NBZBT
TF
EFTDSJCFO

FO
FM
MJCSP
SFHBMBEP
B
"OUÐO
"OUÐO
b3W©
DKGP
KNWUVTCFQ
GUV¡
OCRCU
FKDWLQU
GUSWGOCU

HQVQU
'UVG
NKDTQ
UGT¡
OW[
ºVKN
RCTC
JCEGT
WP
RTQ[GEVQ
Q
RTGRCTCT

WP
KPHQTOG
RCTC
NCU
ENCUGU
FG
JKUVQTKC
%JKECU
OKTCF
GUVG
OCRC

PQU
OWGUVTC
RGTHGEVCOGPVG
NCU
TGIKQPGU
FGN
EQPVKPGPVG
COGTK
ECPQ
JCDKVCFCU
RQT
NQU
RWGDNQU
FG
OC[QT
FGUCTTQNNQ
EWNVWTCN

OC[CU
C\VGECU
G
KPECU
#
XGT
SW©
FKEG
GN
ECR­VWNQ
FGFKECFQ
C
NQU
OC[CU
Ø#
RTKPEKRKQU

FGN
RTKOGT
OKNGPKQ
FG
PWGUVTC
GTC
NQU
OC[CU
XKX­CP
GP
NC
Jº
OGFC

TGIK³P
VTQRKECN
FG
NC
RGP­PUWNC
FG
;WECV¡P
GP
GN
VGTTKVQTKQ


SWG
KPENW[G
CEVWCNOGPVG
XCTKQU
GUVCFQU
OGZKECPQU
TGRºDNKECU


FG
)WCVGOCNC
[
$GNKEG
[
FKXGTUCU
\QPCU
FG
*QPFWTCU
[
'N

UCN XCFQT
6QFQ
GUVG
VGTTKVQTKQ
GUVCDC
EWDKGTVQ
FG
DQUSWGU



a
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 VTQRKECNGU
JCDKVCFQU
RQT
LCIWCTGU
OQPQU
KIWCPCU

VCRKTGU
EQPGLQU
R¡LCTQU
FG
XKUVQUQU
RNWOCLGU

NQTQU
VWECPGU
[
RQT
WPC
ITCP
XCTKGFCF
FG
UGT
RKGPVGUÙ
5BOJB
F
*SFOF
;
CEVWCNOGPVG
NQU
OC[CU
[C

PQ
XKXGP
GP
CSWGNNCU
VKGTTCU!
"OUÐO
b3W©
XC
0CFC
FG
GUQ
.QU
OC[CU


CEVWCNGU
EQPUGTXCP
JCUVC
JQ[
F­C
NQU
TCUIQU
ECTCE
VGT­UVKEQU
FG
UWU
CPVGRCUCFQU
[
UQP
IGPVG
OW[

DCLKVC
SWK\¡
UGC
WPQ
FG
NQU
RWGDNQU
O¡U
DCLQU

FG
GUVC
TGIK³P
NC
CNVWTC
FGN
JQODTG
GU
FG

EO
6KMCN
[
NC
FG
NCU
OWLGTGU
FG

EO
-BT
DIJDBT
b8C[C
JQODTG
2GTQ
OKTC
NC
HQVQ

NCU
OWLGTGU
OC[CU
UQP
OW[
DGNNCU
$WGPQ
#PV³P

UKIWG
NG[GPFQ
VCN
XG\
GPEWGPVTGU
QVTQU
FCVQU
PQ

OGPQU
CUQODTQUQU

"OUÐO
8CNG
2WGU
GUEWEJCF
Ø'P
FKHGTGPVGU
GVC
RCU
FGN
FGUCTTQNNQ
FG
NC
EWNVWTC
OC[C
UG
HQTOCTQP

RQFGTQUQU
EGPVTQU
Q
EKWFCFGU
NCU
O¡U
HCOQUCU
FG

NCU
EWCNGU
UQP
2CNGPSWG
6KMCN
%QR¡P
%JKEJ©P

+V\¡
EW[Q
PQODTG
UG
VTCFWEG
CN
ECUVGNNCPQ
EQOQ

ØEKWFCF
FGN
DTWLQ
FGN
CIWCÙ
'P
GN
EGPVTQ
FG
NC
%QR¡P
EKWFCF
OC[C
UG
GPEQPVTCDCP
NQU
GFKHKEKQU
O¡U

KORQTVCPVGU
VGORNQU
GP
HQTOC
FG
RKT¡OKFG
EQP

GUECNGTCU
RCNCEKQU
FGEQTCFQU
EQP
GUEWNVWTCU

ECDG\CU
FG
UGTRKGPVG
GORNWOCFC
[
HKIWTCU


JWOCPCU
GUVCFKQU
RCTC
GN
LWGIQ
FG
RGNQVC
SWG

HQTOCDCP
RCTVG
FG
NQU
EGPVTQU
TGNKIKQUQU
UKGPFQ

GUVG
LWGIQ
WPC
CEVKXKFCF
TGNKIKQUC
[
TKVWCN
ECN\CFCU

SWG
WP­CP
NQU
VGORNQU
RTKPEKRCNGU
[
GUVGNCU
GNG
OGPVQ
ECTCEVGT­UVKEQ
FG
UW
CTSWKVGEVWTC
.QU
OC[CU

VGP­CP
NC
EQUVWODTG
FG
NGXCPVCT
NCU
GUVGNCU
FG

RKGFTC
ECFC

C±QU
'P
NCU
GUVGNCU
UG±CNCDCP

KORQTVCPVGU
CEQPVGEKOKGPVQU
'P
NC
EKWFCF
FG
%JKEJ©P
+V\¡
%QR¡P
UG
GPEWGPVTC
NC
O¡U
ITCPFG
FG
NCU
GUVG
NCU
EQPQEKFCU
SWG
CNECP\C
WPC
CNVWTC
FG

OGV
TQU
.QU
GFKHKEKQU
UG
FGEQTCDCP
EQP
RKPVWTCU


OWTCNGU
SWG
TGRTGUGPVCDCP
FKHGTGPVGU
GUEGPCU
FG

NC
XKFC
FGN
RWGDNQ
IWGTTCU
TGNCEKQPGU
FKRNQO¡VK
ECU
UCETKHKEKQ
JWOCPQ
.QU
CTVGUCPQU
OC[CU
UG

FGFKECDCP
C
NC
EGT¡OKEC
OGVCNWTIKC
CTVG
VGZVKN

HCDTKECDCP
HKIWTKNNCU
FG
EGT¡OKEC
RKGFTC
Q
OCFGTC

JCE­CP
OQUCKEQU
[
GURGLQU
UW
OCVGTKCN
RTGHGTK

FQ
HWG
GN
LCFG
.CU
HKIWTKNNCU
TGRTGUGPVCDCP
C
NQU

PQDNGU
C
NQU
IWGTTGTQU
LWICFQTGU
FG
RGNQVC

%JKEJ©P
+V\¡
OWLGTGU
FGFKECFCU
C
NQU
VTCDCLQU
FQO©UVKEQU
[
CN

EWKFCFQ
FG
UWU
JKLQU
.QU
OC[CU
ETGCTQP
GN
O¡U
EQORNGVQ
UKUVGOC
FG

GUETKVWTC
FGN
0WGXQ
OWPFQ
'UETKD­CP
UWU
OGP
UCLGU
GP
HQTOC
FG
LGTQIN­HKEQU
GP
NQU
OWTQU
FG



a
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 UWU
GFKHKEKQU
GUVGNCU
QDTCU
FG
EGT¡OKEC
GP
NQU
NKDTQU
JGEJQU
FG
RKGNGU
FG

CPKOCNGU
'UVQU
VGZVQU
JCP
EQPUGTXCFQ
KPHQTOCEK³P
UQDTG
NQU
CEQPVGEKOKGPVQU

JKUV³TKEQU
NQU
EQPQEKOKGPVQU
FG
OGFKEKPC
DKQNQI­C
CUVTQPQO­C
OCVGO¡VKECU

.QU
EKGPV­HKEQU
JCP
FGUEKHTCFQ
OWEJQU
VGZVQU
OC[CU
RGTQ
PQ
VQFQUÙ
$IJDBT
b1LCN¡
FGUEWDTCP
NQU
UGETGVQU
FG
VQFQU
NQU
LGTQIN­HKEQU
OC[CU

[
NGCP
VQFQU
NQU
NKDTQU
UW[QU
b'U
VCP
KORTGUKQPCPVG
UW
EWNVWTC
"OUÐO
UCD©KU
SW©
UKIPKHKEC
GUVG
UKIPQ
ØÔÙ
!
'U
GN
PºOGTQ


#SW­
GUV¡
GUETKVQ
SWG
NQU
OC[CU
VGP­CP
UW
UKUVGOC
PWO©TKEQ
Ø'N

FGUCTTQNNQ
FG
NC
CTKVO©VKEC
GU
GN
O¡U
KORQTVCPVG
RCTC
GN
FGUCTTQ
NNQ
FG
QVTQU
EQPQEKOKGPVQU
EKGPV­HKEQU
FG
NQU
OC[CU
.QU
OC[CU

UCD­CP
SWG
GN
C±Q
CUVTQP³OKEQ
GTC
FG

F­CU
UW
ECNGPFCTKQ

VGP­C
XCTKQU
EKENQU
7PQ
FG
NQU
TKVQU
TGNKIKQUQU
FG
NQU
OC[CU
GTC
GN
UCETKHKEKQ
JWOCPQ

NQU
OC[CU
RGPUCDCP
SWG
NC
UCPITG
FCDC
XKFC
[
GTC
GN
OGLQT


CNKOGPVQ
RCTC
NQU
FKQUGU
'N
TKVQ
RCUCDC
CN
EQOR¡U
FG
NC
OºUKEC

[
ECPEKQPGU
GURGEKCNGU
2QT
HKP
GN
UCEGTFQVG
WVKNK\CPFQ
GN
EWEJKNNQ

FG
QDUKFKCPC
UCECDC
GN
EQTC\³P
FGN
RGEJQ
FG
NC
X­EVKOC

'N
LWGIQ
FG
RGNQVC
VCODK©P
HQTOCDC
RCTVG
FGN

TKVQ
FG
UCPITG
[
VGTOKPCDC
EQP
GN
UCETKHKEKQ

JWOCPQ
(WG
KORQTVCPVG
GN
RCRGN
FG
NQU
UC
EGTFQVGU
GP
NC
CITKEWNVWTC
GNNQU
GUEQI­CP
NC

HGEJC
FG
FCT
KPKEKQ
C
NC
VCTGC
FG
RTGRCTCT
NQU

ECORQU
.QU
ECORQU
UG
JCE­CP
GP
NC
UGNXC


UG
EQTVCDCP
NQU
¡TDQNGU
[
C
NQU
VTQPEQU
[

CTDWUVQU
EQTVCFQU
UG
NGU
RQP­C
HWGIQ
.C

UKGODTC
UG
TGCNK\CDC
GP
NC
OKUOC
VKGTTC


FWTCPVG
EKPEQ
C±QU
RGTQ
GN
ETGEKOKGPVQ
T¡RK
FQ
FG
NCU
OCNCU
JKGTDCU
ECWUCDC
OWEJQ
FC±Q

C
NCU
EQUGEJCU

'N
OC­\
GTC
GN
CNKOGPVQ
RTKPEKRCN
6CODK©P
GP
NQU
LCTFKPGU
SWG
UG

CDT­CP
GPVTG
NCU
ECUCU
UG
EWNVKXCDCP
HTKLQNGU
VQOCVGU
ECNCDC\CU
GURG
EKCU
.QU
OC[CU
PQ
VGP­CP
CPKOCNGU
FG
ECTIC
PK
KPUVTWOGPVQU
FG

OGVCN
.QU
ECORGUKPQU
OC[CU
WVKNK\CDCP
GN
JCEJC
FG
RKGFTC
NC
XCTC

FG
UGODTCT
[
NC
DQNUC
RCTC
NNGXCT
UGOKNNCU



a
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defghijklmino
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 .C
GVCRC
FGN
GURNGPFQT
FG
NC
EKXKNK\CEK³P
OC[C
GORG\³
CNTGFGFQT
FGN

F
FG

%
[
VGTOKP³
JCEKC
GN

F
FG
%
UQP
FGUEQPQEKFCU
NCU
XGTFCFGTCU
ECWUCU

FG
NC
FGITCFCEK³P
FG
NC
EWNVWTC
OC[C
2GTQ
EQP
GN
VKGORQ
NQU
EQPQEKOKGPVQU

KPVGNGEVWCNGU
[
CTV­UVKEQU
VQFQ
NQ
SWG
NQU
OC[CU
JCD­CP
CRTGPFKFQ
FWTCPVG

UW
JKUVQTKC
GORG\CTQP
RQEQ
C
RQEQ
C
QNXKFCTUG
PQ
UG
EQPUVTW­CP
GFKHKEKQU

GPQTOGU
PQ
UG
GORNGCDCP
UKUVGOCU
ECNGPF¡TKEQU
PK
LGTQIN­HKEQU

2QT
HKP
NCU
GURN©PFKFCU
EKWFCFGU
OC[CU
CDCPFQPCFCU
RQT
UWU
JCDKVCPVGU

FGUCRCTGEKGTQP
GP
NC
UGNXCÙ



FMï KBEFï Ó
нефрит


MBï W¬DUJNB
Ó
жертва

 4FÎBMB
FO
FM
NBQB
FM
UFSSJUPSJP
RVF
MPT

NBZBT
PDVQBCBO
FO
MB
ÇQPDB
EF
TV
FTQMFO‚
EPS
”"
RVÇ
QBËTFT
QFSUFOFDFO
BDUVBMNFOUF

FTUBT
UJFSSBT

 &OVNFSB
MPT
OPNCSFT
EF
MBT
DJVEBEFT
NBZBT
RVF

TF
NFODJPOBO
FO
FM
UFYUP

 #VTDB
FO
FM
UFYUP
MBT
GSBTFT
RVF
FYQMJDBO

SW©
UG
EQPUVTW­C
GP
NCU
EKWFCFGU
OC[CU

E³OQ
GTC
NC
CTVGUCP­C
OC[C

SW©
EQPQEKOKGPVQU
EKGPV­HKEQU
VGP­CP
NQU
OC[CU

E³OQ
GTCP
UWU
TKVQU
TGNKIKQUQU

E³OQ
GTC
UW
CITKEWNVWTC

 %J
TJ
TPO
WFSEBEFSBT
P
GBMTBT
FTUBT
BGJSNBDJPOFT

+VTUJGJDB
UV
PQJOJÐO

.QU
OC[CU
JCDKVCDCP
GN
XCNNG
FGN
T­Q
OKUUKUUKRRK


.QU
OC[CU
RTCEVKECDCP
GN
LWGIQ
FG
RGNQVC
RCTC
HQTVCNGEGT
NC
UCNWF


.C
GUVGNC
GTC
GN
GNGOGPVQ
O¡U
ECTCEVGT­UVKEQ
FG
NC
CTSWKVGEVWTC
OC[C


.QU
OC[CU
ETGCTQP
GN
UKUVGOC
FG
GUETKVWTC


.QU
ECORGUKPQU
OC[CU
VGP­CP
CPKOCNGU
FG
ECTIC
G
KPUVTWOGPVQU
FG
OGVCN

 5BSFBT






 3FTVNF
Z
FTDSJCF
FO
UV
$VBEFSOP
EF
FKFSDJDJPT
UBSFB

MB

JOGPSNBDJÐO
TPCSF
MPT
NBZBT
VUJMJ[BOEP
FM
FTRVFNB
TJHVJFOUF

#
RTKPEKRKQU
FG

'P
UWU
EKWFCFGU
JCD­C

%CDG
OGPEKPCT
SWG
GP
NCU

GUVGNCU

6CODK©P
NQU
OC[CU
UG
FGFKECDCP
C

#FGO¡U
GNNQU
ETGCTQP




a
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defghijklmino
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 GP
HQTOC
FG

[
RQT
NQ
VCPVQ
UG
JC
EQPUGTXCFQ

#N
OKUOQ
VKGORQ
NQU

OC[CU
VGP­CP

[
UCD­CP

OKGPVTCU
VCPVQ
WPQ
FG
UWU
TKVQU
TGNK
IKQUQU
GTC

[
GN
LWGIQ
FG
RGNQVC

%QOQ
NQU
OC[CU
XKX­CP
GP
GN
DQUSWG
VTQRKECN
GNNQU

RCTC
JCEGT
NQU
ECORQU
[
UGODTCT
CNN­

*CEKC

NC
©RQEC
FG
GURNGPFQT

[
NCU
ECWUCU

2QT
HKP



)BCMB
TPCSF
MB
DJWJMJ[BDJÐO
NBZB
VUJMJ[BOEP
FM
QMBO
TJHVJFOUF

'N
VGTTKVQTKQ
SWG
QEWRCDCP
[
NCU
EKWFCFGU
RTKPEKRCNGU

'NGOGPVQU
FG
NC

CTSWKVGEVWTC
FG
NCU
EKWFCFGU

.C
CTVGUCP­C

.C
GUETKVWTC
[
EQPQEKOKGPVQU

EKGPV­HKEQU

.QU
TKVQU
TGNKIKQUQU

.C
CITKEWNVWTC

'URNGPFQT
[
FGITCFCEK³P

FG
NC
EKXKNK\CEK³P
OC[C


 &Oï HSVQPT

%JWJEËPT
FO
HSVQPT
EF
USFT
P
DVBUSP
&MFHJE
MPT





FMFNFOUPT
EF
MB
DVMUVSB
NBZB
RVF
IB
TJEP
EF

NBZPS
JOUFSÇT
QBSB
WPTPUSPT
FM
NÁT
JNQSFTJP‚
OBOUF
BTPNCSPTP
DVSJPTP
IPSSPSPTP 
QSFTFOUBE

FTUB
MJTUB
BM
SFTUP
EF
MB
DMBTF
Z
FYQMJDBE
WVFTUSB

FMFDDJÐO
$PNQBSBE
MPT
SFTVMUBEPT
DPO
MPT
EF

PUSPT
HSVQPT
Z
FMFHJE
MB
JOGPSNBDJÐO
RVF
IB

JNQSFTJPOBEP
NÁT
B
MB
NBZPSËB



5BSFB






&Oï QBSFKBTï 6OP
EF
WPTPUSPT
FT
DPOPDFEPS
EF
MB
DVMUVSB

NBZB
Z
FM
PUSP
TBCF
NVZ
QPDP
TPCSF
FTUF
UFNB

%JBMPHBE
TPCSF
MBT
NBSBWJMMBT
EF
MB
DJWJMJ[BDJÐO

NBZB

:
UÕ
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MFËEP
BMHVOPT
MJCSPT
TPCSF
MBT
DJWJMJ[BDJPOFT
BOUJHVBT

$VFOUB
FM
DPOUFOJEP
EFM
MJCSP
FO
GPSNB
SFTVNJEB
Z
OPNCSB

BMHVOBT
GFDIBT
JNQPSUBOUFT



MPT
IJTUPSJBEPSFT
DSFFO
RVF
MPT
QSJNFSPT
TFSFT
IVNBOPT
RVF

BQBSFDJFSPO
FO
FM
DPOUJOFOUF
BNFSJDBOP
FSBO
EF
PSJHFO
BTJÁUJ‚

DP
FO
VOB
ÇQPDB
SFNPUB
DSV[BSPO
FM
FTUSFDIP
EF
#ÇSJOH
RVF
FO

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FSB
UJFSSB
GJSNF
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EVSBOUF
NJMFT
EF
BÎPT

QPCMBSPO
UPEP
FM
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TJHVJFOEP
MPT
DVSTPT
EF
MPT
HSBOEFT

SËPT
P
TBMUBOEP
EF
VOB
JTMB
B
PUSB
"M
GJOBM
EF
MBSHBT
FNJHSB‚
DJPOFT
FMMPT
MMFHBSPO
B
EFTBSSPMMBS
FTQMÇOEJEBT
DJWJMJ[BDJPOFT
RVF

BTPNCSBSPO
QPTUFSJPSNFOUF
B
MPT
DPORVJTUBEPSFT
B
QSJODJQJPT
EFM
TJHMP
97***
FM
TBDFSEPUF
FTQBÎPM
'SBZ

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9JNÇOF[
RVF
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MPT
JEJPNBT
JOEJPT
Z
TF
QSFPDV‚
QBCB
QPS
FTUVEJBS
TVT
DSFFODJBT
MFZFOEBT
Z
NJUPT
FODPOUSÐ
FO

TV
JHMFTJB
VO
NBOVTDSJUP
RVF
DPOUFOËB
VO
MJCSP
FM
1PQPM
7VI

MJCSP
TBHSBEP
EFM
QVFCMP
NBZB
&T
VOB
EF
MBT
PCSBT
NÁT
CFMMBT



a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
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sh
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 EF
MB
MJUFSBUVSB
QSFDPMPNCJOB
FO
MB
RVF
FTUÁO
SFVOJEPT
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тысячелетии до нашей эры. В Центральной Америке первые города
появились около 1200 года до нашей эры. Теночтитлан, столица империи
ацтеков, был огромным городом, в котором проживало 200 000 человек.
В центре его находилось множество храмов. Главный храм Теночтитлана
был построен в 1390 году нашей эры. Его украшали статуи богов,
скульптуры, настенные росписи. Перед храмом находился камень, на
котором совершали человеческие жертвоприношения. Также в центре
Теночтитлана находились красивые дома и дворцы богатых ацтеков. Возле
дома обычно был сад, где росли фруктовые деревья и пряные травы.
В одном из районов города находился рынок: туда крестьяне привозили
маис, помидоры, тыкву, фасоль, перец, пряности, цветы. Там же продавались
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изделия ремесленников. Для каждого товара было своё место на рынке.

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Пять тысяч лет назад в долине реки Нил (Nilo) возникла первая человеческая
цивилизация – Древний Египет. Египтяне считали своих царей, фараонов,
живыми богами и строили в их честь пирамиды – огромные гробницы
(sepulturas) для умерших фараонов. Египет был страной земледельцев: в полях



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 выращивали пшеницу, в садах и огородах – виноград, фасоль, лук. Были
в Египте и большие города: их украшали храмы и дворцы богатых людей.
Храмы были украшены скульптурой, статуями богов и росписями. Также
египтяне строили обелиски и покрывали их надписями. Египтяне создали
письменность в форме иероглифов. Иероглифами пользовались и для записи
чисел. Египтяне изобрели календарь: год длился 365 дней и разделялся
на 3 сезона по 4 месяца каждый. В дни религиозных праздников египтяне
не работали. Египтяне поклонялись сотням богов. Жрецы приносили в
жертву богам фрукты и зелень. Кроме того, жрецы учили детей в школах.
Дети любили играть в мяч, который делали из дерева или из кожи.
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Al final te invitamos a disfrutar de la poesía melancólica y encantadora de

los antiguos mexicanos.

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UWDUVCPEKC
UG
VQOC
GP
VQFQ
UW
XQNWOGP
UG
GORNGC
GN
CTV­EW
NQ
FGVGTOKPCFQ
&KFNQMP

0Q
RQFGOQU
XKXKT
UKP
FMï BHVB
FMï BHVB
GU
WPC
UWDUVCPEKC

OW[
KORQTVCPVG
RCTC
NQU
UGTGU
XKXQU
SWG
JCDKVCP
NC
6KGTTC

0Q
UG
GZKIG
GN
CTV­EWNQ
GP
NC
EQODKPCEK³P
EF

TVTUBOUJWP
EWCPFQ
©UVC

EWORNG
NC
HWPEK³P
FG
EQORNGOGPVQ
OQFKHKECFQT

&KFNQMP

'P
GN
OWUGQ
RQFGOQU
QDUGTXCT
NCU
HKIWTKNNCU
EFï PSPï [ï EFï
NBEFSB
JGEJCU
RQT
NQU

CTVGUCPQU
OC[CU

 B
3FDVFSEB
DÐNP
TF
VTB
FM
BSUËDVMP
DPO
MPT
TVTUBOUJWPT
EFTQVÇT

EFM
WFSCP
IBZ
FTDSJCF
VOPT
FKFNQMPT
C
-FF
MBT
GSBTFT
Z
FYQMJDB
QPS
RVÇ
OP
MMFWBO

BSUËDVMP
MPT

TVTUBOUJWPT
FO
OFHSJUB

'P
NQU
LCTFKPGU
FG
NQU
C\VGECU
TKEQU
ETGE­CP
QMBOUBTï BSPN UJDBT

'P
NC

XGPVCPC
FG
OK
JCDKVCEK³P
JC[ï NBDFUBT
EQP
IGTCPKQU

6QFQU
NQU
EJKEQU
FG

OK
DMBTF
UQP
IJODIBT
FGN
4GCN
OCFTKF

'N
VGORNQ
GTC
WP
GPQTOG
OQPW
OGPVQ
FG
QJFESB
[
VGP­C
HQTOC
FGï QJS NJEF

4GRKVG
GN
GLGTEKEKQ

WFDFT


;WPIQ
RGPUCDC
SWG
UW
WP[ï NQ
GUVCDC
GURGTCPFQ
GP
CNIºP
MVHBS
[
SWG
WP

F­C
GN
EJKEQ
NC
GPEQPVTCT­C

.QU
OC[CU
XKX­CP
GP
GN
VGTTKVQTKQ
SWG
KPENW[G
CEVW



a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
qhfvjrjso
sh
wkhix oqvj
d`tiqjmu

 CNOGPVG
WPC
RCTVG
FG
.¨YJDP
TGRºDNKECU
FG
(VBUFNBMB
[
#FMJDF
[
CNIWPCU
\QPCU

FG
)POEVSBT

UK
SWKGTGU
SWG
NC
RNCPVC
ETG\EC
UCPC
[
HWGTVG
CITGIC
BCPOP

CN
UWGNQ
[
PQ
QNXKFGU
SWG
VW
RNCPVC
PGEGUKVC
BHVB

b0Q
NNQTGU
IJKJUP

 $PNQBSB
DBEB
QBSFKB
EF
PSBDJPOFT
Z
FYQMJDB
QPS
RVÇ
FM
NJTNP

TVTUBOUJWP
FO
VO
DBTP
TF
VTB
DPO
FM
BSUËDVMP
Z
FO
FM
PUSP
OP

MP
MMFWB

2K\CTTQ
TGNCV³
GP
NC
%QTVG
NQ
SWG
JCD­C
XKUVQ
GP
1FS¹
2K\CTTQ
GPVT³
GP
NC

JKUVQTKC
EQOQ
EQPSWKUVCFQT
EFMï GBCVMPTPï 1FS¹

b2GTQ
#PVQ±KVC
OJ°B
NGX¡P
VCVG
SWG
UQP
NCU
FKG\
&G
RTQPVQ
MBï OJ°B
UG
CEQTF³
SWG
GTC
GN
F­C
FG
UW

UCPVQ

%CORTKCPQ
GTC
DBNQFTJOP
%CORTKCPQ
GTC
VOï DBNQFTJOP
OW[
RQDTG

[
UWU
XGEKPQU
UG
TG­CP
FG
©N

'P
NC
JCDKVCEK³P
FG
NQU
PK±QU
JC[
WPC
OW±G
EC
EFï USBQP
[
WP
ECDCNNQ
EFï NBEFSB
&Gï MBï NBEFSB
FG
QNKXQ
GN
CDWGNQ
OG

JCT¡
WPC
OW±GEC
[
FMï USBQP
C\WN
UGTXKT¡
RCTC
JCEGTNG
WP
XGUVKFKVQ
JGTOQUQ


2TGHKGTQ
EQOGT
KBN²O
FG
UCNCOCPEC
2GTQ
FMï KBN²O
FG
UCNCOCPEC
[C
PQ

GU
NQ
SWG
GTC
CPVGU

 5BSFB











&Oï HSVQPT
%JWJEËPT
FO
HSVQPT
EF
USFT
P
DVBUSP
*OWFOUBE
FO

DPNÕO
FKFNQMPT
QBSB
MB
SFHMB
HSBNBUJDBM
Z
QSF‚
TFOUBEMPT
BM
SFTUP
EF
MB
DMBTF
$PNQBSBE
MPT

SFTVMUBEPT
”UPEPT
MPT
FKFNQMPT
TPO
DPSSFDUPT

"OBMJ[BEMPT
Z
DPNQMFUBE
WVFTUSB
MJTUB
DPO
MPT

NFKPSFT
FKFNQMPT
IFDIPT
QPS
PUSPT
HSVQPT

 B
3FDVFSEB
DVÁOUPT
WJBKFT
IJ[P
$PMÐO
B
"NÇSJDB
”2VÇ
UJFSSBT

GVFSPO
EFTDVCJFSUBT
Z
FYQMPSBEBT
EVSBOUF
TVT
WJBKFT
C
5BSFB




a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
qhfvjrjso
sh
wkhix oqvj
d`tiqjmu


 -FF
MB
JOGPSNBDJÐO
Z
EJ
RVÇ
QSPDFTPT
TJHVJFSPO
BM
EFTDVCSJNJFO‚
UP
EF
"NÇSJDB
Z
RVJÇOFT
GVFSPO
TVT
QSPUBHPOJTUBT

EFTQVÇT
EFM
EFTDVCSJNJFOUP
EF
"NÇSJDB
MPT
FTQBÎPMFT

FNQF[BSPO
B
SFBMJ[BS
MB
JODSFËCMF
UBSFB
EF
FYQMPSBSMB
Z
DPMP‚
OJ[BSMB
&O
NFOPT
EF
DJODVFOUB
BÎPT
&TQBÎB
DPORVJTUÐ
MB

NBZPS
QBSUF
EF
"NÇSJDB
$FOUSBM
"NÇSJDB
EFM
/PSUF
Z

"NÇSJDB
EFM
4VS
-BT
DPORVJTUBT
FTQBÎPMBT
FO
"NÇSJDB
TF

FYUFOEJFSPO
EFTEF
FM
FTUSFDIP
EF
.BHBMMBOFT
QPS
FM
4VS

IBTUB
FM
DFOUSP
EF
MPT
&TUBEPT
6OJEPT
QPS
FM
/PSUF
)BZ

RVF
EFTUBDBS
MBT
USFT
FUBQBT
NÁT
JNQPSUBOUFT
EF
MB
DPO‚
RVJTUB
-B
DPORVJTUB
EF
.ÇYJDP
SFBMJ[BEB
QPS
)FSOÁO
$PSUÇT
-B
DPORVJTUB
EFM
1FSÕ
SFBMJ[BEB
QPS
'SBODJTDP
1J[BSSP
-B
DPORVJTUB
EF
$IJMF
SFBMJ[BEB
QPS
1FESP
EF
7BMEJWJB
*GTP¡P
%QTV©U
MPT
NÁT
GBNPTPT
DPORVJTUBEPSFT
)FSOÁO
$PSUÇT
'SBODJTDP

1J[BSSP
1FESP
EF
7BMEJWJB
1FESP
EF
"MWBSBEP
OBDJFSPO

FO
&YUSFNBEVSB
QPS
FTB
SB[ÐO
FTB
SFHJÐO
EF
&TQBÎB
TF

EFTJHOB
B
WFDFT
DPNP
m5JFSSB
EF
DPORVJTUBEPSFTn
MPT
DPORVJTUBEPSFT
CVTDBCBO
FO
"NÇSJDB
VO
QBËT
NBSBWJ‚
MMPTP
&M
%PSBEP
QFOTBOEP
RVF
BMMË
UPEP
FTUBCB
MMFOP
EF

SJRVF[BT
-B
MFZFOEB
TPCSF
FTUF
QBËT
UVWP
TV
PSJHFO
FO
MB

DPTUVNCSF
EF
BMHVOBT
USJCVT
JOEJBT
EF
CBÎBSTF
DPO
FM
DVFS‚
QP
DVCJFSUP
EF
QPMWP
EF
PSP

 4FÎBMB
FO
FM
NBQB
EF
"NÇSJDB
MBT
UJFSSBT
DPO‚

RVJTUBEBT
QPS
MPT
FTQBÎPMFT
EVSBOUF
MBT
FUBQBT

(TCPEKUEQ
2K\CTTQ QSJODJQBMFT
EF
MB
DPORVJTUB

 %J

SW©
RCRGN
LWI³
'ZVTGOCFWTC
GP
NC
EQPSWKUVC
FG
#O©TKEC

SW©
RC­U
DWUECDCP
NQU
EQPSWKUVCFQTGU

 5BSFB


2GFTQ
FG
8CNFKXKC



a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
qhfvjrjso
sh
wkhix oqvj
d`tiqjmu


 :
BIPSB
DPNQBSB
UVT
JNQSFTJPOFT
DPO
MBT
EFTDSJQDJPOFT
RVF
OPT

IB
USBOTNJUJEP
MB
)JTUPSJB
QFSP
BOUFT

BMUJWP
Ó
заносчивый, высокомерный KJOFUF
N
Ó
наездник

EJFTUSPï GP
CNIQ
Ó
умелый, искусный QBTUPS
N
Ó
пастух

FNQSFTB
N
Ó предприятие, дело
BMJTUBSTFï FO
Ó
записаться, поступить (на военную службу)
FTUBSï BMï CPSEFï EF
Ó
быть на краю, на грани
HBOBSTF ï MBï DPOGJBO[B
Ó
завоевать доверие

 a'¬KBUF ï FTï JOUFSFTBOUFï TBCFS

&Mï IJEBMHP
Ó
GP
NC
'FCF
OGFKC
(в Средние века)
FGE­CP
ØJKLQFCNIQÙ
'N
JKFCN
IQ
GU
WP
VKRQ
JWOCPQ
OW[
GURC±QN
GU
WP
GUVKNQ
FG
XKFC
SWG
UG
HQTO³
FWTCP
VG
NC
JKUVQTKC
FG
%CUVKNNC
'P
NC
'FCF
OGFKC
OWEJQU
GURC±QNGU
NNGICTQP
C
UGT

PQDNGU
ITCEKCU
C
NCU
TKSWG\CU
NCU
NNCOCDCP
ØCNIQÙ
ICPCFCU
GP
NCU
DCVCNNCU

EQPVTC
NQU
OWUWNOCPGU
'UVQU
PQDNGU
GORG\CTQP
C
NNCOCTUG
C
U­
OKUOQU
ØJKLQU

FG
CNIQÙ
RCTC
GZRTGUCT
CU­
NC
FKHGTGPEKC
GPVTG
GNNQU
[
QVTQU
PQDNGU
JKLQU
FG

RCFTGU
PQDNGU
.C
QEWRCEK³P
RTKPEKRCN
FGN
JKFCNIQ
GTC
GN
UGTXKEKQ
FG
NC
IWGTTC

 "EJWJOB
FM
TJHOJGJDBEP
EF
MBT
QBMBCSBT
FO
OFHSJMMB

JCDNCT
Ó
FMï IBCMBEPS
C[WFCT
Ó
FMï BZVEBOUF
UQNQ
Ó
TPMJUBSJP
'ZVTGOCFWTC
Ó

FYUSFNF°P

 a'¬KBUF ï TPOï TJO²OJNPT

RCTVKT

UCNKT
FKGUVTQ

J¡DKN

¡IKN
NC
HCGPC

GN
VTCDCLQ

NC
NCDQT

 3FMBDJPOB
MPT
BOUÐOJNPT

JCDNCFQT ECTQ
FKGUVTQ UQEKCDNG
DCTCVQ V­OKFQ
UQNKVCTKQ ECNNCFQ
UGIWTQ
FG
U­
OKUOQ VQTRG



a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
qhfvjrjso
sh
wkhix oqvj
d`tiqjmu


 3FMBDJPOB
DBEB
GSBTF
DPO
TV
FRVJWBMFOUF
SVTP

2QT

N­PGC
OCVGTPC Назначить кого-либо главным.

Хорошо владеть оружием. %TGGT
GP
UW
DWGPC
GUVTGNNC

UGT
COKIQ
FG
CTOCU
Быть мужественным.

По материнской линии. 2QPGT
C
CNIWKGP
CN
HTGPVG
FG
CNIQ

6GPGT
OWEJQ
¡PKOQ

Верить в свою счастливую звезду.

 QSFHVOUB
B
UV
BNJHP

UK
GU
JCDNCFQT
Q
WPC
RGTUQPC
UQNKVCTKC
[
ECNNCFC

UK
NG
ECGP
DKGP
NCU
RGTUQPCU
CNVKXCU

UK
NG
IWUVCT­C
CNKUVCTUG
GP
CNIWPC
GZRGFKEK³P
RQT
SW©

E³OQ
UG
RWGFG
ICPCT
NC
EQPHKCP\C
FG
QVTCU
RGTUQPCU

E³OQ
UG
RQTVC
NC
RGTUQPC
SWG
VKGPG
OWEJQ
¡PKOQ

 5SBOTGPSNB
MBT
GSBTFT
VUJMJ[BOEP
QBSB
FTP
MBT
QBMBCSBT
EBEBT

NC
GORTGUC
GN
RCUVQT
VGPGT
OWEJQ
¡PKOQ
ICPCT
EQPHKCP\C
GUVCT
CN
DQTFG
FG

ETGGT
GP
UW
DWGPC
GUVTGNNC
FKGUVTQ
GP
UG
CNKUV³
GP
JKFCNIQU
GN
LKPGVG

.QU
DK³ITCHQU
FG
%QTV©U
PQU
EWGPVCP
SWG
©N
GTC
COKIQ
FG
CTOCU

2QT

HKP
2K\CTTQ
NNGI³
C
UGXKNNC
[
GORG\³
C
UGTXKT
GP
GN
GL©TEKVQ

%QTV©U
GUVCDC

UGIWTQ
SWG
VGPFT­C
UWGTVG

%QTV©U
GTC
WP
JQODTG
XCNKGPVG

%WCPFQ
PK±Q

%QTV©U
XCTKCU
XGEGU
GUVWXQ
C
RWPVQ
FG
OQTKT

OK
JGTOCPQ
UCDG
OQPVCT

C
ECDCNNQ

%WCPFQ
GN
PK±Q
VGP­C
UGKU
C±QU
[C
UCD­C
UCECT
CN
ECORQ
QXGLCU

[
EGTFQU

'P
GUVC
GZRGFKEK³P
KORQTVCPVG
RCTVKEKRCT¡P
U³NQ
RGTUQPCU
DKGP


RTGRCTCFCU

.QU
TCUIQU
FG
ECT¡EVGT
[
NC
EQPFWEVC
FGN
LGHG
RTQPVQ
IWUVCTQP

C
NQU
OKGODTQU
FG
NC
GZRGFKEK³P

6QFQU
NQU
ETQPKUVCU
FKEGP
SWG
UWU
RCFTGU

GTCP
RGTUQPCU
PQDNGU
RGTQ
RQDTGU

 5BSFBT



 -FF
FM
UFYUP
Z
EJ
TJ
TF
QBSFDFO
MPT
BÎPT
EF
KVWFOUVE
EF
$PSUÇT

Z
QJ[BSSP

-B
KVWFOUVE
EF
MPT
GVUVSPT

DPORVJTUBEPSFT
EF
.ÇYJDP
Z
QFSÕ
.QU

RTKOGTQU
C±QU
FG
NC
XKFC
FG
%QTV©U
UQP
V­RKEQU
FG

OWEJQU
EQPSWKUVCFQTGU
0CEK³
GP
OGFGNN­P
WP
RWGDNQ


GZVTGOG±Q
GP
GN
C±Q

GP
NC
HCOKNKC
FG
WPQU
JKFCNIQU

RQDTGU



a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
qhfvjrjso
sh
wkhix oqvj
d`tiqjmu

 2QT
N­PGC
OCVGTPC
*GTP¡P
%QTV©U
GTC
RCTKGPVG
NGLCPQ
FG

(TCPEKUEQ
2K\CTTQ
&G
PK±Q
%QTV©U
GTC
OW[
GPHGTOK\Q
[

GUVWXQ
XCTKCU
XGEGU
CN
DQTFG
FG
NC
OWGTVG
RGTQ
UG
EWT³

[
GORG\³
C
ETGGT
GP
UW
DWGPC
GUVTGNNC
#N
EWORNKT
ECVQTEG

C±QU
HWG
GPXKCFQ
C
UCNCOCPEC
FQPFG
GUVWXQ
FQU
C±QU

CRTGPFKGPFQ
ITCO¡VKEC
[
NCV­P
&GURW©U
FGL³
NQU
GUVWFKQU

[
TGITGU³
C
ECUC
NQ
SWG
FKUIWUV³
OWEJQ
C
UWU
RCFTGU

'N
LQXGP
%QTV©U
GTC
CNVKXQ
VTCXKGUQ
[
COKIQ
FG
CTOCU

RQT
NQ
VCPVQ
FGEKFK³
KT
C
NCU
+PFKCU
RGTQ
CPVGU
FG
TGCNK\CT

UW
KFGC
RCU³
FQU
C±QU
GUVWFKCPFQ
GN
CTVG
FG
NC
XKFC
RQT

NQU
ECOKPQU
FG
'URC±C
2QT
HKP
C
NC
GFCF
FG
FKGEKPWGXG

C±QU
RCTVK³
JCEKC
#O©TKEC
2TKOGTQ
NNGI³
C
UCPVQ

&QOKPIQ
FGURW©U
RCTVKEKR³
GP
NC
EQPSWKUVC
FG
%WDC

'P

GN
IQDGTPCFQT
FG
%WDC
&KGIQ
8GN¡\SWG\
RTGRCT³

WPC
ITCP
GZRGFKEK³P
JCEKC
NC
EQUVC
FG
O©ZKEQ
[
RWUQ
CN

HTGPVG
FG
GNNC
C
*GTP¡P
%QTV©U
%QTV©U
VGP­C
RQT
GPVQPEGU
VTGKPVC
[
EWCVTQ
C±QU
'TC
WP
JQODTG
CNGITG
[

JCDNCFQT
UWU
COKIQU
FGE­CP
SWG
GTC
XKXQ
FG
KPIGPKQ
[
VGP­C
GP
NC
OKTCFC

CNIQ
COQTQUQ
'TC
FG
OGFKCPC
GUVCVWTC
[
EWGTRQ
DKGP
RTQRQTEKQPCFQ
6GP­C

ITCP
HWGT\C
[
OWEJQ
¡PKOQ
GTC
DWGP
LKPGVG
[
FKGUVTQ
GP
VQFCU
NCU
CTOCU

VCPVQ
C
RKG
EQOQ
C
ECDCNNQ
1VTQ
ITCP
EQPSWKUVCFQT
(TCPEKUEQ
2K\CTTQ
PCEK³
JCEKC


GP
6TWLKNNQ
WP
RWGDNQ
VCODK©P
UKVWCFQ
GP
'ZVTGOCFWTC
FG

RCFTG
PQDNG
[
OCFTG
ETKCFC
%WCPFQ
GN
PK±Q
EWORNK³
EWC
VTQ
C±QU
UW
OCFTG
NQ
GPXK³
C
XKXKT
EQP
WPQU
HCOKNKCTGU

.QU
RCTKGPVGU
FG
UW
OCFTG
SWGT­CP
VGPGT
WP
C[WFCPVG
DCTCVQ

RCTC
NCU
HCGPCU
CIT­EQNCU
[
GORNGCTQP
CN
PK±Q
EQOQ
RCUVQT

.CU
NCTICU
JQTCU
SWG
RCU³
UQNQ
GP
GN
ECORQ
EWKFCPFQ
C

NQU
CPKOCNGU
NG
EQPXKTVKGTQP
GP
WP
JQODTG
UQNKVCTKQ
[
ECNNC
FQ
'N
RCUVQTEKNNQ
PQ
CRTGPFK³
C
NGGT
PK
C
GUETKDKT
2QT
NQ

FGO¡U
UW
OCGUVTC
HWG
NC
PCVWTCNG\C
EQPQE­C
DKGP
NQU
CPK
OCNGU
[
OWEJCU
RNCPVCU
OGFKEKPCNGU
'N
HWVWTQ
EQPSWKUVC

FQT
FGN
2GTº
UCD­C
SWG
RQT
UWU
XGPCU
EQTT­C
UCPITG
PQDNG
[
UCD­C
VCODK©P
SWG
NNGICT­C
C
UGT
ØCNIWKGPÙ
'UVCDC
UGIWTQ


FG
SWG
JCD­C
PCEKFQ
RCTC
ITCPFGU
GORTGUCU
&GUFG
NC

PK±G\
HWG
WP
JQODTG
VGPC\
[
UGIWTQ
FG
U­
OKUOQ
7P
F­C
(TCPEKUEQ
CDCPFQP³
NC
ECUC
FG
UWU
RCTKGPVGU
[
UG

HWG
C
UGXKNNC
UG
CNKUV³
GP
GN
GL©TEKVQ
[
GP
+VCNKC
UG
EQP
XKTVK³
GP
WP
DWGP
UQNFCFQ
&GURW©U
FG
TGITGUCT
FG
+VCNKC

2K\CTTQ
UG
CNKUV³
GP
NC
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KTTGIWNCTKFCF
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XGTDQU
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NC
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XGTDQU

BOEBS ï DBFS ï EBS ï EFDJS ï FTUBS ï IBCFS ï IBDFS ï JS ï P¬S ï QPEFS ï QPOFS ï RVF
SFS ï TBCFS ï TBMJS ï TFS ï UFOFS ï USBFS ï WFOJS ï WFS

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VQFQU
GUVQU
VKGORQU
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XGTDQU
KTTGIWNCTGU
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2TGUGPVG
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VTCFW[DQ
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EQPUVTWZQ

 ï 7FSCPTï JSSFHVMBSFTï EFï MBï QSJNFSBï Zï TFHVOEBï DPOKVHBDJPOFTï

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XGTDQU
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7FSCPTï EFï MBï UFSDFSBï DPOKVHBDJ²O ï HSVQPTï * ï ** ï *** ï 7
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XGTDQU
KTTGIWNCTGU
FG
NQU
ITWRQU
+
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XGTDQU
FG
NC
VGTEGTC
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++
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KTTGIWNCTKFCFGU

GP
GN
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FMMPT






RJFKGTQP



UJPVKGTQP




FVTOKGTQP





EQPUVTWZGTQP


7FSCPTï JSSFHVMBSFTï EFMï HSVQPï *7

.QU
XGTDQU
KTTGIWNCTGU
FGN
ITWRQ
+8
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UW
KTTGIWNCTKFCF

GP
GN
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FG
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GP
NC
RTKOGTC
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FGN
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GP
GN
2TGUGPVG
FG
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GP
VQFCU
NCU
HQTOCU

GP
GN
+PFGHKPKFQ
UQP
KTTGIWNCTGU
UQNQ
NQU
XGTDQU
FG
NC
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EQPLWICEK³P
RGTQ
GP
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FGN
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D
RQT
[D
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D
RQT
K
Ó
GP
VQFCU
NCU
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EF
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1SFTFOUF
EF
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C











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C









C

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VTCFW[EQ





EQPQ[EC





VTCFW[EC






EQPQE­





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VTCFWEGU





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VTCFW[EC






EQPQEK³




VTCFWKP
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VTCFWEKOQU



EQPQ[ECOQU


VTCFW[ECOQU



EQPQEKOQU


VTCFWKJNPT
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EQPQ[E¡KU




VTCFW[E¡KU






EQPQEKUVGKU


VTCFWKJTUFJT
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EQPQ[ECP




VTCFW[ECP




EQPQEKGTQP


VTCFWKFSPO

 B
%J
FO
RVÇ
HSVQPT
EF
WFSCPT
JSSFHVMBSFT
EFCFNPT
JODMVJS
MPT

WFSCPT
TJHVJFOUFT
UGTXKT
XGUVKTUG
CEQUVCTUG
UWUVKVWKT
EQPFWEKT
FGHGPFGT
EQOGP\CT
RTQDCT
TGEQT
FCT
TG­T
FGURGFKTUG
CEQTFCTUG
OQTKT
EQPVCT
RGPUCT
EQPXGTVKTUG
UQPCT
XQNCT

QDGFGEGT
HQTVCNGEGT
RTQFWEKT
FGUVTWKT
CRCTGEGT
QHTGEGT
FGURGTVCT
UGPVCTUG

RGTFGT
RTGHGTKT
GNGIKT
EQPUGIWKT
RCTGEGT
RGTVGPGEGT
ETGEGT
C
5BSFB


 5BSFBT




 5SBOTGPSNB
TJHVJFOEP
FM
NPEFMP

.PEFMP

%CFC
OC±CPC
2GRG
UG
XKUVG
[
UG
FGURKFG
FG
UWU

RCFTGU
#[GT
RKFQ 
#[GT
2GRG
UG
XKUVK³
[
UG
FGURKFK³
FG
UWU
RCFTGU
2KFQ
C
2GRG
SWG
UG
XKUVC
[
UG
FGURKFC
FG
UWU
RCFTGU


'P
NCU
ENCUGU
FG
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2GFTQ
RKGPUC
OWEJQ
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DKGP
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SWKGTQ 

UKGORTG
EQPFWEG
GN
EQEJG
OK
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SWK\¡ 

OCO¡
OG

FGURKGTVC
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FWFQ 

OK
JGTOCPQ
RTWGDC
GN
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EQOGT
DQODQPGU
#[GT
GU
RQUKDNG 

4GEQTFCOQU
GN
XGTCPQ
TG­OQU
[
PQU

UGPVKOQU
HGNKEGU
#[GT
SWKGTQ 

UKGORTG
UGTX­U
FG
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C
PWGUVTQU
KPXK
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RCUCFC
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 5BSFB


 QPO
MPT
WFSCPT
FO
MB
GPSNB
BEFDVBEB


%WCPFQ
JCEGU
GUVG
GLGTEKEKQ
GU
KORQTVCPVG
SWG
PQ
OQXGTUG
Vº
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NWICT


6G
RKFQ
SWG
OG
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UGT
GN
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.C
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VTCV³
FG
NGGT
GN
VGZVQ
FGN
VGNGITCOC
RGTQ
PQ
RQFGT
GNNC 

+TGPG
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NG[GTQP
GN
VGZVQ
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PQ
GPVGPFGT
PCFC

0Q
ETGQ
SWG
GUVC
PQVKEKC
CRCTGEGT



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PWGUVTQ
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GP
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NQU
EJKEQU
FKXGTVKTUG
OWEJQ
GP
GN
RCTSWG
FG
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6G
JG
CFXGTVKFQ
RCTC
SWG
PQ
OG
FGUVTWKT
Vº
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ECUVKNNQU
FG
CTGPC

0Q

OG
JG
KOCIKPCFQ
PWPEC
SWG
RTGHGTKT
XQUQVTQU
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RTQITCOC
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NC
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 5BSFBT



 5F
QSPQPOFNPT
RVF
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FTUVEJBOEP
MB
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MB
DPORVJTUB

EF
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QFSP
BOUFT

DB°²O
N
Ó
пушка FNCBKBEB
G
Ó
посольство

PEJBS
W
Ó
ненавидеть BSNBEP
BEW
Ó вооружённый
DPHFSï W
QSJTJPOFSP
Ó
взять в плен
EJTQPOFSï EF
W
Ó
иметь в своём распоряжении

IBDFSï MBTï QBDFT
Ó
заключить мир, помириться

 "EJWJOB
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TJHOJGJDBEP
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MBT
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Z
FYQSFTJPOFT

C
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NC
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NC
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GN
ECUEQ
GN
QDUGTXCVQTKQ
GN

EQOGVC

 "EJWJOB
FM
TJHOJGJDBEP
EF
MBT
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FO
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ECN\CTUG
Ó
DBM[BEP
EQIGT
RTKUKQPGTQ
Ó
MBï QSJTJ²O
NC
EWNRC
Ó
DVMQBCMF

FGHGPFGT
Ó
JOEFGFOTP
NC
EGTGOQPKC
Ó
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MBT
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TGRTGUGPVCPVGU
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FG
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GP
4WUKC
JCP
XKUKVCFQ
PWGUVTQ
EQNGIKQ


#
XGEGU
NQU
COKIQU
UG
RGNGCP
RGTQ
UKGORTG


.QU
KPFKQU
FG
NCU
VTKDWU

XGEKPCU
UWHT­CP
FG
NC
ETWGNFCF
FG
NQU
C\VGECU
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GUQ
NQU


.QU
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C
WP
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RWFQ
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GN

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C\VGEC

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GN
-TGONKP
RWGFGU
XGT
OWEJQU

CPVKIWQU
SWG
PQU

JCEGP
TGEQTFCT
NC
IWGTTC
EQPVTC
0CRQNG³P

2TKOGTQ
NC
IWGTTC
GUVCDC
NGLQU

RGTQ
WP
F­C
GP
NC
CNFGC
GPVTCTQP
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JQODTGU



 %J
TJ
FT
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P
JSSFHVMBS
FM
WFSCP
EJTQPOFS
$PNQMFUB
MBT

GSBTFT
DPO
MBT
GPSNBT
NÁT
BEFDVBEBT
EF
FTUF
WFSCP

2GTF³PCOG
SWG
PQ
RWGFC
C[WFCTVG
GU
SWG
PQ

FG
NQU
OCVGTKCNGU
PGEG
UCTKQU

'U
WPC
N¡UVKOC
SWG
PQ

Vº
FG
GUVQU
OCVGTKCNGU

%TGQ
SWG



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 RTQPVQ
PQUQVTQU

FG
VQFC
NC
KPHQTOCEK³P
UQDTG
GUVG
CEQPVGEKOKGPVQ

6QFQU

ETG­CP
SWG
RTQPVQ
GNNQU

FG
VQFC
NC
KPHQTOCEK³P
UQDTG
CSWGN
CEQPVGEKOKGPVQ


#[GT
XQUQVTQU

FG
FKPGTQ
[
CRQ[Q
FG
OWEJQU
COKIQU
[
JQ[
PQ
VGP©KU
PCFC

 5BSFBT





;C
UCDGU
SWG
NC
EQPLWPEK³P
QPSRVF
UG
GORNGC
RCTC
GZRTGUCT
TGNCEK³P
FG

ECWUC
GPVTG
NCU
QTCEKQPGU

'P
GN
VGZVQ
SWG
XCU
C
NGGT
GPEQPVTCT¡U
FQU
EQPLWPEKQPGU
O¡U
SWG
UQP
UKP³
PKOCU
QVFT
Ó
так как, потому что
ZBï RVF
Ó
так как, поскольку
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популярный в те времена рыцарский роман –
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Después de leer el libro sobre los conquistadores Irene y Antón todavía no

pueden resolver un problema: ¿cómo Cortés con tan poca gente pudo
conquistar el Imperio azteca?

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Moscú
14 de Marzo, 2019

Querida Silvia: o una gran

recibido el libro qu e me enviaste y ha sid r-
¿Qué tal? ¿Cómo estás?
He
rm os o regalo: me ha gustado mucho y de ve
certe este he
alegría. Quiero agrade
ra apasionante...
dad, ha sido una lectu

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KORQTVCP
EKC
GU
UW
QDTC
GP
RTQUC
"OUÐO
b(CPV¡UVKEQ
&G
XGTFCF
%GTXCPVGU
HWG
WP
JQODTG
IGPKCN
C
&OVNFSB
MPT
UËUVMPT
EF
MBT
PCSBT
EF

$FSWBOUFT
NFODJPOBEBT
FO
FM
EJÁMPHP
”$ÐNP

TUBOEï Ó
стенд
TVFOBO
USBEVDJEPT
BM
SVTP
D
QSVFCB
RVF
$FSWBOUFT
DVMUJWÐ
UPEPT
MPT

HÇOFSPT
MJUFSBSJPT
QSPTB
QPFTËB
Z
UFBUSP

 QSPOUP
FO
UV
FTDVFMB
UBNCJÇO
WB
B
DFMFCSBSTF
VOB

FYQPTJDJÐO
QBSFDJEB
&YQSFTB
UVT
FNPDJPOFT
EFTFPT

JOUFODJPOFT
Z
EVEBT
SFMBDJPOBEBT
DPO
FTUF
BDPOUF‚
DJNJFOUP

OG
CNGITQ
FG
SWG
RTQPVQ
QTICPK\CT
PQUQVTQU
GP
NC
GUEWGNC
WPC
GZRQUKEK³P


*G
GUETKVQ
NQU
V­VWNQU
FG
CNIWPQU
NKDTQU
RCTC
SWG
NC
DKDNKQVGECTKC
OG


C[WFCT
C
GPEQPVTCTNQU

b1LCN¡
OKU
RCFTGU
OG
RGTOKVKT
VTCGT
WPQU
NKDTQU

FG
PWGUVTC
DKDNKQVGEC
FQO©UVKEC

'U
RQUKDNG
SWG
PQ
EQPQEGT
XQUQVTQU
NQU

PQODTGU
FG
CNIWPQU
GUETKVQTGU
GURC±QNGU
FGN
UKINQ
::

3WK\¡
OK
CDWGNQ

VTCGT
WPC
GFKEK³P
CPVKIWC
FGN
Ø3WKLQVGÙ

*G
FKDWLCFQ
GUVG
ECTVGN
RCTC
SWG

NQU
EJKEQU
FGN
EQNGIKQ
NQ
NGGT
[
XKUKVCT
PWGUVTC
GZRQUKEK³P

OG
CNGITC
SWG



a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
qhfvjrjso
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 VQFQU
NQU
EJKEQU
FG
NC
ENCUG
SWGTGT
RCTVKEKRCT
GP
NC
GZRQUKEK³P

0Q
RKGP
UQ
SWG
RQFGT
XQUQVTQU
JCEGT
VQFQU
NQU
UVCPFU
VCP
T¡RKFQ

3WKGTQ
SWG

OKU
COKIQU
NNGICT
C
NC
GZRQUKEK³P

.C
KFGC
GU
DWGPC
bSWG
VQFQ
QU
UCNKT

DKGP

 5BSFBT
















&Oï QBSFKBT

&TUÁJT
PSHBOJ[BOEP
VOB
FYQPTJDJÐO
EFM
-JCSP

FTQBÎPM
FO
WVFTUSB
DMBTF
$PNFOUBE
FTUF
BDPO‚
UFDJNJFOUP
RVÇ
BVUPSFT
FTQBÎPMFT
FTUBSÁO
SFQSF‚
TFOUBEPT
FO
MB
FYQPTJDJÐO
RVÇ
MJCSPT
DPMPDBSÇJT

FO
FM
TUBOE
EFEJDBEP
B
$FSWBOUFT
RVÇ
DBSUFMFT

QSFQBSBSÇJT
QBSB
JOWJUBS
B
PUSPT
DIJDPT
B
FTUB

FYQPTJDJÐO

&Oï


 HSVQPTï %JWJEËPT
FO
HSVQPT
EF
USFT
P
DVBUSP
QSFQBSBE

FO
DPNÕO
VO
DBSUFM
DPO
VO
FTMPHBO
QBSB
BUSBFS

MB
BUFODJÐO
EF
MPT
BMVNOPT
EF
UV
DPMFHJP
B
MB

&YQPTJDJÐO
EFM
-JCSP
&TQBÎPM
F
JOWJUBSMFT
B
WJ‚
TJUBSMB
QSFTFOUBE
WVFTUSPT
DBSUFMFT
BM
SFTUP
EF

MB
DMBTF
Z
FMFHJE
FM
NFKPS
DBSUFM

 :B
TBCFT
RVF
"OUÐO
IB
IFDIP
VO
EFTDVCSJNJFOUP
BM
WJTJUBS

MB
&YQPTJDJÐO
"M
MFFS
MB
CJPHSBGËB
EF
$FSWBOUFT
UBNCJÇO
IBSÁT

BMHVOPT
EFTDVCSJNJFOUPT
JOUFSFTBOUFT
QFSP
BOUFT

 "EJWJOB
FM
TJHOJGJDBEP
EF
MBT
QBMBCSBT
Z
FYQSFTJPOFT

GN
GTWFKVQ
GN
ECTFGPCN
NGGT
GP
UW
VGZVQ
QTKIKPCN
C
CNIºP
GUETKVQT
GN
VWTEQ
NC

ICNGTC

DJSVKBOP
N
Ó
хирург NJUBE
G
Ó
половина

HSBEP
N
Ó
чин







DBSHP
N
Ó должность
TVCMFWBDJ²O
G
Ó восстание

ï ï ï ï ï BSSJFTHBSï MBï WJEBï Ó
рисковать жизнью
HBOBSTFï MBï WJEB
Ó
зарабатывать на жизнь



a'¬KBUF ï TPOï TJO²OJNPT

NC
RTKUK³P

GN
ECWVKXGTKQ
GN
RTKUKQPGTQ

GN
ECWVKXQ


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bc
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dpqomnjrjstju
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 "HSVQB
TFHÕO
GBNJMJBT
EF
QBMBCSBT
GN
ECTIQ
NC
UWDNGXCEK³P
CTTKGUICT
GN
ECWVKXQ
GPECTICT
GN
TKGUIQ
ECWVKXCT

UWDNGXCTUG
CTTKGUICFQ
ECTICFQ
GN
ECWVKXGTKQ
GN
UWDNGXCFQ
ECTICT

 &OVNFSB
MBT
FYQSFTJPOFT
RVF
QVFEFT
GPSNBS
DPO
FM
WFSCP

HBOBS TF 
*OWFOUB
Z
FTDSJCF
GSBTFT
DPO
FTUBT
FYQSFTJPOFT

 B
-FF
MBT
GSBTFT
GJKÁOEPUF
FO
MBT
QBMBCSBT
FO
OFHSJUB


OK
JGTOCPQ
GU
OKNKVCT
[
VKGPG
FMï HSBEPï EFï DBQJU O

UW
RCR¡
GU
DJSV
KBOP

UK
GTGU
NCDQTKQUQ
[
CRNKECFQ
[
OWGUVTCU
VCNGPVQ
RCTC
GUVG
VTCDCLQ

RTQPVQ
TGEKDKT¡U
WP
DWGP
DBSHP

%QTV©U
EQORTGPFK³
SWG
BSSJFTHBCBï MBï WJEB

RQTSWG
UG
JCD­C
OGVKFQ
GP
WPC
EGNCFC

'N
LQXGP
TFï HBOBCBï MBï WJEB
HC
DTKECPFQ
XCLKNNCU
FG
DCTTQ
[
FG
OCFGTC

%WCWV©OQE
GN
UQDTKPQ
FG


OQEVG\WOC
PSHBOJ[²ï MBï TVCMFWBDJ²O
EQPVTC
NQU
GURC±QNGU

.C
RTKOGTC
NJUBE

FGN
UKINQ
:8+
HWG
NC
©RQEC
FG
NCU
EQPSWKUVCU
FG
NQU
ITCPFGU
KORGTKQU
KPFKQU

O©ZKEQ
[
GN
2GTº
C
#VTDB
FO
MBT
GSBTFT
MPT
TVTUBOUJWPT
RVF
OP
MMFWBO
BSUËDVMP
Z


FYQMJDB
QPS
RVÇ
FO
FTUPT
DBTPT
FM
BSUËDVMP
OP
TF
QSFDJTB

 $PNQMFUB
MBT
GSBTFT
DPO
QBMBCSBT
Z
FYQSFTJPOFT
OVFWBT


0Q
SWKGTQ
SWG

RCTVKEKRCPFQ
GP
WPC
GORTGUC
VCP
RGNKITQUC

'N
JQO
DTG
RTGIWPV³
CN
FKTGEVQT
UK
RQF­C
TGEKDKT
WP

GP
UW
QHKEKPC

OK
V­Q
JC

TGEKDKFQ


FG
ECRKV¡P

.QU
GURC±QNGU
RGPUCTQP
SWG
NQU
C\VGECU
RTGRCTC
DCP

[
FGEKFKGTQP
CVCECTNQU
RQT
UQTRTGUC

'TC
ECORGUKPQ
[


VTCDC
LCPFQ
GP
GN
ECORQ

 5BSFB


 %J

SW©
TCUIQU
FG
ECT¡EVGT
FGDG
VGPGT
GN
EKTWLCPQ

SW©
VCNGPVQU
JC[
SWG
VGPGT
RCTC
TGEKDKT
WP
DWGP
ECTIQ

RQT
SW©
CTTKGUICDCP
UWU
XKFCU
NQU
EQPSWKUVCFQTGU

 4F
QVFEF
EFDJS
DPO
SB[ÐO
RVF
MB
PCSB
EF

$FSWBOUFT
FT
EF
BMHÕO
NPEP
TV
BVUPCJP‚
HSBGËB
-FF
Z
EJ
RVÇ
FQJTPEJPT
EF
TV
WJEB

UF
IBDFO
SFDPSEBS
MPT
MJCSPT
EF
BWFOUVSBT

.JHVFM
EF
$FSWBOUFT
4BBWFESB

0CEK³
OKIWGN
FG
%GTXCPVGU
UCCXGFTC
GP
NQU
ºNVKOQU
F­CU

FGN
OGU
FG
UGRVKGODTG
FG

GP
#NECN¡
FG
*GPCTGU

EKWFCF
SWG
UG
GPEWGPVTC
EGTEC
FG
OCFTKF

%QEKPC
OWUGQ
%CUC
0CVCN
FG
OKIWGN
FG
%GTXCPVGU



a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
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 UWU
RCFTGU
4QFTKIQ
FG
%GTXCPVGU
[
.GQPQT
FG
%QTVKPCU

VGP­CP
EKPEQ
JKLQU
.C
HCOKNKC
GTC
JKFCNIC
[
RQDTG
'N

RCFTG
GTC
O©FKEQ
EKTWLCPQ
[
VTCDCL³
GP
XCTKCU
EKWFCFGU

FG
'URC±C
GP
8CNNCFQNKF
SWG
GTC
GPVQPEGU
NC
ECRKVCN
FG

'URC±C
GP
%³TFQDC
UGXKNNC
[
OCFTKF
UG
UCDG
OW[
RQEQ

FG
NC
PK±G\
FGN
HWVWTQ
GUETKVQT
2CTGEG
SWG
GUVWFK³
GP

UCNCOCPEC
'P
OCFTKF
VWXQ
EQOQ
RTQHGUQT
FG
)TCO¡VKEC

.CVKPC
CN
UCEGTFQVG
FQP
,WCP
.³RG\
FG
*Q[QU
GUETKVQT

[
GTWFKVQ
#
NQU

C±QU
GP

UG
HWG
C
+VCNKC
RCTC

UGTXKT
CN
ECTFGPCN
,WNKQ
#ESWCXKXC
[
FWTCPVG
FQU
C±QU

SWG
GUVWXQ
CNN­
XKUKV³
NCU
RTKPEKRCNGU
EKWFCFGU
FG
+VCNKC

OKN¡P
(NQTGPEKC
8GPGEKC
4QOC
EQPQEK³
NC
EWNVWTC
[
GN

KFKQOC
FGN
RC­U
[
RWFQ
NGGT
GP
UW
VGZVQ
QTKIKPCN
C
UWU

O¡U
HCOQUQU
GUETKVQTGU
'P
+VCNKC
GORG\³
VCODK©P
UW

©RQEC
JGTQKEC
[
NNGPC
FG
ITCPFGU
KFGCNGU
[
GURGTCP\CU
'P

VQO³
RCTVG
EQOQ
UQNFCFQ
FG
NC

OCTKPC
GP
NC
IWGTTC
FG
'URC±C
EQPVTC
NQU

VWTEQU
'P
NC
DCVCNNC
FG
.GRCPVQ
RCTVKEKR³
GP

NC
NWEJC
C
DQTFQ
FG
NC
ICNGTC
ØOCTSWGUCÙ

GUVCDC
GPHGTOQ
[
EQP
HKGDTG
RGTQ
RGNG³

JGTQKECOGPVG
[
HWG
JGTKFQ
GP
GN
RGEJQ
[
GP

NC
OCPQ
K\SWKGTFC
SWG
NG
SWGF³
RCTCNK\CFC

FGUFG
GPVQPEGU
U KIWK³
XCTKQU
C±QU
EQOQ

UQNFCFQ
[
EWCPFQ
GP

UCNK³
RCTC
'URC±C

EQP
FGUGQ
FG
TGEKDKT
GN
ITCFQ
FG
ECRKV¡P
GN

DCTEQ
FQPFG
KDC
HWG
CVCECFQ
RQT
WPQU
RKTCVCU

SWG
UG
NQ
NNGXCTQP
C
#TIGN
#NN­
GUVWXQ
EQOQ
RTKUKQPGTQ
EKPEQ
C±QU
JCUVC
SWG
RQT
HKP
HWG
TGUECVCFQ
RQT

FWECFQU
FG

QTQ
&WTCPVG
CSWGNNQU

C±QU
FG
RTKUK³P
QTICPK\³

UWDNGXCEKQPGU
RCTC
EQP
UGIWKT
UW
NKDGTVCF
[
NC
FG
UWU
EQORC±GTQU
UKGORTG
FGE­C
Ø2QT
GN
JQPQT
[
NC

NKDGTVCF
UG
FGDG
CTTKGUICT
NC
XKFCÙ

.QU

C±QU
FG
ECWVKXGTKQ
GP
#TIGN
FKXKFKGTQP
NC
XKFC
FG
%GTXCPVGU
GP

FQU
OKVCFGU
JCD­C
UKFQ
GN
UQNFCFQ
XKEVQTKQUQ
FG
.GRCPVQ
RGTQ
CN

TGITGUCT
C
'URC±C
GP

UG
GPEQPVT³
EQP
NC
PGEGUKFCF
FG
ICPCTUG

NC
XKFC
(WG
QVTC
©RQEC
OGPQU
HGNK\
GP
NC
JKUVQTKC
FG
'URC±C
[
RCTC

%GTXCPVGU
HWG
WPC
©RQEC
FG
CFXGTUKFCFGU
2TKOGTQ
%GTXCPVGU
XKXK³
GP
OCFTKF
'UETKDK³
QDTCU
FG
FKHG
TGPVGU
I©PGTQU
RGTQ
PQ
VWXQ
©ZKVQ

2TQPVQ
FGL³
OCFTKF
[
UG
FKTKIK³
C
UGXKNNC
EQP

GN
ECTIQ
FG
RTQXGGFQT
FG
VTKIQ
FG
NC
#TOCFC

+PXGPEKDNG
WPC
ITCP
HNQVC
SWG
UG
RTGRCTCDC

RCTC
NC
NWEJC
EQPVTC
+PINCVGTTC
6WXQ
SWG
XKC
LCT
FG
WP
RWGDNQ
C
QVTQ
XCTKCU
XGEGU
UG

GPEQPVT³
GP

RTKUK³P
RQT
FGOQTCU
GP
UWU

EWGPVCU
2CTGEG
SWG
GPEQPVT¡PFQUG
GP

RTKUK³P
GORG\³
C
GUETKDKT
Ø&QP
3WKLQVGÙ
.C

RTKOGTC
RCTVG
FG
Ø&QP
3WKLQVGÙ
CRCTGEK³
GP


[
UW
©ZKVQ
HWG
GPQTOG
2TQPVQ
%GTXCPVGU

TGITGU³
C
OCFTKF
[
GORG\CTQP
NQU
C±QU
FG

UW
OC[QT
CEVKXKFCF
NKVGTCTKC
'P

CRCTG



a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
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 EKGTQP
UWU
Ø0QXGNCU
GLGORNCTGUÙ
GP

UW
Ø8KCLG
FGN

2CTPCUQÙ
GP

NCU
Ø1EJQ
EQOGFKCUÙ
[
NC
UGIWPFC

RCTVG
FG
Ø&QP
3WKLQVGÙ
'P

UKGPFQ
OW[
GPHGTOQ

CECD³
%GTXCPVGU
Ø.QU
VTCDCLQU
FG
2GTUKNGU
[
UGIKUOWPFCÙ

OWTK³
OKIWGN
FG
%GTXCPVGU
UCCXGFTC
GN

FG
CDTKN
FG




ï SFTDBUBS
Ó
выкупать, освобождать


FMï EVDBEP
Ó
дукат (денежная единица)


FMï QSPWFFEPSï EFï USJHP
Ó
поставщик зерна


QPSï EFNPSBTï FOï TVTï DVFOUBT
Ó
за то, что не успевал вовремя
отчитываться по счетам

 #VTDB
FO
FM
UFYUP


/PNCSFT
EF
QFSTPOBT
FK
SW©
RCRGN
LWICTQP
GNNCU
GP
NC
XKFC
FG
%GTXCPVGU

/PNCSFT
EF
QBËTFT
E³OQ
GUVWXQ
TGNCEKQPCFC
NC
XKFC
FG
%GTXCPVGU
EQP

CSWGNNCU
VKGTTCU!

/PNCSFT
EF
MBT
PCSBT
EF
$FSWBOUFT
GP
SW©
©RQECU
FG
UW
XKFC
HWGTQP

GUETKVCU!

 5BSFBT



 B
%J
DPO
RVÇ
FQJTPEJPT
EF
MB
CJPHSBGËB
EF
$FSWBOUFT
FTUÁO

SFMBDJPOBEBT
FTUBT
GFDIBT







GN

FG
CDTKN
FG



C
0SEFOB
MBT
GFDIBT
Z
DVFOUB
MB
CJPHSBGËB
EF
$FSWBOUFT

 QSVFCB
RVF
MB
WJEB
EF
$FSWBOUFT
TF
EJWJEF
FO
EPT
NJUBEFT
MB

ÇQPDB
EF
MB
HMPSJB
Z
MB
EF
MBT
BEWFSTJEBEFT

 5BSFB


 %J

SW©
GZRGTKGPEKC
UKTXK³
FG
DCUG
C
%GTXCPVGU
RCTC
GUETKDKT
UWU
QDTCU

UK
VKGPGP
CNIWPQU
TCUIQU
EQOWPGU
NCU
DKQITCH­CU
FG
%GTXCPVGU
[
%QTV©U


UK
RWGFGU
GORNGCT
GN
TGHT¡P
Ø'N
JQODTG
FGEKFKFQ
VQFQ
NQ
XGPEGÙ
JCDNCPFQ

FG
NC
DKQITCH­C
FG
%GTXCPVGU

 5BSFB




a
bc
defghijklmino
dpqomnjrjstju
qhfvjrjso
sh
wkhix oqvj
d`tiqjmu

 La literatura española dio al mundo el nombre de Cervantes, a la lengua
española suelen llamarla ”lengua de Cervantes“. En la literatura rusa el
mismo lugar por su importancia ocupa el nombre de Pushkin.

 B
3FDVFSEB
MB
CJPHSBGËB
EF
QVTILJO
$PNQMFUB
MBT
GSBTFT
DPO

WFSCPT
FO
GPSNB
BEFDVBEB
EFM
QBTBEP
#NGMUCPFT
2WUJMKP
PCEGT
GP
OQUEº
GN

FG
LWPKQ
FG



GP
WPC
HCOKNKC
PQDNG
UW
V­Q
8CUKNK
.XQXKEJ
UGT
WP

EQPQEKFQ
RQGVC
[
NC
ECUC
FG
NQU
2WUJMKP
UGT
XKUKVCFC


RQT
NQU
ITCPFGU
GUETKVQTGU
FG
UW
VKGORQ
'P

2WUJMKP

KPITGUCT
GP
GN
.KEGQ
FG
6U¡TUEQ[G
UGN³
SWG
UGT
ETGC

FQ
RCTC
NQU
JKLQU
FG
NC
PQDNG\C
'P
UWU
RTKOGTCU
QDTCU

OQUVTCT
WPC
RQGU­C
HGUVKXC
EW[QU
VGOCU
UGT
NC
COKU

VCF
GN
COQT
NC
PCVWTCNG\C
NC
NKDGTVCF
'P

RWDNKECT

UWU
RTKOGTCU
RQGU­CU
[
EQPXGTVKTUG
GP
WP
RQGVC
EQPQ
EKFQ
'P

GP
NC
HKGUVC
FG
HKPCN
FG
EWTUQ
&GT\JCXKP

RTQENCOCT
C
2WUJMKP
UW
UWEGUQT
'P
NQU
C±QU

2WUJMKP
GORTGPFGT
WP
XKCLG
RQT
GN
%¡WECUQ
[
%TKOGC
'P

CSWGNNC
©RQEC
UGT
GUETKVQU
UWU
RQGOCU
TQO¡PVKEQU
Ø'N
RTKUKQPGTQ
FGN
%¡WECUQÙ

[
Ø.C
HQPVCPC
FG
$CLEJKUCT¡KÙ
'P

VGPGT
NWICT
NC
UWDNGXCEK³P
FG
NQU

FGEGODTKUVCU
GPVTG
NQU
EWCNGU
JCDGT
OWEJQU
COKIQU
FG
2WUJMKP
'N
RQGVC

NGU
FGFKECT
WPC
RQGU­C
Ø'P
NCU
RTQHWPFKFCFGU
FG
NCU
OKPCU
UKDGTKCPCUÙ
'P
NQU
C±QU

CECDCT
Ø'WIGPKQ
1PGIWKPÙ
PQXGNC
GP
XGTUQ
UQDTG
NC
TGCNK
FCF
TWUC
GUETKDKT
XCTKCU
QDTCU
GP
RTQUC
Ø&WDTQXUMK Ù
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Ya has leído mucho sobre la grandeza del talento de Cervantes, pero si

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bién la obra.

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EQOGP\CTQP
C
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3WKLQVG
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2CTGEG
SWG
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DTC\QU
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GN
IKICPVG
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GTC
FG
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ECDG\CU
RGTQ
LWTQ
SWG
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XGPEGT©
&KEKGPFQ
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C
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UG±QTC
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RTKOGT
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UW
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ECDCNNGTQ
SWG

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UCPEJQ
2CP\C
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EQTTGT
FG
UW
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UG
FKTKIK³

C
&QP
3WKLQVG
RCTC
C[WFCTNG
%WCPFQ
NNGI³
XKQ
SWG

&QP
3WKLQVG
PQ
RQF­C
OQXGTUG
VCN
HWG
GN
IQNRG
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JCD­C
TGEKDKFQ
CN
ECGT
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RQTSWG
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ECODKQU
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NQU
NKDTQU
JC
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TQDCT
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INQTKC
FG
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NC
GPGOKUVCF
SWG
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C
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C
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FG
NC
RCUCFC
CXGPVWTC
UKIWKGTQP
GN
ECOKPQ

#SWGNNC
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NC
RCUCTQP
GPVTG
NQU
¡TDQNGU
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PQ
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&QP
3WKLQVG
RGPUCPFQ
GP
UW
UG±QTC
&WNEKPGC
RQTSWG
JCD­C
NG­FQ
GP
UWU
NKDTQU

SWG
NQU
ECDCNNGTQU
RCUCDCP
UKP
FQTOKT
OWEJCU
PQEJGU
RGPUCPFQ
GP
UWU
UG±Q
TCU
0Q
NC
RCU³
CU­
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RQT
NC
OC±CPC
PQ
NQ
RQF­CP
FGURGTVCT
PK
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FGN
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PK
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ECPVQ
FG
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FMï MJCSPï EFï DBCBMMFS¬BT
Ó
рыцарский роман


×GJOHJEBTï Zï EJTQBSBUBEBTï IJTUPSJBTØ
(цитата из
Сервантеса) – надуманные и бессмысленные истории


FMï BTQB
Ó
крыло мельницы

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NKVGTCTKQ
GTC
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VKGORQU
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TGNCEK³P
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2QT
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GP
NC
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1BSFDFSTFï B

TVTUBOUJWP
Ó
быть похожим на + существительное
1BSFDFS

BEKFUJWP
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казаться + прилагательное
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&QP
3WKLQVG
TFï QBSFDFï Bï MPTï QFSTPOBKFT
FG
NQU
NKDTQU
FG

ECDCNNGT­CU
Ó
Дон Кихот похож на героев рыцарских романов.






&QP
3WKLQVG
QBSFDFï MPDP
Ó
Дон Кихот кажется
сумасшедшим.

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BM
FTQBÎPM

Санчо Панса не похож на персонажей рыцарских
романов. Иногда он кажется благоразумным, иногда
трусливым. Санчо Панса больше похож на крестьянина,
чем на слугу рыцаря. Дон Кихот похож на безумного
человека: он кажется странным и неблагоразумным.

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FO
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EF
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 5BSFB


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EF
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Actualmente en español la expresión ”molinos de viento“ no solo significa

”construcciones con aspas“ sino también ”enemigos imaginarios, que no
existen en realidad“.

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GP
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RCTC
SWG
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VGPGTNG
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RCTC

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XKGPVQ

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3WKLQVG
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GP
UW
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RCTC
SWG
NC
UG±QTC
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JC
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SWG
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GP
NC
EGNCFC
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RQFGT
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INQTKC
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C
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GP
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WPC
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NC
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GP
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PQ
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VQFCU
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FG
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NC
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DPO
MB
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EF
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m%PO
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&Mï ¹MUJNPï QSPZFDUPï EFï FTUFï DVSTP
El curso ha terminado. Estás soñando con las vacaciones de verano.
Seguramente las vas a pasar bomba... Pero di sinceramente: ¿sientes un poco
de pena al tener que despedirte de Tania, Irene y Antón, Pili, Rafa y Marta
que han sido tus verdaderos compañeros de estudios este año? Si quieres
decirles ”adiós“, escríbeles una carta y cuéntales cómo has pasado este
año escolar y qué planes tienes para el verano.
Puedes saludar a tus viejos amigos así: ¡Hola, todos!
Pues, estas mismas palabras, las dirigirás a tus nuevos amigos, a tus com-
pañeros de estudios de tu 8-o curso. ¡Adiós!



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GN
*NQFSGFDUP
RCTC
GZRTGUCT
WPC
BDDJ²Oï TJNVMU OFB
C
NC
FG
NC
QTCEK³P
RTKP
EKRCN
GN
RTGUGPVG
FGN
RCUCFQ 
&KFNQMP
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QFOTBCB
SWG
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*GTOQUQ
2C­U
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UQNQ
RCTC
©N
D
GN
$POEJDJPOBMï 4JNQMF
RCTC
GZRTGUCT
WPC
BDDJ²Oï QPTUFSJPS
GN
HWVWTQ
FGN

RCUCFQ 
&KFNQMP
,WCP
EJKP
C
NC
HQEC
SWG
WFOES¬B
C
NC
RNC[C
CN
F­C
UKIWKGPVG
RCTC

LWICT
EQP
GNNC
E
GN
1MVTDVBNQFSGFDUPï EFï *OEJDBUJWP
RCTC
GZRTGUCT
WPCï BDDJ²Oï BOUFSJPS
C
NC

FG
NC
QTCEK³P
RTKPEKRCN
&KFNQMP
;WPIQ
EFDJEJ²
SWG
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NG
IBC¬Bï SPCBEP
NC
XQ\

$0/$03%"/$*"ï %&ï -04ï 5*&.104

ï &.1-&0ï %&ï -04ï 5*&.104ï &/ï -"ï 03"$*²/ï
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EF
BDDJÐO

1MBOP
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#EEK³P
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D
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FG
NC
QTCEK³P
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FG
UW
RCRGN
UKPV¡EVKEQ
RWGFG

FG
UGORG±CT
GN
RCRGN
FG
EQORNGOGPVQ
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Q
KPFKTGEVQ
FG
UWLGVQ (подле-
жащее)
FG
EQORNGOGPVQ
OQFKHKECFQT
(определение)
FG
EQORNGOGPVQ
EKTEWP
UVCPEKCN (обстоятельство)
FG
VKGORQ
FG
HKP
(обстоятельство цели)
FG
NWICT

(обстоятельство места)
GVE
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FGUGORG±C
GN
RCRGN
FG
EQORNG
OGPVQ
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NC
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[
UG
WPG

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NC
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RVF
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RCRGN
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NC
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NQU
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UG
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C
NC

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&.1-&0ï %&-ï .0%0ï 46#K6/5*70ï

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EWCPFQ
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FG
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C
WPQ
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NQU
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C
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Ó
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(сожалеть);
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MPT
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GP
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Ó
GP
HQTOC
CHKTOCVKXC
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&KFNQMPT

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UG
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GP
NC
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FG
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EWCP
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GN
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FG
NC
QTCEK³P
RTKPEKRCN

C
VKGPG
NC
HQTOC
FG
WPC
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KORGTUQPCN
FTï OFDFTBSJP ï IBDFï GBMUB ï FTï TPSQSFOEFOUF ï FTï QPTJCMF ï FTï JNQPTJCMF ï FTï
G DJM ï FTï EJG¬DJM ï FTï NFKPS ï FTï VOBï M TUJNB ï FTï FYUSB°P ï FTï JNQPSUBOUF
D

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&KFNQMPT
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SWG
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GN
VGZVQ
FGN
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SWG
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PQVCU


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FG
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UG
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GN
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%WCPFQ
GP
NC
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UG
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NQU
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GP
NC
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UWDQTFKPCFC
FG
HKP
UG
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&KFNQMP

'P
NC
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FGN
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FG
GUVG
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RCTC
SWG
NQU
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&.1-&0ï %&-ï .0%0ï 46#K6/5*70ï

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UKP³PKOQU
[
UWU
GSWKXCNGPVGU
TWUQU
UQP наверное, воз-
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&KFNQMPT
2VJ[
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OG
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NQ
UGRCU
5BMï WF[
©N
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GP
ECUC
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FG
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RCNCDTCU
SWG
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ï (хоть бы) ï RVFï
(пусть)
&KFNQMPT
b0KBM
PQ
NNWGXC
JQ[
b2VF
GUVWFKG
OGLQT



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PQ
UG
EQODKPC
EQP
NQU
RTQPQODTGU
RQUGUKXQU
FGOQUVTCVKXQU

KPFGVGTOKPCFQU
[
EQP
NQU
PWOGTCNGU
ECTFKPCNGU
&KFNQMPT
BMHVOPT
FWNEGU
CNIWPQU
Ó
QSPOPNCSF
JOEFUFSNJOBEP
FTUF
TGICNQ
GUVG
Ó
QSPOPNCSF
EFNPTUSBUJWP
TV
©RQEC
UW
Ó
QSPOPNCSF
QPTFTJWP
EPT
EQPSWKUVCFQTGU
FQU
Ó
OVNFSBM
DBSEJOBM

'N
CTV­EWNQ
PQ
UG
WUC
EQP
NQU
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FG
RC­UGU
&KFNQMPT
'URC±C
O©ZKEQ
*QPFWTCU
)WCVGOCNC
2GTQ
NQU
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FG
CNIWPQU
RC­UGU
RWGFGP
CEQORC±CTUG
FGN
CTV­EWNQ
FGVGT
OKPCFQ
&KFNQMPT
-B
#TIGPVKPC
FM
2GTº
6CODK©P
GN
PQODTG
FGN
RC­U
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CEQORC±CTUG
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CTV­EWNQ
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GUV¡
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CNIWPCU
RCNCDTCU
&KFNQMPT
-B
'URC±C
FG
NQU
C±QU


'P
HWPEK³P
FG
XQECVKXQ
(обращение)
GN
PQODTG
PWPEC
NNGXC
CTV­EWNQ
&KFNQMP


)FSNBOJUP
OKTC
SW©
VG
VTCKIQ


&GURW©U
FGN
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TFS
NQU
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SWG
KPFKECP
RTQHGUK³P
QEWRCEK³P

PCEKQPCNKFCF
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HCOKNKCTGU
PQ
NNGXCP
CTV­EWNQ
&KFNQMPT
2K\CTTQ
FSB
BWFOUVSFSP

'N
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FG
+TGPG
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FTï QFSJPEJTUB
2GTQ
UK
GUVG
PQODTG
XC
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FG
WP
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UG
GORNGC
EQP
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CTV­EW
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&KFNQMP
'N
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FG
+TGPG
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FTï VOï QFSJPEJTUBï NVZï GBNPTP


'P
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GN
CTV­EWNQ
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GN
PQODTG
KPFKEC
NQU
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EW[C
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GU
KPFGHKPKFC
&KFNQMP
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UGCP
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2GTQ
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UG
VTCVC
FG
CNIWPQU
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FGVGTOKPCFQU
UG
GORNGC
GN
CTV­EWNQ

FGVGTOKPCFQ
&KFNQMP
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SWG
PQU
JC
GPXKCFQ
GN
V­Q
#PFT©U
UQP
TKSW­UKOQU


'N
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GN
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RCTVG
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FG
CNIWPC
UWUVCPEKC
&KFNQMP

&COG
BHVB
VGPIQ
OWEJC
UGF



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 2GTQ
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NC
UWUVCPEKC
UG
VQOC
GP
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UG
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GN
CTV­EW

NQ
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&KFNQMP

0Q
RQFGOQU
XKXKT
UKP
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GU
WPC
UWUVCPEKC
OW[

KORQTVCPVG
RCTC
NQU
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SWG
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NC
6KGTTC


0Q
UG
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GN
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GP
NC
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GN
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CN
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UG
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EQOQ
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&KFNQMP

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OWUGQ
RQFGOQU
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NCU
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EFï PSP
[
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NBEFSB
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OC[CU

(36104ï %&ï 7&3#04ï *33&(6-"3&4

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EF
WFSCPT

+


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G






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++


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KG [Q
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+++

OQUVTCT [Q
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XQNXGT Q

WG [Q
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+8


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VTCFWEKT

8


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 7&3#04ï *33&(6-"3&4ï %&ï -"ï 13*.&3"ï
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QSFTFOUF
EF
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[Q GPVKGPFQ OWGUVTQ
Vº GPVKGPFGU OWGUVTCU
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QSFTFOUF
EF
4VCKVOUJWP

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OQUVTGOQU
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7&3#04ï %&ï -"ï 5&3$&3"ï $0/K6("$*²/ ï

(36104ï * ï ** ï *** ï 7

C
QSFTFOUF
EF
4VCKVOUJWP

QFSTPOB QFEJS TFOUJS EPSNJS DPOTUSVJS

* ** *** 7

[Q RKFC UKGPVC FWGTOC EQPUVTW[C

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* ** *** 7

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C 
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C 
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FT
VOB
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OQFQ

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HKP

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NC
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