Community Organizing and Community Building for Health
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Community Organizing and
Community Building for
Health and Welfare
Third Edition
MEREDITH MINKLER
RUTGERS UNIVERSITY PRESS
NEW BRUNSWICK, NEW JERSEY, AND LONDON
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Community organizing and community building for health and welfare / edited by
Meredith Minkler. — 3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8135-5299-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-8135-5300-9
(pbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-8135-5314-6 (e-book)
1. Health promotion. 2. Community health services—Citizen participation.
3. Community organization. 4. Community development. I. Minkler, Meredith.
RA427.8.C64 2012
362.12—dc23
2011037604
A British Cataloging-in-Publication record for this book is available from the
British Library.
Copyright © 2012 by Meredith Minkler
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without
written permission from the publisher. Please contact Rutgers University Press, 106
Somerset Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901. The only exception to this prohibition
is “fair use” as defined by U.S. copyright law.
Visit our website: http://rutgerspress.rutgers.edu
Manufactured in the United States of America
In loving memory of Roy S. Minkler, an extraordinary
father and human being.
And with deep appreciation to my role models in
public health and social justice,
Angela Glover Blackwell, H. Jack Geiger,
Joyce Lashof, Donald H. Minkler, and S. Leonard Syme
CONTENTS
List of Illustrations xiii
Acknowledgments xv
PART ONE
Introduction
1 Introduction to Community Organizing and Community
Building 5
MEREDITH MINKLER
2 Why Organize? Problems and Promise in the Inner City 27
BARACK OBAMA
PART TWO
Contextual Frameworks
and Approaches
3 Improving Health through Community Organization and
Community Building: Perspectives from Health Education
and Social Work 37
MEREDITH MINKLER AND NINA WALLERSTEIN
4 Contrasting Organizing Approaches: The “Alinsky Tradition”
and Freirian Organizing Approaches 59
MARTY MARTINSON AND CELINA SU
5 Community Building Practice: An Expanded Conceptual
Framework 78
CHERYL L. WALTER AND CHERYL A. HYDE
vii
viii CONTENTS
PART THREE
Building Effective Partnerships and Anticipating
and Addressing Ethical Challenges
6 Community, Community Development, and the Forming of
Authentic Partnerships: Some Critical Reflections 95
RONALD LABONTE
7 Ethical Issues in Community Organizing and Capacity Building 110
MEREDITH MINKLER, CHERI PIES, AND CHERYL A. HYDE
8 Building Partnerships between Local Health Departments
and Communities: Case Studies in Capacity Building and
Cultural Humility 130
GALEN ELLIS AND SHERYL WALTON
PART FOUR
Community Assessment and Issue Selection
9 Community Health Assessment or Healthy Community
Assessment: Whose Community? Whose Health?
Whose Assessment? 153
TREVOR HANCOCK AND MEREDITH MINKLER
10 Mapping Community Capacity 171
JOHN L. MCKNIGHT AND JOHN P. KRETZMANN
11 Selecting and “Cutting” the Issue 187
LEE STAPLES
PART FIVE
Community Organizing and Community Building
within and across Diverse Groups and Cultures
12 Education, Participation, and Capacity Building in
Community Organizing with Women of Color 215
LORRAINE M. GUTIÉRREZ AND EDITH A. LEWIS
13 African American Barbershops and Beauty Salons: An
Innovative Approach to Reducing Health Disparities
through Community Building and Health Education 229
LAURA LINNAN, STEPHEN THOMAS, HEATHER D’ANGELO,
AND YVONNE OWENS FERGUSON
CONTENTS ix
14 Popular Education, Participatory Research, and
Community Organizing with Immigrant Restaurant
Workers in San Francisco’s Chinatown:
A Case Study 246
CHARLOTTE CHANG, ALICIA L. SALVATORE,
PAM TAU LEE, SHAW SAN LIU, AND
MEREDITH MINKLER
PART SIX
Using the Arts and the Internet as
Tools for Community Organizing
and Community Building
15 Creating an Online Strategy to Enhance Effective
Community Building and Organizing 269
NICKIE BAZELL SATARIANO AND AMANDA WONG
16 Using the Arts and New Media in Community
Organizing and Community Building: An Overview
and Case Study from Post-Katrina New Orleans 288
MARIAN MCDONALD, CARICIA CATALANI, AND
MEREDITH MINKLER
PART SEVEN
Building, Maintaining, and Evaluating
Effective Coalitions and
Community Organizing Efforts
17 A Coalition Model for Community Action 309
FRANCES D. BUTTERFOSS AND
MICHELLE C. KEGLER
18 Community Organizing for Obesity Prevention
in Humboldt Park, Chicago: The Challenges and
Successes of Coalition Building across
Two Organizing Traditions 329
ADAM B. BECKER, KATHERINE KAUFER
CHRISTOFFEL, JOSÉ E. LÓPEZ, AND
JOSÉ LUIS RODRÍGUEZ
19 Participatory Approaches to Evaluating Community
Organizing and Coalition Building 346
CHRIS M. COOMBE
x CONTENTS
PART EIGHT
Influencing Policy through Community
Organizing and Media Advocacy
20 Using Community Organizing and Community
Building to Influence Public Policy 371
ANGELA GLOVER BLACKWELL, MILDRED THOMPSON,
NICHOLAS FREUDENBERG, JEANNE AYERS,
DORAN SCHRANTZ, AND MEREDITH MINKLER
21 Organizing for Health Care Reform: National and
State-Level Efforts and Perspectives 386
JACQUIE ANDERSON, MICHAEL MILLER, AND
ANDREW MCGUIRE
22 Media Advocacy: A Strategy for Helping Communities
Change Policy 407
LORI DORFMAN AND PRISCILLA GONZALEZ
Appendixes
1 Principles of Community Building: A Policy Perspective 423
ANGELA GLOVER BLACKWELL AND
RAYMOND A. COLMENAR
2 Action-Oriented Community Diagnosis Procedure 425
EUGENIA ENG AND LYNN BLANCHARD
3 Challenging Ourselves: Critical Self-Reflection on
Power and Privilege 428
CHERYL A. HYDE
4 A Ladder of Community Participation in Public Health 437
MARY ANNE MORGAN AND JENNIFER LIFSHAY
5 Coalition Member Assessment 439
TOM WOLFF
6 Community Mapping and Digital Technology: Tools
for Organizers 444
JOSH KIRSCHENBAUM AND JASON CORBURN
7 Using Force Field and “SWOT” Analysis as
Strategic Tools in Community Organizing 449
MEREDITH MINKLER AND CHRIS COOMBE
8 A Checklist for Action 454
MARK S. HOMAN
CONTENTS xi
9 Criteria for Creating Triggers or Codes for
Freirian Organizing 455
NINA WALLERSTEIN
10 Scale for Measuring Perceptions of Control at the
Individual, Organizational, Neighborhood, and
beyond-the-Neighborhood Levels 457
BARBARA A. ISRAEL, AMY J. SCHULZ,
EDITH A. PARKER, AND ADAM B. BECKER
11 Policy Bingo 460
MARY M. LEE, REBECCA FLOURNOY,
JUDITH BELL, AND VICTOR RUBIN
About the Contributors 465
Index 481
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figures
3.1 Community Organizing and Community Building Typology 43
10.1 Neighborhood Needs Map 181
10.2 Neighborhood Assets Map 182
17.1 Community Coalition Action Theory (CCAT) 315
A4.1 A Ladder of Community Participation in Public Health 438
A7.1 Sample Model for Conducting a Force Field Analysis 450
A7.2 A Simple “SWOT” Analysis Schema 452
A11.1 Policy Bingo 1 463
A11.2 Policy Bingo 2 463
A11.3 Policy Bingo 3 463
Tables
3.1 Key Concepts in Community Organizing and Community
Building 45
4.1 Comparing the Alinsky and Freirian Approaches 70
6.1 Community-Based and Community Development Programming 103
17.1 Constructs and Definitions, Community Coalition Action Theory 316
17.2 Constructs and Related Propositions, Community Coalition
Action Theory 318
22.1 Reframing Tobacco 416
A3.1 Cultural Identity Inventory 430
A3.2 Assessment: Connecting Cultural Identity to Community Practice 434
Boxes
15.1 Popular Internet Tools and Their Effective Use 279
19.1 Sample Resources for Evaluating Community Organizing
and Related Work 356
xiii
