MARKING GUIDE OF ANALYSIS (CA)
1 State Rolle’s Theorem. Find the value of 𝐱𝐱𝟎𝟎 prescribe in Rolle’s Theorem
for
𝐟𝐟(𝐱𝐱) = 𝐱𝐱𝟑𝟑 − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 on the interval 𝟎𝟎 ≤ 𝐱𝐱 ≤ 𝟐𝟐√𝟑𝟑.
Ans: Rolle’s Theorem Statement
Rolle’s Theorem states that if a function f(x) satisfies the following conditions
on a closed interval [a, b]:
1. Continuity: f(x) is continuous on [a, b].
2. Differentiability: f(x) is differentiable on (a, b).
3. Equal Function Values: f(a) = f(b).
Then, there exists at least one point x0 ∈ (a, b) such that:
f ′ (x0 ) = 0
Applying Rolle’s Theorem to f(x) = x 3 − 12x on [0,2√3]
Step 1: Check the conditions of Rolle’s Theorem
• The function f(x) = x 3 − 12x is a polynomial, which is continuous and
differentiable everywhere.
• Evaluate f(x) at the given endpoints:
f(0) = (0)3 − 12(0) = 0
3
f�2√3� = �2√3� − 12�2√3�
= 8�3√3� − 24√3 = 24√3 − 24√3 = 0
Since f(0) = f�2√3�, the conditions of Rolle’s Theorem are satisfied.
Step 2: Find x0 such that f ′ (x0 ) = 0
1. Compute the derivative of f(x):
d
f ′ (x) = (x 3 − 12x) = 3x 2 − 12
dx
′( )
2. Set f x0 = 0:
3x02 − 12 = 0
3x02 = 12
x02 = 4
x0 = ±2
3. Since x0 must be in the open interval �0,2√3�, we select:
x0 = 2
Final Answer
The value of x0 prescribed by Rolle’s Theorem is: 2
1
2. Evaluate the double integral:
2 x2 +2
� � x dy dx
−1 2x2 −2
Step 1: Integrate with respect to y (inner integral)
Since x is constant with respect to y:
x2 +2
2
� x dy = x[y]x2x+2 2 2
2 −2 = x�(x + 2) − (2x − 2)�
2x2 −2
= x(x 2 + 2 − 2x 2 + 2) = x(−x 2 + 4)
So, the integral becomes:
2
� (−x 3 + 4x) dx
−1
Step 2: Integrate with respect to x (outer integral)
2
2 x4
� (−x + 4x) dx = �− + 2x 2 �
3
−1 4 −1
Evaluate:
16
• At x = 2: − + 2(4) = −4 + 8 = 4
4
1
• At x = −1: − + 2(1) = −0.25 + 2 = 1.75
4
So, the result is:
4 − 1.75 = 2.25
Or as a fraction:
9
4
3. Compute partial derivatives of
f(x, y) = x 3 e5y + ysin(2x)
First-order partial derivatives:
∂f
• fx =
∂x
= 3x 2 e5y + y ⋅ 2cos(2x) = 3x 2 e5y + 2ycos(2x)
∂f
• fy =
∂y
2
= x 3 ⋅ 5e5y + sin(2x) = 5x 3 e5y + sin(2x)
Second-order partial derivatives:
∂2 f
• fxx =
∂x2
= 6xe5y − 4ysin(2x)
∂2 f
• fxy =
∂x ∂y
∂ ∂
= (fx ) = �3x 2 e5y + 2ycos(2x)� = 15x 2 e5y + 2cos(2x)
∂y ∂y
∂2 f
• fyy =
∂y2
∂ ∂
= �fy � = �5x 3 e5y + sin(2x)� = 25x 3 e5y
∂y ∂y
∂2 f
• fyx =
∂y ∂x
∂ ∂
= �fy � = �5x 3 e5y + sin(2x)� = 15x 2 e5y + 2cos(2x)
∂x ∂x
So, the answers are:
• fx = 3x 2 e5y + 2ycos(2x)
• fy = 5x 3 e5y + sin(2x)
• fxx = 6xe5y − 4ysin(2x)
• fxy = fyx = 15x 2 e5y + 2cos(2x)
• fyy = 25x 3 e5y
4. We are asked to find the first three terms in the Taylor series expansion of
the function
3
f(x) = x 6 e2x
about x = 0 (i.e., the Maclaurin series).
Step 1: Recall the Taylor (Maclaurin) series for eu :
u
u2 u3
e = 1+u+ + +⋯
2! 3!
Let u = 2x 3 , then:
3
2x3
(2x 3 )2 (2x 3 )3
3 3
4x 6 8x 9
e = 1 + 2x + + + ⋯ = 1 + 2x + + +⋯
2! 3! 2 6
3 6
4x 9
= 1 + 2x + 2x + +⋯
3
Step 2: Multiply by x 6 :
3
f(x) = x 6 ⋅ e2x = x 6 (1 + 2x 3 + 2x 6 + ⋯ ) = x 6 + 2x 9 + 2x12 + ⋯
Final Answer:
3
The first three terms in the Taylor series expansion of f(x) = x 6 e2x about x =
0 are:
x 6 + 2x 9 + 2x12
5. We are given the implicit equation:
2
cos(x 2 + 2y) + xey = 1
dy
We are to differentiate both sides implicitly with respect to x, to find .
dx
Step 1: Differentiate both sides with respect to x
Start with:
d 2 d
�cos(x 2 + 2y) + xey � = [1]
dx dx
Step 2: Differentiate term by term (using chain and product rule)
1. Differentiate cos(x 2 + 2y):
d d
[cos(x 2 + 2y)] = −sin(x 2 + 2y) ⋅ (x 2 + 2y)
dx dx
dy
= −sin(x 2 + 2y) ⋅ �2x + 2 �
dx
y2
2. Differentiate xe :
Use product rule:
d 2 d 2 d 2 2 2 d
�xey � = (x) ⋅ ey + x ⋅ �ey � = ey + x ⋅ ey ⋅ (y 2 )
dx dx dx dx
2 2 dy
= ey + x ⋅ ey ⋅ 2y ⋅
dx
3. Right-hand side:
d
(1) = 0
dx
Step 3: Combine all derivatives
dy 2 2 dy
−sin(x 2 + 2y) �2x + 2 � + ey + 2xyey =0
dx dx
dy
Step 4: Group terms with
dx
dy
Bring all terms to one side:
dx
4
dy 2 2 dy
−2xsin(x 2 + 2y) − 2sin(x 2 + 2y) + ey + 2xyey =0
dx dx
Group:
2 dy 2
�−2sin(x 2 + 2y) + 2xyey � = 2xsin(x 2 + 2y) − ey
dx
dy
Step 5: Solve for
dx
2
dy 2xsin(x 2 + 2y) − ey
=
dx −2sin(x 2 + 2y) + 2xyey2
Final Answer:
2
dy 2xsin(x 2 + 2y) − ey
=
dx −2sin(x 2 + 2y) + 2xyey2
6. Let's evaluate each integral step by step.
i)
cosx
∫ dx
1 + sin2 x
Substitution:
Let u = sinx, then du = cosx dx
So, the integral becomes:
1
∫ 2
du = tan−1(u) + C = tan−1(sinx) + C
1+u
Final Answer:
tan−1(sinx) + C
ii)
x 2 − 3x + 6
∫ dx
x(x − 1)(x − 2)
We use partial fractions.
Step 1: Set up the decomposition:
x 2 − 3x + 6 A B C
= + +
x(x − 1)(x − 2) x x − 1 x − 2
Step 2: Multiply both sides by x(x − 1)(x − 2):
x 2 − 3x + 6 = A(x − 1)(x − 2) + B(x)(x − 2) + C(x)(x − 1)
Now plug in suitable values of x:
• Let x = 0:
0 − 0 + 6 = A(−1)(−2) = 2A ⇒ A = 3
• Let x = 1:
1 − 3 + 6 = B(1)(−1) = −B ⇒ 4 = −B ⇒ B = −4
• Let x = 2:
5
4 − 6 + 6 = C(2)(1) = 2C ⇒ 4 = 2C ⇒ C = 2
So:
x 2 − 3x + 6 3 4 2
= − +
x(x − 1)(x − 2) x x − 1 x − 2
Now integrate term by term:
3 4 2
∫� − + � dx = 3ln ∣ x ∣ −4ln ∣ x − 1 ∣ +2ln ∣ x − 2 ∣ +C
x x−1 x−2
Final Answer:
3ln ∣ x ∣ −4ln ∣ x − 1 ∣ +2ln ∣ x − 2 ∣ +C
iii
π
2
� √1 − cos2x dx
0
Step 1: Use a trigonometric identity
Recall:
1 − cos2x = 2sin2 x
So:
√1 − cos2x = �2sin2 x = √2 ⋅∣ sinx ∣
π
But over the interval x ∈ [0, ], sinx ≥ 0, so:
2
∣ sinx ∣= sinx
Therefore:
π π π
2 2 2
� √1 − cos2x dx = � √2 sinx dx = √2 � sin x dx
0 0 0
Step 2: Integrate
π
π
2 π
� sin x dx = [−cosx]02 = −cos � � + cos(0) = 0 + 1 = 1
0 2
So, the value of the integral is:
√2 ⋅ 1 = √2
Final Answer:
π
2
� √1 − cos2x dx = √2
0
6
MARKING GUIDE OF PROBABILITY (CA)
1) Let's solve each part step-by-step.
Given:
A discrete random variable 𝑋𝑋 with the PMF:
𝑘𝑘 (𝑥𝑥 − 1)
⎧ for 𝑥𝑥 = 2,3,4,5,6,7
⎪ 36
𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = 13 − 𝑥𝑥
⎨ for 𝑥𝑥 = 8,9,10,11,12
⎪ 36
⎩ 0 otherwise
(a) Find the value of the constant 𝑘𝑘
We use the property that total probability must equal 1:
∑𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = 1
First part:
7 7
𝑘𝑘 (𝑥𝑥 − 1) 𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘
� = � (𝑥𝑥 − 1) = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6) = (21)
36 36 36 36
𝑥𝑥=2 𝑥𝑥=2
Second part:
12 12
13 − 𝑥𝑥 1 1 15
� = � (13 − 𝑥𝑥 ) = (5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1) =
36 36 36 36
𝑥𝑥=8 𝑥𝑥=8
Now add both parts and set equal to 1:
𝑘𝑘 (21) 15 21𝑘𝑘 + 15
+ =1⇒ = 1 ⇒ 21𝑘𝑘 + 15 = 36 ⇒ 21𝑘𝑘 = 21 ⇒ 𝑘𝑘 = 1
36 36 36
Answer (a): 𝑘𝑘 = 1
(b) Compute 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) and Var(𝑋𝑋)
We'll compute:
𝐸𝐸 (𝑋𝑋) = ∑𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥 ), 𝐸𝐸 (𝑋𝑋 2 ) = ∑𝑥𝑥 2 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ), Var(𝑋𝑋) = 𝐸𝐸 (𝑋𝑋 2 ) − [𝐸𝐸 (𝑋𝑋) ]2
Now use 𝑘𝑘 = 1:
For 𝑥𝑥 = 2,3,4,5,6,7:
𝑥𝑥 − 1
𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) =
36
Create a table:
x f(x) = (x−1)/36 x·f(x) x²·f(x)
2 1/36 2/36 4/36
3 2/36 6/36 18/36
4 3/36 12/36 48/36
5 4/36 20/36 100/36
6 5/36 30/36 180/36
7 6/36 42/36 294/36
Σ — 112/36 644/36
7
For 𝑥𝑥 = 8,9,10,11,12:
13 − 𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) =
36
x f(x) = (13−x)/36 x·f(x) x²·f(x)
8 5/36 40/36 320/36
9 4/36 36/36 324/36
10 3/36 30/36 300/36
11 2/36 22/36 242/36
12 1/36 12/36 144/36
Σ — 140/36 1330/36
Now total:
112 + 140 252
𝐸𝐸 (𝑋𝑋) = = =7
36 36
644 + 1330 1974
𝐸𝐸 (𝑋𝑋2 ) = = = 54.8333
36 36
Var(𝑋𝑋) = 𝐸𝐸 (𝑋𝑋 2 ) − [𝐸𝐸 (𝑋𝑋) ]2 = 54.8333 − 49 = 5.8333
Answer (b):
• 𝐸𝐸 (𝑋𝑋) = 7
• Var(𝑋𝑋) = 5.83 (Rounded to two decimal places)
(c) Compute 𝑃𝑃 (6 ≤ 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 9)
We add 𝑓𝑓 (6), 𝑓𝑓(7), 𝑓𝑓(8), 𝑓𝑓 (9):
5 6 5 4
• 𝑓𝑓 (6) = , 𝑓𝑓(7) = , 𝑓𝑓(8) = , 𝑓𝑓(9) =
36 36 36 36
5 + 6 + 5 + 4 20 5
𝑃𝑃 (6 ≤ 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 9) = = =
36 36 9
𝟓𝟓
Answer (c):
𝟗𝟗
(d) Compute 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋 + 𝑌𝑌), where 𝑌𝑌 = 5𝑋𝑋 + 3
𝐸𝐸 (𝑌𝑌) = 𝐸𝐸 (5𝑋𝑋 + 3) = 5𝐸𝐸 (𝑋𝑋) + 3 = 5(7) + 3 = 38
𝐸𝐸 (𝑋𝑋 + 𝑌𝑌) = 𝐸𝐸 (𝑋𝑋) + 𝐸𝐸 (𝑌𝑌) = 7 + 38 = 45
Answer (d): 45
(e) Compute Var(𝑋𝑋 + 𝑌𝑌)
Var(𝑌𝑌) = Var(5𝑋𝑋 + 3) = 25Var(𝑋𝑋)
Var(𝑋𝑋 + 𝑌𝑌) = Var(𝑋𝑋 + 5𝑋𝑋 + 3) = Var(6𝑋𝑋 + 3) = 36Var(𝑋𝑋)
Var(𝑋𝑋 + 𝑌𝑌) = 36 ⋅ 5.83 = 209.88
Answer (e): 209.88
2) We are given:
8
• 𝑃𝑃 (𝑋𝑋) = 0.60, 𝑃𝑃 (𝑌𝑌) = 0.40
2 1
• 𝑃𝑃 (𝐹𝐹 ∣ 𝑋𝑋) = = 0.08, 𝑃𝑃(𝐹𝐹 ∣ 𝑌𝑌) = = 0.05
25 20
Let:
• 𝐹𝐹: event that a fuse is faulty
• 𝑋𝑋: fuse comes from Machine X
• 𝑌𝑌: fuse comes from Machine Y
(a) Find 𝑃𝑃 (𝐹𝐹): the probability that the fuse is faulty
Using total probability:
𝑃𝑃 (𝐹𝐹) = 𝑃𝑃 (𝐹𝐹 ∣ 𝑋𝑋) 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) + 𝑃𝑃 (𝐹𝐹 ∣ 𝑌𝑌)𝑃𝑃 (𝑌𝑌) = (0.08)(0.60) + (0.05)(0.40)
= 0.048 + 0.02 = 0.068
Answer (a): 0.068
(b) Find 𝑃𝑃 (𝐹𝐹 ∪ 𝑌𝑌): the probability that the fuse is faulty OR comes from Y
Use the addition rule:
𝑃𝑃 (𝐹𝐹 ∪ 𝑌𝑌) = 𝑃𝑃 (𝐹𝐹) + 𝑃𝑃(𝑌𝑌) − 𝑃𝑃 (𝐹𝐹 ∩ 𝑌𝑌)
We already have:
• 𝑃𝑃 (𝐹𝐹) = 0.068
• 𝑃𝑃 (𝑌𝑌) = 0.40
• 𝑃𝑃 (𝐹𝐹 ∩ 𝑌𝑌) = 𝑃𝑃 (𝐹𝐹 ∣ 𝑌𝑌) ⋅ 𝑃𝑃(𝑌𝑌) = 0.05 ⋅ 0.40 = 0.02
Now:
𝑃𝑃(𝐹𝐹 ∪ 𝑌𝑌) = 0.068 + 0.40 − 0.02 = 0.448
Answer (b): 0.448
(c) Find 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ∣ 𝐹𝐹): the probability that the fuse comes from X given that it is
faulty
Use Bayes’ Theorem:
𝑃𝑃 (𝐹𝐹 ∣ 𝑋𝑋) 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) 0.08 ⋅ 0.60 0.048
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ∣ 𝐹𝐹) = = =
𝑃𝑃(𝐹𝐹 ) 0.068 0.068
48 12
𝑃𝑃 (𝑋𝑋 ∣ 𝐹𝐹) = = ≈ 0.7059
68 17
12
Answer (c): ≈ 0.706
17
