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The Onlife Manifesto
Luciano Floridi
Editor
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Introduction������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1
Luciano Floridi
Part II Commentaries
Part IV Hyperconnectivity
Index������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 263
Contributors
ix
x Contributors
Nicole Dewandre is advisor for societal issues to the Director General of the Di-
rectorate General for Communications, Networks, Content and Technologies (DG
CONNECT) at the European Commission. She studied applied physics engineering
and economics at the University of Louvain, operations research at the University
of California (Berkeley) and philosophy at the Free University of Brussels (ULB).
She entered the European Commission in 1983. She has been a member of the Cen-
tral Advisory Group and the Forward Study Unit, dealing with strategic analysis of
research and industrial policy for the President of the Commission (1986-1992). In
1993, she supported the Belgian Presidency of the European Union in the areas of
industry, energy, and consumer policies. She then worked in “science and society”
issues (women and science, research and civil society), before being in charge of the
“sustainable development” unit that has been put in place in DG Research between
2007 and 2010. She is now working on the societal interface of the Digital Agenda
for Europe.
xi
xii About the Authors
Press, 2013) and in Internet Studies (e.g., [with William Dutton, OII], Special Issue:
The Rise of Internet Studies, new media and society 15 (5), 2013). He emphasizes
cross-cultural approaches, including virtue ethics and its applications to questions
of being human in an (analogue-)digital age – e.g., a recent Webinar for The (E.C.)
Digital Futures Task Force and DG CNECT on norms and values for media in the
digital age.
Sarah Oates is Professor and Senior Scholar at the Philip Merrill College of Jour-
nalism at the University of Maryland, College Park (USA). She is an author of
five books about media and democracy, including Revolution Stalled: The Political
Limits of the Internet in the Post-Soviet Sphere (OUP, 2013) and Terrorism, Elec-
tions, and Democracy: Political Campaigns in the United States, Great Britain, and
Russia (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009). She has been an investigator on several grants
that examined the role of information in society, including six funded by the Re-
search Councils of the United Kingdom. Founder of the Google Forum U.K., she
is a principal on a grant from the ESRC Google Analytics Social Science Research
Program to study the impact of search on informing voters in four countries.
Luciano Floridi
On the 8th of February 2013, The Onlife Manifesto1 was released at an inaugural
event held in Brussels by DG Connect, the European Commission Directorate Gen-
eral for Communications Networks, Content & Technology.2
The Manifesto was the outcome of the work of a group of scholars, organised
by DG Connect, which I had the privilege to chair: Stefana Broadbent, Nicole
Dewandre, Charles Ess, Jean-Gabriel Ganascia, Mireille Hildebrandt, Yiannis
Laouris, Claire Lobet-Maris, Sarah Oates, Ugo Pagallo, Judith Simon, May Thors-
eth, and Peter-Paul Verbeek.
During the previous year, we had worked quite intensely on a project entitled
The Onlife Initiative: concept reengineering for rethinking societal concerns in the
digital transition.3 We decided to adopt the neologism “onlife” that I had coined in
the past in order to refer to the new experience of a hyperconnected reality within
which it is no longer sensible to ask whether one may be online or offline. Also
thanks to a series of workshops organised by DG Connect, we had investigated
the challenges brought about by the new digital technologies. We had debated the
impact that ICTs are having on human life, and hence how one may re-engineer
key concepts—such as attention, ownership, privacy, and responsibility—that are
essential in order to gain the relevant and adequate framework within which our
onlife experience may be understood and improved.
In the course of our investigations, we soon realised that the output of our ef-
forts would have been more fruitful by summarising it in a short document—which
soon became known as The Onlife Manifesto—and a series of short commentaries
1
For the English electronic version and the translations of the Manifesto in French, German and
Italia, please visit http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/onlife-manifesto.
2
DG Connect manages The Digital Agenda of the EU. For further information see http://ec.europa.
eu/digital-agenda/en/inaugural-event.
3
The website of the project is available at http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/onlife-initiative.
L. Floridi ()
Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles, OX1 3JS, Oxford, UK
e-mail: [email protected]
L. Floridi (ed.), The Onlife Manifesto, 1
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-04093-6_1, © The Author(s) 2015
2 L. Floridi
(volunteered by some of us) and longer essays (contributed by each of us) that
would explain and position The Manifesto within the current debates on Informa-
tion and Communication Technologies (ICTs).
The inaugural event represented the official opening of the public discussion of
our work. Many more public meetings and international presentations followed.4
As a result, this book is actually a synthesis of the research done in 2012 and the
feedback received in 2013.
The book is organised in such a way as to give priority to The Onlife Manifesto.
This is the document around which the rest of the book revolves. It is followed by
eight short commentaries by Ess, my self, Ganascia, Hildebrandt, Laouris, Pagallo,
Simon, and Thorseth. The next chapter is the background document. This contains
the material that was used to start and frame the conversations during the initial
phases of the project. There follow 12 chapters. In them, members of the group,
myself included, have presented some of the ideas that guided our contribution to
the Manifesto. Although each chapter may be read independently of the rest of the
book, it is a modular part of the scaffolding that led to the Manifesto. A short con-
clusion, which is more a “to be continued”, ends the book. In terms of authorship,
any material that is not explicitly attributed to some author is to be attributed to the
whole group, as a collaborative work, endorsed by each of us.
So much for the outline of the project. I shall not add any further details be-
cause these can be found in the background document. In terms of an overview
of the book’s contents, in the following pages we argue that the development and
widespread use of ICTs are having a radical impact on the human condition. More
specifically, we believe (see the Preface that introduces The Manifesto) that ICTs
are not mere tools but rather environmental forces that are increasingly affecting:
1. our self-conception (who we are);
2. our mutual interactions (how we socialise);
3. our conception of reality (our metaphysics); and
4. our interactions with reality (our agency).
In each case, ICTs have a huge ethical, legal, and political significance, yet one with
which we have begun to come to terms only recently.
We are also convinced that the aforementioned impact exercised by ICTs is due
to at least four major transformations:
a. the blurring of the distinction between reality and virtuality;
b. the blurring of the distinction between human, machine and nature;
c. the reversal from information scarcity to information abundance; and
d. the shift from the primacy of stand-alone things, properties, and binary relations,
to the primacy of interactions, processes and networks.
The impact summarised in (1)–(4) and the transformations behind such an impact,
listed in (a)–(d), are testing the foundations of our philosophy, in the following
4
For a description see http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/onlife-news. Other meetings are listed
here: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/past-meetings.
Introduction 3
sense. Our perception and understanding of the realities surrounding us are neces-
sarily mediated by concepts. These work like interfaces through which we experi-
ence, interact with, and semanticise (in the sense of making sense of, and giving
meaning to), the world. In short, we grasp reality through concepts, so, when reality
changes too quickly and dramatically, as it is happening nowadays because of ICTs,
we are conceptually wrong-footed. It is a widespread impression that our current
conceptual toolbox is no longer fitted to address new ICT-related challenges. This
is not only a problem in itself. It is also a risk, because the lack of a clear concep-
tual grasp of our present time may easily lead to negative projections about the
future: we fear and reject what we fail to semanticise. The goal of The Manifesto,
and of the rest of the book that contextualises, is therefore that of contributing to
the update of our conceptual framework. It is a constructive goal. We do not intend
to encourage a philosophy of mistrust. On the contrary, this book is meant to be a
positive contribution to rethinking the philosophy on which policies are built in a
hyperconnected world, so that we may have a better chance of understanding our
ICT-related problems and solving them satisfactorily. Redesigning or reengineering
our hermeneutics, to put it more dramatically, seems essential, in order to have a
good chance of understanding and dealing with the transformations in (a)–(d) and
hence shape in the best way the novelties in (1)–(4). It is clearly an enormous and
ambitious task, to which this book can only aspire to contribute.
Disclaimer All the information and views set out in this book are those of the
authors and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
Neither the European Union institutions and bodies nor any person acting on their
behalf may be held responsible for the use that may be made of the information
contained therein.
Acknowledgements Too many people helped us since the shaping of the project for The Onlife
Initiative in 2011 to be able to mention them explicitly here. However, a few individuals have been
pivotal in the realization of this book, and to them go all our gratitude. We, as a group, would like
to thank, within DG Connect, Robert Madelin, Director-General; Franco Accordino, Head of the
Task Force “Digital Futures”; and Roua Abbas, Igor Caldeira, Orestis Kouloulas, Julia Molero-
Maldonado, and Nicole Zwaaneveld, of the Secretariat of the Advisors to the Director-General;
and, within Springer, Ties Nijssen, Publishing Editor for History and Philosophy of Science &
Logic, and Lue Christi, Editorial Assistant for History and Philosophy of Science & Logic. My
personal thanks go to all the onlifers, as we came to be known, for their wonderful contributions
and for all that I have learnt from them, and to Penny Driscoll, my PA, for her indispensable help
in editing the volume.
Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution Noncommercial License, which permits any noncommercial use, distri-
bution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source
are credited.
Part I
The Onlife Manifesto
The Onlife Manifesto
1
Those transformations are fully described in the Onlife Initiative Background document avail-
able on https://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/onlife-initiative.
a reflection on the way in which a hyperconnected world calls for rethinking the
referential frameworks on which policies are built. This is only a beginning…
Ideas that hinder policy making’s ability to tackle the challenges of a hypercon-
nected era
§ 1.1 Philosophy and literature have long challenged and revised some foun-
dational assumptions of modernity. However, the political, social, legal, scientific
and economic concepts and the related narratives underlying policymaking are
still deeply anchored in questionable assumptions of modernity. Modernity has in-
deed—for some or many—been an enjoyable journey, and it has borne multiple and
great fruits in all walks of life. It has also had its downsides. Independently of these
debates, it is our view that the constraints and affordances of the computational era
profoundly challenge some of modernity’s assumptions.
§ 1.2 Modernity has been the time of a strained relationship between humans and
nature, characterised by the human quest to crack nature’s secrets while at the same
time considering nature as a passive endless reservoir. Progress was the central
utopia, coupled with the quest for an omniscient and omnipotent posture2. Devel-
opments in scientific knowledge (thermodynamics, electromagnetism, chemistry,
physiology…) brought about an endless list of new artefacts in all sectors of life.
Despite the deep connection between artefacts and nature, an alleged divide be-
tween technological artefacts and nature continues to be assumed. The development
and deployment of ICTs have contributed enormously to blurring this distinction,
to the extent that continuing to use it as if it were still operational is illusory and
becomes counterproductive.
§ 1.3 Rationality and disembodied reason were the specifically modern attributes
of humans, making them distinct from animals. As a result, ethics was a matter of
rational and disembodied autonomous subjects, rather than a matter of social be-
ings. And responsibility for the effects brought about by technological artefacts was
attributed to their designer, producer, retailer or user. ICTs challenge these assump-
tions by calling for notions of distributed responsibility.
§ 1.4 Finally, modern worldviews and political organisations were pervaded by
mechanical metaphors: forces, causation and, above all, control had a primary im-
portance. Hierarchical patterns were key models for social order. Political organisa-
tions were represented by Westphalian States, exerting sovereign powers within
their territory. Within such States, legislative, executive and judiciary powers were
deemed to balance each other and protect against the risk of power abuse. By en-
abling multi-agent systems and opening new possibilities for direct democracy,
ICTs destabilize and call for rethinking the worldviews and metaphors underlying
modern political structures.
2
By posture, we mean the dual notion of stance and posing, or, in other words, of occupying a
position and being seen occupying it.
The Onlife Manifesto 9
§ 3.2 In the onlife-world, artefacts have ceased to be mere machines simply operat-
ing according to human instructions. They can change states in autonomous ways
and can do so by digging into the exponentially growing wealth of data, made in-
creasingly available, accessible and processable by fast-developing and ever more
pervasive ICTs. Data are recorded, stored, computed and fed back in all forms of
machines, applications, and devices in novel ways, creating endless opportunities
for adaptive and personalised environments. Filters of many kinds continue to erode
the illusion of an objective, unbiased perception of reality, while at the same time
they open new spaces for human interactions and new knowledge practices.
§ 3.3 Yet, it is precisely at the moment when an omniscience/omnipotence pos-
ture could be perceived as attainable that it becomes obvious that it is a chimera,
or at least an ever-moving target. The fact that the environment is pervaded by in-
formation flows and processes does not make it an omniscient/omnipotent environ-
ment. Rather, it calls for new forms of thinking and doing at multiple levels, in order
to address issues such as ownership, responsibility, privacy, and self-determination.
§ 3.4 To some extent, complexity can be seen as another name for contingency.
Far from giving up on responsibility in complex systems, we believe that there is a
need to re-evaluate received notions of individual and collective responsibility. The
very complexity and entanglement of artefacts and humans invite us to rethink the
notion of responsibility in such distributed socio-technical systems.
§ 3.5 Friedrich Hayek’s classical distinction between kosmos and taxis, i.e.,
evolution vs. construction, draws a line between (supposedly natural) spontane-
ous orders and human (political and technological) planning. Now that artefacts
taken globally have come to escape human control, even though they originated in
human hands, biological and evolutionary metaphors can also apply to them. The
ensuing loss of control is not necessarily dramatic. Attempts to recover control in
a compulsive and unreflexive manner are an illusory challenge and are doomed to
fail. Hence, the complexity of interactions and density of information flows are no
longer reducible to taxis alone. Therefore, interventions from different agents in
these emerging socio-technical systems require learning to distinguish what is to
be considered as kosmos-like, i.e., as a given environment following its evolutional
pattern, and what is to be considered as taxis-like, i.e., within reach of a construction
responding effectively to human intentions and/or purposes.
§ 3.6 The distinction between public and private has often been grasped in spatial
and oppositional terms: the home versus the agora, the private company versus
the public institution, the private collection vs. the public library, and so forth. The
deployment of ICTs has escalated the blurring of the distinction when expressed
in spatial and dualistic terms. The Internet is an important extension of the public
The Onlife Manifesto 11
space, even when operated and owned by private actors. The notions of fragmented
publics, of third spaces, and of commons, and the increased focus on use at the
expense of ownership all challenge our current understanding of the public-private
distinction.
§ 3.7 Nevertheless, we consider this distinction between private and public to be
more relevant than ever. Today, the private is associated with intimacy, autonomy,
and shelter from the public gaze, while the public is seen as the realm of exposure,
transparency and accountability. This may suggest that duty and control are on the
side of the public, and freedom is on the side of the private. This view blinds us to
the shortcomings of the private and to the affordances of the public, where the latter
are also constituents of a good life.
§ 3.8 We believe that everybody needs both shelter from the public gaze and
exposure. The public sphere should foster a range of interactions and engagements
that incorporate an empowering opacity of the self, the need for self-expression, the
performance of identity, the chance to reinvent oneself, as well as the generosity of
deliberate forgetfulness.
§ 4.1 It is one of the paradoxes of modernity that it offers two contradictory ac-
counts of what the self is about. On the one hand, in the political realm, the self is
deemed to be free, and “free” is frequently understood as being autonomous, disem-
bodied, rational, well-informed and disconnected: an individual and atomistic self.
On the other hand, in scientific terms, the self is an object of enquiry among others
and, in this respect, is deemed to be fully analysable and predictable. By focusing
on causes, incentives, or disincentives in an instrumental perspective, this form of
knowledge often aims at influencing and controlling behaviours, on individual and
collective levels. Hence, there is a constant oscillation between a political represen-
tation of the self, as rational, disembodied, autonomous and disconnected, on the
one hand, and a scientific representation of the self, as heteronomous, and resulting
from multifactorial contexts fully explainable by the range of scientific disciplines
(social, natural and technological).
§ 4.2 We believe that it is time to affirm, in political terms, that our selves are
both free and social, i.e., that freedom does not occur in a vacuum, but in a space
of affordances and constraints: together with freedom, our selves derive from and
aspire to relationships and interactions with other selves, technological artefacts,
and the rest of nature. As such, human beings are “free with elasticity”, to borrow
12 The Onlife Initiative
an economic notion. The contextual nature of human freedom accounts both for the
social character of human existence, and the openness of human behaviours that
remain to some extent stubbornly unpredictable. Shaping policies in the remit of
the Onlife experience means resisting the assumption of a rational disembodied self,
and instead stabilising a political conception of the self as an inherently relational
free self.
§ 4.3 The utopia of omniscience and omnipotence often entails an instrumental atti-
tude towards the other, and a compulsion to transgress boundaries and limits. These
two attitudes are serious hurdles for thinking and experiencing public spheres in the
form of plurality, where others cannot be reduced to instruments, and where self-
restraint and respect are required. Policies must build upon a critical investigation
of how human affairs and political structures are deeply mediated by technologies.
Endorsing responsibility in a hyperconnected reality requires acknowledging how
our actions, perceptions, intentions, morality, even corporality are interwoven with
technologies in general, and ICTs in particular. The development of a critical rela-
tion to technologies should not aim at finding a transcendental place outside these
mediations, but rather at an immanent understanding of how technologies shape us
as humans, while we humans critically shape technologies.
§ 4.4 We have found it useful to think of re-evaluating these received notions and
developing new forms of practices and interactions in situ in the following phrase:
“building the raft while swimming”.
§ 4.5 The abundance of information, including “big data” developments, induce ma-
jor shifts in conceptual and practical terms. Earlier notions of rationality presumed
that accumulating hard-won information and knowledge would lead to better under-
standing and thereby control. The encyclopaedic ideal is still around, and the focus
remains primarily on adapting our cognitive capacities by expanding them in hopes
of keeping up with an ever-growing infosphere. But this endless expansion is becom-
ing ever less meaningful and less efficient in describing our daily experiences.
§ 4.6 We believe that societies must protect, cherish and nurture humans’ atten-
tional capabilities. This does not mean giving up searching for improvements: that
shall always be useful. Rather, we assert that attentional capabilities are a finite, pre-
cious and rare asset. In the digital economy, attention is approached as a commodity
to be exchanged on the market place, or to be channelled in work processes. But
this instrumental approach to attention neglects the social and political dimensions
of it, i.e., the fact that the ability and the right to focus our own attention is a critical
and necessary condition for autonomy, responsibility, reflexivity, plurality, engaged
The Onlife Manifesto 13
presence, and a sense of meaning. To the same extent that organs should not be
exchanged on the market place, our attentional capabilities deserve protective treat-
ment. Respect for attention should be linked to fundamental rights such as privacy
and bodily integrity, as attentional capability is an inherent element of the relational
self for the role it plays in the development of language, empathy, and collaboration.
We believe that, in addition to offering informed choices, the default settings and
other designed aspects of our technologies should respect and protect attentional
capabilities.
§ 4.7 In short, we assert that more collective attention should be paid to attention
itself as a inherent human attribute that conditions the flourishing of human interac-
tions and the capabilities to engage in meaningful action in the onlife experience.
This Manifesto is only a beginning…
Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution Noncommercial License, which permits any noncommercial use, distri-
bution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source
are credited.
Part II
Commentaries
Charles Ess—Commentary on The Onlife
Manifesto
Charles Ess
To expand on this slightly: ethics in Western modernity has thereby been dominat-
ed by traditions of deontology (affiliated with Kant and predominant in Germanic
countries); utilitarianism (beginning with Bentham and Mill, and predominant in
English-speaking countries), and French moralism (represented by Montaigne and
Ricoeur: Stahl 2004, p. 17).
As discussed in my chapter, the shift towards more relational understandings
of selfhood (highlighted in § 4.2—see also below) further entails a shift towards
virtue ethics. See further: Ess (2013), pp. 238–243, along with sample applications
of virtue ethics to digital media (pp. 243–245) and “Emerging notions of relational
selfhood and distributed morality” (pp. 259–263).
§ 3.6. … the [public/private] distinction when expressed in spatial and dualistic terms. The
Internet is an important extension of the public space, even when operated and owned by
private actors. The notions of fragmented publics, of third spaces, and of commons, and the
increased focus on use at the expense of ownership all challenge our current understanding
of the public-private distinction. (Emphasis added, CE)
C. Ess ()
Department of Media and Communication, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
e-mail: [email protected]
L. Floridi (ed.), The Onlife Manifesto, 17
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-04093-6_3, © The Author(s) 2015
18 C. Ess
norms, and rights, beginning with freedom of expression, as taken up in our Onlife
public spheres, where these public spheres are increasingly controlled by corpora-
tions. These risks include “corporate censorship”—i.e., limitations on online ex-
pression as imposed by, e.g., Apple, Facebook, Google, and other major owners of
what are increasingly our default public spaces. This censorship is both aesthet-
ic—e.g., Facebook and Apple’s allergies to women’s breasts (perceived as U.S.-
centric prudishness in much of the rest of the world) and political (e.g., Hestres
2013). Moreover, as recent revelations of the U.S. National Security Agency’s
PRISM program dramatically highlight, these and other corporations rarely resist
governmental requests for the massive amount of “our” data that they hold and
process.
§ 4.2 Relational self. Shaping policies in the remit of the Onlife experience means resisting
the assumption of a rational disembodied self, and instead stabilising a political conception
of the self as an inherently relational free self.
Again, the embodied and relational self is a core focus of my contribution to this
volume. Most recently, Elaine Yuan (2013) has developed what to my knowledge is
the most extensive and nuanced critique of what she calls a “culturalist” approach
to Internet Studies—i.e., the radically interdisciplinary and cross-cultural field of
inquiry into our lives Onlife—where such a “culturalist” approach rests precisely
on the high modern assumption of a radically autonomous individual moral agent.
Yuan examines East Asian societies, including China, as thereby exemplifying the
concrete realities of relational selfhood—specifically as shaped by Confucian tra-
dition—as contemporary alternatives. Yuan’s analysis and findings importantly
corroborate and extend my discussion of the relational self and Confucian societies
in the 4th section of my contribution to this volume.
§ 4.3. Digitally literate society: Endorsing responsibility in a hyperconnected reality
requires acknowledging how our actions, perceptions, intentions, morality, even corporal-
ity are interwoven with technologies in general, and ICTs in particular. (Emphasis added,
CE)
Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution Noncommercial License, which permits any noncommercial use, distri-
bution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source
are credited.
Charles Ess—Commentary on The Onlife Manifesto 19
References
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Luciano Floridi—Commentary on the Onlife
Manifesto
Luciano Floridi
L. Floridi ()
Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles, Oxford, UK
e-mail: [email protected]
L. Floridi (ed.), The Onlife Manifesto, 21
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-04093-6_4, © The Author(s) 2015
22 L. Floridi
Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution Noncommercial License, which permits any noncommercial use, distri-
bution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source
are credited.
References
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(1): 59–64.
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Floridi, L. 2013a. Distributed morality in an information society. Science and Engineering Ethics
19 (3): 727–743.
Floridi, L. 2013b. The ethics of information. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Floridi, L. Forthcoming. The fourth revolution—the impact of information and communication
technologies on our lives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Neurath, O. 1959. Protocol sentences. In Logical positivism, ed. A. J. Ayer, 199–208. Glencoe:
The Free Press.
Commentary on the Onlife Manifesto
Jean-Gabriel Ganascia
§ 1.1. A careful attention to some aspects of the present society shows that most of
the concrete impacts of the computational era on the public space have been unex-
pected. This does not only mean that the computers and networks have proliferated
faster than imagined before, but also that the type of social consequences of these
developments—e.g. social networks, micro-blogging, wikis, high-frequency trad-
ing etc.—have very often been far away from the conceptions that many warned
people had before. As a consequence, policymakers need not only to be open to the
future developments of technologies and to their social effects, but also to prepare
to be surprised by the future.
§ 1.2. Undoubtedly, modernity is rooted in the “Modern Age”, even if it is far
more than a temporal era. As such, it begins at the end of the “Middle Ages” that
corresponds either to 1453, with the conquest of Constantinople, or to 1492, with
the first travel of Columbus to the Americas. Besides, modernity relates also to
the Enlightenment philosophy, since the late sixteenth century, which put emphasis
more on the results of experimental sciences than on the respect of traditional au-
thorities. Lastly, modernity corresponds to these social and industrial development
that originated in the eighteenth century in Western Europe, especially in Great Brit-
ain, and that was characterized by the rationalization of the production processes.
From this respect, the end of modernity that we affirm in this manifesto corresponds
simultaneously to the end of a period of history, which was centered on the Western
Europe and Americas, and to the end of a type of philosophy to the end of a social
and economical environment that was characterized by the illusion that knowledge
itself could lead to a perfect and total control of the nature. Does it mean that we are
entering in an epoch that some philosophers of the eighties and nineties, like Jean-
François Lyotard (1979) and Jean Baudrillard, have qualified as “post-modernity”?
That is an open question that certainly deserves a careful attention and some exten-
sive discussions, which go far beyond the purpose of this manifesto.
§ 2.1. We say: It is noteworthy that Cartesian doubt, and related suspicions about
what is perceived through human senses, have led to an ever-increasing reliance on
control in all its forms. Obviously, it is not to throw out the baby with the bath wa-
ter. The doubt, as introduced by Descartes, and all the suspicions about what is per-
ceived, have contributed to build and to think the “conscious self”. For instance, the
Husserlian phenomenology is rooted on such a doubt, which corresponds to a cru-
cial moment in the reflection. This is not directly related with the “ever-increasing
reliance on control”, which is a consequence of the rationalization of the processes
of production in nineteenth century modernity. To address this point, we need to
distinguish the reason from what Horkheimer calls, in the Eclipse of Reason, the
“instrumental reason”, which is characterized as “means to an end” and which leads
the reason to collapse into irrationality (1947).
§ 4.2 We believe that it is time to affirm, in political terms, that our selves are
both free and social. That is obviously true, but, in itself, this idea is not new. For
instance, during the French revolution, the opposition between the Montagnards,
whose most prestigious representative were Marat, Danton and Robespierre, and
the Girondins corresponded exactly to the tension between an aspiration to social on
the one hand and an aspiration to freedom and economical development on the other
hand. However, the way this tension between freedom and fraternity is resolved
depends on the technological artifacts that mediate our interactions, which explains
its particular twist in the present world.
Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution Noncommercial License, which permits any noncommercial use, distri-
bution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source
are credited.
References
Horkheimer, M. 1947. Eclipse of reason. New York: Oxford University Press. (Reprint Continuum
International Publishing Group, 2004).
Lyotard, J.-F. 1979. La Condition postmoderne: rapport sur le savoir. Paris: Minuit.
Dualism is Dead. Long Live Plurality
(Instead of Duality)
Mireille Hildebrandt
1
http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?FalseDichotomy.
2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_pair.
M. Hildebrandt ()
Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
e-mail: [email protected]
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
Erasmus School of Law Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
L. Floridi (ed.), The Onlife Manifesto, 27
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-04093-6_6, © The Author(s) 2015
28 M. Hildebrandt
4. Though we cannot deny that this attempt has yielded unprecedented results, we must
also acknowledge that at some point the processed information must be reintegrated
in what Stiegler (pace Husserl) has called our own primary retention (individual
memory), to acquire meaning and to be part of our lifeworld (Stiegler 2013).
5. It is important, then, to note that the computational era is rooted in the most
extreme type of dichotomous thinking: that of constructing discrete, machine
readable bits. To be human, here, means to remember that life is continuous and
plural and experienced rather than calculated.
6. The second problem with a dichotomy is that it assumes jointly exhaustive alter-
natives, which entails that the pairs forming the dichotomy cover all there is to
be said about whatever they aim to describe. In his pivotal ‘The duality of risk
assessment’, Ciborra (2004) has elucidated how the hidden presumption that e.g.
a risk analysis exhaustively describes a developing reality endangers the resil-
ience of whoever depends on that analysis to remain safe.
7. Smart Grids, policing, medical treatment or the food industry should never
assume that the data derivatives that inform their risk analyses cover all that is
relevant. To prevent the kind of havoc that plagues our financial system we must
instead keep an open mind, assuming that the computational decision systems
that feed such critical infrastructure are as biased and fallible as any smart sys-
tem necessarily must be. To be human, here, means to admit such fallibility as
core to the wondrous fragility of life.
8. An interesting example of a dichotomy that confuses instead of clarifies what
it means to be human in the computational era, is the dualism that pervades
the domain of the philosophy of mind. The cartesian idea of a separate res
extensa and a separate res cogitans that together describe reality has given rise
to a series of interrelated problems that still haunt much of our understanding
of e.g. responsibility and accountability in a world of distributed causation. To
overcome the confusion that results from this kind of dualism I believe that we
should not merely turn to overlapping instead of mutually exclusive dual pairs,
but take leave of the idea that reality should necessarily be described in pairs
altogether.
9. Whether it makes sense to think in pairs or in other types of distinctions should
depend on the context and the aim of our thinking, not on a propensity to keep
things simple. I would, therefore, rearticulate the heading and speak of: Beyond
dualities. Long live plurality.
Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution Noncommercial License, which permits any noncommercial use, distri-
bution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source
are credited.
Dualism is Dead. Long Live Plurality (Instead of Duality) 29
References
Ciborra, C. 2004. “Digital technologies and the duality of risk.” Digital technologies and the
duality of risk. Centre for Analysis of Risk and Regulation, London School of Economics and
Political Science. csrc.lse.ac.uk/idm/DualityOfRisk.pdf.
Hayles, N. K. 1999. How we became posthuman. Virtual bodies in cybernetics, literature, and
informatics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Stiegler, B., Hildebrandt M., O’Hara K., Waidner M. (eds.) 2013. Die Aufklärung in the Age of
Philosophical Engineering. In The value of personal data. Digital Enlightenment Forum Year-
book 2013. Amsterdam: IOS Press 2013, p. 29–39.
Commentary by Yiannis Laouris
Yiannis Laouris
Working towards this Manifesto has been a most inspiring experience; being among
philosophers in this think tank, I was initially somewhat skeptical as to the feasibil-
ity of quite different-minded scientists, some with very strong views, managing to
converge on a text that satisfactorily draws attention to key concepts that require re-
engineering. I especially enjoyed the fact that, like the ancient Athenians, we treated
philosophy, science, and politics as strongly interconnected disciplines. Even if this
is all that is learned from our work, the world will benefit tremendously!
The Manifesto reflects my personal views, which is why I have endorsed it. In
my chapter, I elaborate on the need to re-engineer the concept of life and how the
emerging immortality of artifacts and information exerts pressure on achieving im-
mortality of the mind and/or of the human; the blurring of concepts like “being hu-
man” or “being alive.” In this short commentary, however, I chose to draw special
attention to the risks created by the feasibility of direct democracy as encapsulated
in § 1.4 because of their urgency:
§ 1.4 … By … opening new possibilities for direct democracy, ICTs destabilize and call for
rethinking the worldviews and metaphors underlying modern political structures.
Democracy in the twenty-first century has come to refer almost exclusively to the
right to take part in the political process, i.e., the right to vote. Since ICTs open up
tremendous possibilities for real-time feedback and frequent polling, in the minds
of many, extra voting equals more democracy. “Direct Democracy” is a term coined
Y. Laouris ()
Future Worlds Center, Cyprus Neuroscience & Technology Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
e-mail: [email protected]
5 Promitheos, 1065 Lefkosia, Cyprus
L. Floridi (ed.), The Onlife Manifesto, 31
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-04093-6_7, © The Author(s) 2015
32 Y. Laouris
Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution Noncommercial License, which permits any noncommercial use, distri-
bution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source
are credited.
Comments to the Onlife Manifesto
Ugo Pagallo
§ 0. I love the “Onlife Manifesto,” although I still have some problems with it. Of
course, this is understandable since other manifestos had, say, only two authors,
such as that of Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx, whilst our manifesto has more than
twelve mothers and fathers. To cut to the chase, let me insist on two of my problems.
§ 1.1 First, it is all about our understanding of the past and, hence, the very no-
tion of “modernity.” I do agree that some assumptions of modernity are simply dead
and, yet, thinking about the work of Spinoza, or of Leibniz, rather than Descartes
and some advocates of the Enlightenment, I would say “Modernity is dead” and,
still, long live Modernity and some of its venerable fruits! In Heideggerian terms,
we should conceive the past as a matter of Gewesenheit, rather than Vergangenheit:
Zuhanden, rather than passé depassé (Heidegger 1996). This different way of grasp-
ing what is gone reverberates on how we intend to address and project the future,
namely the second of my problems: “this Manifesto aims to start a reflection on
the way in which a hyperconnected world calls for rethinking the referential frame-
works on which policies are built” (see the preface).
§ 4.6 Whilst the conclusion of our Manifesto mentions the relevance of “default
settings and other designed aspects of our technologies,” in order to “respect and
protect attentional capabilities,” we should have further insisted on this point, so as
to test our debt to Modernity and, hence, to assess what is specific to the norma-
tive dimension of our concept reengineering exercise. Modernity has bequeathed
to us the very idea of limited and accountable government, much as the notion of
constitutional rule of law. Still, over the past decades, an increasing number of is-
sues have become systemic and constitutional powers of national governments have
been joined—and even replaced in a sort of Hegelian Aufhebung—by the network
of competences and institutions summed up by the ideas of governance, good gov-
ernance, and good enough governance. This has been a U.N.’s hot topic since the
last 1990s and, correspondingly, this is why I review many of these challenges in
my chapter in this volume: indeed, the time is ripe to address what is specific to the
U. Pagallo ()
University of Torino, Torino, Italy
e-mail: [email protected]
L. Floridi (ed.), The Onlife Manifesto, 33
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-04093-6_8, © The Author(s) 2015
34 U. Pagallo
Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution Noncommercial License, which permits any noncommercial use, distri-
bution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source
are credited.
References
Heidegger, M. 1996. Being and time. Trans. Joan Stambaugh. Albany: State University of New
York Press.
Pagallo, U. 2012a. Complex systems, simple laws: A normative approach to ICTs and the internet.
In Politiques publiques, systèmes complexes, ed. Danièle Bourcier, Romain Boulet e Pierre
Mazzega, 93–105. Paris: Hermann.
Pagallo, U. 2012b. Cracking down on autonomy: Three challenges to design in IT law. Ethics and
Information Technology 14 (4): 319–328.
Comment to the Manifesto
Judith Simon
In Sect. 2.1., the manifesto rightly emphasizes the linkages between knowledge,
power and control—a relationship that has occupied philosophers from Bacon all
the way to Michel Foucault. Historically, churches and later on, states have long
been the major informational agents, collecting data about their members and citi-
zens from the date of birth until their deaths. Naturally, this information gathering
has never stopped at national boundaries, since knowledge about the enemies has
been just as essential as a means of staying in control.
Nowadays, as the Manifesto correctly notes, new informational agents, new
powerful players have emerged on the knowledge/power axes: big internet com-
panies, such as Facebook, Google or Amazon, as much as the more hidden ones
controlling the backbone of the internet traffic. These actors occupy enormously
powerful nodes, and function as “obligatory passage points” (Callon 1986) in epis-
temic, just as much as in economic and political matters.
The Manifesto seems to suggest that we have entered a post-Westphalian world
in which nation states seem to have lost much of their power. On the surface this
observation appears almost commonsensical: not only require many challenges we
face multi-national effort—think of the Kyoto protocol as an attempt to tackle cli-
mate change. We also have various transnational authorities that pose restrictions on
the sovereignty of nation states.
Nonetheless, recent disclosures around Prism, Tempora and XKeystore, i.e. the
exposure of massive surveillance through the American and British Secret Services
appears to question this power decline of the nation state. One may say that the
states fight their final battles. However, it seems much more plausible to recognize
that the old and the new big players on the power/knowledge axis form alliances
and work nicely together. It is as it has always been: the powerful constantly enroll
allies to increase their power: what has been pursued through marriages in the times
J. Simon ()
Institute of Philosophy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
e-mail: [email protected]
IT University Copenhagen, Technologies in Practice Group,
Copenhagen, Denmark
L. Floridi (ed.), The Onlife Manifesto, 35
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-04093-6_9, © The Author(s) 2015
36 J. Simon
of kingdoms now simply has a new face: official contracts and hidden agreements
between nation states and multi-national internet companies are used to consolidate
the supremacy of those mastering the power game.
Blaming the powerful agents alone however, merely requesting new laws and
regulations will fall short of offering a remedy to these power games. Instead, we
need to understand power as a network effect, power as a result and a cause of
distributed agency—and therefore accept partial responsibility for the state of af-
fairs ourselves. As Evgeny Morozov has aptly put it, we—each and every one of
us—also need to confront the temptations of information consumerism. As long as
we willingly trade our data for free or cheaper products, regulations will not solve
the problems: we collude in the game ourselves. Morozov (2013) writes: “European
politicians can try imposing whatever laws they want but as long as the consumer-
ist spirit runs supreme and people have no clear ethical explanation as to why they
shouldn’t benefit from trading off their data, the problem would persist.”
In our hyperconnected world, the alliances between the powerful critically de-
pend upon the compliance of the masses. However, it has also never been easier
to quit playing along, to change the game through distributed collective action. In
principle, we have access to a wide variety of products and services and we can
and should be more careful in our choices. We need to understand the relationship
between buying and being sold and act accordingly. As consumers, we need to ac-
knowledge that once we stop being willing to pay for products and services, we are
paying simply with a different currency—our data. We need to act as citizens as
well. We need to mobilize our politicians to stand up to our defense, to counter the
on-going attacks to our privacy and to fulfill their responsibilities as our representa-
tives in drafting and enforcing laws and regulations to secure our freedom.
Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution Noncommercial License, which permits any noncommercial use, distri-
bution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source
are credited.
References
Callon, M. 1986. Some elements of a sociology of translation: Domestication of the scallops and
the fishermen of St Brieuc Bay. In Power, action and belief: A new sociology of knowledge, ed.
J. Law, 196–233. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Morozov, E. 2013. The price of hypocrisy. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. http://www.faz.
net/aktuell/feuilleton/debatten/ueberwachung/information-consumerism-the-price-of-
hypocrisy-12292374.html. Accessed 05 Aug 2013.
May Thorseth: Commentary of the Manifesto
May Thorseth
The information abundance and the primacy of interactions over entities is particu-
larly important in dealing with the problem of the public, i.e. the question of how
to make the public well informed. The importance of being well informed relates
to issues like how to fight intolerance and fundamentalism in particular. Besides,
the problem of the public is about education: what foci and what kind of method-
ologies to apply in teaching younger generations to broaden their perspectives? As
an example, a common exercise for school children is to use the Internet to collect
information for assignments. As yet, the teaching staff often seems to lack the rel-
evant competencies for guiding their students.
In political contexts the problem of information abundance also needs to be re-
solved: the temptation to collect information by looking up websites rather than dis-
cussing or interacting with political opponents is a threat to the public, particularly
to making the public better informed. The case of July 22, 2011 in Norway is but
one example of lack of relevant interaction between extremists and their opponents,
i.e. more moderate and democratically oriented people. One claim in the aftermath
of this event has been that the public has not taken seriously extreme viewpoints as
put forth on the Internet. As a result, there has been insufficient public debate.
Another important issue in the Manifesto is about distributed or (lack of) shared
responsibility. As no single governmental or non-governmental bodies or other or-
ganisations are able to keep control, and information flows are less transparent than
before, this seem to have a negative impact on responsibility: no single institutions
or individuals can be assigned responsibility as in pre-IT times. Technologies that
are gradually substituting human responsibilities endangers individuals’ democratic
freedoms—thus, there is a need for research to focus on empowering-/disempower-
ing developments resulting from shortage of human interactions.
Another very important issue is the public-private distinction. Rather than speak-
ing in terms of distinction between the two it makes better sense to speak of comple-
M. Thorseth ()
Department of Philosophy, Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Trondheim, Norway
e-mail: [email protected]
L. Floridi (ed.), The Onlife Manifesto, 37
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-04093-6_10, © The Author(s) 2015
38 M. Thorseth
Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution Noncommercial License, which permits any noncommercial use, distri-
bution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source
are credited.
Part III
The Onlife Initiative
Background Document: Rethinking Public
Spaces in the Digital Transition
What I propose in the following is a reconsideration of the human condition from the van-
tage point of our newest experiences and most recent fears. This, obviously, is a matter of
thought, and thoughtlessness—the heedless recklessness or hopeless confusion or com-
placent repetition of ‘truths’ which have become trivial and empty—seems to me among
the outstanding characteristics of our time. What I propose, therefore, is very simple: it is
nothing more than to think what we are doing.
Hannah Arendt, Prologue of “The Human Condition”, 1958.
The deployment of ICTs and their uptake by society affect radically the human
condition, insofar as it modifies our relationships to ourselves, to others, and to
the world. This digital transition shakes established reference frameworks, which
impact the public space, politics itself, and societal expectations toward policy mak-
ing. The Onlife Initiative intends to explore these impacts within the policy context
of the Digital Agenda for Europe.
1
TV broadcast discussion, Toronto, 1972 reported in “Edifier un monde, Interventions 1971–
1975”, Hannah Arendt, p. 98, Editions du Seuil, Paris, 2007.
2
“If philosophers, despite their necessary estrangement from the everyday life of human affairs,
were ever to arrive at a true political philosophy, they would have to make the plurality of man, out
of which arises the whole realm of human affairs—in its grandeur and misery—the object of their
thaumadzein. Biblically speaking, they would have to accept—as they accept in speechless won-
der the miracle of the universe, of man, and of being—the miracle that God did not create Man,
but ‘male and female created He them.’ They would have to accept in something more than the
resignation of human weakness the fact that ‘it is not good for man to be alone.’” Arendt (1990).
Background Document: Rethinking Public Spaces in the Digital Transition 43
Let’s call digital transition the societal process arising from the deployment and up-
take of ICTs. In a remarkable article “The computer for the 21st century”, published
in the Scientific American in September 1991, Mark Weiser suggested that, after
the mainframe and the personal desktop computer, the next step will be ubiquitous
computing, i.e. a technology that has become so pervasive that it is invisible to us
and totally embedded in our lives. In their recent book, Dourish and Bell3 argue that
we have already entered into the era of ubiquitous computing, rather than seeing
it as something that may happen in the future. The ETICA research project4 has
identified a list of emerging ICTs5 hat are bringing new, ethical concerns. In fact,
together with the current burgeoning of devices, sensors, robots, and applications,
and these emerging technologies, we have entered a new phase of the information
age, a phase where the hybridisation between bits and other forms of reality is so
deep that it radically changes the human condition in profound ways. The ubiqui-
tous computing vision is a reasonable asymptotic view, which can be taken as the
current background against which society is striving to actualise its norms, values
and codes of behaviour.
The digital transition shakes established reference frameworks in, at least, four
ways:
a. blurring the distinction between reality and virtuality;
b. by blurring the distinctions between human, machine and nature;
c. by reversing from scarcity to abundance, when it comes to information;
d. by shifting from the primacy of entities over interactions to the primacy of inter-
actions over entities.
If not well considered, these issues push us back and forth between distrust and
blind faith: none of these two are able to ground a good public life and provide
meaning. As a society, we are confronted with a learning challenge of how to ac-
tively shape our lives in this technologically-mediated world.
Let us consider these four issues in turn.
3
Paul Dourish and Genevieve Bell, Divining a digital future: mess and mythology in ubiquitous
computing, MIT Press, 2011.
4
Ethical issues of emerging ICT applications. http://moriarty.tech.dmu.ac.uk:8080/index.
jsp?page=10516.
5
List of technologies: affective computing, ambient intelligence, artificial intelligence, bioelec-
tronics, cloud computing, future internet, human-machine symbiosis, neuroelectronics, quantum
computing, robotics, virtual/augmented reality.
44 The Onlife Initiative
Plato’s allegory of the cave, the distinction between body and mind, or that between
internal fantasies and actual behaviours are fundamental and ancestral dichotomies
through which we think and act. They are three among many other expressions of
the dualist way of thinking. Philosophers have argued that these dichotomies are
fragile and more illusory than one may think. However, dualist thinking remains a
pillar of common sense and of the moral and political experience. By making vir-
tuality more real than ever before, the digital transition undermines the real/virtual
divide, and thereby all dualist forms of thinking. This calls for new framings of sev-
eral issues, either through monism, a new dualism, or pluralism. Cognitive sciences
can usefully complement the philosophical perspective with a scientific account of
the link between the different ways of thinking (in pluralist, dualist or monist terms)
and behaviours.
In concrete terms, exploring these issues will shed light, for example, on the
level of continuity in behavioural and moral terms that should be expected in the
virtual and the physical public spaces. For example, anthropologists tell us that it
is common practice for people to lie about themselves on the internet, not neces-
sarily for bad reasons, but rather as a social practice: minors and dating adults lie
about their age, appearance, interests, and so forth. Is this really affecting trust or,
on the contrary, is it part of the acculturation of ICT tools by society, producing the
shadow areas that any individual needs to live as a human? Another issue relates to
where one should draw the line between real and virtual when it comes to commit-
ting crimes, such as murder or rape? At the physical end, it is and must be strictly
forbidden and severely punished. At the virtual end, when dealing with a mere soli-
tary game, it can be considered as being part of the private sphere and tolerated as
part of one’s own deep intimacy. Yet, there is a middle ground between these two
ends (social gaming, avatars, web-dating etc.), and it is not trivial to draw the line
between the space where public morality has to apply and the space where inner
dialogues and negotiations take place.
Once upon a time, it was easy to distinguish people from artefacts and nature. The
blurring of the distinction has been increasing since Darwin and the industrial era.
After Darwin, we acknowledge that we are part of nature, in full continuity with
animals. Since the industrial era, artefacts and nature have become intrinsically con-
nected, through the metabolism of the industrial development, which is drawing on
natural resources. More recently, with the use of medical devices, human beings and
artefacts have also connected.
Background Document: Rethinking Public Spaces in the Digital Transition 45
The digital transition acts as a huge accelerator of the blurring of these once ef-
fective distinctions. The multiplication of sensors and prostheses, the progress of
cognitive sciences and biological engineering blur the distinction between humans
and artefacts. The multiplication of artefacts, the intensification of industrial devel-
opment on the whole planet and the increase of monitoring means we may not ex-
haust the planet, which will pursue its course in the universe, but it surely exhausts
the notion of blank nature or of an endless reservoir.
This means that our conceptual toolbox, still reliant on these once effective dis-
tinctions between humans, nature and artefacts, needs to adapt to this new reality,
where these distinctions no longer exist. What impact does this have on policy mak-
ing in the ethical domain? What impact does it have on the framing of the sustain-
ability challenge in a prospective way?
O
„ mein Oheim! mein guter, lieber Oheim, wenn Du izt lebtest —
wenn Du nun so herrlich verwandelt sähest Deine Träume von der
glücklichen Nachwelt in Wirklichkeit!“ rief der e h m a l i g e G r a f ,
als er nach Mitternacht in sein Quartier ankam, wo ihn der treue
Pudel nach so langer Trennung mit freundlichem Gebell empfing.
M a t t h i a s schlief süß und fest.
„Holder, was werd’ ich Dir alles zu erzählen haben, was werd’ ich
noch alles erleben! Ich war in meinem Jahrhundert keiner der
unvollkommensten, und gleiche in der neuen Welt einem
unwissenden Schüler, der allenthalben lernen muß. Ach, könnt’ ich
sie aus ihren Gräbern rufen, die begeisterten Apologeten und
Lobredner meines Zeitalters, könnten sie hören das Urtheil der
Nachwelt über unser h o c h g e p r i e s e n e s , a u f g e k l ä r t e s
J a h r h u n d e r t !“
Mit solchen Apostrophen entschlief er, und erwachte er wieder.
Einige Juwelen von bedeutendem Werth wurden sogleich am
andern Tage in die Welt gesandt und in klingende Münze verwandelt.
D u u r kleidete sich dem damaligen Geschmack gemäs vom Kopf bis
zu den Füßen neu; wer ihn izt sah, hätte nicht vermuthet, daß dieser
Elegant ein Sohn der frühern Vorwelt war.
R o s a l i a sah ihn einige Tage später, und bemerkte mit einem
gutmüthigen Lächeln, daß der Professor der
A l t e r t h u m s k u n d e schlechterdings für sein antikes Fach nicht
geschaffen sey.
„Wissen Sie was Neues, Freundchen?“ rief ihm eins Morgens der
Commendant entgegen, welcher ihn hatte zu sich bitten lassen: „wir
haben so viel von Edelleuten gesprochen, aber noch haben Sie
keinen gesehn. Hier in der Stadt ist kein einziger — aber drei Meilen
von hier auf dem Lande wohnt ein Edler; er ist mein guter Freund,
wir wollen ihn besuchen. Der Wind ist trefflich, in einer halben
Stunde können wir da sehn.“
F l o r e n t i n war willig.
„Es ist ein simpler, schlichter Biedermann; Sie müssen ihm keine
Complimente machen. Vielleicht kennen Sie ihn schon, es ist der
brave G o b b y .“
„Ich kenn’ ihn nicht.“
„Als Gelehrter müßten Sie ihn doch kennen.“
„Ich versichre, er ist mir durchaus unbekannt.“
„Hm! nun seine Geschichte ist kürzlich folgende, denn die müssen
Sie wissen, um ihn schätzen zu können. Er ist der einzige Sohn und
Erbe des reichsten und filzigsten Bankiers; sein Vater starb und
hinterließ ihm ein ungeheures Vermögen, von welchem er
gemächlich, wie ein Fürst leben konnte. Statt das Gold in den Kisten
und Kasten gefangen zu halten, wie sein Vater, verschwendete ers
auf die wohlthätigste Weise. In fünf deutschen Städten legte er fünf
gleich große Kapitalien nieder, von welchen der Arbeit unfähige
Greise, Krüppel, arme Wittwen, Waisen, Findelkinder und andre
Unglückliche, so lange sie der Unterstützung bedürftig sind, erhalten
werden sollten. Für sich selbst behielt er nur so viel, daß er ein
mässiges Auskommen hatte und eine Reise vollenden konnte, die
schon längst projectirt ward. — Nämlich, er ging nach Amsterdam,
kaufte ein batavisches Schiff, warb auf eigne Unkosten Freiwillige
und segelte nach den S a n d w i c h s l ä n d e r n . Von hier aus
steuerte er dem Südpol zu, so weit er konnte, versorgte sich mit
Proviant und andern Bedürfnissen, und segelte mit zwanzig
Luftgondeln und fünf geschickten Matrosen über den unbekannten
Südpol, von welchem er uns die erste gute Karte geliefert hat. —
Seine Reisebeschreibung läßt sich nicht ohne Schaudern lesen; drei
von seinen Gefährten erfroren am Pol, weil sie im Genuß des
Feuergeistes zu nachlässig waren.“
„Des F e u e r g e i s t e s ? was verstehn Sie darunter?“
„Was ich darunter verstehe? haben Sie noch keinen Feuergeist
gesehn in den Apotheken?“ Der C o m m e n d a n t klingelte, ein
Bedienter erschien und brachte nach einger Zeit auf dessen Befehl
ein Fläschchen, welches, ins Dunkele gehalten, phosphorisch
schimmerte.
„Sehn Sie,“ fuhr er fort: „dies chemische Produkt ist ausser dem
gröbern Feuer das einzige, welches die Wirkungen der Kälte besiegt.
Es erhält das Blut im warmen Kreislauf beim höchsten Grad der
Kälte, und ein Tropfen davon in einen Becher voll Wassers, bewahrt
dieses mitten im Winter auf dem höchsten Gebürge vor dem Frost.“
Florentin starrte bald das Fläschchen, bald den
Commendanten mit einer Miene an, wie sie im achtzehnten
Jahrhundert die Einwohner A u s t r a l i e n s hatten, als sie zum
erstenmal der Explosion einer Flinte beiwohnten.
„Ist es möglich!“ rief er.
„Kurz!“ fuhr der a l t e S i l b e r o t mit einem sanften Lächeln in
seiner Erzählung fort: „G o b b y kam glücklich mit seinen beiden
Reisegefährten zurück zu dem Schiffe. Ein Jahr nachher theilte er
den Europäern seine Entdeckungen mit. Ganz Europa zollte dem
kühnen Mann den wärmsten Dank, und daß man ihn unter die
verdienstvollen E d e l n d e s L a n d e s sezte, war Schuldigkeit.“
R o s a l i a , heut schöner, als je, trat in diesem Augenblick mit
einer ihrer Freundinnen ins Zimmer. F l o r e n t i n hätte gern noch
Stundenlang dem gastfreundlichen Lehrer zugehört. Aber er mußte
auch nur s o in seiner Unterhaltung gestört werden, um freundlich
zu bleiben.
„Es ist alles bereit!“ rief R o s a l i a ihrem Vater entgegen. Der
C o m m e n d a n t nahm die fremde Dame und führte sie in den Hof
hinunter; R o s a l i a bot lächelnd dem träumenden D u u r ihren
Arm.
In einem geräumigen, mit Quadersteinen gepflasterten Hof
standen zwei Gondeln, mit Segeln von rosenfarbner Seide, und
Fischbeinrudern von Taffent, die viele Aehnlichkeit mit Flosfedern
des Wallfisches hatten.
R o s a l i a sprang in einen dieser Kähne, und winkte dem
versteinerten D u u r , der nun wohl merkte, wohin es mit ihm sollte.
— Er betrachtete das leichte, magische Gebäu mit einer sonderbaren
Aengstlichkeit, und würde alles darum gegeben haben, wenn man
ihn mit dieser Promenade verschont hätte.
„Kommen Sie, kommen Sie, lieber Duur!“ rief R o s a l i a , und
streckte die Hand ihm entgegen. Ein leichter Schauer überlief ihn;
zitternd faßte er des Fräuleins Hand und — hätte ein herzliches ex
profundis beten mögen — und sezte sich. Der Gondelier stieg ein.
Der Kahn schwoll auf allen Seiten an. F l o r e n t i n sah sich verlegen
nach allen Seiten um und preßte sich dichter an R o s a l i e n .
In diesem Augenblick sanken vor seinen erstaunten Augen die
hohen, massiven Mauern und Gebäude rechte und links neben ihm
nieder, wie auf der Bühne beim Klingeln des Soufleurs die gemalten
Straßen; schon dampften, in gleicher Richtung mit ihm, die
Schornsteine; bald verloren sie sich unter ihm, und die hohen
Kuppeln der Kirchthürme näherten sich ihm vertraulich. Der Kahn
gaukelte izt noch um die funkelnde Spitze des Thurmgipfels, wie ein
Schmetterling um die Blume, und die aufgescheuchten Dohlen
flatterten mit ängstlichem Geschrei an den Wimpeln der Gondel
vorüber. Aber bald verloren sich auch die Thürme unter ihm hinab
und wurden wie kleine Stäbe, und die Dohlen darum wie Fliegen.
„Mein Gott!“ rief D u u r : „wohin mit uns?“
„In den Himmel!“ antwortete R o s a l i a mit einem schalkhaften
Blick.
„Sie haben Recht, denn ich habe ja schon einen Engel an meiner
Seite,“ erwiederte er und drückte R o s a l i e n s Hand fester an sich.
Ein falber Nebel umfing sie. Die Nebengondel, worin sich der
Commendant mit der Fremden befand, verschwand vor ihren
Blicken. Sie schwebten allein über der stillen, furchtbaren Tiefe im
unendlichen Raum.
Plötzlich scholl aus den Nebeln herüber eine Stimme: „Rosalia,
versieh Deine Pflicht! Duur passirt die Linie zum erstenmal!“ — Es
war die Stimme des Commendanten.
„Hören Sie wohl, was mein Vater sagt? Sie befahren diese
Gegenden zum erstenmal; und wissen Sie wohl, was da Sitte ist?“
„Ich weiß wahrhaftig nichts.“
„Wenn ein Reisender zur See zum erstenmal die Linie passirt, wird
er von den Schiffern nach Schifferbrauch getauft — das heißt, nur
ein paarmal ins kühle Meer untergetaucht.“ —
„Das war schon vor alten Zeiten ein grausamer — — —“
„Kommen Sie mir schon wieder mit Ihren a l t e n Z e i t e n ? Ich
will davon gar nichts mehr wissen. — Mit einem Worte, Sie müssen
sich alles gefallen lassen, was ich hier mit Ihnen vorzunehmen das
Recht habe.“
„Nur — Liebe — n u r n i c h t t a u c h e n !“
„O Scherz, es ist noch dreimal ärger!“
„Noch dreimal ärger? Sie wollen mich doch nicht
h i n a u s w e r f e n ? — es ist verdammt tief unten, und ich kann für
meinen Hals nicht bürgen.“
„Alles Protestiren hilft Ihnen nichts. Sie müssens sich nun einmal
schlechterdings gefallen lassen — — —“
„Was denn?“
„Von mir — —“
„Haben Sie Erbarmen!“
„D r e i — K ü s s e anzunehmen.“
„Milder Genius dieses Jahrhunderts, ich erkenne Dich!“ rief D u u r ,
und hing an R o s a l i e n s Lippen.
„Duur!“ rief sie endlich halbböse: „wissen Sie nicht mehr, wie viel
d r e i ist? Oder bedeutete drei in Ihrem achtzehnten Jahrhundert
m e h r , wie b e i u n s ? — Sie haben nun wohl zehnmal geküßt.“
„Ich bin im H i m m e l !“ rief er: „und im Himmel soll ja Seligkeit
seyn ohne A u f h ö r e n !“
„So werden sich dereinst die zehntausend Jungfraun vor Ihnen in
Acht zu nehmen haben.“
„Nur e i n e , und die wären S i e !“
Sie wollte antworten, aber — die Sylben erstarben in einem langen
Kusse.
Die Gondel schwebte langsam über eine unabsehbare
wellenförmigte Ebne falben Dufts, und des Aethers reines Ultramarin
wölbte sich oberwärts herab.
D u u r wähnte sich in die Zauberwelt der Träume verirrt zu haben.
Majestätisch tauchte sich der Kahn wieder hinunter in die
zerfliehenden Wollen — ha! und mit niegesehner Pracht zeigte sich
in tiefer Ferne unten ein Weltkörper, welchen D u u r nicht für die
Erde anerkennen wollte.
„Wir sind nach dem Mond hin verschlagen!“ jauchzte er an
R o s a l i e n s Seite, die den naiven Mann und sein anhaltendes
Erstaunen mit stiller Freude beobachtete.
Reglos, wie eine buntilluminirte Landcharte mit ihren Meeren und
Provinzen, lags unter ihm ausgespannt. Wald und Wiese, Gebürg
und Bach schwammen einförmig in einander verschmolzen in der
Tiefe.
Mit jedem Augenblick aber dehnten sich die kleinen Gestalten
immer weiter und größer aus einander, wie unterm
Vergrößerungsglase; aus grünen Flecken entfalteten sich Wälder, das
schimmernde Pünktchen rollte sich aus und ward ein Landsee; der
schwarze Stumpf verlängerte sich zum Dorfthurm und aus den
Maulwurfshügeln erstanden Häuser. —
Schon begrüßten die Vögel in der Luft die fremde Erscheinung in
ihren Revieren; schon rührte den Geruchssinn ein aromatischer Duft,
welcher die Nähe junger Blüten verrieth; schon rauschten seitwärts
an den Gondelrudern die Wipfel der Fichten und Eichen — ein
prächtiges, regelmäßiges Landschloß stieg in der Mitte eines Gartens
auf — sie waren zur Stelle. —
Achtes Kapitel.
Gobby.
W
„ ie gefällts Ihnen im Himmel?“ rief unserm Luftfahrer der alte
C o m m e n d a n t mit herzlichem Lachen entgegen.
„Besser noch, als mirs die Bibel versprochen hat;“ antwortete
F l o r e n t i n , indem er auf R o s a l i e n hinblickte.
„O Väterchen!“ sezte d i e s e hinzu: „unser Alterthumsprofessor
sündigt oben, wie unten. Schicken Sie ihn nur erst ins Fegefeuer.“
Bei diesen Worten öffneten sich die Pforten — ein blasser, hagrer
Mann, mehr klein, als groß, einfach gekleidet, trat heraus. Hinter ihm
zeigte sich im festlichen Kleide, von Goldstickereien blitzend, der
wahrscheinliche Herr des Gebiets, mit einem ernsten, feierlichen
Wesen.
F l o r e n t i n freute sich wirklich, den Umflieger und Bewandler
des Südpols, den Freund und Schutzgeist der leidenden Armuth
kennen zu lernen, als er bemerkte, daß der kleine, hagre Mann die
Umarmung des C o m m e n d a n t e n verließ, um R o s a l i e n zu
küssen.
„Dieser also?“ lächelte F l o r e n t i n , dem die Phantasie ihr
gewöhnliches Späschen gespielt hatte, die nur große Geister in
großen Gestalten und schöne Seelen in schönen Körpern sucht.
G o b b y — er wars — näherte sich endlich auch ihm, mit einem
Blick voll gastfreundlicher Liebe und Vertraulichkeit; — der
C o m m e n d a n t war im Begriff, seinen Gast zu präsentiren, als
Gobby, wie mit Entsetzen, einen Schritt zurückprallte.
„Herr D u u r , ein neuer Bekannter und Freund!“ rief der
Commendant.
„Und unser ehrenfester Professor der Antiquitäten“ — sezte
R o s a l i a hinzu, und, indem sie F l o r e n t i n e n argwöhnisch
anlächelte: „unser — Freund?“
„Sie sind mir bekannt, Herr D u u r — — wir haben uns irgendwo
gesehn, gesprochen — ich weiß nicht wo? und nicht wie?“ sagte
G o b b y : „seyn Sie mir willkommen!“
Man trat in einen Saal, der vom Geschmack und Reichthum des
Besitzers zeugte.
Die Wände waren Spiegel, und jede Wand, wie ein einziger Guß,
ohne Reifen und Fugen; oben hingen sich an goldnen Stäben und
Ringen Blumenguirlanden, so täuschend, so frisch, als wären sie erst
vor einem Augenblick den Beeten geraubt. Ausser den
nothwendigsten Meublen erblickte man vier Nischen in den vier
Wänden; in jeder einen Marmoraltar, worauf sich paarweise
G o b b y ’ s Penaten befanden — Bronzebüsten. Ein S o k r a t e s -
und C h r i s t u s kopf standen vertraulich beisammen, ein
A r i s t o t e l e s und K a n t , ein F r i e d r i c h d e r G r o ß e und ein
Unbekannter, ein R o u s s e a u und ein Unbekannter.
Es war schon mehrere Gesellschaft gegenwärtig; man mischte sich
freundlich durch einander und sprach von diesem und jenen —
G o b b y aber entfernte sich mit dem C o m m e n d a n t e n .
Am meisten unterhielt eine Note des verstorbnen Kaisers an seine
Unterthanen, welche wenige Monate vor seinem Tode ans Licht
getreten war. Man debattirte lange darüber, und schien sich nicht
vereinigen zu können, ob der Kaiser billig gedacht habe, oder nicht.
F l o r e n t i n mischte sich in die kleine Fehde, und, um richtig zu
urtheilen, las man ihm die Note vor:
„Da die vorliegenden nördlichen Provinzen durch den langen Krieg fast
gänzlich verwüstet sind, und ich, ohne Noth, Euch durch keine Auflagen
drücken wollte, um den Flor jener Provinzen wieder herzustellen: so entschlos
ich mich, die kostbaren Feierlichkeiten, Opern, Feuerwerke und dergleichen an
meinem Hofe einzustellen, auch die Gehalte der Prinzen und Prinzessinnen um
die Hälfte zu verringern, bis die verwüsteten Dörfer und Städte wieder
erbauet und die verarmten Familien gerettet seyn werden. Es war dies von
meiner Seite ein freiwilliger Beitrag zur Linderung der allgemeinen Noth —
Aber daß man mich wegen meiner erfüllten Pflicht so unaufhörlich mit
öffentlichen Lobreden und Lobgedichten heimsucht, find’ ich von meinen
Unterthanen nicht schön, weil damit nichts gesagt zu seyn scheint, als: es ist
sehr ungewöhnlich, daß Fürsten auch Menschenpflichten erfüllen! — Wie viel
Elogen und Hymnen hätt’ ich auf diejenigen von meinen Unterthanen zu
verfertigen, die so viel nach Verhältniß ihrer Kräfte thaten, als ich?“ —
„Nun sagen Sie Ihre Meinung!“ rief man, nach Durchlesung der
Note, dem bestürzten F l o r e n t i n zu.
„Ist es nicht hart, wenn der Vater seiner Kinder Dank nicht hören
will?“ riefen einige.
„Ist es nicht billig und vernünftig vom Kaiser?“ schrie die
Gegenfaction.
F l o r e n t i n las das Blatt noch einmal und wollte seinen Augen
nicht trauen. „Meine Herrn und Damen,“ sagte, er endlich: „ich muß
gestehn, s o l c h e D e n k a r t eines Fürsten, s o l c h e Aeusserung
des feinsten moralischen Gefühls ist nur allein dem drei und
zwanzigsten Jahrhundert eigen.“
„Dies Urtheil konnt’ ich voraussehn!“ sagte R o s a l i a lachend:
„der Herr wird uns so gleich mit einen Beispiel vom Gegentheil aus
der Vorwelt aufwarten.“
„Mit mehr, als einem!“ erwiederte D u u r : „ich erstaune izt weder
über die Billigkeit noch Härte des kaiserlichen Wunsches, sondern
darüber, daß Sie noch getheilte Meinungen hegen können.“
„Bravo!“ rief eine Parthei.
„Welch ein edler Ton herrscht in der Sprache. Schon daß er von
allen Curialwust abläßt, und seine Person mit dem simpeln I c h
bezeichnet, schildert den Kaiser“ — — —
Ein verworrnes Gelächter unterbrach ihn. „Wie soll er denn von
sich anders reden?“
„Es wird Ihnen bekannt seyn, daß sonst große und kleine Fürsten
nie anders ihre Vielheit bezeichneten, als durch ein großes W i r .“
„O!“ rief einer aus der Gesellschaft lachend: „das war in dem
finstern Zeitalter guter Ton, als die Fürsten noch böse wurden, wenn
man sie nicht die allergnädigsten, großmächtigsten,
unüberwindlichsten nannte. Seitdem aber diese
u n ü b e r w i n d l i c h s t e n Herrn mehr als einmal ü b e r w u n d e n
wurden, und die a l l e r g n ä d i g s t e n sich mehr als einmal sehr
u n g n ä d i g fanden: waren sie selbst so billig, ihre Titel in mildere
zu verwandeln, um die Suppliken der Unterthanen für keine Satyre
zu halten.“
„Erlauben Sie,“ fiel dem Redner ein andrer ins Wort: „ich weiß
nicht, ob die itzigen Titel: — unser guter,
menschenfreundlicher K ö n i g , oder K a i s e r , oder
F ü r s t und H e r r — nicht weit s c h m e i c h e l n d e r sind, als die
vorzeiten gebräuchlichen, welche man noch in alten Chroniken und
Urkundensammlungen findet: denn unsre bestimmen den fürstlichen
Charakter sehr deutlich, zwar nicht immer als das, was er ist,
sondern als das, was er eigentlich s e y n s o l l t e ; allein die alten
waren oft ganz unverständlich, wobei sich weder der Unterthan,
welcher sie schrieb, noch der Fürst, welcher sie las, etwas denken
konnte — zum Beispiel, wenn es hieß:
a l l e r d u r c h l a u c h t i g s t e r — — —“
„Dagegen bemerk ich“ erwiederte der G e g n e r : „daß es die
A l t e n verstanden, aber w i r freilich nicht, da unsre Sprache sich
unterdessen sehr verändert hat.“
„Ich bitte um Verzeihung, daß ich Ihnen widersprechen muß,“
entgegnete D u u r : „auch die Alten wußten von solchen Ausdrücken
keinen Sinn — schon im achtzehnten Jahrhundert nicht.“
„Und dieser Herr“ rief R o s a l i a , indem sie muthwillig auf
F l o r e n t i n e n deutete: „hat Autorität; er ist in der Vorwelt zu
Hause, wie bei uns.“
„Ich geb es zu,“ antwortete der W i d e r l e g t e : „allein dann wär
es ja wunderlich gewesen von unsern Ur-Großvätern, wenn sie sich
Redensarten bedient hätten, welche weder d i e verstanden, so sie
gaben, noch d i e , welche sie nahmen?“
„Was erwiedern Sie d a r a u f , lieber Professor?“ fragte R o s a l i a ?
D u u r wischte sich leise über die Stirn.
Neuntes Kapitel.
Der Kupferstich.
E
„ ine Rarität, meine Herrn!“ rief der edle G o b b y , welcher mit
einem Quartanten unterm Arm in Gesellschaft des alten S i l b e r o t
hereintrat.
Neugierig wandte sich jedes Auge auf den achtungswürdigen
Mann hin, von welchem man, selbst wenn er scherzte, nichts ganz
Gewöhnliches zu hoffen hatte. Die Versammlung schloß einen Kreis
um ihn.
„Wers erräth sit mihi magnus Apollo!“ sagte er mit einem
bedeutenden Lächeln.
„Den Nachsatz erbitten wir Ungelehrte deutsch!“ rief eine Dame.
„D e r oder d i e soll heut König oder Königin unsers Cirkels seyn
und von jedem Anwesenden einen Kuß empfangen!“
„Da ists der Mühe werth, zu rathen.“
„Der lezte Theil Ihrer Reise zum Südpol!“ rief ein Gelehrter.
„Eine neue Ausgabe!“ ein andrer.
„Das Buch vom Stein der Weisen!“ ein dritter. Und so riethen sie
alle und G o b b y schüttelte zu allem den Kopf.
R o s a l i a lächelte ihren Reisegefährten an: „Merkwürdige Rathen,
Thaten und Faten aus dem achtzehnten oder neunzehnten Seculum
für Lehrer der Alterthumskunde!“
„Getroffen!“ rief G o b b y und schlug das Buch von einander:
„Eine äußerst seltsame Erscheinung muß ich Ihnen bekannt machen,
die freilich nur für diese Versammlung ein anziehendes Intresse hat;
Dies Buch enthält eine Kupferstichsammlung; unter derselben
befindet sich auch ein gewisser F l o r e n t i n v o n D u u r — — —“
F l o r e n t i n wurde feuerroth; das Blut pickte laut in allen Pulsen
und Fingerspitzen.
„Und dieser Herr“ fuhr G o b b y fort, indem er auf F l o r e n t i n e n
zeigte: „trägt denselben Namen. Er heißt F l o r e n t i n D u u r . Vor
ohngefähr vier bis fünfhundert Jahren warf sich j e n e r Florentin
von Duur in K a n e l l a auf, und bewirkte eine sehr schlau
eingefädelte Revolution wider den damaligen Beherrscher Kanella’s.
Das Volk nahm eine republikanische Verfassung von seiner Hand an,
aber diese Regierungsform war von kurzer Dauer; das Reich ward in
sich selbst uneins; ehrsüchtige und gelddürstige Egoisten schwangen
sich wechselnd empor, zerrütteten das Land, welches endlich wieder
zertheilt unter den Zepter der benachbarten Monarchen kam.
F l o r e n t i n v o n D u u r ward von den Geschichtschreibern in die
Gesellschaft der M a s a n i e l l o ’ s , K o s c i u s k o s , F a y e t t e ’ s und
M i r a b e a u ’ s gesezt.“
„Ich selbst habe neulich noch in einem Traktate seiner gedacht,“
sagte hierauf ein G e l e h r t e r : „worin ich unter andern die
Meinungen derjenigen Scribenten mit neuen Gründen unterstüzte,
welche sehr wahrscheinlich behaupten, daß er nur den Namen
hergeliehen habe zu der Revolution, deren Plan und Vollendung
eigentlich dem versteckt gebliebenen, und mit ihm verbundnen
B a d n e r angehörte. Der berühmte O c e l l i u s in seiner
Dissertation de Badnero vindicato bezieht sich allein auf die Statüe
des B a d n e r , und leitet von ihr seine Gründe her.“
D u u r spizte die Ohren mächtig; ein Wort von ihm wäre
hinreichend gewesen, die gelehrten historischen Hypothesen der
äußerst schlauen G e s c h i c h t s k l i t t e r e r dieses Zeitalters zu
zerstören1), wenn er nur irgend hätte Hoffnung hegen können, mit
seinem fünfhundertjährigen Schlummer Glauben zu finden.
„In der Geschichte darf nicht philosophirt, sondern nur Datum an
Datum gekettet werden, wenn sie uns mehr als Roman seyn soll;“
sagte er, um den Mann doch einigermaßen zu widerlegen, und sein
kleiner Ehrgeiz erwachte unter jener Beleidigung.
„So wird uns die Geschichte nicht mehr, als Zahlen, Namen und
dürre Begebenheiten, ohne Zusammenhang, wie Glieder einer
zerrissenen Kette, liefern;“ erwiederte der G e l e h r t e .
„Es ist die Frage: ob die Geschichte mehr zu leisten berechtigt
sey?“ antwortete D u u r .
Der edle G o b b y unterbrach den beginnenden Streit. „Zur Sache.
Der Kanellesische Revolutionair hat nicht nur mit unserm Freunde
hier gleichen Namen, sondern — sehen Sie her, meine Herrn und
Damen! — sondern auch dasselbe Gesicht gemein!“
Ein tiefes Erstaunen ergriff die ganze Versammlung; man gaffte
den Kupferstich bald, und bald dessen lebendiges Ebenbild an; das
Spiel des Zufalls war hier mehr, als seltsam.
D u u r stellte sich nicht weniger betroffen; er konnte ein
anhaltendes Erröthen nicht verbergen, und wagte es nicht, das
Stillschweigen zuerst zu unterbrechen.
„Das ist wunderbares Zusammentreffen der Umstände!“ rief
endlich einer.
„Etwas Unerhörtes, Niegesehnes!“ ein andrer.
„Und scheint wahrhaftig mehr, denn absichtslose Tändelei der
Natur zu seyn!“ ein dritter.
Jeder gab endlich seine Meinung darüber, und G o b b y machte
das Ganze zulezt zum Scherz. „Sie könnten,“ sagte er zum
bestürzten F l o r e n t i n : „Sie könnten nach Kanella gehn, und dort
mit Glück den P s e u d o - D u u r spielen. Wenn die Kanelleser noch
den Enthusiasmus der Vorältern für die Revolution haben: so wird es
Ihnen leicht seyn, aus dem unbekannten Privatmann ein
bedeutender Diktator zu werden, um Kanella zu erobern.“
„Würden Sie das?“ fragte Rosalia.
„Wenn Sie Kanella wären — gewiß.“ antwortete D u u r .
Zehntes Kapitel.
Der Salomonismus.
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