Smart Distributed Embedded Systems for Healthcare
Applications, 1st Edition
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ISBN: 9781032183473 (hbk)
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ISBN: 9781003254119 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003254119
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Contents
Preface......................................................................................................................vii
Editors .......................................................................................................................ix
Contributors ..............................................................................................................xi
Chapter 1 Healthcare Engineering Using AI and Distributed Technologies ........ 1
Ashish Kumar, Prince Sareen, and Aman Arora
Chapter 2 Cloud Computing in Healthcare: A Systematic Study ....................... 15
Raunak Negi, Jishnu Bhardwaj, and Preeti Nagrath
Chapter 3 Medical Information Extraction of Clinical Notes and Pictorial
Visualisation of Electronic Medical Records Summary Interface .... 29
Praveen Singh, Gopal Chaudhary, and
Joao Alexandre Lobo Marques
Chapter 4 Investigations on RFID-Enabled Healthcare Usage and
Adoption Issues .................................................................................. 41
Pankaj Palta, Rahul Kakkar, Sumeet Goyal,
Manvinder Sharma, and Joginder Singh
Chapter 5 Photonic Crystal Fiber Plasmonic Sensor for Applications
in Medicine......................................................................................... 51
Monika Kiroriwal and Poonam Singal
Chapter 6 Augmented Reality as a Boon to Disability ....................................... 77
Ashish Kumar, Raja, and Muhammad Fazal ljaz
Chapter 7 Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality: Transforming the
Future of Psychological and Medical Sciences .................................. 93
Gurjinder Singh, Anjali Kataria, Shinnu Jangra,
Rubina Dutta, Archana Mantri, Jasminder Kaur Sandhu,
and Thennarasan Sabapathy
v
vi Contents
Chapter 8 Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Perspectives from
Post-Pandemic Times........................................................................ 119
Tapash Rudra and Shyam Bihari Goyal
Chapter 9 Bioweapons versus Computer-Based Counter Measure
Techniques and Mathematical Modelling for the Prediction
of COVID-19..................................................................................... 129
Joginder Singh, Gurinderjit Kaur, Rinkesh Mittal,
Sukhdeep Kaur, and Kuldeep Sharma
Chapter 10 Evolution of Healthcare Sector and
Evolving Cyberattacks—A Summary............................................... 155
Jai Ganesh Sekar, Arun Chokkalingam, and Dhivya Kesavan
Chapter 11 Improving Cardiovascular Health by Deep Learning....................... 173
Shiva Tushir
Index....................................................................................................................... 183
Preface
Embedded systems is the smart integration of hardware and software, which has
many applications. Initially, embedded systems were introduced in the field of health-
care to cater to medical issues. Now, the amalgamation of smart distributed embed-
ded systems with digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing,
IOT, NLP, augmented reality, virtual reality, and fog computing are used, and they
prove to be a boon in the field of health and medicine. The new features offered by
smart distributed technologies have accelerated the growth in the health industry.
This book would be helpful to academicians, researchers, students, and technology
developers for the development of better and optimized methods in healthcare.
This book provides in-depth comprehensive information on the latest research
in the area of health and medicine on smart distributed embedded technologies.
Chapter 1, “Healthcare Engineering Using AI and Distributed Technologies”, dis-
cusses the transformation of healthcare with distributed computing. The chapter
highlights the impact, challenges, benefits, and limitations of AI in the healthcare
industry. The chapter also features AI-based robots in the healthcare ecosystem.
Chapter 2, “Cloud Computing in Healthcare: A Systematic Study”, elaborates on
medicinal solutions provided by cloud computing using cloud-based molecular simu-
lation tools and cloud-based medical imaging solutions. Application of fog comput-
ing in healthcare is also discussed.
Chapter 3, “Medical Information Extraction of Clinical Notes and Pictorial
Visualization of Electronic Medical Records Summary Interface”, highlights the
NLP technique that enables users to quickly fetch and comprehend the patient’s
medical history and current data using Open NLP-trained Time-Entity model.
Chapter 4, “Investigations on RFID-Enabled Healthcare Usage and Adoption
Issues”, highlights that RFID has the potential for monitoring, tracking, and storing
read data in real time. The chapter discusses various advantages provided by RFID
technology. When RFID is linked, it can provide valuable process-integrated deci-
sion support based on current medical knowledge. It can also use patient data for
research and healthcare reporting in a variety of ways. The chapter anticipates an
RFID-enabled smart hospital in the future, which will combine RFID and wireless
technology to provide a variety of healthcare services.
Chapter 5, “Photonic Crystal Fiber Plasmonic Sensor for Applications in
Medicine”, elaborates on how newly developed plasmonic materials/meta-materials
can be a part of the overall development of sensing technology and can be used
in medical equipment. Chapter 6, “Augmented Reality as a Boon to Disability”,
provides comprehensive coverage on the application of augmented reality for physi-
cally challenged, visually impaired, mentally challenged people, and other special
children.
Chapter 7, “Augmented and Virtual Reality: Transforming the Future of
Psychological and Medical Sciences”, elaborates on immersive technologies, such as
virtual reality and augmented reality, that play a significant role in developing a stim-
ulating environment to help doctors perform surgeries, children with autism disorder
vii
viii Preface
develop their communication skills, and psychologists provide simulated situations
to patients suffering from different neurological disorders. Chapter 8, “Artificial
Intelligence in Healthcare: Perspectives from Post-Pandemic Times”, emphasizes
to best utilize the AI algorithms, ML techniques, and associated aids in health-
care sectors in the post-pandemic times to revitalize the medical setup. Chapter 9,
“Bioweapons v/s Computer-Based Counter Measure Techniques and Mathematical
Modelling for the Prediction of COVID-19”, provides an in-depth study of genetically
engineered pathogens and their countermeasure techniques based on computer and
artificial intelligence. The chapter examines several genetically engineered illnesses
as well as the impact of biological agents. In the instance of a pandemic, artificial
intelligence, big data, computer vision, computer-aided systems, and IoT-based sys-
tems are offering solutions. Computer-assisted surgery is extremely beneficial to
doctors.
Chapter 10, “Evolution of Healthcare Sector and Evolving Cyber Attacks—A
Summary”, summarizes the evolution of the healthcare industry from healthcare 1.0
to healthcare 4.0. The chapter also highlights the need of Healthcare 4.0 from cyber-
attacks, as it is necessary to secure patients’ information in healthcare organiza-
tions. Chapter 11, “Improving Cardiovascular Health by Deep Learning”, highlights
the next-generation machine learning and applications of artificial intelligence for
cardiovascular
health.
Editors
Dr. Preeti Nagrath is working as an Associate Professor in Bharati Vidyapeeth’s
College of Engineering. She has more than 19 years of academic experience and
has obtained her B.Tech., M.Tech., and Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering.
Her areas of research are network security, delay tolerant networks, machine learn-
ing, and deep learning. She is a member of ISTE. She has more than 60 research
papers in SCI-indexed journals, highly reputed journals, and international confer-
ences. She is working on government-funded DST project on women security. She
has chaired many sessions in international conferences. She has been appointed
as a reviewer in many conferences and journals. She has organized many faculty
development programs, workshops, hackathons, and guest lectures. She has men-
tored teams in Smart India Hackathons. She is Associate Editor of Journal of Multi-
Disciplinary Engineering Technologies, published by Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College
of Engineering, New Delhi.
Jafar A. Alzubi is an Associate Professor at Al-Balqa Applied University, School of
Engineering, Jordan. He received his Ph.D. in advanced telecommunications from
Swansea University, Swansea, UK (2012); Master of Science degree (Hons.) in elec-
trical and computer engineering from New York Institute of Technology, New York,
USA (2005); and Bachelor of Science degree (Hons.) in electrical engineering,
majoring in electronics and communications, from the University of Engineering and
Technology, Lahore, Pakistan (2001). Jafar works and researches in multi- and inter-
disciplinary environments involving machine learning, classification and detection
of web scams, internet of things, wireless sensor networks, cryptography, and using
algebraic–geometric theory in channel coding for wireless networks. He managed
and directed few projects funded by the European Union. A cumulative research
experience of over 10 years resulted in publishing more than 60 papers in high-impact
journals. Currently, he is a senior IEEE member and is serving as an editor for IEEE
Access, and Wireless Sensor Networks area editor for Turkish Journal of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Sciences. In addition, he is an editorial board member
and a reviewer in many other prestigious journals in computer engineering and the
science field. He is also managing several special issues in high-impact journals.
Dr. Bhawna Singla has received her doctorate degree from Thapar University,
Patiala, India. She is currently working as Professor of Computer Science and
Engineering Department, PIET College of Engineering and Technology, Samalkha,
Panipat, India. She organized and participated in several national-level seminars
and conferences. She has more than 15 years of rich academic experience. She has
published more than 25 research papers in international journals/conferences and
edited books. She is on the editorial board and in the review panel of many inter-
national journals. She organized a national-level seminar on “Mobile Computing
and Mobile Applications Development (MOBAPP-2014),” which is dedicated to
ix
x Editors
state-of-the-art research on mobile computing and its application including services.
She participated in the organizing activities of an international conference on emerg-
ing technologies—ICET-2014, Futuristic Technologies (ICFT 2019).
Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues [FELLOW, IEEE & AAIA] is with the College of Computer
Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China; and
senior researcher at the Instituto de Telecomunicações, Portugal. Prof. Rodrigues
is an Highly Cited Researcher (Clarivate), N. 1 of the top scientists in computer
science in Brazil (Research.com), the leader of the Next Generation Networks and
Applications (NetGNA) research group (CNPq), Member Representative of the
IEEE Communications Society on the IEEE Biometrics Council, and the President
of the scientific council at ParkUrbis—Covilhã Science and Technology Park. He
was Director for Conference Development—IEEE ComSoc Board of Governors,
an IEEE Distinguished Lecturer, Technical Activities Committee Chair of the
IEEE ComSoc Latin America Region Board, a Past-Chair of the IEEE ComSoc
Technical Committee (TC) on eHealth and the TC on Communications Software,
a Steering Committee member of the IEEE Life Sciences Technical Community
and Publications co-Chair. He is the editor-in-chief of the International Journal of
E-Health and Medical Communications and editorial board member of several high-
reputed journals (mainly, from IEEE). He has been general chair and TPC Chair
of many international conferences, including IEEE ICC, IEEE GLOBECOM, IEEE
HEALTHCOM, and IEEE LatinCom. He has authored or coauthored about 1100
papers in refereed international journals and conferences, 3 books, 2 patents, and
1 ITU-T Recommendation. He had been awarded several Outstanding Leadership
and Outstanding Service Awards by IEEE Communications Society and several best
papers awards. Prof. Rodrigues is a member of the Internet Society, a senior member
ACM, and Fellow of AAIA and IEEE.
Dr. A. K. Verma is currently working as a Professor in the Department of Computer
Science and Engineering at Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala
in Punjab (India). He received his B.E., M.E., and Ph.D. in 1991, 2001, and 2008,
respectively, majoring in Computer Science and Engineering. He has worked
as a Lecturer at M.M.M. Engg. College, Gorakhpur (now, M.M.M. University of
Technology) from 1991 to 1996. Since 1996, he is associated with Thapar Institute of
Engineering & Technology. He is leading the research group on Mobile Computing
and Communication (MC2) at Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology. He has
published over 150 papers in refereed journals and conferences (India and Abroad).
He is a member of various program committees for different international/national
conferences and is on the review board of various international/national journals.
He has visited the USA (2005), South Korea (2012), Japan (2013), Ireland (2015),
and Bahrain (2017) for academic purposes. He is a MACM (USA), MISCI (Turkey),
LMCSI (Mumbai), and GMAIMA (New Delhi). He is a certified software quality
auditor by MoCIT, Govt. of India.
Contributors
Aman Arora Gurinderjit Kaur
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of Applied Science
University of Texas, Austin Chandigarh Group of Colleges
Austin, USA Landran, Punjab
Anjali Kataria Gurjinder Singh
Chitkara University Institute of Chitkara University Institute of
Engineering and Technology Engineering and Technology
Chitkara University Chitkara University
Rajpura, India Rajpura, India
Archana Mantri Jai Ganesh Sekar
Chitkara University Institute of Department of Electronics and
Engineering and Technology Communication Engineering
Chitkara University RMK College of Engineering and
Rajpura, India Technology
Thiruvallur, India
Arun Chokkalingam
Department of Electronics and Jasminder Kaur Sandhu
Communication Engineering Department of Computer Science and
RMK College of Engineering and Engineering
Technology Chandigarh University
Thiruvallur, India Mohali, India
Ashish Kumar Jishnu Bhardwaj
School of Computer Science Department of Computer Science and
Engineering and Technology Engineering
Bennett University Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of
Greater Noida, India Engineering
New Delhi, India
Dhivya Kesavan
Department of Electronics and Joao Alexandre Lobo Marques
Communication Engineering Department of Applied Neurosciences
RMK College of Engineering and University of Saint Joseph
Technology Macao, China
Thiruvallur, India
Joginder Singh
Gopal Chaudhary Department of Applied Science
Department of Computer Science Chandigarh Group of Colleges
Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Landran, India
Engineering
New Delhi, India
xi
xii Contributors
Kuldeep Sharma Rahul Kakkar
Department of ECE Department of CSE
Chandigarh Engineering College CGC—College of Engineering
Landran, India Landran, India
Manvinder Sharma Raja
Department of CSE Department of Electronics and
CGC—College of Engineering Communication Engineering
Landran, India Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of
Engineering
Monika Kiroriwal New Delhi, India
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering Raunak Negi
Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Department of Computer Science and
Science & Technology Engineering
Sonepat, India Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of
Engineering
Muhammad Fazal ljaz New Delhi, India
School of Intelligent Mechatronics
Engineering Rinkesh Mittal
Sejong University Department of ECE
Seoul, South Korea Chandigarh Engineering College
Landran, India
Pankaj Palta
Department of CSE Rubina Dutta
CGC—College of Engineering Chitkara University Institute of
Landran, India Engineering and Technology
Chitkara University
Poonam Singal Rajpura, India
Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of
Science & Technology Shyam Bihari Goyal
Sonepat, India Faculty of Information Technology
City University
Praveen Singh Selagor, Malaysia
Department of Electronics and
Communication Shinnu Jangra
Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Chitkara University Institute of
Engineering Engineering and Technology
New Delhi, India Chitkara University
Rajpura, India
Prince Sareen
Department of Electronics and Shiva Tushir
Communication Engineering Department of Pharmacy
Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Panipat Institute of Engineering and
Engineering Technology (PIET)
New Delhi, India Panipat, India
Contributors xiii
Sukhdeep Kaur Tapash Rudra
Department of ECE Amity Institute of Biotechnology
Chandigarh Engineering College Amity University
Landran, India Kolkata, India
Sumeet Goyal Thennarasan Sabapathy
Department of CSE Advanced Communication Engineering
CGC—College of Engineering (ACE) Centre of Excellence
Landran, India Faculty of Electronic Engineering
Technology
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Perlis, Malaysia
1 Healthcare Engineering
Using AI and Distributed
Technologies
Ashish Kumar
Bennett University
Prince Sareen
Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering
Aman Arora
University of Texas, Austin
CONTENTS
1.1
Introduction ......................................................................................................1
1.2 Related Work ....................................................................................................3
1.3 Impact of AI in the Healthcare Industry .......................................................... 5
1.3.1 Challenges in AI Implementation in Healthcare .................................. 6
1.3.2 AI Tools for Prediction of Critical Diseases .........................................6
1.3.3 Benefits and Limitations of AI in Healthcare Industry ........................ 7
1.4 Transforming Healthcare with Distributed Computing....................................7
1.5 AI-Based Robots in the Healthcare Ecosystem .............................................. 10
1.6 Conclusion and Future Scope ......................................................................... 12
References ................................................................................................................ 13
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Recent developments in technology and connectivity have led to the origin of the
Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI). AI plays a significant role
in advancing the healthcare industry and robotics technology with the help of IoT.
In addition, AI also plays a critical role in data observation. The healthcare industry
depends on AI for data analysis. A survey indicated that most Indians stay in villages
and depend on primary health centers (PHC) for their health-related issues [1]. As
rural PHCs face numerous problems, residents in those areas have limited options
for healthcare-related services and advice. Currently, rural healthcare providers are
struggling to address day-to-day challenges.
AI technology acts as a lifesaver to those healthcare service providers. AI is
nothing but a machine with traits similar to the human mind, such as adapting and
DOI: 10.1201/9781003254119-1 1
2 Smart Distributed Embedded Systems for Healthcare Applications
FIGURE 1.1 Application of AI in the healthcare industry.
solution thinking. It helps in multitasking and reduces the workload of a person.
Figure 1.1 shows the integration of AI with the healthcare industry. AI helps in docu-
mentation, security purposes, complex surgeries, and drug development [2]. Also, it
helps in setting up a robotic doctor and has impacted many areas of the medical field.
The application of AI is broadly classified as Narrow AI, General AI, and Super
AI. Narrow AI is the machine’s ability to perform a single task with a high success
ratio, such as browsing web pages or playing chess. Narrow AI finds its application
in image and facial recognition systems, chatbots and conversational assistants, self-
driving vehicles, predictive maintenance models, and recommendation engines. On
the other hand, General AI represents overall human cognitive abilities. Furthermore,
Super AI is imaginary AI that does not just mimic or respond to human intelligence
and behavior [3]. It is a technology where machines are already aware and have the
ability of human-like intelligence. It is a software-based system with cognitive pow-
ers beyond humans across an almost comprehensive range of categories and fields
of endeavor. In healthcare, AI has introduced some latest trends that help medical
personnel to improve their work and provide benefits to the patients. In addition,
Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools that can understand and classify clinical
documents are a prominent aspect of AI in healthcare. NLP systems aid in exam-
ining clinical notes on sick persons, providing invaluable insight on quality, tech-
nique improvement, and improved outcomes. The AI-based smartwatch has all
health-tracking facilities, exercise modes, health reminders, sleep monitoring, stress
management, and many other essential features that benefit health [4]. The present-
day trends in AI are increasingly oriented toward use in the healthcare sector.
Healthcare Engineering Using AI and Distributed Technologies 3
The primary objective is to enhance the availability of better medical information
and services at the lowest cost [5]. In sum, it has been well accepted that machine
learning, distributed technologies, and AI play a dominant role in the healthcare sec-
tor. The world is changing at a very fast pace. The primary concern is to connect all
the villages and metro cities with a strong medium. In the past decades, the govern-
ment and many communication companies have made many efforts to make a strong
connection between rural and urban areas. In the next section, we have reviewed the
recent work and briefly described the latest trends in the domain.
1.2 RELATED WORK
This section has critically analyzed the potential work in smart healthcare. To explore
the transformation in healthcare, we have reviewed the work in AI, distributed com-
puting, machine learning, and IoT. AI with robotics offers several advantages and
transforms healthcare globally [6]. Distributed computing has improved the acces-
sibility of health records and changed how healthcare is delivered to the patient.
Machine learning with IoT offers healthcare devices that can provide intensive care
and monitoring, which cannot be done by humans efficiently. In hospitals, robots
also help in proper cleaning and sanitization. In the future, we shall see robots doing
many other works as training and testing in this regard have started [1].
AI has contributed to the healthcare industry by understanding a disease better
with the appropriate cure for patients [6]. It provides a prediction model, which helps
in the early detection of disease. Better radiology tools are developed with the help of
AI, which helps treat cancer. AI plays a vital role in drug development. The complex
process for specific drugs has been simplified using AI [1]. In addition, it helps in
saving a lot of effort, time, and money. It also helps in structure-based drug discovery
by appropriately predicting the protein structures. AI can distinguish between hit and
lead compounds, confirming the drug target and improving the drug building more
quickly with high efficiency [7]. The details of representative work in the healthcare
industry exploiting recent technologies are tabulated in Table 1.1.
TABLE 1.1
Representative Work in the Domain of Healthcare Industry
Authors Methods Summary
Shailaja et al. AI and ML Treatment of Covid patients takes place with
(2018) [1] algorithms the help of ML algorithms and they help
predict lung infection via X-ray images.
Wiens and Shenoy Machine learning Prediction in drug development using KNN and
(2018) [2] and neural network decision tree algorithms. Drug development
process has been elaborated with ML benefits.
Escamilla-Ambrosio Distributed Use of distributed computing, IoT, and AI in the
et al. (2018) [4] computing, IoT, AI healthcare sector leads to better monitoring
and helps in the early diagnosis of diseases.
(Continued)
