Nutrition Infection Interactions and Impacts on Human Health,
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Nutrition-Infection
Interactions and Impacts on
Human
HealtH
Edited by
Mohan PaMMi
Jesus G. ValleJo
steVen a. abraMs
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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Version Date: 20140612
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Pammi: To my parents who made what I am
To my wife Sujatha and my children Arvind and
Bharthi for their enduring support.
Vallejo: To my wife Karen and my children
Cristian and Eric. Thank you for your support.
Abrams: To my wife Judith and my children
Michael, Ruth, and Hannah.
Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................ix
Editors........................................................................................................................xi
Contributors............................................................................................................ xiii
Chapter 1 Role of Nutrition in Human Health and Disease..................................1
David C. Hilmers and Steven A. Abrams
Chapter 2 Interaction of Nutrition and Immunity................................................ 17
Ebenezer Satyaraj and John E. Morley
Chapter 3 Micronutrient Deficiency and Immunity............................................. 39
Sarah E. Cusick and Chandy C. John
Chapter 4 Infection–Nutrition Interaction: Perspectives from the
Developing World in Transition.......................................................... 59
Noel W. Solomons and Anne-Marie Chomat
Chapter 5 Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Nutrition–
Infection Interactions and the Potential Therapeutic Strategy
Using Antioxidants and Modulating Inflammation............................ 81
Elena Puertollano and Maria A. Puertollano
Chapter 6 Nutrient–Drug Interactions............................................................... 107
Kathleen M. Gura
Chapter 7 HIV and Micronutrient Supplementation.......................................... 153
Elaine A. Yu, Julia L. Finkelstein, and Saurabh Mehta
Chapter 8 Tuberculosis and Human Nutrition................................................... 179
Kee Thai Yeo and Anna Mandalakas
Chapter 9 Impact of Malaria and Parasitic Infections on Human Nutrition..... 221
Athis Rajh Arunachalam, Vedanta S. Dariya, and Celia Holland
vii
viii Contents
Chapter 10 Gut Microbiome in the Nutrition–Infection Interaction: A Focus
on Malnourished Children................................................................ 247
Dorottya Nagy-Szakal, Richard Kellermayer, and Sanjiv Harpavat
Chapter 11 Enteric Syndromes Leading to Malnutrition and Infections............. 257
Vi Lier Goh and Praveen S. Goday
Chapter 12 Relationship of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics to Infections,
Immunity, and Nutrition.................................................................... 287
Diomel de la Cruz and Josef Neu
Chapter 13 Immunonutrients and Evidence for Their Use in Hospitalized
Adults Receiving Artificial Nutrition................................................309
Philip C. Calder
Chapter 14 Impact of Infection–Nutrient Interactions in Infants, Children,
and Adolescents................................................................................. 333
Renán A. Orellana and Jorge A. Coss-Bu
Chapter 15 Aging and Effects of Nutrient–Infection Interactions....................... 357
Sung Nim Han
Chapter 16 Future Strategies and Research Directions in Nutrition–
Infection Interactions That Will Enhance Human Health................ 377
Mohan Pammi, Jesus G. Vallejo, and Steven A. Abrams
Preface
Our intention is to summarize the current state-of-the-art evidence on nutrition–
infection interactions and its impact on health and disease, including state-of-the-art
clinical and basic science research.
Nutrition and infection are often at cross-roads interacting with each other, influ-
encing human health in a way that has implications for both the developed and
developing world. Infectious morbidity is huge in the malnourished, both in the defi-
cient and excess nutritional states. Infections, both systemic and gastrointestinal,
significantly affect enteral nutrition and absorption. A book that describes nutrition–
infection interactions is not only extremely useful but also essential for health-care
staff, nutritionists, and epidemiologists. We strongly believe that such a book will
not only improve care of patients in health-care facilities but also the health of the
vulnerable population.
The book’s first chapter explores the role of nutrition in health and disease, espe-
cially the effects of malnutrition, both undernutrition and overnutrition. We then
describe the relation between malnutrition and immunity followed by a chapter
exploring micronutrient deficiency and immunity. The concept of nutrition–infection
interaction pertaining to the developing world in transition is introduced. The final
common pathway for many human diseases may be unbalanced inflammation and
oxidant injury. A chapter discussing the role of oxidant stress and therapy with antiox-
idants explores the inflammation concept. An interesting link in nutrition–infection
interactions is how nutrients and drugs interact, both anti-infective drugs and others.
Nutrient–drug interactions are extensively reviewed in Chapter 6. We devote the next
few chapters to nutrient–infection interactions in specific infections. We discuss the
interactions in human immunodeficiency virus, tuberculosis, malaria, and parasitic
infections, with special emphasis on nutritional interventions. The role of the gastro-
intestinal tract and its influence on nutrition, focusing on the human gastrointestinal
microbiota and enteric syndromes, are presented next. The human gastrointestinal
microbiome is essential in the maturation of immune responses and prevention
of pathogen colonization, both of which influence infectious risk. The pattern of
gastrointestinal microbiota is altered by the dietary intake and conversely alters
dietary components, which in turn affect nutrient absorption and immune responses.
Modifying indigenous microbiota for health benefits is discussed in the chapter on
probiotics and prebiotics. Current research lays emphasis on immunonutrients that
can enhance immunity and prevent infections, and a chapter that discusses immu-
nonutrients has been included. We also discuss infection–nutrition interactions in
special age groups: children, adolescents, and the elderly. We close the book with
a review on nutritional and anti-infective strategies emerging from the horizon and
identify future research directions.
ix
x Preface
The chapters are penned by outstanding, internationally reputable authors who
have published significantly in their field. We have kept in mind the broad audi-
ence to this book and hence tailored to enhance the book’s applicability to both the
developed and the developing world. We sincerely hope that we have conveyed our
perspective on nutrition–infection interactions to everyone’s benefit.
Mohan Pammi
Jesus G. Vallejo
Steven A. Abrams
Editors
Mohan Pammi, MD, PhD, MBBS, MRCPCH, is an assistant professor in the
Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics at Texas Children’s Hospital and
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States. He has significant inter-
est in nutrition–infection interactions and immunonutrients such as lactoferrin and
probiotics. He has published basic science and translational science articles on lacto-
ferrin. His research laboratory is focused on Staphylococcus and Candida infections
and in novel strategies in preventing and treating these infections. He has extensive
experience in conducting systematic reviews for the Cochrane Collaboration and is
interested in dissemination of evidence-based medicine.
Jesus Vallejo, MD, is a professor in the Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases,
Department of Pediatrics at Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s
Hospital, Houston, United States. He is a nationally renowned infectious disease
specialist, and the focus of his research is on the role of innate immunity in infec-
tions, specifically viral myocarditis.
Steven A. Abrams, MD, is a professor at the US Department of Agriculture/
Agricultural Research Service Children’s Nutrition Research Center and Section of
Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics at Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College
of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States. He is an internationally known neo-
natologist and nutrition expert, and collaborates with other researchers in Latin
America, the Middle East, and India. Dr. Abrams has authored numerous publica-
tions and is a member of the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of
Pediatrics and has served on multiple Institute of Medicine committees.
xi
Contributors
Steven A. Abrams Julia L. Finkelstein
Department of Pediatrics Division of Nutritional Sciences
Baylor College of Medicine Cornell University
Houston, Texas Ithaca, New York
Athis Rajh Arunachalam Praveen S. Goday
Department of Pediatrics Department of Pediatric
Baylor College of Medicine Gastroenterology and Nutrition
Houston, Texas Medical College of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Philip C. Calder
Faculty of Medicine Vi Lier Goh
University of Southampton Department of Pediatric
Southampton General Hospital Gastroenterology and Nutrition
Southampton, United Kingdom Boston University
Boston, Massachusetts
Anne-Marie Chomat
Center for Studies of Sensory
Kathleen M. Gura
Impairment, Aging and Metabolism
Clinical Pharmacist GI/Nutrition Team
(CeSSIAM)
Leader, Surgical Programs
Guatemala City, Guatemala
Boston Children’s Hospital
Jorge A. Coss-Bu Boston, Massachusetts
Department of Pediatrics–Critical Care
Baylor College of Medicine Sung Nim Han
Houston, Texas Department of Food and Nutrition
College of Human Ecology
Sarah E. Cusick Seoul National University
Division of Global Pediatrics Seoul, Korea
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota Sanjiv Harpavat
Department of Pediatrics–
Vedanta S. Dariya Gastroenterology
Department of Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine
Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas
Houston, Texas
David C. Hilmers
Diomel de la Cruz
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Pediatrics
Baylor College of Medicine
University of Florida-Shands Hospital
Houston, Texas
for Children
Gainesville, Florida
xiii
xiv Contributors
Celia Holland Josef Neu
Department of Zoology Department of Pediatrics
School of Natural Sciences University of Florida-Shands Hospital
Trinity College for Children
Dublin, Ireland Gainesville, Florida
Chandy C. John Renán Orellana
Division of Global Pediatrics Department of Pediatrics–Critical Care
University of Minnesota Baylor College of Medicine
Minneapolis, Minnesota Houston, Texas
Richard Kellermeyer Mohan Pammi
Department of Department of Pediatric
Pediatrics–Gastroenterology Medicine—Neonatology
Baylor College of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, Texas Houston, Texas
Anna Mandalakas Elena Puertollano
Department of Pediatric Medicine, Department of Food and Nutritional
Retrovirology and Global Health Sciences
Baylor International Pediatric AIDS The University of Reading
Initiative Reading, United Kingdom
and
Childhood TB Initiative Maria A. Puertollano
Global Tuberculosis and Department of Health Sciences
Mycobacteriology Program Faculty of Experimental Sciences
Baylor College of Medicine University of Jaén
Texas Children’s Hospital Jaén, Spain
Houston, Texas
Ebenezer Satyaraj
Saurabh Mehta Nutritional Immunology
Division of Nutritional Sciences NRC-St. Louis, Petcare Basic Research
Cornell University St. Louis, Missouri
Ithaca, New York
Noel W. Solomons
John E. Morley Center for Studies of Sensory
Department of Internal Medicine Impairment, Aging and Metabolism
Saint Louis University School of (CeSSIAM)
Medicine Guatemala City, Guatemala
St. Louis, Missouri
Jesus G. Vallejo
Dorottya Nagy-Szakal Department of Pediatrics–Infectious
Department of Pediatrics– Disease
Gastroenterology Baylor College of Medicine
Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas
Houston, Texas
Contributors xv
Kee Thai Yeo Elaine A. Yu
Rainbow Babies and Children’s Division of Nutritional Sciences
Hospital Cornell University
Cleveland, Ohio Ithaca, New York
