Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Mechanisms of Drug

Resistance, Volume 1, 2nd Edition

Visit the link below to download the full version of this book:

https://medidownload.com/product/antimicrobial-drug-resistance-mechanisms-of-dru
g-resistance-volume-1-2nd-edition/

Click Download Now

Editors
Douglas L. Mayers, M.D. Jack D. Sobel, M.D.
Chief Medical Officer Professor of Medicine
Treiber Therapeutics Dean, Wayne State University School
Cambridge, MA, USA of Medicine
Detroit Medical Center
Marc Ouellette, Ph.D. Detroit, MI, USA
Professor
Canada Research Chair in Antimicrobial Resistance Keith S. Kaye, M.D., M.P.H.
Centre de recherche en Infectiologie Professor of Internal Medicine
University of Laval Director of Clinical Research, Division
Quebec City, Canada of Infectious Diseases
University of Michigan Medical School
Dror Marchaim, M.D. Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Infection Control and Prevention
Unit of Infectious Diseases
Assaf Harofeh Medical Center
Sackler Faculty of Medicine
Tel-Aviv University
Tel Aviv, Israel

ISBN 978-3-319-46716-0    ISBN 978-3-319-46718-4 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-46718-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017930150

© Springer International Publishing AG 2009, 2017

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction
on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation,
computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not
imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and
regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed
to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty,
express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

Antimicrobial drug resistance is a global health problem that continues to expand as micro-
organisms adapt to the antibiotics we use to treat them and as new classes of antimicrobial
agents have been harder to discover and advance into the clinic. The second edition of
Antimicrobial Drug Resistance grew out of a desire by the editors and authors to provide an
updated, comprehensive resource of information on antimicrobial drug resistance that would
encompass the current information available for bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. The two
volumes have been extensively revised with many new authors and chapters as the field of drug
resistance has evolved. We believe that this information will be of value to clinicians, epidemi-
ologists, microbiologists, virologists, parasitologists, public health authorities, medical stu-
dents, and fellows in training. We have endeavored to provide this information in a style that is
accessible to the broad community of persons who are concerned with the impact of drug
resistance in our clinics and across broader global communities.
Antimicrobial Drug Resistance is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 has sections covering
a general overview of drug resistance and mechanisms of drug resistance, first for classes of
drugs and then by individual antimicrobial agents, including those targeting bacteria, fungi,
protozoa, and viruses. Volume 2 addresses clinical, epidemiologic, and public health aspects
of drug resistance, along with an overview of the conduct and interpretation of specific drug
resistance assays. Together, these two volumes offer a comprehensive source of information on
drug resistance issues by the experts in each topic.
We are very grateful to the 197 international experts who have contributed to this textbook
for their patience and support as the work came together. The editors would like to especially
thank Michelle Feng He for her exceptional support and encouragement to the editors in bring-
ing this revised textbook to print. Finally, the book would never have been completed without
the patience and support of our wives and families.

Cambridge, MA, USA Douglas L. Mayers, M.D.

Detroit, MI, USA Jack D. Sobel, M.D.
Québec, Canada Marc Ouellette, M.D.
Ann Arbor, MI, USA Keith S. Kaye, M.D., M.P.H.
Tel Aviv, Israel Dror Marchaim, M.D.

v
Contents

Part I General Overview

1 History of Drug-Resistant Microbes....................................................................... 3

George A. Jacoby
2 Evolutionary Biology of Drug Resistance............................................................... 9
Fernando Baquero and Rafael Cantón
3 Pharmacology of Drug Resistance........................................................................... 37
Elizabeth R. Andrews and Angela Kashuba
4 Drug Development for Drug-Resistant Pathogens................................................. 45
Jacques Dumas, Michael J. Pucci, and Greg Moeck

Part II General Mechanisms of Drug Resistance

5 Genetic Mechanisms of Transfer of Drug Resistance............................................ 61

Paul H. Roy and Sally R. Partridge
6 Mutations as a Basis of Antimicrobial Resistance................................................. 77
Robert A. Bonomo
7 Target-Mediated Antibacterial Resistance............................................................. 89
Liza Valdivia and Louis B. Rice
8 Biochemical Logic of Antibiotic Inactivation and Modification........................... 97
Vanessa M. D’Costa and Gerard D. Wright
9 Antibiotic Resistance due to Reduced Uptake........................................................ 115
Lucía Fernández, Joseph B. McPhee, Sandeep Tamber, Michelle D. Brazas,
Shawn Lewenza, and Robert E.W. Hancock
10 Active Efflux as a Mechanism of Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs.................. 131
Xian-Zhi Li
11 The Functional Resistance of Biofilms.................................................................... 149
Elias K. Manavathu and Jose A. Vazquez

Part III Bacterial Drug Resistance: Mechanisms

12 The Importance of β-Lactamases to the Development of New β-Lactams.......... 165

Karen Bush
13 Penicillin-Binding Proteins and β-Lactam Resistance.......................................... 177
André Zapun, Pauline Macheboeuf, and Thierry Vernet

vii
viii Contents

14 Aminoglycosides: Mechanisms of Action and Resistance..................................... 213

Alisa W. Serio, Maria L. Magalhães, John S. Blanchard, and Lynn E. Connolly
15 Tetracycline and Chloramphenicol Resistance Mechanisms................................ 231
Marilyn C. Roberts and Stefan Schwarz
16 Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Bacteria................................................................. 245
Bryan D. Schindler, Joseph Adrian L. Buensalido, and Glenn W. Kaatz
17 Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance............................................................... 265
George A. Jacoby
18 Resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides, and Streptogramins............................. 269
Vincent Cattoir and Roland Leclercq
19 Mechanisms of Resistance in Metronidazole.......................................................... 281
Shira I. Doron, Kirthana R. Beaulac, Abhay Dhand, and David R. Snydman
20 Glycopeptide-Resistance in Enterococci................................................................. 289
Florence Depardieu and Patrice M. Courvalin
21 Daptomycin Resistance............................................................................................. 307
Jordan R. Smith, Kimberly C. Claeys, Evan J. Zasowski, Juwon Yim,
and Michael J. Rybak
22 Resistance to Linezolid............................................................................................. 319
Eleni Ntokou and Birte Vester
23 Mechanism of the Antibacterial Activity and Resistance of Polymyxins............. 333
Matthew D. Johnson, Roger L. Nation, and Jian Li
24 Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim............................................................................. 345
Ola E. Sköld and Göte Swedberg
25 Mechanisms of Action and Resistance of the Antimycobacterial Agents............. 359
Noton K. Dutta and Petros C. Karakousis

Part IV Fungal Drug Resistance: Mechanisms

26 Amphotericin B: Polyene Resistance Mechanisms................................................ 387

Matthew McCarthy, Elizabeth M. O’Shaughnessy, and Thomas J. Walsh
27 Fungal Drug Resistance: Azoles.............................................................................. 397
Jose L. Lopez-Ribot, Nathan P. Wiederhold, and Thomas F. Patterson
28 Flucytosine Treatment and Resistance Mechanisms............................................. 407
Jyotsna Chandra and Mahmoud A. Ghannoum
29 Echinocandin Resistance.......................................................................................... 415
David S. Perlin
30 Antifungal Targets, Mechanisms of Action, and Resistance
in Candida albicans................................................................................................... 429
Robert A. Akins and Jack D. Sobel

Part V Viral Drug Resistance: Mechanisms

31 Mechanisms of Resistance of Antiviral Drugs Active Against

the Human Herpes Virus.......................................................................................... 479
Clyde S. Crumpacker II
32 Resistance to Influenza Neuraminidase Inhibitors................................................ 491
Hui-Ling Yen
Contents ix

33 Resistance Mechanisms to HIV-1 Nucleoside Reverse

Transcriptase Inhibitors........................................................................................... 503
Brian D. Herman, Robert A. Domaoal, Maryam Ehteshami
and Raymond F. Schinazi
34 HIV-1 Resistance to the Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors......... 521
Nicolas Sluis-Cremer
35 Drug Resistance to HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors: Molecular Mechanisms
and Substrate Coevolution....................................................................................... 535
Nese Kurt Yilmaz and Celia A. Schiffer
36 HIV-1 Entry and Fusion Inhibitors: Mechanisms and Resistance....................... 545
Colin M. Venner, Annette N. Ratcliff, Mathieu Coutu, Andrés Finzi,
and Eric J. Arts
37 HIV-1 Resistance to Integrase Inhibitors............................................................... 559
Ying-Shan Han, Thibault Mesplède, and Mark A. Wainberg
38 The Hepatitis B Virus and Antiviral Drug Resistance: Causes,
Patterns and Mechanisms........................................................................................ 565
Stephen A. Locarnini
39 HCV Drug Resistance............................................................................................... 579
Bianca Heinrich and John P. Bilello

Part VI Parasitic Drug Resistance: Mechanisms

40 Drug Resistance Mechanisms in Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia,

Trichomonas vaginalis, and Opportunistic Anaerobic Protozoa........................... 613
Consuelo Gómez García, Laurence A. Marchat, Lilia López-­Cánovas,
D. Guillermo Pérez, Mario A. Rodríguez, and Esther Orozco
41 Mechanisms of Antimalarial Drug Resistance....................................................... 629
Giancarlo A. Biagini and Stephen A. Ward
42 Drug Resistance in Leishmania................................................................................ 649
Goutam Mandal, Vaidya Govindarajan, Mansi Sharma,
Hiranmoy Bhattacharjee, and Rita Mukhopadhyay
43 Drug Resistance in Trypanosoma brucei................................................................. 667
Fabrice E. Graf and Pascal Mäser
44 Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Toxoplasma gondii......................................... 677
Alexandre Mzabi, Dominique Aubert, and Isabelle Villena
45 Eimeria and Cryptosporidium: Recent Advances in the Therapeutic Field............ 685
Dominique Aubert and Loïc Favennec
46 Drug Resistance in Nematodes................................................................................ 689
Roger K. Prichard
47 Chemotherapy and Drug Resistance in Schistosomiasis and Other
Trematode and Cestode Infections.......................................................................... 705
Robert M. Greenberg and Michael J. Doenhoff
48 Drug Resistance in Ectoparasites of Medical and Veterinary Importance............ 735
Kathryn A. Stafford and Gerald Christopher C. Coles

Index......................................................................................................................................... 745
Contributors

Kamilia Abdelraouf Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria

University, Alexandria, Egypt
Sabeena Ahmed, M.Sc. Senior Research Officer, Infectious Disease Division, International
Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Robert A. Akins, Ph.D. Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State
University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
Barbara D. Alexander, M.D. Professor of Medicine and Pathology, Duke University,
Durham, NC, USA
Elizabeth R. Andrews, Pharm.D. Clinical Scientist, G1 Therapeutics, Research Triangle
Park, NC, USA
Sevtap Arikan-Akdagli, M.D. Professor of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology,
Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
Director, Mycology Laboratory, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
Eric J. Arts, Ph.D. Professor of Microbiology and Immunology, Canada Research Chair on
HIV Pathogenesis and Viral Control, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
Dominique Aubert, Ph.D. Laboratory Parasitology-Mycology, Hospital Maison Blanche
and EA 3800, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
Fernando Baquero, M.D., Ph.D. Research Professor, Biology and Evolution of
Microorganisms, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), CIBERESP, Ramón
y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
Margaret C. Bash, M.D., M.P.H. Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for
Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda,
MD, USA
John D. Baxter, M.D. Division of Infectious Diseases, Cooper University Hospital, Cooper
Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
Gonzalo M.L. Bearman, M.D., M.P.H. Chair, Division of Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology
and Community Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
Professor of Internal Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Richmond, VA,
USA
Kirthana R. Beaulac, Pharm.D. Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
Apostolos Beloukas, M.Sc., Ph.D. Research Associate, Institute of Infection and Global
Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

xi
xii Contributors

Thomas Benfield, M.D., D.M.Sci. Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre University

Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
Michael L. Bennish, M.D. Executive Director, Mpilonhle, Mtubatuba, South Africa
Michel G. Bergeron, O.Q., M.D., F.R.C.P.C. Founder and Director, Centre de recherche en
infectiologie, CHU de Quebec-Université Laval, CHUL, Québec City, QC, Canada
Hiranmoy Bhattacharjee, Ph.D. Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert
Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
Giancarlo A. Biagini, Ph.D. Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School
of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
John P. Bilello, Ph.D. Principal Scientist, Infectious Diseases Biology-Discovery, Merck,
West Point, PA, USA
John S. Blanchard, Ph.D. Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine,
Bronx, NY, USA
Guy Boivin, M.D. Professor of Microbiology, Canada Research Chair on Emerging Viruses
and Antiviral Resistance Research Center in Infectious Diseases, Laval University, Quebec
City, QC, Canada
Robert A. Bonomo, M.D. Professor of Medicine, Pharmacology, Molecular Biology and
Microbiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
Chief, Medical Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veteran Affairs Medical
Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
Vice Chair for Veteran Affairs, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical
Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
Michelle D. Brazas, Ph.D. Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, Toronto,
ON, Canada
Itzhak Brook, M.D., M.Sc. Professor of Pediatrics, Georgetown University School of
Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
Robert W. Buckheit Jr. , Ph.D. ImQuest BioSciences, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
Joseph Adrian L. Buensalido, M.D. Clinical Associate Professor, Section of Infectious
Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of the Philippines—Philippine, General
Hospital Manila, Metro Manila, Philippines
Karen Bush, Ph.D. Professor of Practice, Biotechnology Program, Biology Department,
Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
Gerard Cangelosi, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Lilia López Cánovas, Ph.D. Professor, Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad
Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, México City, Mexico
Rafael Cantón, Ph.D. Director, Department of Microbiology, Ramón y Cajal University
Hospital, Madrid, Spain
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy Complutense, University Madrid, Madrid,
Spain
Jelena Catania, M.D. Infectious Diseases Fellow, Duke University Medical Center, Durham,
NC, USA
Contributors xiii

Vincent Cattoir, Pharm.D., Ph.D. Professor of Clinical Microbiology, Department of

Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Caen University Hospital, University of Caen
Normandie, Caen, France
Jaya Chakravarty, M.B.B.S., M.D. Associate Professor of Medicine, Institute of Medical
Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
Jyotsna Chandra, Ph.D. Senior Research Associate, Center for Medical Mycology,
Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, OH, USA
P.H. Chandrasekar, M.D. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine,
Wayne State University School of Medicine, Harper University Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
Kimberly C. Claeys, Pharm.D. Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Eugene Applebaum
College of Pharmacy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
Gerald C. Coles, M.A. Ph.D., Sc.D. School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol,
Bristol, UK
Lynn E. Connolly, M.D., Ph.D. Achaogen, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San
Francisco, CA, USA
A.J. Cornell School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences and Graham Centre for Agricultural
Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
Patrice M. Courvalin, M.D., F.R.C.P. Unité des Agents Antibactériens, Institut Pasteur,
Paris, France
Mathieu Coutu Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de
Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
Clyde S. Crumpacker II , M.D. Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess
Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Sarah L. Cudmore, B.Sc. Infection Prevention and Control, Public Health Ontario, Ottawa,
ON, Canada
Vanessa M. D’Costa, Ph.D. Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto,
ON, Canada
Florence Depardieu Unité des Agents Antibactériens, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
Nainee Desai, Pharm.D. Medical Affairs Department, Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Lexington,
MA, USA
Abhay Dhand, M.D. Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts
Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
Carlos A. Diaz Granados, M.D., M.S.C.R. Director of Clinical Sciences, Clinical
Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, PA, USA
Michael J. Doenhoff, B.Sc., Ph.D. School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham,
University Park, Nottingham, UK
Yohei Doi, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of
Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
xiv Contributors

Robert A. Domaoal, Ph.D. Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Biochemical

Pharmacology, Center for AIDS Research, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta,
GA, USA
Summer Donovan, M.D. Fellow, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Virginia
Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
Shira I. Doron, M.D. Associate Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine,
Boston, MA, USA
Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA,
USA
Jacques Dumas, Ph.D. Chief Scientific Officer, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, Watertown,
MA, USA
Herbert L. DuPont, M.D. University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
McGovern Medical School, Baylor College of Physicians and Kelsey Research Foundation,
Houston, TX, USA
Noton K. Dutta, Ph.D. Research Associate of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases,
Department of Medicine, Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Maryam Ehteshami, Ph.D. Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical
Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA,
USA
Matthew E. Falagas, M.D., M.Sc., D.Sc. Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences (AIBS),
Athens, Greece
Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
Loïc Favennec, M.D., Ph.D. Professor of Pharmacy, Chief Medical Officer, Laboratory
Parasitology-Mycology, Hospital Charles Nicolle and EA 3800, University of Rouen, Rouen,
France
Lucía Fernández Instituto de Productos Lacteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
Andrés Finzi, Ph.D. Research Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Infectiology
and Immunology, Canada Research Chair on Retroviral Entry, Université de Montréal,
Montreal, QC, Canada
Gary E. Garber, M.D., F.R.C.P.C., F.A.C.P. Infection Prevention and Control, Public Health
Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Consuelo Gómez García, Ph.D. Professor, Programa Institucional de Biomedicina Molecular,
Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía (ENMyH), Instituto Politécnico Nacional,
México City, Mexico
Anna Maria Geretti, M.D., Ph.D., FRCPath. Professor of Virology and Infectious Diseases,
Honorary Consultant in Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Global Health,
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, Ph.D. Professor, Center for Medical Mycology, Department of
Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland,
OH, USA
Vaidya Govindarajan Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim
College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
Contributors xv

Fabrice E. Graf Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Parasite Chemotherapy Unit,
Basel, Switzerland
Robert M. Greenberg, Ph.D. Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Ying-Shan Han, Ph.D. McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical
Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
Robert E.W. Hancock, Ph.D. Canada Research Chair and Professor, Department of
Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Director, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Kimberly E. Hanson, M.D., M.H.S. Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Bianca Heinrich, Ph.D. Senior Scientist, Genomic Assays, Abcam, Inc., Cambridge, MA,
USA
David K. Henderson, M.D. Office of the Deputy Director for Clinical Care, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Brian D. Herman, Ph.D. Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical
Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Veterans
Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
Kathleen L. Horan, M.D. Pulmonary Medicine, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle,
WA, USA
Ann Huletsky, Ph.D. Adjunct Professor, Centre de recherche en infectiologie, CHU de
Quebec-Université Laval, CHUL, Québec City, QC, Canada
Michael G. Ison, M.D., M.S. Associate Professor, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and
Organ Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL,
USA
Michael R. Jacobs, M.D., Ph.D. Professor of Pathology and Medicine, Director of Clinical
Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical
Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
George A. Jacoby, M.D. Associate Professor of Medicine, Part-Time, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, MA, USA
Jisha John, M.D. Fellow, Infectious Diseases, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
Matthew D. Johnson Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
Glenn W. Kaatz, M.D. Associate Chief of Staff, Research and Development, John D. Dingell
VA Medical Center, Professor Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Division of
Infectious Diseases, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
Petros C. Karakousis, M.D. Associate Professor of Medicine, Center for Tuberculosis
Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Angela D.M. Kashuba, B.Sc.Phm., Pharm.D., D.A.B.C.P. Professor and Chair, Division of
Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy University
of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
xvi Contributors

David E. Katz, M.D., M.P.H. Director, Internal Medicine Department ‘D’, Shaare Zedek
Medical Center, Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
Wasif A Khan, M.B.B.S., M.H.S. Scientist, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre
for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Keith P. Klugman, M.D., Ph.D. Director, Pneumonia, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation,
Seattle, WA, USA
Joseph Kovacs, M.D. Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen
University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
Sebastian G. Kurz, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of
Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
Jannik-Helweg Larsen, M.D. Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet,
Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
Roland Leclercq, M.D., Ph.D. Professor of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Clinical
Microbiology, Caen University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Caen Normandie,
Caen, France
Danielle Légaré, Ph.D. Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du CHU de Québec, Université
Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
Donald P. Levine, M.D. Professor of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
Shawn Lewenza, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Faculty of Science and Technology, Athabasca
University, Athabasca, AB, Canada
Jennifer Li, B.Sc. (Hons) Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Jian Li, Ph.D. Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
Xian-Zhi Li, M.D., Ph.D Team Leader, Human Safety Division, Veterinary Drugs Directorate,
Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Stephen A. Locarnini, MBBS, BSc (Hon), PhD, FRCPath. Head Research and Molecular
Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute,
Melbourne, Australia
Jose L. Lopez-Ribot, Pharm.D., Ph.D. Department of Biology and South Texas Center for
Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
R. Dwayne Lunsford, Ph.D. Integrative Biology and Infectious Diseases Branch,
Microbiology Program, NIDCR: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research,
Bethesda, MD, USA
Joseph D. Lutgring, M.D. Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases,
Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
Pauline Macheboeuf, Ph.D. Senior Scientist, Institute for Structural Biology, CNRS, CEA,
Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
Maria L. Magalhães Department of Food and Animal Production State University of Santa
Catarina, Lages, SC, Brazil
Elias K. Manavathu, Ph.D. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine,
Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
Contributors xvii

Goutam Mandal, Ph.D. Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert

Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
Laurence A. Marchat, Ph.D. Professor, Programa Institucional de Biomedicina Molecular,
Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía (ENMyH), Instituto Politécnico Nacional,
México City, Mexico
Pascal Mäser, Ph.D. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Parasite Chemotherapy Unit,
Basel, Switzerland
Henry Masur, M.D. Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Kathryn A. Matthias, Ph.D. Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics
Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
Douglas L. Mayers, M.D. Chief Medical Officer, Treiber Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
Matthew McCarthy, M.D. Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Weill
Cornell Center, New York, NY, USA
Patrick F. McDermott, M.S., Ph.D. Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research,
U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
Lesley McGee, Ph.D. Microbiologist, Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
John E. McGowan Jr. , M.D. Professor, Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of
Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
Joseph B. McPhee, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry and Biology,
Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Francis Mégraud, M.D. National Reference Center for Campylobacters and Helicobacters,
University Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
Thibault Mesplède, Ph.D. McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical
Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
Melissa B. Miller, Ph.D., D.(A.B.M.M.) Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, UNC
School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Greg Moeck, Ph.D. Vice President, Biology, The Medicines Company, Saint-Laurent, QC,
Canada
Stephen A. Morse, M.S.P.H., Ph.D. Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental
Diseases, National Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (Retired), Atlanta, GA, USA
Rita Mukhopadhyay, Ph.D. Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert
Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
Alexandre Mzabi, M.D. Laboratory Parasitology-Mycology, Hospital Maison Blanche and
EA 3800, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
Roger L. Nation, Ph.D. Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
Eleni Ntokou, Ph.D. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of
Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Esther Orozco, Ph.D. Professor, Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular,
CINVESTAV, IPN, México City, Mexico
xviii Contributors

Elizabeth M. O’Shaughnessy, M.D. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food
and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
Marc Ouellette, Ph.D. Professor, Canada Research Chair in Antimicrobial Resistance,
Centre de recherche en Infectiologie, University of Laval, Quebec City, Canada
Tara N. Palmore, M.D. Hospital Epidemiology Service, National Institute of Allergy and
Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Neil T. Parkin, Ph.D. Executive Director, Data First Consulting, Inc., Belmont, CA, USA
Sally R. Partridge, D.Phil. Principal Research Fellow, Centre for Infectious Diseases and
Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and
Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
David L. Paterson, M.D., Ph.D. University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research,
Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
Thomas F. Patterson, M.D., F.A.C.P., F.I.D.S.A. Department of Medicine, Division of
Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Science, Center at San Antonio and Audie
Murphy Division, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
Federico Perez, M.D. Medicine and Research Services, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department
of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine,
Cleveland, OH, USA
D. Guillermo Pérez Ishiwara, Ph.D. Professor, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología
Aplicada (CIBA), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
John R. Perfect, M.D. James B. Duke Professor of Medicine, Chief, Division of Infectious
Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
David S. Perlin, Ph.D. Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers,
The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Jocelyne Piret, Ph.D. Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU de Québec and Université,
Laval, QC, Canada
Bruno Pradines, Pharm.D., Ph.D. Unité de Parasitologie et d’Entomologie, Département
des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny sur Orge,
France
Roger K. Prichard, Ph.D. Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, St. Anne de Bellevue,
QC, Canada
Michael J. Pucci, Ph.D. Executive Director, Spero Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
Annette N. Ratcliff, Ph.D. Technology Licensing Manager, Ohio State University, Columbus,
OH, USA
Jacqueline D. Reeves, Ph.D. Director, Monogram Biosciences, Laboratory Corporation of
America® Holdings, South San Francisco, CA, USA
John H. Rex, M.D. Senior Vice President and Chief Strategy Officer, AstraZeneca Infection
Business Unit, Waltham, MA, USA
Katherine Reyes, M.D., M.P.H. Corporate Medical Director, Infection Prevention and
Control, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
Senior Staff Physician, Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
Louis B. Rice, M.D. Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
Contributors xix

Marilyn C. Roberts, Ph.D. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences,

School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Mario Alberto Rodríguez, Ph.D. Professor, Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis
Molecular, CINVESTAV, IPN, México City, Mexico
Paul H. Roy, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Centre de recherche en Infectiologie, Université
Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
William A. Rutala, Ph.D., M.P.H. Department of Hospital Epidemiology, UNC Health Care
System, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Division of Infectious Diseases, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Michael J. Rybak, Pharm.D., M.P.H. Director, Professor of Pharmacy and Adjunct Professor
of Medicine, Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy
and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
Max Salfinger, M.D. Executive Director, Advanced Diagnostic Laboratories,
Mycobacteriology and Pharmacokinetics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
Nicholas C. Sangster, B.Sc.(Vrt.), B.F.Sc., Ph.D. School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences,
Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
Celia A. Schiffer, Ph.D. Professor and Director, Institute of Drug Resistance, Department of
Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School,
Worcester, MA, USA
Raymond F. Schinazi, Ph.D., D.Sc. Frances Winship Walters Professor of Pediatrics, Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics,
Emory University School of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
Bryan D. Schindler, Ph.D. Microbiologist II, NSF International, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Stefan Schwarz, Ph.D. Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI),
Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
Alisa W. Serio, Ph.D. Achaogen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
Mansi Sharma, Ph.D. Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim
College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
Ola E. Sköld, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala
University, Uppsala, Sweden
Nicolas Sluis-Cremer, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine,
Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,
USA
Jeffrey D. Smith, M.Sc. Infection Prevention and Control, Public Health Ontario, Ottawa,
ON, Canada
Jordan R. Smith, Pharm.D. Assistant Professor of Clinical Sciences, High Point University
School of Pharmacy, High Point, NC, USA
David R. Snydman, M.D., F.A.C.P. Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of
Medicine and Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center,
Boston, MA, USA
Jack D. Sobel, M.D. Professor of Medicine, Dean, Wayne State University School of
Medicine, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
xx Contributors

Akos Somoskovi, M.D., Ph.D., D.Sc. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Skaraborg

Hospital, Skövde, Sweden
Kathryn A. Stafford, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Research Assistant, Department of Clinical
Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, UK
Judith N. Steenbergen, Ph.D. Executive Director Clinical Microbiology, Cubist
Pharmaceuticals, Lexington, MA, USA
Shyam Sundar, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.N.A. Professor of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences,
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
Göte Swedberg, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Medical Biochemistry and
Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Vincent H. Tam, Pharm.D. Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research,
University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA
Sandeep Tamber, Ph.D. Research Scientist, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada,
Ottawa, ON, Canada
Fred C. Tenover, Ph.D. D.(A.B.M.M.) Vice President, Scientific Affairs, Cepheid, Sunnyvale,
CA, USA
Kyriakos K. Trigkidis, M.D. Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences (AIBS), Athens, Greece
Liza Valdivia, M.D. Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
Jose A. Vazquez, M.D. Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Professor of Medicine,
Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
Colin M. Venner Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London,
ON, Canada
Thierry Vernet, Ph.D. Group Head, Institute for Structural Biology, CNRS, CEA, Université
Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
Birte Vester, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Isabelle Villena, M.D. Professor of Medicine, Chief Medical Officer, Laboratory Parasitology-­
Mycology, Hospital Maison Blanche and EA 3800, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne,
Reims, France
Erhard Van der Vries, Ph.D. Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses,
University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
Mark A. Wainberg, Ph.D. McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical
Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
Thomas J. Walsh, M.D. Department of Pediatrics and Transplantation-Oncology Infectious
Diseases Program, Weill Cornell Center, New York, NY, USA
Stephen A. Ward, Ph.D. Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of
Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
David J. Weber, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Hospital Epidemiology, UNC Health Care
System, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Division of Infectious Diseases, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Linda M. Weigel, Ph.D. Principal Investigator, Biodefense Research and Development
Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
Contributors xxi

L. Joseph Wheat, M.D. Medical Director, MiraVista Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA
Jean M. Whichard, D.V.M., Ph.D. Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental
Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
Nathan P. Wiederhold, Pharm.D. Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health
Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
Rob G. Woodgate, BSc, BVMS (Hons), PhD (Murd) Senior Lecturer in Veterinary
Parasitology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga
Wagga, NSW, Australia
Gerard D. Wright, Ph.D. Professor of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster
University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Director of Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster
University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Hui-Ling Yen, Ph.D. School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of
Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Nese Kurt Yilmaz, Ph.D. Research Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
Juwon Yim, Pharm.D. Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Eugene Applebaum College of
Pharmacy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
André Zapun, Ph.D. Senior Scientist, Institute for Structural Biology, CNRS, CEA,
Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
Evan J. Zasowski, Pharm.D., M.P.H. Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Eugene
Applebaum College of Pharmacy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
Marcus Zervos, M.D. Division Head, Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Health System,
Detroit, MI, USA
Professor of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA