~~ Wourmal of Geochemical Exploration, 25 (1986)1—19 1 Elsevier Seience Publishers B.V., Amsterdam — Printed in The Netherlands PRECIOUS METALS AND CENOZOIC VOLCANISM IN THE CHILEAN ANDES JOSE CABELLO Minera Utah de Chile Inc., Isidore Goyenechea 2025, Clasificador 11, Correo 10, ‘Santiogo, Chile (Received April 15, 1984; revised and accepted June 28, 1985) assrracr Cabello, J., 1986. Precious metals and Cenozoie volcanism in the CLE. Nichols (Editor), Exploration for Ore Deponi lets. J. Geochem. Expior, 25: 1-19, ‘The Cenozoic evolution of the Andean Cordillera is dominated by subaerial volcanism of calealkalic composition generated in s magmatic are system related to subduction of the Pacific oceanic plate along the western border of the South American sontinesr, Granodioritie intrusives and daciticsubvoleanic bodies aro comagmatic with the extrasive suite, Several compressive and extensional stages related to the evolution of the are aze identified, as well as a general eastward migration of magmatism. Normal faulting, Plus block tectonism gave rise to modern physiograpie features, younger woieanie eons alignments and control of geothermal fields. Four, precioussmetal occurrences — Choquelimpie (Ag-Au), La Coipa (Ag-Au), El Indio (Au-AgCu), and Minas del Prado (Au-Ag) — hosted by’ voleanie rooks are sont idered as examples of the relationship betwoon metallic mineralization and late Cenonote voleanism. On the basis of geological environment, hydrothermal alteration patterns and ore- gangue mineral assemblages, these deposits may be classified as subvoleanie, highlovl, epithecmal type. In the areas of precious-metal mineralization, andesitie to’ deuttc ox, frusive rocks are widesproad, as well as daciticdioritie and granodioritie. intrusions, > Arlationship with structures, locally of possible caldera type, lnevident. Hydrotheneal alteration assemblages are: advanced stgillc, quarts-sricite and silicfieation (including chaleedonic type), with extemal propylitic halos. The most common ore minerals ae Dative fold and silver, basemetal sulfides, and sulfosalts, all in a quartz pyrite eaneec, Qrebodies are described mainly as voin tena, but dinamiations and sane ned ne ‘theemal breceias are also Known, ‘The presence of these occurrences in north and central Chile, and the oxisience of ‘imilar mineralization in comparable geological environments in the Andes of Fes, Bolivia and Argentina, suggest the existence of a voleaniogenie preefousmetal proviees enetically related to plate convergence. INTRODUCTION ‘The western border of South America is one of the most active volcanic areas in the world. Most of the Andean Cordillera was built by comagmatic 0875-6742/86/803.50 © 1986 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.2 yoleanie and intrusive rocks. In the tectonic cycle (Andean cycle) that gave rise to the Andes, the Cenozoic reflects a marked predominance of Volcanic activity. Chilean territory includes broad zones of Cenozoic vol- canism, which occupy mainly the eastern half of the country and tend to dominate the higher parts of the Andean Cordillera Most metallic mineralization of Cenozoic age is of porphyry copper type and is considered to be subvolcanic with respect to voleanie edifices Gillitoe 1973; Gustafson and Hunt, 1975). Voleanogonic manganese (Cru- zat, 1970), stratabound copper deposits (Lortie and Clark, 1974) and the El Laco magnetite lava flows (Park, 1961; Frutos and Oyarziin, 1975) are less-common examples of Cenozoic metallization related to volcanism. Geothermal fields and sulfur deposits are clearly related to young Andean volcanism (Frutos and Oyarziin, 1974). Four examples of epithermal, high-level precious-metal occurrences clearly related to subaerial Cenozoic volcanism are presented (Fig. 1). ‘Their common characteristics, plus the existence of several prospects in the same environment (today under active exploration), suggest that this preciousmetal mineralization (as well as the porphyry coppers) could be fonsidered characteristic of deposits related to subserial volcanism and generated at convergent plate boundaries, 'The existence of similar occur: fences (especially silver-rich) in Pert (Forari and Vilea, 1979; Hudson, 1979; Noble and McKee, 1982), Bolivia (Ablfeld snd Schneider-Scherbina, 1964; Jacobson et al., 1969), and Argentina (Sillitoe, 1975; Coira, 1983) suggests that this voleanogenic environment constitutes a metallogenic provinee, GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PRE-CENOZOIC GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF CHILE (17°30'S-37°00'S) ‘The geological record of the western margin of the South American continent, which includes Chile, may be assigned to two orogenic cycles: the Paleozoic or Hereynian cycle and the Meso-Cenozoic or Andean eycle (Cairn et al., 1982). The presence of pre-Paleozoic rocks in Chile is still AGeettain. The only Precambrian radiometric age 18 Tor schists located In the extreme north of the country (Pacci et al., 1980). ‘During the Paleozoic, an orogen developed within the western pert of the South American Precambrian basement (Brazilian—Guyanan Shield). ‘This cycle was characterized by sedimentary and/or volcanic events separa- ted by short deformational phases, frequently associated with plutonism (Goira et al., 1982). ‘The most recent interpretations (Hervé et al., 1980; Coira et al., 1982) divide the Paleozoic rocks of Chile into a northem por fiom. corresponding to. 8 complex intracratonic-pericratonic transition zone, and a southern coastal metamorphic belt representing a subduetion complex accreted to the continental margin. ‘The ‘Triassic period represents a transitional stage between Paleozoic3 and Meso-Cenozoie orogenic” cycles. It includes a westem marine part and Tora tern Continental part with sedimentary and voleanie rocks (Chater, 1979). The Meso-Cenozoic evolution is part of the Andean cycle (Auboin et Te (278i Aguiree et al, 1974; Levi and Aguirre, 1981; Coiva et al., 1982), ‘The cycle corresponds to a superposed and episodic magmatic are systeq showing eastward migration and seems to have originated by subdvction of ‘oceanic crust (Nazca plate) beneath the western continental margin ‘An ensialic spreading-subsidence mechanism for the Mesozoie—Paleoyens interval has also been suggested (Levi and Aguirre, 1981; Levi and Nystrém, 3282). Two stages of the cycle can be identified (Coira et al., 1982): 4 Jurassic—Early Cretaceous period, with the development of a’ magm are and a related ensialic back-are marginal marine basin (with important, accumulation of marine and continental sediments); and a Lave Cretaceous Recent period characterized by an castward-migrating magmatic are, which evolved in a continental environment, lacking a related back-arc basin From the Neocomian to the present day, the north-central Andes have been mainly emergent and characterized by continental facies, ‘Sevorel Short compressive phases, followed by longer noncompressive episodes $f Sedimentation and voleanism, make up the Andean eycle (Chartier and Vicente, 1970; Aguirre et al., 1974), Calc-alkaline volcanism and releted plutonism are characteristic of the Meso-Cenozoie orogenic cycle CENOZOIC EVOLUTION AND VOLCANISM Ganlam (Early Tertiary). During the Late Miocene, a final compressive phine occurred, and gave rise to NE folding. Cenozoic voleanic centers and in. ‘rusive foci present a progressive eastward migeation (Farrar ef als ein Aduirre et al., 1974; Coira et al, 182; Drake et al.. 1982), Late Conorge: the Mien Comprised an increase in_voleanic activity, especially: dosing the Miocene (Vergara and Drake, 1976; Drake, 1976; Baker, 1947; faket and Francis, 1978). Late Cenozoic volcanism and normal faulting are con- Sidered to have given rise to the main morphological and structurd festa Of the Andean chain (Frutos and Oyarain, 1974; Lahsen, 1982), fra Fracaree, Marth, Pacei etal. (1980) divided Cenozoic volcanism into Tettians Tyalitic and Quatemary andesitic facies. Thorpe et al. (1982) promek the existence of two zones of Cenozoic volcanism in the Andean GordianBig. 1. Cenozoie volcanism in Chile 2 Mapa Geoldgico de Chile, 1262). A, Nor ed prociousmetal deposits (adapted from aFig, 1. B. Central part6 of Chile: a northern zone (including southern Peri, 19°—28°S) of andesite. Gacite lavas and dacite-rhyolite ignimbrites, which exhibit a clear eastward {nerease in potash contents to culminate in a shoshonitic association (Deruel- 1c, 1978), lying 140 km above an eastward-dipping Benioff zone ove! & thick (40-70 km) continental crust; and a southem zone (81°—52°S) ‘with high-alumina basalts, basaltic andesites and andesites, located only '90 km above the Benioff zone over a crust less than 40 km thick. Cenozoic magmas are generally considered, on the basis of isotopic studies, to have been mantle derived and related to the subduction process, srith only local crustal contamination (MeNutt et al., 1975; Dostal et al.. Y977; Baker and Francis, 1978; Thorpe et al., 1982). The volcanically active zones in the Andes are related to steeper Benioff zones (Baranzangi and Isacks, 1976, 1979). PRECIOUS-METAL MINERALIZATION AND CENOZOIC VOLCANISM Several precious-metal occurrences and hydrothermal alteration zones in Chile are known to be hosted by volcanic rocks of Cenozoic age (Fig. 11). Four localities, the best known and studied in Chile, are summarized here as examples of the genetic relationship between Cenozoic volcanism and precious-metal mineralization, Choquelimpie (Ag, Au) ‘The Choguelimpie district is located 175 km ENE of Arica, in the ex: treme north of Chile, at an altitude of 4750 m (Figs. 1 and 2). It has been mined discontinuously since colonial times. Precious-metal mineralization, Jneluding intense hydrothermal alteration, is located (Fig, 3) in the central portion of an eroded stratovolcano (Late Tertiary—Quatemary (7)) and Fe associated with a possible caldera-type structure (Thomes, 1973; Sillitoe, forty, Andesitie lava flows are intruded by dioritie porphyries (some of them dike-like) and cut by siliceous hydrothermal breccias. Hydrothermal flteration is silieification and argillization. Silver mineralization, accompanied by gold values, occurs as viens, veinlets ‘and breceia cement. Oro minerals are galena, sphalerite, acanthite, sulfo- salts, realgar and orpiment, and occur in gangue of chaleedonie quartz, Clays, alunite, pyrite, barite and caleite (Venables, 1926; Sénchez, 1970) Grades of 150 to 300 g/ton Ag and 0.5 to 3 g/ton Au, accompanied by traces of Cu, Zn, Pb and Sn, are mentioned (Thomas, 1973). La Coipa (Ag, Au) ‘The La Coipa district is located 130 km NE of Copiap@, at an average elevation of 4100 m (Fig. 4). The district is interpreted (Sillitoe, 19814) to be located on the western border of the downlropped block of a LateFig. 2. Regional g imple (Ag, Aw) deposit (after Pacci et al, 1980),Bes 4 PRLtorow Yess stomenanr J vm 0 ners ee Fig. 4. Regional geology, La Coipa (Ae, Au) deposit (adapted trom Mercado, 1978, and Diaz etal. 1961). Miocene caldera, The caldera contains ignimbrites and lithic tufts, and three dacitic domes, one of them dated at 22-23 my. (Zentilli, 1974), Associated hydrothermal alteration is mainly of argillie type. In the district, the La Coipa silver prospect, known since the 18th cen- tury, comprises siliceous sulfide veins with argillic-pyritic halos hosted by | dacitic dome. Metallic minerals include pyrite, sphalerite, galena, ‘argentite and silver sulphosalts. Ore grades of 200 to 250 g/ton Ag were10 mined. About 2 km north of this old district, precious-metal indications in pyroclastic rocks and underlying black Jurassic (?) siltstones were dis covered recently. Mineralization is related to advanced argillic alteration, with alunite, pyrophyllite, some sericite and native sulphur, and traces of zunyite, all confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis (Sillitoe, 1981b). Several silicified hydrothermal breccias contain the highest metal contents, mainly in their atrices, although only fine pyrite and jarositic limonites were identified Inegascopically, Rudimentary mine workings exploited an E—W-trending, 5-m-wide structure (San Eduardo mine), which consists of a hydrothermal breccia partly hosted by Jurassic (2) shales (Cabello, 1981). The breccia Contains angular and subrounded fragments cemented by rock flour and Suifides, Reconnaissance rock-chip sampling yielded an average of 13.8 giton Ag and. 2.1 g/ton Au in the mineralized structure (with maxima of 44 g/ton Ag and 8.8 g/ton Au). Rock geochemistry gave clear silver anomalies (including a value of more than 800 ppm), together with anomalous As (up to. 107,000 ppm), Sb (up to 650 ppm), Cu (up to 2500 ppm), Pb (up to 13,200 ppm) and Zn (up 40 540 ppm) values, Geochemical values seem to be vertically zoned (Stephens, 1981). On the top of the alteration zone, vuggy, banded and brecciated siliceous sinters, containing native $ and Hg minerals (cinnabar and metacinnabar), are present (Sillitoe, 1981). Bl Indio (Au, Ag, Cu) ‘This bonanza-type deposit, today of world renown, was first appreciated by C. Llaumett and other geologists from Enami in 1974. It is located 125 km E of La Serena at an elovation of 3900 to 4200 m. ‘The El Indio district is part of a 200-km-long, elongate belt of alteration zones, oriented approximately N—S, and located near the Chile-Argentina frontier (Fig, 5). The belt includes more than 20 alteration zones, some of them known to contain precious-metal mineralization. Minor mineral oc- Currences in the belt include: Las Hediondas Cu mine, Rio Seco Ag district, Carmen Au mine, and La India Ag-Au prospect (Kuntz, 1926; Liaumett et al, 1976). ‘The El Indio deposit is part of an extensive alteration zone (about 145 km?) hosted by a Late Jurassic~Cretaccous andesitic sequence and a Late Oligocene Middle Miocene sequence composed of rhyolitic, dacitie, andesi- tic, and basaltic rocks. Hydrothermal alteration patterns usually present internal strong silicif- cation (sometimes including argilization on fractures), with argillic minerals fe an intermediate position (both zones accompanied by anhydrite, gypsum, alunite, native sulfur and jarosite), and external halos of propylitization. Silicoous sinters are described (Makseav et al., 1984). ‘The El Indio alteration zone is located in a N—S-trending tectonic depres-(BOOK a ° Fig. 5. Regional geology, Bl Indio ( TREOISES ute EZ) snegorvemat arena. Ag, Cu) deposit (after Maksaey et al,, 1984),2 sion, 25-80 km wide, delimited by regional reverse faults and including NE. and E-striking (Maksaev ct al., 1984) secondary faults. Walthier ot al, (1982) and Araneda (1982) described the El Indio deposit as group Of 90-100 veins in an area of 5 km*. The Fl Indio mine exploits a vein com- plex occupying a 400 X 100-m zone delimited by N~S faults and character- | TUFF AND ABH FLOWS (21 RSENS SSRERIEhccus [EE ovominie wrsusves [TE mvoesire toons [EE] cranoooniric wrmusives 727 ravers Fig. 6, District goology, EI Indio (Au, Ag, Cu) deposit (after Villanueva, in Arancds, 1982),18 ized by mineralized tension fractures (Fig. 6). Two vein types are distin- guished (Fig. 7): quartz-gold veins (high-grade bodies) that are 2 m in average width, and consist of 80% silica (enclosed in quartz-sericite alteration), pyrite, chalcopyrite and tetrahedrite-tennantite; and massive sulfide veins (generally associated with argillic alteration), up to 10 m wide, which con. tain mainly enargite and pyrite, with minor chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite-ten. antite, sphalerite and galena in depth. Native gold is associated with quartz veinlets cutting sulfides. Average grades are 8-10 g/ton Au, 140-160 g/ton Ag and 8~14% Cu. Published reserves are 3,290,000 metric tons of 12.3 g/ton Au, 141 gjton Ag and 8.98% Cu, plus 70,200 metric tons of direct- shipping ore (277 g/ton Au, 116 g/ton Ag and 2.2% Cu), K-Ar dating (Araneda, 1982; Maksaev et al., 1984) demonstrates a Middle to Late Miocene age for the alteration‘mineralization in the El Indio district. The presence of disseminated chalcopyrite and quartz-molyb- denite veinlets in nearby stocks suggests an association with a porphyry copper system (Walthier et al., 1982). This hypothesis is reinforced by the presence of voleanicchosted massive enargite veins, some of which are indicators of porphyry-type mineralization at depth (Sillitoe, 1983), Hi seman 9 int SF Foire BB Pecos nil ” = Fig 7, EI Indlo mine. a Mine geoty at level 4050 mb, Vein system crsreetion (ae anata a ‘Minas del Prado (Au, Ag) ‘The old mining district of Minas del Prado, known for more than 100 years, is located some 45 km east of Chillén, at an elevation of 600 m in the Andean foothills. A complex volcanic and sedimentary history is re-“4 Fig. 8. Minas det Prado (Au, Ag) deposit. Geology and seetions (after Ambrus and Araya, 1981). ‘cognized for the Tertiary-Quatemary interval in the area. The mineraliza- tion is interpreted as part of a mid-Tertiary volcanic center (Fig. 8); either ‘a volcanic cone ot a fault-bounded caldera structure (Ambrus and Araya, 1981). Volcanic rocks include andesitic flows and dacitic agglomerates and flow-breccias, which were cut in the mine area by subvolcanic hydro- thermal breccias. A Plio-Pleistocene age for the Au mineralization has been proposed (MMAJ-IIG, 1981). Hydrothermal alteration includes argil lization, chloritization, silicification and weak sericitization associated with pyritization. DISCUSSION ‘A relationship between mineralization and volcanism is clear for these Cenozoic precious-metal districts, considering the common presence of Yoleanic rocks associated with all examples presented. Siliceous sinters vesociated with the hydrothermal systems (La Coipa and El Indio) indicate fetivity of volcanic-telated geothermal fields. Caldera-type structures are interpreted at La Coipa and possibly at Choquelimpie, El Indio and Minas del Prado. Choguelimpie occupies the central position of a partially eroded strato- volcano and Minas del Prado is interpreted as a complex volcanic center. Hydrothermal breccias (Choquelimpie, La Coipa and Minas del Pmdo)15 as well as the intrusive bodies related to the four cases (dikes, domes and stocks) indicate a subvoleanic association, for this combined hydrothermal) magmatic activity. Similarities with volcanic-hosted precious-metal deposits ‘nthe western United States are recognized (Bonham and Giles, 1983), Although precious metals predominate (with the possible exception of Minas del Prado), minor values of Cu, Pb and Zn are usually present. ‘This suggests that these are precious-metal, polymetallic systems, similar to silver-rich polymetallic deposits of the same general age in the Andes of Argentina, Bolivia and Peri. At La Coipa and El Indio there are some indications of base metals at depth; however, due to scarce knowledge of the vertical dimension, nothing definite is established. Structural control is important for these occurrences, Both regional and district scale structures appear as relevant features related to the genesis and morphology of the deposits, The related caldera structures deserve more detailed studies, especially with a view 10 establishing their close temporal and genetic connections with mineralization, There are radiometric age data only for El Indio, but the relationship ‘with host rocks defines a maximum age for the other districts described, It is concluded that the four deposits are all included in the Miocene— Pliocene interval. ‘The possible relationship of the four districts to porphyry copper deposits is especially intriguing. There are general similarities in geological environ. ment, especially with porphyry copper deposits of similar age (Los Pelam. bres, Andina-Dieputada, El Teniente) (Fig. 1), Older porphyry coppers (Quebrada Blanca, Chuquicamata, La Escondida, El Salvador) tend to be located immediately west of the Cenozoic volcanism or along its western border zone. The main differences, apart from ore contents, are alters. tion pattems and intrusive relationships, as well as the epithermal character of the preciousimetal deposits vis-a-vis the deeper development of the Porphyry coppers. Considering similarities and differences, a possible pre- cious/base-metal zonation is suggested, in the sense indicated by Sillitoe (1973, 1975) and adopted for El Indio (Walthier et al., 1982). Tt should alto be considered in some cases that there is no direct relationship of the two types of systems, which implies different occurrences in the same general geological environments. CONCLUDING REMARKS ‘The Cenozoic evolution of the Andean Cordillera of Chile is dominated by cale-alkalie subserial volcanism, which was generated in a magmatic are related to subduction of the Nazca oceanic plate along the western margin of South America. Precious.metal mineralization, associated with extensive hydrothermal alteration, is associated with the voleanic activity, Mineralization is largely restricted to the late Cenozoic part of the are ‘end is possibly related to an increase in the rate of volcanic acitivity. Andes’.16 tie to dacitic extrusive rocks and dioritic-granodioritic intrusions are as sociated with the preciousmetal mineralization, Regional faults and vol- canic structures related to caldera formation appear to be important min- feralization controls. Intense advanced argillic alteration and silicification ‘are characteristically associated with the precious-metal mineralization. ‘Alteration-mineralization assemblages correspond to high-level epithermal cnvironments, reflecting near-surface deposition. Orebodies are mainly veins, but disseminations and mineralized hydrothermal breceias are also present. "The presence of volcanic-hosted precious-metal deposits and occurrences throughout north and central Chile, combined with the existence of similar deposits in the Andean Cordillera of Pera, Bolivia and Argentina, supports definition of a high-level precious-metal province associated with develop- ment of the Cenozoic magmatic arc. The regional distribution of the min- fralization suggests that the precious-metal province is characteristic of the subaerial stages in the evolution of the Cordilleran environment during plate convergence. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Gratitude is due to the staff of Minera Utah de Chile Inc, and Amax de Chile Inc, for assistance during work on precious-metal mineralization in the Andes. These two companies authorized publication of this paper ‘and Minera Utah de Chile graciously supported the writer’s attendance at AEG 1984 Regional Symposium, Reno, Nevada. Thanks are also due to Dr. R.HL. Sillitoe, Dr. J, Ambrus and Dr. J. Nystrém for discussions, and to Dr. B, Levi, Dr. J. Oyarain, J. Bratt, R. Araneda and V. Maksaev for comments on the manuscript. REFERENCES “Aguiere, La, Chanter, R., Davidson, J.. Mpodozis, A., Rivano, S., Thiele, R. Vergara,’ Mand Vicente, J.C, 1974. Andean magmatism: {ts paleogoos suwtural gotting in the central part (0° to 35°S) of the southern Andes, Pec. Geol., B38, ‘Ahlfeld, F. and SehnelderScherbina, A., 1964. Los Yacimientos Minerales y de Hidro carburos de Bolivia. Ministerio de Minas y Petréleo. Departamento Nacional de Geo- fisiea. Le Paz, Bolivia, Bol. 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