The Kelalis King Belman Textbook of Clinical Pediatric

Urology - 6th Edition

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The Kelalis–King–Belman
Textbook of Clinical Pediatric Urology
Sixth Edition

Editor-in-Chief

Steven G. Docimo
Senior Editors

Douglas A. Canning
Antoine E. Khoury
Joao Luiz Pippi Salle
Editors

Paul F. Austin Paul A. Merguerian

Douglas E. Coplen Michael C. Ost
Hillary L. Copp John M. Park
Armando J. Lorenzo Hans G. Pohl
Study Guide Editors

C.D. Anthony Herndon

Aseem R. Shukla
CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Docimo, Steven G., editor. | Canning, Douglas, editor. | El-Khoury, Antoine E., editor. | Salle, Joao Luiz Pippi, editor.
Title: The Kelalis-King-Belman textbook of clinical pediatric urology / [edited by] Steven G. Docimo, Douglas Canning, Antoine
Khoury, Joao Luiz Pippi Salle.
Other titles: Textbook of clinical pediatric urology
Description: Sixth edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017014561 (print) | LCCN 2017015866 (ebook) | ISBN 9781315113982 (General eBook) | ISBN 9781482239713
(Adobe Reader eBook) | ISBN 9781498715997 (ePub3 eBook) | ISBN 9781351626118 (Mobipocket eBook) | ISBN 9781482219470
(hardback : alk. paper)
Subjects: | MESH: Urologic Diseases | Child | Infant
Classification: LCC RJ466 (ebook) | LCC RJ466 (print) | NLM WS 320 | DDC 618.92/6--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017014561

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 Contents   v

Contents

Videos ix
Preface xiii
Editors xv
Contributors xvii

SECTION 1: Evaluation of the Pediatric Urologic Patient 1

1. History and Physical Examination of the Child 3
Anton Wintner and T. Ernesto Figueroa
2. Laboratory Assessment of the Pediatric Urologic Patient 28
Paul F. Austin and Elizabeth B. Roth
3. Fetal Urology and Prenatal Diagnosis 35
Joao Luiz Pippi Salle and Rodrigo L. P. Romao
4. In-Office Ultrasonography 54
Dennis B. Liu and Max Maizels
5. Pediatric Renal Nuclear Medicine 70
Reza Vali and Martin Charron
6. Prenatal and Postnatal Urologic Emergencies 100
Fernando Ferrer and Patrick H. McKenna
7. Urinary Tract Infections in Children 148
Dana C. Rice, H. Gil Rushton, and Hans G. Pohl
8. Fungal, Parasitic, and Other Inflammatory Diseases of the Genitourinary Tract 212
Aviva Weinberg and William A. Kennedy II
9. Anesthesia and Pain Management for the Pediatric Urology Patient 234
Abraham Rosenbaum, Debra E. Morrison, Shalini Shah, and Zeev N. Kain
10. Office Pediatric Urology 248
Patrick C. Cartwright, Siam Oottamasathien, and Brent W. Snow
11. Principles of Minimally Invasive Surgery 261
Walid A. Farhat and Pasquale Casale
12. Pediatric Fluid Management 271
William Waldrop and Jake Christensen
13. Problems with Transitional Care 279
Dan Wood
14. Embryology of the Genitourinary Tract 285
Steven E. Lerman, Irene M. McAleer, Alan L. Kaplan, and George W. Kaplan

SECTION 2: The Adrenal 289

15. Adrenal or Suprarenal Gland Development 291
Steven E. Lerman, Irene M. McAleer, Alan L. Kaplan, and George W. Kaplan
16. Radiological Assessment of the Adrenal 295
Kourosh Afshar, Douglas H. Jamieson, and Andrew E. MacNeily
17. Adrenal Tumors and Functional Consequences 303
Melanie I. Morris, Julie Franc-Guimond, and Anne-Marie Houle
18. Surgery of the Adrenal in Pediatric Patients 312
Jennifer E. Reifsnyder and Dix P. Poppas

v
vi  Contents

SECTION 3: The Kidney 323

19. Basic Science of the Kidney 325
Heidi A. Stephany, John C. Thomas, and John C. Pope IV
20. Renal Vasculature and Kidney 337
Steven E. Lerman, Irene M. McAleer, Alan L. Kaplan, and George W. Kaplan
21. Renal Anomalies 348
Gino J. Vricella, Douglas E. Coplen, Paul F. Austin, and Elizabeth B. Roth
22. Fetal and Neonatal Renal Function 367
Rakesh Rao and Akshaya J. Vachharajani
23. Cystic Kidney Disease 381
Roshan P. George and Larry A. Greenbaum
24. Acute Kidney Injury 411
Lawrence Copelovitch
25. Renal Transplantation 419
Alexander C. Small and Shumyle Alam
26. Renal Calculus Disease 431
Pramod P. Reddy and Eugene Minevich
27. Endourology for Stone Disease 442
Janelle A. Fox and Michael C. Ost
28. Renal Parenchymal Imaging in Children 470
Daniel B. Herz
29. Assessment of Renal Obstructive Disorders: Ultrasound, Nuclear Medicine, and Magnetic
Resonance Imaging 495
James M. Elmore, Wolfgang H. Cerwinka, and Andrew J. Kirsch
30. Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction and Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney: Surgical Management 505
Michael C. Carr and Aseem R. Shukla
31. Laparoscopic and Robotic Nephrectomy and Pyeloplasty 515
Daniel Avery and Thomas Lendvay
32. Wilms’ Tumor 525
Kristen Scarpato, Patrick H. McKenna, and Fernando Ferrer
33. Surgical Approaches for Pediatric and Adolescent Renal Tumors 548
Victor H. Figueroa and Armando J. Lorenzo
34. Upper Urinary Tract Trauma 562
Ardavan Akhavan and Paul A. Merguerian

SECTION 4: The Ureter 573

35. The Ureter 575
Martin Kaefer
36. Ureteral Development 585
Steven E. Lerman, Irene M. McAleer, Alan L. Kaplan, and George W. Kaplan
37. The Imaging of Vesicoureteral Reflux and Ureteral Disease 588
David A. Diamond, Jeanne S. Chow, and Frederick D. Grant
38. Ureteral Anomalies and Their Surgical Management 604
Kathleen Kieran and Christopher S. Cooper
39. Megaureter 610
David B. Joseph
40. Ureteral Duplication Anomalies: Ectopic Ureters and Ureteroceles 625
Michael A. Keating
 Contents   vii

41. Laparoscopic Management of Duplication Anomalies 678

Aaron D. Martin and Craig A. Peters
42. Vesicoureteral Reflux: Etiology—Anatomical and Functional 685
Nina F. Casanova and John M. Park
43. Nonsurgical Management of Vesicoureteral Reflux 693
Jack S. Elder and Mireya Diaz
44. Surgery for Vesicoureteral Reflux 708
John W. Brock III and Douglass B. Clayton
45. Minimally Invasive Approaches to Correct Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux 721
Molly E. Fuchs, Ahmad Z. Mohammed, Daniel G. Dajusta, and Venkata R. Jayanthi
46. Injection Therapy for Vesicoureteral Reflux 729
Anthony A. Caldamone

SECTION 5: The Bladder and Prostate 749

47. Basic Science of Prostatic Development 751
Ellen Shapiro and Hongying Huang
48. Basic Science of the Urinary Bladder 761
Darius J. Bägli and Karen J. Aitken
49. Embryology of the Anterior Abdominal Wall, Bladder, and Proximal Urethra 774
Steven E. Lerman, Irene M. McAleer, Alan L. Kaplan, and George W. Kaplan
50. Radiologic Assessment of Bladder Disorders 780
Douglas E. Coplen
51. Urodynamics of the Lower Urinary Tract 788
William E. Kaplan and Edward Gong
52. Neurological Control of Storage and Voiding 803
Julian Wan and Kate H. Kraft
53. Neurogenic Voiding Dysfunction and Functional Voiding Disorders: Evaluation and Nonsurgical
Management 820
Emilie K. Johnson and Stuart B. Bauer
54. Diurnal and Nocturnal Enuresis 853
Mark Horowitz
55. Constipation and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms 873
Nicol Corbin Bush, Anjana Shah, Karen Pritzker, Janelle Traylor, and Shabina Walji-Virani
56. Operations for the Weak Bladder Outlet 884
Anthony J. Casale
57. Bladder Augmentation: Current and Future Techniques 911
Bradley P. Kropp, Dominic Frimberger, and Earl Y. Cheng
58. Urinary Diversion 949
Peter D. Metcalfe and Richard C. Rink
59. The Malone Antegrade Continence Enema (MACE) 980
Joseph M. Gleason, P. S. J. Malone, and Martin A. Koyle
60. Minimally Invasive Approaches to Lower Urinary Tract Reconstruction 990
Glenn Cannon, Steven G. Docimo, and Christina Kim
61. Genitourinary Rhabdomyosarcoma and Other Bladder Tumors 1000
Paul A. Merguerian, Lisa Cartwright, and Antoine E. Khoury
62. Exstrophy and Epispadias 1029
Linda A. Baker and Richard W. Grady
63. Unusual Conditions of the Bladder, Including Bladder Trauma, Urachal Anomalies,
and Bladder Diverticula 1076
Pablo Gomez III and Marc Cendron
viii  Contents

64. Posterior Urethral Valves 1087

Stephen A. Zderic and Douglas A. Canning
65. Prune Belly Syndrome 1108
Andrew W. Stamm, Steven J. Skoog, and R. Guy Hudson
66. Surgical Excision of Urachal Anomalies 1135
Heidi A. Stephany, Jathin Bandari, and Steven G. Docimo

SECTION 6: Urethra, External Genitalia, and Retroperitoneum 1139

67. Basic Science of the Genitalia 1141
Laurence S. Baskin
68. Basic Science of the Testis 1150
Julia Spencer Barthold
69. Gonads, Genital Ducts, and Genitalia 1166
Steven E. Lerman, Irene M. McAleer, Alan L. Kaplan, and George W. Kaplan
70. Disorders of Sex Development 1173
Joao Luiz Pippi Salle and Rodrigo L. P. Romao
71. Anorectal Malformations and Cloaca 1195
Andrea Bischoff, William R. DeFoor, Curtis A. Sheldon, and Alberto Peña
72. Surgery for Intersex Disorders and Urogenital Sinus 1215
Mark C. Adams, Romano T. DeMarco, and John C. Thomas
73. Hypospadias 1232
Warren T. Snodgrass and Nicol Corbin Bush
74. Pediatric Urethral Trauma and Stricture 1259
Nadya M. Cinman, Jack W. McAninch, and Benjamin N. Breyer
75. Abnormalities of the Penis and Scrotum 1268
Gregory P. McLennan, Kevin M. Feber, and Evan J. Kass
76. Penile Replacement Surgery 1297
Piet Hoebeke and Stan Monstrey
77. Hernia, Hydrocele, Testicular Torsion, and Varicocele 1313
Hiep T. Nguyen and Guilherme Rossini
78. Minimally Invasive Management of Inguinal Hernias 1334
Nicholas G. Cost and Paul H. Noh
79. Cryptorchidism 1345
Thomas F. Kolon and Gregory E. Tasian
80. Surgical Treatment 1359
Daniel P. Casella, Steven G. Docimo, and Francis X. Schneck
81. Testicular and Paratesticular Tumors in Children 1370
Lynn L. Woo and Jonathan H. Ross
82. Tumors of the Retroperitoneum 1381
Gordon A. McLorie and Guy Hidas

SECTION 7: Looking to the Future 1401

83. Tissue Engineering for Pediatric Urology 1403
Steve J. Hodges and Anthony Atala
84. Study Designs and Hierarchy of Evidence 1414
Luis H. P. Braga, Melissa McGrath, and Armando J. Lorenzo

Study Guide Questions 1423

Index 1431
 Videos   ix

Videos
Videos pertaining to this book can be accessed online captioned in the text of the book itself, and those compris-
at www.crcpress.com/cw/Docimo. The content of these ing a separate Atlas created by Pippi La Salle.
videos can be broken into two categories: those cited and

VIDEOS FROM THE TEXT

No. Title

Chapter 1: History and Physical Examination of the Child

1.1 Penile measurement.

Chapter 4: In-Office Ultrasonography

4.1 Infant pop pyeloplasty.
4.2 Strategy to deconstruct normal ultrasound images.
4.3 Strategy to deconstruct duplication.

Chapter 11: Principles of Minimally Invasive Surgery

11.1a Describes abrupt changes in physiological parameters prior to CO2 insufflation.
11.1b Describes abrupt changes in physiological parameters after CO2 insufflation.
11.2 Simple access through the umbilical ligament and fascial purse-string suture application.
11.3a Depicts access for two single-port devices that are available commercially: GelPOINT from Applied Medical.
11.3b Depicts access for two single-port devices that are available commercially: SILS port from Covidien.
11.4a Animation depicting the different anatomical details and trocar positions.
11.4b Retroperitoneal access–note the anteriority of Gerota's fascia and posteriority of the psoas muscle.

Chapter 27: Endourology for Stone Disease

27.1 Mini-Perc technique.

Chapter 31: Laparoscopic and Robotic Nephrectomy and Pyeloplasty

31.1 Port placement for child renal surgery. Demonstration of port positions access, securing ports, intra-abdominal views, and
orientation to target pathology.
31.2 Right robotic pyeloplasty with conventional laparoscopic exposure.
31.3 Left robotic pyeloplasty.

Chapter 39: Megaureter

39.1 Megaureter MRU.

Chapter 45: Minimally Invasive Approaches to Correct Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux

45.1 Laparoscopic Extravesical Ureteral Reimplant.
45.2 Laparoscopic Vesicoscopic Reimplant.
45.3 Robotic Ureteral Reimplant.

Chapter 53: Neurogenic Voiding Dysfunction and Functional Voiding Disorders: Evaluation and Nonsurgical Management
53.1 Bladder Botox™ procedure.

Chapter 66: Surgical Excision of Urachal Anomalies

66.1 Excision of urachal remnant in 15 month child using the open scarless surgical technique.

Chapter 71: Anorectal Malformations and Cloaca

71.1 Cine rotational fluoroscopic imaging of a cloaca patient with a 3 cm common channel.
71.2 Cine rotational fluoroscopic imaging of a cloaca patient with a 3.5 cm common channel.

ix
x  Videos

71.3 Cine rotational fluoroscopic imaging of a cloaca patient with a 4 cm common channel.
71.4 Cine rotational fluoroscopic imaging of a cloaca patient with a 5 cm common channel.
71.5 Cine rotational fluoroscopic imaging of a cloaca patient with a less than 2 cm common channel.

Chapter 75: Abnormalities of the Penis and Scrotum

75.1 Laparoscopic ligation for correction of varicocele.

Chapter 78: Minimally Invasive Management of Inguinal Hernias

78.1 Transperitoneal laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair in a female infant.
78.2 Standard transperitoneal laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair.
78.3 One-trocar laparoscopic-assisted extracorporeal hernia closure.

Chapter 79: Cryptorchidism

79.1 Untitled.

VIDEO ATLAS BY PIPPI LA SALLE

No. Title

I—Bladder Surgery
I.1 Bladder neck–Pippi technique.
I.2 Bladder exstrophy variant.
I.3 BN injection after PS procedure.
I.4 Female bladder exstrophy.
I.5 Male bladder exstrophy.
I.6 Open excision of urachal cyst.
I.7 Redo bladder exstrophy.
I.8 Uretocelectomy and right ureteral reimplantation.

II—Female Genitalia
II.1 Cloacal anomaly in female with prune belly syndrome.
II.2 Female epispadias.
II.3 Female epispadias perineal (converted).
II.4 Feminizing genitoplasty.

III—Kidney Surgery
III.1 Dismembered reductive pyeloplasty.
III.2 Excision of Wilms tumor.
III.3 Left open partial nephrectomy.
III.4 Open partial nephrectomy.

IV—Male Genitalia
IV.1 Correction of primary peno-public epispadias.
IV.2 Correction of peno-pubic epispadias (post-exstrophy).
IV.3 Penoplasty for buried penis.
IV.4 1st stage hypospadias repair with preputial graft.
IV.5 2nd stage hypospadias repair with bilateral orchiopexies & lipectomy.
IV.6 Dorsal inlay tip repair & right orchidopexy.
IV.7 Hypospadias redo using dorsal inlay TIP.
IV.8 Hypospadias redo with buccal mucosa.
IV.9 Hypospadias with preputial inlay TIP.
IV.10 Tubularized incised urethral plate (TIP repair).
 Videos   xi

IV.11 Inguinal orchiopexy.

IV.12 Complete urethral duplication alternative approach for penile and ventral urethra.
IV.13 ASTRA for urethral duplication.

V—Transplantation
V.1 Kidney transplant.
V.2 Left renal auto-transplant and right aorto-renal bypass.

VI—Ureteral Surgery
VI.1 Left tapered ureteral reimplant.
VI.2 Left extravesical ureteral plication and reimplantation.
 Preface   xiii

Preface
We are honored to again have the opportunity to edit The text will again be accompanied by a study guide.
the Sixth Edition of the “Kelalis, King and Belman,” the We hope that this will prove helpful to urology and pedi-
standard text in Pediatric Urology for four decades. The atric urology trainees, but also to all of us who need to
title of the Fifth Edition was changed to The Kelalis– prepare for certification or recertification examinations in
King–Belman Textbook of Clinical Pediatric Urology to Pediatric Urology—a subspecialty certification that was
commemorate the original editors. Our great friends and only in the planning stages when our last Edition was pub-
mentors Barry Belman and Lowell King were very helpful lished. We would like to thank the authors and editors
in orienting us to the prior edition. We are saddened at the for contributing to these questions, which add significant
loss since then of Dr. King, who with the late Panayotis effort above and beyond completing a chapter.
Kelalis cannot see the current fruits of their original As always, this is intended as a reference work, but not
vision. We hope that the current text continues to build on necessarily the last word. We have tried to present contro-
that vision in ways that would make them proud. versy where it exists, but in the end all recommendations
The specialty of pediatric urology continues to change are made based on the experience and best belief of the
rapidly, and we hope that the new format of the text, with authors. The authors have been chosen in every case for
an emphasis on web-based resources, will reflect that. their expertise, experience and rationality. Although we, as
Much open surgery that was transitioned to laparoscopic editors, may not have agreed with everything our authors
or endoscopic surgery is now approached using the surgi- have stated, we consider each of them a master in their area,
cal robot. Availability of “big data” that crosses institu- and have tried to minimize our influence on their message.
tions, states and nations is allowing sophisticated health The change that has had the most profound impact on
services researchers in our field to understand trends, iden- the Sixth Edition is the addition of a group of editors to
tify risk factors, and provide advice for new pathways of the team who represent the best and brightest in Pediatric
care. This provides the potential to get the right care only Urology. These are the individuals who worked directly
to those who need it, increasing effectiveness and decreas- with the authors, primarily edited the manuscripts, chased
ing cost. Advances in understanding of hormone receptor down the videos and assured appropriate formatting, and
signaling and urothelial-mesenchymal interactions are dealt with the many technical potholes that characterized
suggesting new forms of preventive therapy for develop- this long journey. Our hats are off to Drs. Austin, Coplen,
mental anomalies in the future. Emergence of population Copp, Herndon, Lorenzo, Merguerian, Ost, Park, Pohl,
health thinking is forcing us to reconsider the ways that and Shukla, without whose efforts this book does not exist.
we evaluate and treat common conditions, such as urinary We are especially indebted to our publisher, Ms.
tract infection and prenatally detected hydronephrosis. In Miranda Bromage of Taylor & Francis, who picked up
short, our field is beginning to look rather sophisticated. the pieces of a technical disaster, and with the able help
We kept the general organization of the prior edition, of Cherry Allen reassembled this complicated project
starting with chapters of general interest, and then pro- from beginning to end to make it something better than
ceeding through each of the systems or anatomical areas it would have been in the first place. We also thank Kyle
of interest to urologists, and including chapters on basic Meyer at CRC Press/Taylor & Francis and Nick Barber
science research to point the way to future clinical appli- at Nova Techset for their professional work on this book.
cations. New to this edition, and nearly unique in scope,
we have added a video-based surgical atlas, edited by Joao Steven G. Docimo
Luiz Pippi Salle, which can be viewed as a stand-alone Douglas A. Canning
compendium or linked from the individual chapters. As in Antoine E. Khoury
the prior edition, we are indebted to our returning authors Joao Luiz Pippi Salle
and to our many new authors who have infused the text
with their energetic contributions.

xiii
 Editors   xv

Editors
Dr. Steven G. Docimo, MD, MMM, earned his MD in the care of children with complex urological conditions
from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, such as bladder and cloacal exstrophy, hypospadias, pos-
trained in general surgery and urology at Naval Hospital, terior urethral valves and genital anomalies in both sexes.
Bethesda, Georgetown University, and the Harvard
Program in Urology at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Dr. Antoine Khoury, MD, FRCSC, FAAP, is the chief
and completed an AUA Scholars Research Fellowship in of pediatric urology and, with more than 25 years of
the Department of Urology at the Children’s Hospital, experience, leads the CHOC (Community Housing
Boston. He completed pediatric urology training at the Opportunities Corporation) Children’s Urology Center.
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, where he remained on He is a professor of urology at University of California,
faculty and was named Professor with Tenure. He was later Irvine (UCI) and the Walter R. Schmid endowed chair in
chief of the Division of Pediatric Urology at the University pediatric urology at UCI.
of Pittsburgh School of Medicine for 11 years and founded Dr. Khoury completed his residency training at the
the Pittsburgh pediatric urology fellowship program. He University of Toronto and did his fellowship training in
served as chief medical officer for the Children’s Hospital pediatric urology at The Hospital for Sick Children in
of Pittsburgh of UPMC (University of Pittsburgh Medical Toronto, under Dr. B. Churchill. Dr. Khoury has also spent
Center), a position he held for more than 10 years, while time at the University of Calgary carrying out research
also serving as vice president for Pediatric Subspecialty in infection and biomaterials. His work there resulted in
Services within the University of Pittsburgh Physicians, several publications and a patent award on the bioelectric
and President of Children’s Community Pediatrics. He mechanism to eliminate bacterial biofilms. He then joined
is currently senior vice president, Clinical Operations the faculty of the division of urology at the Hospital for
for National Relationships for the Children’s Hospital Sick Children in Toronto and was the division head from
of Philadelphia. He has authored more than 300 papers, 1995 to 2008 before coming to CHOC Children’s Urology
abstracts, videos, books, and book chapters. Center.
Dr. Khoury has published more than 200 peer-reviewed
Douglas A. Canning, MD, is chief of the Division of Urology publications and 60 book chapters. He has delivered over
at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and a professor of 160 lectures as a visiting professor or invited speaker at
urology in surgery at the Perelman School of Medicine at both international and national levels.
the University of Pennsylvania. He holds the Leonard and
Madlyn Abramson endowed chair in pediatric urology. Dr. Joao Luiz Pippi Salle is the division chief of urology
Dr. Canning earned his medical degree from Dartmouth at Sidra Medical and Research Center in Doha, Qatar. He
Medical School. He completed his general urological resi- was the former chief of urology of the Montreal Children’s
dency training at the National Naval Medical Center in Hospital as well as at the Toronto Sick Kids Hospital,
Bethesda, Maryland. He then completed his pediatric uro- in Canada. He was the inaugural chair of urology and
logical fellowship training at The James B. Brady Urological regenerative medicine at Sick Kids Hospital, University
Institute at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Following a four- of Toronto. Dr. Pippi Salle is a pediatric urologist with
year military tour during which he was director of pedi- special interest in genito-urinary reconstruction. He is
atric urology at the Naval Medical Center, San Diego, he an innovative surgeon who developed new techniques
returned to the east coast and joined the urology staff at for the correction of urinary incontinence, differences
CHOP in 1992. In 1997, Dr. Canning was appointed direc- of sex development, exstrophy/epispadias complex, and
tor of the Division of Urology at CHOP. Shortly after his hypospadias. He published numerous papers and book
appointment, he was named to the Leonard and Madlyn chapters and has been a visiting professor in 35 coun-
Abramson chair in pediatric urologic research. tries. He is dedicated to teaching having completed the
He is author or coauthor of more than 100 peer- Education Scholarship Program and served as the direc-
reviewed publications, three textbooks, and more than tor of Continued Medical Education in the Department of
500 editorials in urology. He is a member of the Urological Surgery at the University of Toronto. Dr. Pippi Salle is also
Survey Editorial Committee for the Journal of Urology. committed to International teaching in several countries
He is an internationally recognized expert in all areas of where he developed several successful workshops in recon-
pediatric reconstructive urology with a particular interest structive pediatric urology.

xv
 Contributors   xvii

Contributors
Mark C. Adams, MD, FAAP Jathin Bandari, MD
Division of Pediatric Urologic Surgery University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Nashville, Tennessee
Julia Spencer Barthold, MD
Kourosh Afshar, MD, MHSc, FRCSC Nemours Biomedical Research and Division of Urology
Department of Urology Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children
University of British Columbia Wilmington, Delaware
BC Children’s Hospital
Vancouver, Canada and
Urology and Pediatrics
Karen J. Aitken, PhD Thomas Jefferson University
Divisions of Urology and Developmental and Stem Cell Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Biology
Research Institute
Hospital for Sick Children Laurence S. Baskin, MD
Toronto, Canada Frank Hinman, Jr., MD, Distinguished Professorship in
Pediatric Urology
Ardavan Akhavan, MD Chief Pediatric Urology
Institute for Pediatric Urology Department of Urology
Komansky Children’s Hospital UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals
and University of California
Department of Urology San Francisco, California
New York Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical
Center Stuart B. Bauer, MD
New York City, New York Department of Urology
Boston Children’s Hospital
Shumyle Alam, MD Boston, Massachusetts
Department of Urology
Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital Darius J. Bägli, MDCM, FRCSC, FAAP, FACS
New York Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Divisions of Urology and Developmental and Stem Cell
Medical Center Biology
New York City, New York Research Institute
Hospital for Sick Children
Anthony Atala, MD and
Department of Urology Departments of Surgery and Physiology
Institute for Regenerative Medicine Faculty of Medicine
Wake Forest University School of Medicine Institute of Medical Sciences
Winston-Salem, North Carolina University of Toronto
Toronto, Canada
Paul F. Austin, MD, FAAP
Division of Pediatric Urology
Texas Children’s Hospital Andrea Bischoff, MD
Houston, Texas International Center for Colorectal and Urogenital Care
Children’s Hospital Colorado
Daniel Avery, MD Aurora, Colorado
Kaiser Permanente
Seattle, Washington Luis H. P. Braga, MD, PhD
Division of Urology
Linda A. Baker, MD Department of Surgery
Department of Urology and
University of Texas Southwestern Department of Clinical Epidemiology and
Medical Center at Dallas Biostatistics
Children’s Health McMaster University
Dallas, Texas Hamilton, Canada

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